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  • 2000-2004  (457)
  • 1920-1924
  • Schlüsselwörter  (301)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (158)
  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Patientenpositionierung ; Vergrößerungsfaktoren ; Referenzobjekte ; Digitale Panoramaschichtaufnahme ; Key words ; Patient positioning ; Magnification factors ; Digital panoramic radiography ; Reference objects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnification factors (VF) in relation to various head positions were evaluated for a digital panoramic radiography machine (Orthophos DS, Sirona) by means of a dry skull phantom. Six metallic objects were attached to the facial layer of the mandible. A set of 170 digital radiographs (program 1) was produced, with defined positioning errors within the vertical and horizontal plane. Repeated digital measurements of the object images were performed by one reader, applying the mouse-driven measurement tool integrated in the proprietary software. In addition, the central layer of the radiographic device was experimentally determined and its location compared to that of the accurately positioned dry mandible. All objects were located on the outside of the central layer of minimum distortion and therefore placed towards the sensor. One- and two-way analysis of variance was applied for the statistical evaluation of the data, with VF as dependent variable and the positions as factors, respectively. Vertical inclinations of the skull affected horizontal VF only in the premolar region (p = 0.0069). However, when the skull was rotated within the horizontal plane, VF was significantly influenced in all anatomical regions of the mandible (p = 0.0001). This was particularly obvious in the premolar region, with a maximum variation of 10.3%. Fluctuations of VF were more pronounced in the premolar region than at the mandibular angle. We conclude from this study that, as expected, digital panoramic radiographs exhibit identical distortion effects as compared to conventional panoramic x-rays. Exact quantification of regional magnification requires (spherical) reference objects with known dimensions. Horizontal magnification is quite unreliable and far less reproducible than vertical magnification. Whenever several panoramic radiographs of one patient are to be compared quantitatively, accurate positioning of the patients’ head is a necessary prerequisite.
    Notes: Ziel der Untersuchung: Anhand eines realitätsnahen Versuchsaufbaus sollte mit Hilfe des digitalen Panoramaschichtgeräts Orthophos DS (Fa. Sirona) der Einfluss definierter Fehlpositionierungen auf horizontale und vertikale Vergrößerungsfaktoren (VF) im Bereich der Prämolaren- und Winkelregion des Unterkiefers untersucht werden. Material und Methode: 170 digitale Panoramaschichtaufnahmen (P1, 60 kV, 9 mA) eines mazerierten Schädels mit 6 am Unterkiefer fixierten metallischen Objekten (Pins und Kugeln) wurden angefertigt. Hierbei wurden nach einem festgelegten Schema definierte Änderungen der Position in der Horizontal- bzw. Vertikalebene vorgenommen. Alle Objekte wurden von 1 Untersucher in randomisierter Reihenfolge jeweils 3fach digital vermessen. Außerdem wurde die Lage der Objekte zur zentralen Schichtmitte experimentell ermittelt. Die Auswertung erfolgte über deskriptive Statistiken und Varianzanalysen (ANOVA). Ergebnisse: Alle Objekte lagen erwartungsgemäß auf der Außenseite der zentralen Schichtmitte. Veränderungen in der Vertikalposition hatten lediglich einen signifikanten Einfluss (p = 0,0069) auf VF horizontal in der Prämolarenregion, wohingegen vertikale Vergrößerungsfaktoren kaum beeinflusst wurden. Rotationen des Schädels in der Horizontalebene veränderten VF signifikant (p = 0,0001), wobei die horizontale Dimension im Prämolarenbereich am stärksten betroffen war. Hier schwankten die Absolutwerte um maximal 10,3%. VF war insgesamt in der Prämolarenregion stärkeren Schwankungen unterworfen als im Kieferwinkelbereich. Schlussfolgerung: Digitale Panoramaschichtaufnahmen weisen erwartungsgemäß dieselben Verzerrungscharakteristiken auf wie konventionelle Aufnahmen. Zur exakten Bestimmung regionaler Vergrößerungsfaktoren müssen (rotationssymmetrische) Referenzlängen verwendet werden. Horizontale Vergrößerungen schwanken stark und sind schwer reproduzierbar. Wenn Dimensionen auf verschiedenen Aufnahmen eines Patienten verglichen werden sollen, ist die exakte Positionierung des Patienten unbedingt notwendig, wobei insbesondere Rotationen in der Horizontalebene vermieden werden sollten.
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  • 202
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    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 178-182 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kraniofaziale Syndrome ; Unterkieferhypoplasie ; Osteotomien ; Distraktionsosteogenese ; Key words ; Craniofacial syndromal disease ; Mandibular hypoplasia ; Osteotomy ; Distraction osteogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: In recent years, lengthening the human mandible by distraction osteogenesis has become an accepted treatment to correct severe mandibular hypoplasia. Using intraoral unidirectional and extraoral bidirectional distraction devices we report about our experiences and results in the application of the bone distraction technique in four selected cases of syndromal disease, including various forms of mandibular hypoplastic malformations. The patients involved were a boy with Pierre Robin syndrome, a girl with unilateral facial hypoplasia in Goldenhar’s syndrome, a case with Nager’s syndrome, and a rare case of midline deficiency caused by partial deletion of chromosome 18 (18p-syndrome). The distraction period lasted from 6 to 30 days and new bone formation, ranging from 6 to 28 mm, was achieved.
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren hat sich die Distraktionsosteogenese zu einem etablierten Behandlungsverfahren zur Korrektur hypoplastischer Unterkiefer entwickelt. Wir berichten über unsere Erfahrungen mit uni- und bidirektionalen Distraktoren sowohl in der intra- als auch extraoralen Applikation bei 4 ausgewählten Patienten mit Unterkieferhypoplasien im Rahmen syndromaler Krankheitsbilder. Dabei handelte es sich um 1 Knaben mit Pierre-Robin-Syndrom, 1 Mädchen mit einer einseitigen Unterkieferhypoplasie bei Goldenhar-Syndrom, 1 Säugling mit Nager-Syndrom sowie 1 seltenen Fall eines Mittelliniendefekts bei 18p-Syndrom. Die Distraktionsdauer reichte von 6–30 Tagen, wobei ein Knochengewinn von 6–28 mm erzielt werden konnte.
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  • 203
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Unterkieferfraktur ; Osteosynthese ; Titangitter ; Miniplatten ; Druckkompressionsplatten ; Key words ; Mandibular fracture ; Osteosynthesis ; Titanium mesh ; Miniplates ; Rigid plates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Miniplate osteosynthesis is a standard method for the surgical treatment of mandible fractures today. Apart from easy handling, in the majority of cases it also ensures adequate fracture stability. The treatment of fractures of very atrophic mandibles as well as mandibular defects and comminuted fractures with miniplates and rigid plates is often difficult or only possible to an inadequate extent. Titanium mesh has proved successful for the treatment of such fractures. Compared with conventional miniplates this mesh is outstanding for its considerably higher stability due to its given geometry. The titanium mesh can be adapted and screwed individually in any situation, in contrast to miniplates and rigid plates. As a result, complications such as fracture gap infections and pseudoarthrosis can be avoided to a great extent.
    Notes: Als Standardmethode für die chirurgische Versorgung von Unterkieferfrakturen gilt heutzutage die Miniplattenosteosynthese. Diese ermöglicht neben einer einfachen Handhabung in den meisten Fällen eine ausreichende Übungsstabilität der Frakturen. Die Versorgung von Frakturen stark atrophischer Unterkiefer sowie von Unterkieferdefekt- und Trümmerfrakturen hingegen ist mit Miniplatten und rigiden funktionsstabilen Platten oftmals schwierig oder nur unzureichend möglich. Zur Behandlung dieser Frakturen haben sich Titangitter bewährt. Diese zeichnen sich gegenüber den herkömmlichen Miniplatten aufgrund ihrer Geometrie durch eine wesentlich höhere Stabilität aus. Titangitter können im Gegensatz zu Miniplatten und funktionsstabilen Osteosyntheseplatten jeder Situation entsprechend individuell angepasst und verschraubt werden. Komplikationen wie Bruchspaltinfektionen und Pseudarthrosen können damit weitgehend vermieden werden.
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  • 204
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Chronisch rekurrierende multifokale Osteomyelitis (CRMO) ; Mandibula ; Skelettszintigraphie ; Key words ; Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) ; Mandible ; Bone scan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: A 42-year-old patient was admitted to our clinic with the diagnosis of primary chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. Since the initial manifestation, approximately 9 months earlier, the patient had undergone numerous antibiotic treatment trials. Various tissue specimens exhibited no microbial growth. Computer tomography demonstrated severe sclerotic changes with partly osteolytic areas in the complete right horizontal ramus of the mandible. Decortication was carried out and both soft and hard tissue specimens were taken. Histological assessment revealed slightly sclerotic bone with reactive periosteal bone production, as in chronic non-specific osteomyelitis. Because of progressive pain and paresthesia, a 3-phase skeletal scanning was performed before the planned resection. In addition to an intensive labeling in the right mandible, further intensive lesions were found at the first right rib, the sternum, and the vertebral column. The subsequent magnetic resonance tomography confirmed the infiltration, as seen in osteomyelitis, in all these areas. Under the assumption of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), an immunosuppressive therapy with diclofenac and prednisolone was started, which at first brought about complete remission. As CRMO is very rare in our speciality, it might be suspected that it is the cause of some cases of primary therapy-resistant osteomyelitis. The importance of early diagnosis must be underlined, because therapy differs fundamentally from that of the more common bacterial osteomyelitis. A bone scan is therefore of great value in the diagnostic scheme of therapy-resistant osteomyelitis.
    Notes: Eine 42-jährige Patientin wurde mit der Diagnose einer primär chronischen Osteomyelitis vorstellig. Seit der Erstmanifestation etwa 9 Monate zuvor waren zahlreiche antibiotische Therapieversuche und Gewebeentnahmen ohne eindeutigen Keimnachweis vorausgegangen. Die Computertomographie zeigte schwere sklerosierende Veränderungen im gesamten rechten horizontalen Unterkieferast mit teilweise osteolytischen Bezirken. Daraufhin erfolgte die Dekortikation mit Gewinnung einer Knochen- und Weichgewebeprobe. Die histologische Begutachtung zeigte gering sklerosierten Knochen mit reaktiver periostaler Knochenneubildung, wie bei einer abgelaufenen chronisch unspezifischen Osteomyelitis. Bei Progression der Beschwerden und Parästhesien im Bereich des N. alveolaris inferior erfolgte im Hinblick auf eine geplante Unterkieferkontinuitätsresektion eine 3-Phasen-Skelettszintigraphie. Neben einer Mehrbelegung im Bereich des Unterkiefers zeigten sich auch intensive Herde an der 1. Rippe rechts, dem Sternum und der Wirbelsäule. Die nachfolgende Magnetresonanztomographie bestätigte bei sämtlichen betroffenen Knochen deutliche Infiltrate, dem Bild einer Osteomyelitis entsprechend. Unter dem Verdacht einer chronisch rekurrierenden multifokalen Osteomyelitis (CRMO) im Erwachsenenalter wurde eine immunsuppressive Therapie mit Diclofenac und Prednisolon eingeleitet, worunter es anfangs zur Vollremission kam. Da es sich bei der CRMO um ein seltenes und in unserem Fachgebiet noch weitgehend unbekanntes Krankheitsbild handelt, ist zu vermuten, dass sie sich in einigen Fällen hinter primär chronischen therapieresistenten Osteomyelitiden verbirgt. Die Problematik liegt in der frühzeitigen Diagnosestellung, da sich der therapeutische Ansatz deutlich von der Therapie der wesentlich häufigeren bakteriellen Osteomyelitis unterscheidet. Im Hinblick darauf ist die skelettszintigraphische Diagnostik therapieresistenter Osteomyelitiden dringend anzuraten.
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  • 205
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S068 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kraniofaziale Fehlbildungen ; Deformationen des Hirn- und Gesichtsschädels ; Therapie ; Frontoorbitales Advancement ; Key words ; Craniofacial malformations ; Craniofacial skull deformations ; Therapy ; Frontoorbital advancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Most craniofacial malformations result from a premature fusion of skull sutures. Depending on the scope of the sutures affected, the results are more or less distinct deformations of the facial and cranial skull with substantial negative effects on functional as well as esthetic aspects. The etiopathology is still unclear. Various therapies have been developed over the past 100 years. However, Tessier’s technique of fronto-orbital advancement has been an important milestone in the treatment of these malformations. Numerous adjustments have since perfected this operational technique. It is now possible to treat practically all skull malformations with the surgical techniques available today. At the same time, these techniques have also aided the advancements in tumor surgery and traumatology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kraniofaziale Fehlbildungen entstehen überwiegend durch die vorzeitige Verknöcherung von Schädelnähten. Je nach Nahtbefall resultieren daraus mehr oder weniger ausgeprägte Deformationen des Hirn- und Gesichtsschädels, die sowohl zu einer funktionellen als auch zu einer ästhetischen Beeinträchtigung führen. Die Ätiopathogenese ist noch weitgehend ungeklärt. In den vergangenen 100 Jahren wurden verschiedene Therapieansätze entwickelt, wobei Tessier mit der Technik des frontoorbitalen Advancements der entscheidende Fortschritt gelang. Aufbauend auf dieser Operationstechnik wurden bis heute zahlreiche Verbesserungen eingebracht. Mit den heutigen Operationstechniken ist es möglich, praktisch alle Schädelfehlbildungen zu therapieren. Gleichzeitig konnten durch diese Techniken auch Fortschritte in der Tumorchirurgie und der Traumatologie erzielt werden.
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  • 206
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S196 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Odontogene Tumoren ; WHO-Klassifikation ; DÖSAK ; Kiefer ; Fibröse Dysplasie ; Zemento-ossifizierendes Fibrom ; Zemento-ossäre Dysplasie ; Zentrales Riesenzellgranulom ; Cherubismus ; Knochenzysten ; Knochentumoren ; Knorpeltumoren ; Ewing-Sarkom ; Plasmozytom ; Malignes Lymphom ; Radiologie ; Histologie ; Key words ; Odontogenic tumors ; WHO classification ; DÖSAK ; Jaws ; Fibrous dysplasia ; Cemento-ossifying fibroma ; Cemento-osseous dysplasia ; Central giant cell granuloma ; Cherubism ; Bone cysts ; Bone forming tumors ; Cartilage forming tumors ; Ewing sarcoma ; Plasmocytoma ; Malignant lymphoma ; Radiology ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Within this chapter, tumors which produce bone matrix (osteoid) or other bone-forming tissues, like cartilage, connective tissue, and cementum or originate within the bone marrow are described. In addition, those lesions are mentioned which, according to the WHO, are typical for the jawbones and are therefore included within the 1992 WHO classification of odontogenic tumors. Vascular and epithelial tumors which may also be observed in the jaws are not described. All the lesions and tumors reported have in common a more or less similar clinical and radiological appearance. A precise diagnosis, therefore, can only be established by a sufficient biopsy which should be seen by a pathologist with experience in this field. In addition to clinical, radiological, and histological appearances, therapeutic necessities are described. The data from recent publications are taken into account. This presentation is based on the data collected within the reference registry of the German-Austrian-Swiss Study Group of Tumors of the Face and Jaws (DÖSAK) in Basel.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Kapitel werden die Tumoren dargestellt, die in ihrer Differenzierung Knochenmatrix (Osteoid) und andere knochentypische Gewebe wie Knorpel, Bindegewebe und Zement bilden oder im Knochenmark vorkommen. Zusätzlich sind diejenigen Läsionen aufgeführt, welche von der WHO als für die Kieferknochen typisch bezeichnet und deshalb in die 1992 erschienene Klassifikation odontogener Tumoren aufgenommen worden sind. Vaskuläre und im Knochen vorkommende epitheliale Tumoren werden nicht behandelt. Den hier erwähnten Läsionen und Tumoren ist eine sowohl klinische als auch radiologische Symptomarmut gemeinsam. Eine zuverlässige Diagnose ist daher ohne ausreichende Biopsie, die von einem spezialisierten Pathologen untersucht werden sollte, nicht möglich. Neben der Klinik sind das radiologische und histologische Erscheinungsbild unter Berücksichtigung neuerer Literatur beschrieben, zudem wird das therapeutische Vorgehen erwähnt. Die vorliegende Darstellung der wichtigsten Knochentumoren und tumorähnlichen Läsionen im Kiefer basiert auf ¶den im Basler Referenzregister des Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerischen Arbeitskreises für Tumoren im Kiefer-Gesichts-Bereich (DÖSAK) gesammelten Unterlagen.
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  • 207
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S076 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Gefäßmalformation ; Nervenmalformation ; Neurofibromatose ; Hämangiom ; Therapie ; Key words ; Vascular malformation ; Neural malformation ; Neurofibromatosis ; Hemangioma ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The presentation of vascular and neural malformations in an understandable terminology permits accurate diagnosis, proper treatment, individualized prognosis, and also stimulates studies of pathogenesis. The descriptive classification includes: NF 1 and NF 2; hemangiomas, low- and high-flow vascular malformations, combined malformations, and hypertrophy; and syndromes such as, Parkes Weber, Klippel-Trénaunay, Maffuci’s, and multiple dysplasia syndromes. Lymphatic malformations are abnormalities of lymphatic development. The list of treatment includes surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Not all vascular malformations can be successfully treated. Coping with NF is a challenge for both, affected individuals and health care professionals. NF is often associated with a myriad of anomalies that present a lot of problems for plastic surgery. In certain cases watchful waiting seems justified but not in cases of severe problems, giant growth, and local complications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Terminologie ist im Zusammenhang mit vaskulären und nervalen Malformationen besonders wichtig. Dies gilt nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Wahl des richtigen Therapieverfahrens, sondern auch im Hinblick auf die individuell ausgerichtete Prognose und natürlich auch zur Beantwortung der die Pathogenese betreffenden Fragen. Es ist klar, dass bei Besprechung der Neurofibromatose zunächst an die NF 1 und NF 2 gedacht wird, die Hämangiome werden entsprechend ihrer Durchblutung und auch im Hinblick auf die Kombination mit den so ¶genannten Hypertrophiesyndromen, die später im Text genannt werden, eingeteilt. Dass die Bezeichnung Lymphangiom impliziert, es handle sich um einen Tumor, mag nicht ganz richtig sein, da anscheinend die für Tumoren üblichen Mitosen vermisst werden. Interessant ist das therapeutische Spektrum und dies gilt für alle Malformationen der Gefäße und Nerven, aber ganz besonders natürlich für die Neurofibromatose und die Hämangiome. Mit der NF konfrontiert zu sein, bedeutet für den Patienten und das ärztliche Personal eine lebenslange Herausforderung, darüber hinaus ist die NF häufig mit einer Unzahl von Einzelproblemen vergesellschaftet, die für die plastische Chirurgie z. T. schwere oder nicht zu lösende Probleme darstellen. Die große Zahl an Therapievorschlägen zeigt, dass die Gefäßmalformationen zum einen sehr unterschiedliche Probleme zeigen, und zum anderen, dass es kaum ein Therapieverfahren gibt, welches keinen Wunsch offen lässt. Wichtig ist der Hinweis, dass schnell wachsende Hämangiome durchaus im Anfangsstadium entfernt werden sollten, zuwartende Haltung ist in bestimmten Fällen gerechtfertigt, aber nicht, wenn sich schwere Probleme, Riesenwachstum und lokale Komplikationen einstellen.
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  • 208
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S142 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Tumoren im Kopf-Hals-Bereich ; Therapie ; DÖSAK-Richtlinien ; Key words ; Tumors in the head and neck area ; Therapy ; DÖSAK guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Surgery is still the primary therapeutic approach in treatment of tumors in the head and neck area, dating back to the early nineteenth century. More than 150 years ago, hemimaxillectomies and mandibular resections as well as hemiglossectomies were already performed by leading surgeons. The block principle we are now following dates back to Crile, who also established the principle of cervical lymph node dissection. Ablative oncologic surgery has always been closely linked with plastic and reconstructive surgery, rendering radical surgical interventions possible without disfiguring patients. The development of facial reconstructive surgery proceeded in stages, in the first instance as secondary reconstruction using tube pedicled flaps. The change to the concept of primary reconstruction occurred via arterialized skin flaps and myocutaneous flaps to the widely accepted and performed free tissue transfer. Free bone grafting, inaugurated earlier and still representing the majority of bone grafting, has been supplemented for certain reconstructive purposes by free vascularized bone transfer from various donor sites. Although the five-year-survival rate of carcinoma of the oral cavity has remained unchanged in the past 30 years, distinctive improvements in tumor surgery can be recorded. This is primarily based on improved diagnostics such as modern imaging techniques and the refinement of surgical techniques. The DÖSAK has worked out distinctive guidelines for effective ablative oncologic surgery. Surgical approaches offering wide exposure and carrying low morbidity play a decisive role in radical resections. For this reason, midfacial degloving offers an essential improvement for the resection of midface tumors, especially from an aesthetic point of view. Tumors situated deep behind the viscerocranium at the skull base can be clearly exposed either through a lateral approach following a temporary osteotomy of the mandibular ramus or a transmandibular, transmaxillar, or transfacial approach with minimal morbidity. Concerning the concept of neck dissection, radical techniques are more and more abandoned in favor of a more conservative procedure. Actual inquiries concerning present surgical procedures as to the surgical strategy in “No-neck” or marginal and segmental resection in mandibular adherent carcinomas demand scientific clarification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Zentrum der Behandlung von Tumoren im Kopf-Hals-Bereich steht immer noch die Chirurgie, deren Ansätze weit in das 19. Jahrhundert zurückreichen. Schon vor weit über 150 Jahren wurden durch wegweisende Chirurgen Halbseitenresektionen des Ober- und Unterkiefers sowie der Zunge durchgeführt. Das heute von uns verfolgte Blockprinzip geht auf Crile zurück, der auch die Prinzipien der Halslymphknotenausräumung festschrieb. Eng verknüpft mit der Tumorchirurgie war stets die plastische und rekonstruktive Chirurgie, die radikalchirurgische Eingriffe ohne Entstellung der Patienten erst ermöglichte. Die Entwicklung der wiederherstellenden Gesichtschirurgie verlief in Phasen, zunächst als sekundäre Rekonstruktion mittels Rundstiellappen. Der Wandel zur primären Wiederherstellung vollzog sich über arterialisierte Hautfettlappen und die Myokutanlappen bis zum heute aktuellen mikrovaskulär anastomosierten Gewebetransfer. Die schon früh inaugurierte und heute noch praktizierte freie Knochentransplantation wurde für spezielle Indikationen durch den mikrochirurgischen Knochentransfer aus verschiedenen Spenderregionen ergänzt. Obwohl die 5-Jahres-Überlebensraten für das Mundhöhlenkarzinom in den letzten ¶30 Jahren stagnieren, sind heute doch deutliche Fortschritte in der Tumorchirurgie zu verzeichnen. Diese beruhen zunächst auf einer verbesserten Diagnostik durch die modernen bildgebenden Verfahren und die Weiterentwicklung der Operationsverfahren. Für eine erfolgreiche Tumorchirurgie hat der DÖSAK klare Richtlinien erarbeitet. Für eine radikale Tumorresektion spielen übersichtliche und wenig destruierende Zugangswege eine entscheidende Rolle. So brachte für die Tumoren des Oberkiefers das Midfacial degloving eine wesentliche Verbesserung, insbesondere auch aus ästhetischer Sicht. Versteckt hinter dem Gesichtsschädel liegende Tumoren an der Schädelbasis lassen sich entweder über einen lateralen Zugang nach temporärer Osteotomie des Unterkieferasts oder transmandibulär, transmaxillär oder transfazial übersichtlich ohne Destruktionen darstellen. Bezüglich der Halslymphknotenausräumung ist eine Abkehr vom radikalen zum konservativen Vorgehen zu verzeichnen. Derzeit aktuelle chirurgische Fragen, wie das operative Vorgehen beim „N 0 -Hals“ oder Kastenresektion bzw. Kontinuitätsresektion des Unterkiefers bei der Mandibula adhärenten Karzinomen, bedürfen einer wissenschaftlichen Klärung.
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  • 209
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S187 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Odontogene Tumoren ; Symptome ; Klassifikation ; Therapiekonzept ; Key words ; Odontogenic tumors ; Symptoms ; Classification ; Therapeutic regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The clinical symptoms of odontogenic tumors are non-specific. On the roentgenographs one most often sees radiolucencies within the bone, sometimes in combination with scattered or diffuse radioopacities. Root resorptions may be another important feature. After a short historical introduction on the development of today’s classification of odontogenic tumors (WHO), each individual type of neoplasm is discussed briefly. Out of this, a therapeutic regime is developed that places each of the 22 entities into one of the following four groups: malignant, locally aggressive, tumors with recurrences, and non-recurrent ones.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Symptome odontogener Tumoren sind meist unspezifisch. Röntgenologisch sind häufig nur Aufhellungen im Knochen, manchmal auch vereinzelte oder diffuse Radioopazitäten erkennbar. Wurzelspitzenresorptionen können ein weiterer wichtiger Befund sein. Nach kurzem historischem Abriss wird aufbauend auf der zurzeit gültigen WHO-Klassifikation kurz bei jedem einzelnen Typ über den aktuellen Wissensstand referiert. Daraus wird dann das heute gültige Therapiekonzept entwickelt, in dem alle 22 Tumorentitäten in insgesamt 4 Gruppen eingeteilt werden: maligne, lokal aggressive, rezidivfreudige und nicht-rezidivierende Tumoren.
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  • 210
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S216 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; DÖSAK ; Tumorregister ; Datenauswertung ; Key words ; DÖSAK ; Tumor register ; Data analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The German-Swiss-Austrian Group on Maxillofacial Tumors (DÖSAK) has been performing observational studies in oral cancer. Since 1989, approximately 1600 cases of tumor of the head and neck per years has been collected in a central tumor registry. The database consists of more than 16,000 patients from 71 clinics; almost two-thirds are primary cases of squamous cell carcinoma. The data show great differences in patho-anatomical findings, therapy concepts, and five-year survival rates among the hospitals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der DÖSAK ist seit jeher auf dem Gebiet der Beobachtungsstudien besonders aktiv gewesen. Seit der Gründung des Tumorregisters 1989 sind bei einer Rekrutierungsrate von jährlich etwa 1600 neuen Patienten mit Tumoren im Kopf-Hals-Bereich die Daten von inzwischen über 16.000 Patienten von 71 Kliniken erfasst. Davon umfasst das Kollektiv der primären Karzinome der Lippen, der Mundhöhle und des Oropharynx zum Zeitpunkt Juni 1999 insgesamt 9002 Patienten. Bei der Auswertung der Daten zeigten sich z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede bezüglich pathoanatomischer Befundung, Therapiekonzepten und 5-Jahres-Überlebensraten zwischen den einzelnen Kliniken.
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  • 211
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S208 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Orbitatumoren ; Zugang ; Tumorresektion ; Operationskonzepte ; Rekonstruktionskonzepte ; Langzeitheilung ; Key words ; Orbital tumors ; Approach ; Tumor resection ; Operation concepts ; Reconstruction concepts ; Long-term recovery process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Based on a large experience of more than 400 orbital tumours which were treated operatively, the surgical strategies are described in detail. A surgical approach including the temporary removal of one or more bony orbital walls provided excellent exposure of the intraorbital structures. Using microsurgical techniques for tumour removal the surgical morbidity could be minimized. Subsequent refixation of the osteotomized orbital bones with microplates and screws and skin incisions within the hair bearing parts of the skull resulted in excellent postoperative function and cosmesis. For many malignant orbital tumours definitive cure can only be achieved by an orbital exenteration procedure. An individually tailored surgical and reconstructive strategy (if possible preservation of eyelid skin, tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva) gives a significant benefit, as well with respect to function as to the esthetic outcome of the patient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Basierend auf der Erfahrung von mehr als 500 Operationen bei 400 operativ behandelten Orbitatumoren werden die verwendeten chirurgischen Strategien dargestellt. Die übersichtliche Freilegung des Orbitainhalts mit Hilfe der temporären Entfernung einer oder mehrerer knöcherner Orbitawände gestattet den Zugang zu jeder gewünschten Region der Augenhöhle. In Verbindung mit mikrochirurgischen Techniken ermöglicht dies eine schonende, funktionserhaltende Tumorresektion. Spezielle Osteotomietechniken und die Reposition und Platten- bzw. Schraubenfixation der temporär entnommenen orbitalen Knochenwände erlauben anschließend eine perfekte Wiederherstellung der orbitalen Anatomie. In Verbindung mit einer Schnittführung in der behaarten Kopfhaut sind die ästhetischen Ergebnisse ausgezeichnet. Bei auf die Orbita beschränkten, malignen Tumoren lassen sich durch eine Exenteratio orbitae mit oder ohne Knochenresektion exzellente Langzeitheilungen erreichen. Mit individualisierten Operations- und Rekonstruktionskonzepten können die Funktionseinbußen für den Patienten nach einer Exenteratio orbitae heute weitgehend vermieden werden.
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  • 212
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S314 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Hauttransplantationsmethoden ; Spalthautplastiken ; Vollhautplastiken ; Haut-Knorpel-Plastik ; Transplantationsprobleme ; Hautfarbvergleich ; Key words ; Skin transplantation methods ; Split-skin grafting ; Full-thickness skin grafting ; Composite graft ; Transplantation adverse effects ; Skin-color match
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Skin grafting is one of the earliest described surgical procedures. In the age of microsurgery and free-tissue transfer, it remains a utilitarian means of achieving soft tissue reconstruction. Free skin grafts can be classified into three types: full-thickness skin grafts, split-thickness skin grafts, and composite grafts. The indications, techniques, donor site considerations, postoperative complications, and results of each type are reviewed. The full-thickness skin graft for facial and cervical reconstruction is usually harvested from the upper arm or postauricular region and is applied under a tie-over dressing. When comparing the functional and aesthetic results of full-thickness skin grafts and split-thickness skin grafts in terms of morbidity, skin elasticity, skin sensitivity, matching, and scar recurrence, full-thickness skin grafting seems to be the most adequate technique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hauttransplantationen gehören zu den ältesten chirurgischen Eingriffen überhaupt. Sie sind auch im Zeitalter der Mikrochirurgie und des freien Gewebetransfers als zweckmäßiges Verfahren zur Weichgewebsrekonstruktion verblieben. Bei der freien Übertragung von Kutis wird zwischen Vollhaut-, Spalthaut- und Haut-Knorpel-Plastiken unterschieden. Indikationen, Techniken, Bedeutung der Spenderregionen, postoperative Komplikationen und Behandlungsergebnisse dieser Techniken werden einer kritischen Würdigung unterzogen. In der rekonstruktiven Chirurgie des Gesichts und Halses mit Vollhauttransplantaten gelten Oberarm und postaurikuläre Region als anerkannte Spenderbereiche und der Überknüpfverband als Standardtechnik. Beim Vergleich der funktionellen und ästhetischen Spätergebnisse von Voll- und Spalthautplastiken muss hinsichtlich Hautelastizität, Resensibilisierung, Kolorit- und Texturübereinstimmung sowie Narbenbildung die Verpflanzung von Kutis in voller Dicke als das günstigste Verfahren eingeschätzt werden.
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  • 213
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Spondylodiscitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Diagnostic algorithm ; Therapeutic algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-nine patients with spondylodiscitis (SD) of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were followed-up clinically and radiologically [X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] over a mean time of 2.2 years (1–6.5 years). All patients without abscess formation (n = 35) were treated conservatively. Out of the group with abscess formation (n = 24) 6 patients were also treated conservatively, 11 were drained under CT control and 7 were operated. At time of diagnosis, “signs of florid inflammation” were seen in 60% of the roentgenograms, in 93% of the CTs and in all of the MRIs. The sensitivity to differentiate between SD with and without abscess formation was 85% by MRI and 69% by CT. “Signs of regressive inflammation” and “signs of increasing osseous consolidation”, essential facts for starting remobilization, could first be seen using CT 6 weeks after onset of therapy. Using MRI these signs were seen with a considerable delay at 12 weeks. Clinically, only 3 of the 59 analyzed patients developed recurrent SD. In conclusion, MRI is the radiological method of choice for establishing the diagnosis of SD, in particular with regard to differentiating between cases with and without abscess formations. In contrast, CT is superior for performing success control after treatment. Therapeutically, conservative, minimal-invasive and operative procedures are not rival but rather complementary.
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  • 214
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ki-67 labeling index ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Optic nerve glioma ; p53 ; Pilocytic ¶astrocytoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gliomas of the optic nerve, although typically of pilocytic (WHO grade I) histology, can present within the spectrum of astrocytic neoplasia including glioblastoma (WHO grade IV). In certain cases, histologic features alone make the distinction between pilocytic and diffuse astrocytomas difficult. We reviewed 22 cases of optic nerve gliomas, 19 of which were pilocytic astrocytomas (PA), and 3 of which were diffuse, non-pilocytic astrocytomas. The cases were evaluated for their clinical course, radiographic appearance, histologic grade, and proliferation indices as detected by MIB-1 (Ki-67) and p53 antibodies. Of the 19 PA, 14 showed no tumor growth by magnetic resonance imaging, and had Ki-67 and p53 labeling indices (LI) of 〈 1%. The other 5 PA exhibited aggressive behavior manifest by marked diffuse infiltrative tumor growth causing death in 2 patients, 1 of whom was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1 (immunoperoxidase and radiographs not available), and marked local growth with an average time to growth of 39.3 months, a Ki-67 LI of 2–3%, and a p53 LI of 〈 1% in three others. Three of the five aggressive PA histologically demonstrated a finely reticulated pattern, a pattern that appears as an exaggeration or expansion of the normal neuroglia of the optic nerve, and may simulate a diffuse low-grade astrocytoma. Two demonstrated the coarsely reticulated pattern, with the biphasic and microcystic pattern typical of PA. Three diffuse astrocytomas (2 anaplastic astrocytomas and 1 glioblastoma) originated clinically and radiographically from the optic nerve, and revealed a Ki-67 LI of 2–12%, a p53 LI of 2–8%, and an average time to growth of 8 months. We conclude that the majority of PA of the optic nerve are non-aggressive, stabilize radiographically, and have Ki-67 and p53 LI 〈 1%. However, a subpopulation of PA has a propensity for aggressive behavior, and are identified by a Ki-67 LI of 2–3% and a p53 LI of 〈 1%. Diffuse astrocytomas have both Ki-67 and p53 LI 〉 2%. Thus, in cases of aggressive optic nerve tumors in which the histologic review of biopsy material cannot confidently confirm the diagnosis of pilocytic or diffuse fibrillary glioma, a p53 LI of 〉 1% appears to favor the diagnosis of diffuse astrocytoma.
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  • 215
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    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 2-8 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Schlaganfall ; Thrombolyse ; Intrakranieller Druck ; Stroke unit ; Key words ; Stroke ; Thrombolysis ; Intracranial pressure ; Stroke unit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Stroke is an emergency. Treatment must begin as soon as possible because significant sustained neurological improvement has been demonstrated when thrombolytic treatment, mainly with recombined tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is initiated within the first hours of stroke onset. On the other hand in the acute phase of stroke it is critical that patients get adequate management for the prevention of early complications. Management of the acute phase of stroke is the target of this article. Preclinically started treatment must be continued in the neurological emergency unit. Clinical examination is followed by technical investigations: cerebral computertomography (CCT) is the most useful radiological investigation in the acute phase. It allows to distinguish between ischemia and hemorrhagic lesions and also to rule out nonstroke brain conditions. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) may provide data on viable versus irreversibly damaged tissue. Sufficient stroke treatment is based on well managed in-hospital infrastructure. Thrombolysis is the only causative treatment of stroke in selected patients. Complications of acute stroke comprise changes of blood pressure with hemodynamically relevant effects on cerebral perfusion pressure, acute post- ischemic brain edema, and intracerebral bleedings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der akute Schlaganfall stellt einen Notfall dar. Zum einen, weil das funktionelle Ergebnis durch eine frühe Thrombolysetherapie signifikant verbessert wird. Zum anderen, weil beim akuten Schlaganfall eine frühzeitige Behandlung von Komplikationen die Prognose positiv beeinflußt. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Artikels liegt auf der Behandlung der akuten zerebralen Ischämie. Die Primärversorgung eines Schlaganfallpatienten bei Aufnahme in die Klinik besteht zunächst in der Fortführung der bereits präklinisch begonnenen Basisversorgung. Parallel zur klinisch-neurologischen Evaluation erfolgt die Durchführung technischer Untersuchungen. Mit der zerebralen Computertomographie (cCT) kann zwischen zerebraler Ischämie und intrazerebraler Blutung unterschieden und andere Ursachen können ausgeschlossen werden. Mit der multimodalen Magnetresonanztomographie (mMRT) kann zwischen reversibel und irreversibel geschädigtem Hirngewebe unterschieden werden. Eine weitere Voraussetzung für eine suffiziente Schlaganfalltherapie ist eine optimal aufeinander abgestimmte innerklinische Infrastruktur. Als spezielles therapeutisches Verfahren steht heute die Thrombolysetherapie für selektierte Patienten zur Verfügung. Zu den Komplikationen des akuten Schlaganfalls gehören hämodynamisch wirksame Blutdruckschwankungen, die Entwicklung eines akuten postischämischen Hirnödems und intrazerebrale Blutungen.
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  • 216
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Schmerzgedächtnis ; Akuter postoperativer Schmerz ; Key words ; Pain memory ; Acute postoperative pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectiles: Clinicians use patients’ recall of pain as an important source of evidence both in diagnosis and in assessing improvements following treatment. Yet very little is known about the accuracy of these retrospective accounts up to now. Methods: We examined patients’ retrospective evaluations of the pain they experienced at the first postoperative day and related these evaluations to the pain intensity which was recorded in the PCA-report. Results: We found that recall was moderately accurate. Patients mostly overestimated their pain intensity. We could demonstrate that patients who overestimated their pain differed significantly from those who did not. The patients who overestimated showed no significant pain relief over the first three postoperative days. Other influences were the pain intensity of the third day and patients’ expectations of the postoperative pain intensity. Our results could be embedded within the theoretical framework of general memory research. Conclusions: We conclude that real-time evaluations of pain intensity should be recorded additionally to retrospective accounts. Retrospective ratings are important too, because we suggest that the memory of pain more than the experience of pain itself form the basis of patients’ future decisions about treatment including their compliance and their satisfaction with pain management.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Retrospektive Schmerzeinstufungen durch den Patienten werden sehr häufig verwendet. Dennoch ist bislang nur sehr wenig bekannt, wie diese Einschätzungen zustande kommen und wie sie mit dem unmittelbaren Schmerzerleben zusammenhängen. Wir haben die Übereinstimmung zwischen den retrospektiven Schmerzeinstufungen von 67 Patienten, die postoperativ eine PCA-Pumpe zur Schmerzlinderung erhalten hatten, mit den Aufzeichnungen des PCA-Protokolls verglichen und fanden in Übereinstimmung mit anderen Forschungsergebnissen eine geringe Übereinstimmung. Es bestand insgesamt eine Tendenz zur Schmerzüberschätzung. Dies traf jedoch nicht auf alle Patienten zu. Eine genauere Analyse der Patienten, die ihre Schmerzen deutlich überschätzt hatten (〉 dem Median der Differenzen der Gesamtstichprobe) und denen, die dies nicht getan hatten, zeigte, dass der Schmerzverlauf für beide Gruppen unterschiedlich gewesen war. Patienten, die ihre Schmerzen überschätzten, hatten in den ersten drei Tagen keine signifikante Schmerzreduktion gegenüber dem ersten postoperativen Tag erfahren. Weitere Einflussfaktoren auf die retrospektive Schmerzeinstufung waren die Schmerzstärke des dritten postoperativen Tages und die Schmerzerwartungen, die der Patient hatte. Die Ergebnisse konnten in die Befunde der allgemeinen Gedächtnisforschung integriert werden. Neben retrospektiven Beurteilungen sollte daher nach Möglichkeit auch die aktuelle Schmerzbeurteilung des Patienten erfasst werden. Da jedoch gerade die retrospektive Einschätzung, d. h. die Erinnerung an den Schmerz vermutlich die Entscheidungen von Patienten beeinflusst und eher als Indikator für die Zufriedenheit des Patienten mit der Schmerztherapie zu werten ist, behält die retrospektive Einschätzung weiterhin ihre Berechtigung im Rahmen der Evaluation schmerztherapeutischer Massnahmen.
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    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Kosteneffektivität ; Zertifizierung ; ISO 9001 ; EFQM ; Key words ; Quality management ; Cost effectiveness ; Certification ; ISO 9001 ; EFQM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Quality of care and costs are getting closer together. Whereas costs and quality management did not play a substantial role 30 years ago, the consumption of resources nowadays is part of the outcome of quality of care. The definition of quality must be seen in the dimensions of structure, process and result. Resulting from newly developed clinical practice, guidelines are planned as instruments for cost containment in near future. Those guidelines may end up in a quality management system. The most wellknown european basic of such a quality management system are the DIN EN ISO 9000 f and the EFQM. The ISO 9001 and the European Quality Award became the most common base of evaluation for certification of quality management systems in Organisations europeanwide. Whereas the ISO 9001 does not give any information about the real achieved quality, the European Quality Award reflects the process. Guidelines are necessary to prove the cost effectiveness of measures of quality control and quality assurance since too much quality control and assurance may result in increased overall consumption of resources, leading to a reduction in the quality of care when ensuring that the overall budget is covered.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Versorgungsqualität und Kosten rücken immer näher zusammen. Während noch vor 30 Jahren weder die Kostenfrage noch ein Qualitätsmanagement eine Rolle spielten, ist inzwischen der Ressourcenverbrauch sogar zu einem Bestandteil der Ergebnisqualität geworden. Der Qualitätsbegriff wird in seinen Dimensionen Struktur-, Prozeß- und Ergebnisqualität beleuchtet. Hieraus abgeleitete Empfehlungen und Leitlinien für die ärztliche Versorgung sollen in Zukunft als Instrumente zur Kostensenkung eingesetzt werden. Diese können in Qualitätsmanagementsystemen münden, deren bekannteste Grundlage derzeit die DIN EN ISO 9000 f. darstellt. Die ISO 9001 sowie die Selbstbewertung nach EFQM haben sich europaweit als Prüfungsgrundlage für die Zertifizierung von Qualitätsmanagementsystemen in Organisationen durchgesetzt. Organisationen können ganze Kliniken oder einzelne Abteilungen wie die Anästhesie sein. Dabei werden in 20 Kapiteln der ISO 9001 organisatorische Verfahren beschrieben, die innerhalb der Organisation die Aufrechterhaltung eines bestimmten Qualitätsniveaus sicherstellen sollen. Im EFQM-Modell steht die Prozeßbeherrschung im Vordergrund, die zugrundegelegten Kriterien gliedern sich in Befähiger- und Ergebniskriterien. Der Nachweis der Kosteneffektivität von Qualitätskontroll- und -sicherungsmaßnahmen ist wichtig, denn ein Zuviel an Qualitätskontrolle und -sicherung läßt den Ressourcenverbrauch zusätzlich ansteigen. Dies führt bei einem gedeckelten Gesamtbudget zu einer Senkung der Versorgungsqualität.
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    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Koronarsinusdilatation ; perioperative transösophageale Echokardiographie ; persistierende linke obere Hohlvene ; Kardioanästhesie ; Herzchirurgie ; Key words ; Dilated coronary sinus ; Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography ; Persistent left superior vena cava ; Cardiac anaesthesia ; Cardiac surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A 36-year old woman was presented to our hospital with congenital ventricular septal defect and one-vessel coronary artery disease (75% proximal left main coronary artery) for CABG and repair of the VSD. After induction, a transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) baseline examination was performed, showing a severely dilated coronary sinus (CS) measuring approximately 3 cm (abnormal 〉1 cm). We suggested a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) draining into the CS. PLSVC is a common venous congenital anomaly, with a reported incidence of 0.5% in general population and in 3–5 % of patients with congenital heart defect. Injection of echo-contrast solution in a left arm vein, visualizing microbubbles passing through the PLSVC into the CS confirmed our suspicion. The diagnosis of a PLSVC and dilated CS is a contraindication for retrograde cardioplegia because of the loss of cardioplegia into the PLSVC resulting in a inadequate myocardial protection. It may be difficult to pass a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) through a left internal or left subclavian vein and it may be associated with arrythmias. A chest radiograph shows the anomalous course of the PAC along the left heart.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine 36jährige Frau, mit einem kongenitalen Ventrikelseptumdefekt (VSD) und einer koronaren 1-Gefäßerkrankung (75% Hauptstammstenose) wurde unserem Krankenhaus zur Koronarbypassoperation und Verschluß des VSD zugewiesen. Nach der Narkoseeinleitung führten wir eine transösophageale echokardiographische Basisuntersuchung durch. Es zeigte sich ein deutlich dilatierter Koronarsinus (CS) von ca. 3 cm Durchmesser (abnormal 〉1 cm). Man vermutete eine persistierende linke obere Hohlvene (PLSVC), die sich in den CS drainiert. Die PLSVC ist eine venöse kongenitale Annomalie mit einer Inzidenz von 0,5% in der Normalbevölkerung und von 3–5% bei Patienten mit kongenitalen Herzerkrankungen. Nach Injektion von Echokontrastmittel über eine linke Armvene zeigten sich sog. Microbubbles im CS und bestätigten unsere Verdachtsdiagnose. Die Diagnose einer PLSVC und eines dilatierten CS gilt als eine Kontraindikation für die retrograde Kardioplegie, da es über die PLSVC zum Verlust von Kardioplegie, mit daraus resultierender unzureichender Kardioprotektion kommt. Die Plazierung eines Pulmonalarterienkatheters über die linke V. jugularis interna oder die linke V. subclavia kann erschwert sein und zu Herzrhythmusstörungen führen. Eine Röntgenthoraxaufnahme zeigt den ungewöhnlichen Verlauf des PAK entlang des linken Herzschattens.
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  • 219
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Präanalytische Fehlerquellen ; Arterielle Blutgasanalyse ; AaDO2 ; Key words ; Pre-analytical errors ; Arterial blood-gas-analysis ; AaDO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives: The paO2 and AaDO2 are routinely measured for evaluating pulmonary gas exchange. The normal value of the AaDO2 amounts 10 mmHg when breathing atmospheric air and is said to increase with rising FIO2. This increase is discussed controversially. One possible reason for incongruities in AaDO2 measurement may be the impact of so called preanalytical errors during paO2 measurement, which are often neglected. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of preanalytical errors on the AaDO2 under hyperoxic conditions. Methods: Arterial blood gas analysis was performed on twenty patients without known pulmonary disease after tracheal intubation and 30 min of ventilation with pure oxygen. All preanalytical paO2 errors (sam- pling technique, transport and storage of samples, aspirated air bubbles) were assessed and all paO2 measurements were corrected by applying respective predetermined correction factors. Calculation of the AaDO2 was performed with corrected and uncorrected paO2 values. Results: The average amount of the AaDO2 under ventilation with FIO2=1.0 was 118.9±41.1 mmHg, calculated from uncorrected paO2 values, and 13.4±7.5 mmHg calculated from paO2 values corrected for preanalytical errors, respectively. Conclusion: The present results show that the assumption of an increasing AaDO2 with rising FIO2 is questionable. It could be proved that neglecting preanalytical paO2 errors leads to a significant overestimation of the AaDO2. The consequence would be a misinterpretation of the patient’s condition in relation to a reduced pulmonary gas exchange, which should in fact be attributed solely to the preanalytical errors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Sowohl der paO2 als auch die AaDO2 werden als Standardverfahren für die Beurteilung des pulmonalen Gasaustauschs herangezogen. Als „Normalwert” der AaDO2 unter Raumluftatmung werden in der Literatur übereinstimmend Werte um 10 mmHg angegeben. Kontrovers sind die Angaben jedoch für die reine O2-Beatmung, vermutlich weil die Existenz unvermeidlicher präanalytischer Fehler bei der Bestimmung des paO2 bislang nicht beachtet wurde. Ziel dieser Studie war es daher, die Auswirkungen präanalytischer Fehler bei der Bestimmung des paO2 auf die Größe der AaDO2 und damit auf deren Aussagekraft zu untersuchen. Methodik: 20 lungengesunde Patienten wurden nach endotrachealer Intubation für 30 min mit reinem O2 beatmet. Anschließend wurden arterielle Blutgasanalysen durchgeführt, und präanalytische Fehler (Art der Probenentnahme, Art der Probenlagerung, Aspiration von Luftblasen) anhand vorbestehender Korrekturfaktoren nachträglich korrigiert. Die entsprechende AaDO2 wurde dann sowohl „korrigiert” als auch „unkorrigiert” berechnet. Ergebnisse: Die AaDO2 betrug ohne Berücksichtigung der präanalytischen Fehler im Mittel 118,9±41,1 mmHg. Nach Korrektur der präanalytischen Fehler betrug sie im Mittel jedoch nur noch 13,4±7,5 mmHg. Schlußfolgerung: Nach vorliegenden Ergebnissen entspricht die Größe der AaDO2 unter reiner O2-Beatmung beim lungengesunden Patienten derjenigen unter Raumluftatmung. Die Differenz zur „unkorrigierten” AaDO2 von vorliegend 105,5 mmHg geht offensichtlich zu Lasten der präanalytischen Fehler. Wird die AaDO2 zur Beurteilung des Patientenzustands herangezogen, so müssen präanalytische Fehler beachtet und korrigiert werden. Anderenfalls würde die Interpretation einer fälschlicherweise zu hoch errechneten AaDO2 hinsichtlich der Lungenfunktion (z.B. Zunahme venöser Beimischung) lediglich auf präanalytischen Fehlern basieren.
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    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 34-42 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Erworbene Hemmkörperhämophilie ; spontane Faktor-VIII-Inhibitoren ; spontane Faktor-IX-Inhibitoren ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Key words ; Acquired haemophilia ; Spontaneous factor VIII inhibitors ; Spontaneous factor IX inhibitors ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Although autoantibodies against factor VIII or factor IX are a rare phenomenon, they are associated with a high risk of bleeding and high mortality. The condition, termed ac- quired haemophilia, occurs equally in both sexes and is most frequent in higher age groups. Patients typically present with severe bleedings in muscles and skin. In contrast to patients with congenital haemophilia and inhibitors, joint bleedings are very rare. In approximately half of all cases an associated disease state can be identified as the cause of autoantibody formation. An immediate and comprehensive diagnosis is essential for a rapid initiation of therapy. Equally important are a careful diagnostic differentiation between congenital and acquired factor deficiencies and the exclusion of non-specific inhibitors, which increase the occurrence of thrombolic events. The inhibitor titre, quantified using the Bethesda assay, is an important criterion for selecting the appropriate therapy. A wide range of treatment options is now available for the management of bleedings in patients with acquired haemophilia, namely porcine factor VIII, recombinant factor VIIa, prothrombin complex concentrates, and immunoadsorptions. In addition, immunosuppressive therapies are used to achieve permanent reduction or elimination of inhibitors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Autoantikörper gegen Faktor VIII oder Faktor IX sind ein zwar seltenes, aber mit hohem Blutungsrisiko und hoher Letalität verbundenes Phänomen. Diese als erworbene Hemmkörperhämophilie bezeichnete Erkrankung kommt bei beiden Geschlechtern gleich häufig vor und tritt gehäuft im hohen Lebensalter auf. Die Patienten fallen klinisch v. a. durch schwere Blutungen in Muskeln und Haut auf, wogegen Gelenkeinblutungen – im Gegensatz zur angeborenen Hämophilie mit Hemmkörpern – sehr selten auftreten. In etwa der Hälfte der Fälle kann eine assoziierte Grunderkrankung als Auslöser der Autoantikörperbildung identifiziert werden. Eine rasche und umfassende Diagnostik ist entscheidend für einen schnellen Therapiebeginn. Ebenso bedeutend ist eine sorgfältige differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung gegen einen angeborenen oder erworbenen Faktorenmangel sowie der Ausschluß unspezifischer Inhibitoren, die vermehrt zu Thrombosen führen können. Wichtig für die Auswahl der geeigneten Therapieform ist der Inhibitortiter, gemessen im Bethesda-Assay. Für die Blutstillungstherapie steht heute mit porcinem Faktor VIII, rekombinantem Faktor VIIa, Prothrombinkomplexpräparaten und Immunadsorptionen ein breites Spektrum an Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Für eine dauerhafte Reduktion bzw. Elimination der Autoantikörper finden immunsuppressive Therapien Anwendung.
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  • 221
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Periduralanalgesie ; Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie ; Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Key words ; Epidural analgesia ; Patient-controlled analgesia ; Postoperative pain treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives: Continuous epidural analgesia (EA) and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCA) are widely used for postoperative pain control. Studies indicate that both analgesic regimens provide good analgesia after major surgery. However, because of the following reasons it is still unclear whether one of the two modes of application is superior. First, there are conflicting data regarding the differences in pain relief and drug use between epidural and intravenous administration of opioids. Second, in many studies epidural analgesia is performed by a combination of local anaesthetics and opioids. Third, reduced morbidity was observed only in some of the studies, in which epidural analgesia provided better pain relief than systemic opioid supply. Despite these conflicting results, EA with local anaesthetics and fentanyl as well as PCA with piritramid, a highly potent μ-agonist, are routinely used in Germany. The purpose of this study was to compare these two treatments for analgesic efficacy, pulmonary function, incidence of side effects and complications in patients undergoing thoracotomy. Methods: In this prospective randomized trial 50 patients were included. For postoperative pain control 25 patients (EA group) received thoracic epidural infusion of local anaesthetics (bupivacaine 0.125% or ropivacaine 0,2%) and fentanyl 4,5µg/ml with a flow rate of 4-10 ml/h. 25 patients received intravenous PCA with piritramid (bolus 2,5 mg, lock out 15 minutes, maximum of 25 mg/4 h, no background infusion). Results: Analgesia at rest and while coughing, as evaluated by visual analogue scale, was significantly better in the EA group. EA also resulted in superior values of pulmonary function tests, general condition and a lower incidence of sedation and nausea. In contrast, patients with EA reported distinctly more pruritus than patients with PCA. Duration of hospital stay was shorter in the EA group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. There was one atelectasis in the EA group. No major complications related to EA or PCA were observed. Conclusion: In this study EA with local anaesthetics and fentanyl provided superior postoperative pain control and a lower incidence of sedation and nausea compared to intravenous PCA with piritramid, but there was no superiority as to pulmonary complications and duration of hospital stay.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer prospektiven, randomisierten Studie wurden die beiden klinisch etablierten, postoperativen Analgesieverfahren, die kontinuierliche thorakale Periduralanalgesie (PDA) mit Lokalanästhetikum und Fentanyl und die intravenöse patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA) mit Piritramid, verglichen. Bei 50 Patienten (PDA-Gruppe n=25, PCA-Gruppe n=25), die sich einer Thorakotomie unterziehen mußten, wurden Analgesie, unerwünschte Wirkungen, Allgemeinbefindlichkeit, Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer und Komplikationen unter den jeweiligen Verfahren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sowohl die PDA als auch die PCA zur Schmerztherapie nach Thorakotomien effektiv und sicher sind. Dennoch wurde unter PDA eine signifikant bessere analgetische Wirkung sowie eine deutlich geringere Inzidenz der unerwünschten Wirkungen Sedierung und Übelkeit erzielt. Über Juckreiz klagten die Patienten mit PDA hingegen öfter. Im Hinblick auf Lungenfunktionsparameter, die subjektive Allgemeinbefindlichkeit der Patienten und die Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer schnitt die PDA-Gruppe ebenso tendenziell besser ab. Auch die Beurteilung des jeweiligen Analgesieverfahrens durch die Patienten fiel bei insgesamt guter Bewertung beider Verfahren in der PDA-Gruppe besser aus. Trotz dieser Vorteile führte die PDA gegenüber der PCA jedoch nicht zu einer Senkung der pulmonalen Komplikationsrate.
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  • 222
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Seronegative Spondarthritis ; Diffuse idiopathische Skeletthyperostose ; Akquiriertes Hyperostose-Syndrom ; Lastenträgerkrankheit ; Skelettszintigraphie ; Parasyndesmophyt ; Key words Seronegative spondyloarthropathy ; diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis ; acquired hyperostosis syndrome ; “Porter disease” ; bone scintigraphy ; parasyndesmophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are numerous diseases which can irreversibly stiffen the whole spine or parts of the axial skeleton. Due to didactic reasons one can distinguish 3 gropus of such disorders: – Paradigmatic diseases of the spine with an inherent proneness to stiffness. – Rare diseases which involve a certain danger of stiffening the spine. – Rigidity of the spine due to scientifically unrecognised morphologic phenomena.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Erkrankungen, die zu einer irreversiblen Wirbelsäulenversteifung oder von Abschnitten des Achsenskeletts führen. Sie werden aus didaktischer Sicht in 3 Gruppen geteilt:    1. Paradigmatische Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen, die grundsätzlich ein Versteifungspotential bergen (Duden 1996: paradigmatisch=beispielhaft).    2. Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen, die Raritäten sind. Trotzdem muss mit ihnen in der täglichen Praxis gerechnet werden.    3. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht ungeklärte Wirbelsäulenversteifung.
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  • 223
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Acute myelofibrosis ; Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia ; Scintigraphy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Interferon gamma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Acute myelofibrosis is a rare, malignant hematological disorder of unknown etiology with an inevitably fatal outcome. Here we present the study of a 63-year-old Caucasian man with acute onset of pancytopenia. Repeated bone marrow biopsies showed dense fibrosis and hypoplastic hematopoiesis raising various differential diagnoses of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Bone marrow scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed areas suggesting neoplastic infiltration, mainly in both femurs and tibias. Histological examination of a surgical biopsy of the left tibia revealed acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. As the patient refused polychemotherapy, therapy with interferon gamma was initiated but discontinued prematurely because of intolerable side effects. The presented case therefore suggests that the combination of bone marrow scintigraphy and MRI is a valuable diagnostic tool in patients presenting with myelofibrosis of unknown origin.
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  • 224
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    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 22 (2000), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Masseter muscle ; Architecture ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors carried out an anatomic and magnetic resonance imaging study of the architecture of the elevator muscles of the mandible in 169 cadavers. The aim of this study was to define the architectural organization of the human masseter muscle, temporalis and pterygoid muscles. Layered dissections and anatomic sections in different spatial planes showed that the masseter muscle exhibited a typical pennate structure consisting of a succession of alternating musculoaponeurotic layers. The muscle had three well-differentiated parts the superficial, intermediate and deep masseter muscles. The same pattern was constantly found 1) for the superficial masseter, two alternate musculoaponeurotic layers oriented at 60∘ in relation to the plane of occlusion, 2) for the intermediate masseter, a single musculo-aponeurotic layer oriented at 90∘ in relation to the occlusal plane, 3) for the deep masseter, three musculoaponeurotic layers whose general orientation was at 90∘ for the bounding layers and 110∘ for the intermediate layer. The MRI study confirmed the reality of this architectural arrangement.
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  • 225
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 93-104 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Herzinsuffizienz, Pathophysiologie ; Herzinsuffizienz, neurohumorale Aktivierung ; Herzinsuffizienz, RAAS-System ; Herzinsuffizienz, Remodeling ; Herzinsuffizienz, Zytokine ; Remodeling, Herzinsuffizienz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema In dieser Arbeit wird eingehend über die pathophysiologischen Grundlagen berichtet, die zur chronischen Herzinsuffizienz führen. Wie als grundsätzlich bekannt vorausgesetzt werden darf, haben sich auf diesem Gebiet in der letzten Dekade geradezu bahnbrechende Entwicklungen mit der Erforschung von Prozessen auf zellulärer Ebene ergeben: die neurohumorale Aktivierung und die Aktivierung des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems. Die Darstellung dieser Vorgänge, die schließlich zu den pathologisch-anatomischen Veränderungen und den pathophysiologisch faßbaren Funktionsstörungen und somit zu den klinisch dominierenden Symptomen der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz mit ihren charakteristischen Formen führen, werden ausführlich dargestellt. Sie stellen auch die Voraussetzungen für einen tiefgreifenden Wandel in der Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffuzienz dar. Die Arbeit über die Pathophysiologie steht mit Bedacht am Anfang dieser 2 Schwerpunkthefte des INTERNIST über Herzinsuffizienz. Wieder einmal wird ersichtlich, daß Grundlagen-, klinisch-experimentelle und pharmakologische Forschung, klinische Therapiestudien und Metaanalysen untrennbar zusammengehören, um neue Behandlungskonzepte durchzusetzen.
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  • 226
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Akute Herzinsuffizienz ; Lungenödem ; Kardiogener Schock ; Rechtsherzinsuffizienz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema Die vorliegende Übersicht über die Notfalltherapie der akuten Links- und Rechtsherzinsuffizienz sowie des kardiogenen Lungenödems und Schocks macht klar, wie viele wichtige ärztliche und organisatorische Aspekte in dieser Notfallsituation zu beachten sind. All dies muß ständig vorgehalten werden: spezialisiertes, hochmotiviertes ärztliches und Hilfspersonal, ein beachtliches medikamentöses Arsenal, zahlreiche Geräte zu supportiven Zwecken, ein großer diagnostischer Apparat und schließlich die Möglichkeit zu interventionellen koronaren Maßnahmen. Die im Text dieser Arbeit erklärten und diskutierten Empfehlungen zur Behandlung der akuten Herzinsuffienz sind in tabellarisch einprägsamer Form dargestellt, worauf besonders hingewiesen sei. Überblickt man die Entwicklung der kardiologischen Notfalltherapie in der letzten Dekade, besonders die überzeugenden Resultate von Notfall-PTCA’s drängen sich natürlich Fragen mit weit reichenden ökonomischen Konsequenzen auf: (1.) Wohin sollen die erstbehandelnden Ärzte ihre kardiologischen Notfälle schicken bzw. begleiten, in die nächste Klinik (wie man so leicht sagt, immer die beste) oder nicht doch lieber gleich in eine (meist wesentlich weiter entfernte) Spezialabteilung mit interventionellen Möglichkeiten? (2.) Wie steht es mit der flächendeckenden Versorgung kardiologischer Notfälle hierzulande?
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  • 227
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis ; Hypothyreose ; Polyserositis ; Perikarderguß ; Myxödem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine 66-jährige Patientin wies neben einem Pleuraempyem und sämtlichen klinischen Anzeichen einer akuten globalen Herzinsuffizienz typische Stigmata einer Hypothyreose auf (Myxödem, diffuser Haarausfall). Aufgrund einer komatösen Bewußtseinslage mußte von einem Myxödemkoma ausgegangen werden. Laborchemisch bestätigte sich der Verdacht, und die Diagnose einer chronisch lymphozytären Thyreoiditis (Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis) wurde bei Nachweis von Autoantikörpern gestellt. Schwere Infektionen, wie das Pleuraempyem in der vorgestellten Kasuistik, treten im Rahmen von Hypothyreosen auf, andererseits können durch Streßsituationen hypothyreote Stoffwechsellagen klinisch manifest werden. Ein hämodynamisch wirksamer Perikarderguß lag vor, wie er im Rahmen von Hypothyreosen gehäuft auftritt, und hat zu der kardialen Dekompensation beigetragen. Nach Entlastung des Perikardergusses und hochdosierter Hormonsubstitution besserte sich das klinische Bild innerhalb kurzer Zeit.
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  • 228
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Hyperferritinämie ; Katarakt ; IRE, Mutation ; Genetische Erkrankungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein beschwerdefreies Geschwisterpaar italienischer Abstammung wurde zum Ausschluss einer Hämochromatose bei erhöhten Serumferritinspiegeln vorgestellt. Bei beiden war bereits eine Kataraktoperation durchgeführt worden, wie auch bei der Mutter. Die augenärztliche Untersuchung ergab auch bei 2 der 5 Kindern der betroffenen Geschwister eine Katarakt. Körperliche Untersuchung und Laborbefund waren bis auf eine deutliche Hyperferritinämie unauffällig, histologisch wurde eine Hämochromatose ausgeschlossen. Die PCR-Amplifikation und -Sequenzierung des „Iron responsive element” (IRE) im 5′ regulatorischen Bereich des Ferritin-Leichtkettengens ergab eine Punktmutation im „Stamm” des IRE als molekulare Grundlage des dominant vererbten „hereditären Hyperferritin-Kataraktsyndroms”. Die Kasuistik soll diese Differentialdiagnose der hereditären Hyperferritinämie exemplarisch darstellen. Das Hyperferritin-Kataraktsyndrom konnte bisher in einzelnen Familien italienischer, französischer aber auch englischer Herkunft nachgewiesen werden. Aufgrund der Kontraindikation einer Aderlasstherapie und zur Füherkennung der Kataraktbildung in den betroffenen Familien hat sie jedoch als Differentialdiagnose Bedeutung. Die Diagnose kann durch Anamnese, Bestimmung des Serumferritins und augenärztliche Untersuchung gestellt und durch molekulargenetische Untersuchung, also ohne invasive Maßnahmen gesichert werden. Ferner stellt sich im Hyperferritin-Kataraktsyndrom exemplarisch ein neuer Pathomechanismus dar, der in Zukunft an Bedeutung gewinnen könnte.
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  • 229
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Claudicatio intermittens ; Popliteastenose ; Adventitiadegeneration ; Adventitiazyste ; Arterielle Verschlußkrankheit, Adventitiazyste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die zystische Adventitiadegeneration ist eine sehr seltene Ursache der Claudicatio intermittens. Insbesondere bei Männern im jüngeren bis mittleren Lebensalter ohne sonstige Zeichen einer Arteriosklerose sollte man an diese Erkrankung denken. Als Therapie der Wahl ist die operative Resektion mit Veneninterponat anzusehen. Bei dem sehr typischen sonograpischen und angiographischen Bild benötigt man präoperativ keine weitere Diagnostik.
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  • 230
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Herzinsuffizienz, Therapie ; ACE-Hemmer, Herzinsuffizienz ; Betarezeptorenblocker, Herzinsuffizienz ; Diuretika, Herzinsuffizienz ; Aldosteron-Antagonisten, Herzinsuffizienz ; Herzglykoside, Herzinsuffizienz ; Antikoagulation, Herzinsuffizienz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema Basierend auf pathophysiologischen Forschungsergebnissen, z.B. hinsichtlich der Bedeutung des sympathischen Nervensystems und des Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosteron-Systems, hat auch die Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz einen wichtigen Wandel erfahren. Wurde im Oktober 1993, als im INTERNIST letztmalig ein Heft mit dem Schwerpunktthema Herzinsuffizienz erschien (Einzelarbeiten zu diesem Thema wurden natürlich seither veröffentlicht), die Rolle von Betarezeptorblockern noch sehr zurückhaltend beurteilt und standen damals Herzglykoside noch ganz im Vordergrund der Therapie, so hat sich dieser Trend gegenläufig entwickelt, zumindestens was diese beiden Medikamente betrifft. Darüber wird an dieser Stelle referiert. Derzeit bestimmen im wesentlichen 6 Medikamentengruppen, genannt nach ihrer Wichtigkeit, die Behandlung der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz: ACE-Hemmer, Betarezeptorenblocker, Diuretika, Aldosteron-Antagonisten, Digitalisglykoside und eventuell Antikoagulantien. Sie kommen, auch kombiniert, je nach NYHA-Schweregrad zum Einsatz. An die unter pragmatischen Gesichtspunkten bewährte Klassifizierung der New York Heart Association sei kurz erinnert: in 4 NYHA-Stadien wird die Einschränkung der kardialen Funktionen definiert: (1.) Herzerkrankung ohne, (2.) mit leichter, (3.) mit höhergradiger und (4.) mit dauernder schwerer Funktionseinschränkung.
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  • 231
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 344-348 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Studienplan ; Good Clinical Practice ; CONSORT-Statement ; Evidenzbasierte Medizin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema Die Bewertung der inhaltlichen und methodischen Qualität klinisch-therapeutischer Studien gehört seit einiger Zeit zum Handwerkszeug des Arztes. Dies gilt nicht nur für jenen, der sich als Prüfarzt an einer Studie beteiligen will, sondern auch für den fortbildungswilligen, der die täglich erscheinenden Publikationen von Studien auf ihre Qualität, ihre Aussagekraft und ihren Inhalt hin bewerten muss. Für eine sachgerechte Bewertung sind erhebliches klinisches und biometrisches Wissen erforderlich. Hilfestellung leisten dabei zum einen die Leitlinien für Good Clinical Practice (GCP-ICH) der Studienplanung und -durchführung und das CONSORT-Statement für die Publikation von Studien. Besonders hilfreich sind die von einigen wissenschaftlichen Organisationen angebotenen systematischen Reviews und Leitlinien, in denen das evidenzbasierte Wissen zusammengestellt ist.
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  • 232
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 328-331 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Pharmakokinetik ; Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung ; Clearance ; Unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema Die Kenntnis, wie ein Arzneistoff auf den Organismus einwirkt (Pharmakodynamik) und wie der Organismus auf das Arzneimittel einwirkt (Pharmakokinetik), stellt die Basis für eine individualisierte Therapie dar. Eine individualisierte Therapie ist deswegen für die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit so wichtig, weil sowohl in der Dosis-Konzentrations-Beziehung als auch in der Konzentrations-Wirkungs-Beziehung beträchtliche Unterschiede von Patient zu Patient bestehen können. Denn die Praxis zeigt, dass die unterschiedlichen Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen ein wichtiges Problem – wohl das wichtigste überhaupt – in der Arzneimitteltherapie darstellen, weil sie sich unmittelbar auf die Wirksamkeit (Risiko der Unterdosierung) und Sicherheit (Risiko der Überdosierung) auswirken. Besonders ausgeprägte interindividuelle Unterschiede werden vor allem in der Konzentrations-Beziehung beobachtet. Daraus resultiert die therapeutische Relevanz der Pharmakokinetik. Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist, die einzelnen pharmakokinetischen Prozesse unter diesem Gesichtspunkt zu beleuchten. Pharmakodynamische Unterschiede, die z.B. auf den Ebenen der Rezeptordichte, Rezeptorpolymorphismen oder der Signaltransduktion bestehen können, sind nicht Gegenstand dieser Übersicht.
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    Der Internist 41 (2000), S. 349-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Pharmakoökonomie ; Kosten-Nutzen- Analysen ; Koronare Herzkrankheit ; Sekundärprävention ; Sozialversicherungssystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema Die pharmakoökonomische Bewertung von Arzneimitteln gewinnt als Entscheidungshilfe im Gesundheitswesen in Anbetracht der knappen Ressourcen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Hier werden die 4 Ebenen der pharmakoökonomischen Bewertung, Kosten, Finanzierbarkeit, Effektivität und Wirtschaftlichkeit, anhand von Beispielen aktueller Studien zur koronaren Herzkrankheit dargestellt. Nachdem der Nachweis des medizinischen Nutzens einer Maßnahme erbracht wurde, sollte eine ökonomische Bewertung unter Studienbedingungen und Praxisbedingungen durchgeführt werden, um entscheiden zu können, ob diese Maßnahme sowohl unter medizinischen als auch unter wirtschaftlichen Aspekten gerechtfertigt werden kann. Dabei werden gesundheitsökonomische Studien zunehmend nicht für die Frage eingesetzt, ob die Therapie mit einem neu zugelassenen Medikament grundsätzlich wirtschaftlich vertretbar ist oder nicht, sondern für die Identifikation von Patientengruppen, bei denen die Kosten-Effektivität besonders gut oder besonders schlecht ist. Somit können diese Studien sowohl für Rationierungen als auch Priorisierungen der Pharmatherapie eingesetzt werden.
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  • 234
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Beinvenenthrombose ; Lungenembolie, Therapie ; Echokardiographie ; Lungenembolie, Diagnostik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die dargelegte Fallbeschreibung weist auf das Risiko nicht erkannter Thrombosen im Zusammenhang mit ambulanten Operationen hin. Die in Deutschland übliche generelle Verordnung von Bettruhe bei tiefen Bein-Beckenvenenthrombosen ist nach Ansicht der Autoren wissenschaftlich nicht begründet und kann – wie im vorliegenden Fall – negative Folgen haben. Die intravenöse, konsequent aPTT gesteuerte Heparinisierung ist im klinischen Alltag hinsichtlich der Praktikabilität nicht unproblematisch, eine Alternative mit subkutanem niedermolekularem Heparin sollte bei gleich guten Ergebnissen im Rahmen randomisierter Studien in Betracht gezogen werden. Die Echokardiographie erweist sich in der Diagnostik der fulminanten Lungenembolie unter Reanimationsbedingungen sowohl für die initiale Diagnostik als auch Verlaufskontrolle als äußerst wertvoll. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass eine unmittelbare mechanische Reanimation und eine rasche Drucksenkung im kleinen Kreislauf zwecks Entlastung des rechten Ventrikels entscheidend sind.
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Cortical malformations ; Migration disorders ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this review, a simplified scheme for classification of cortical malformations is introduced and illustrated based on the work of Barkovich et al. [8]. Detailed MRI studies identify cortical malformations as a major cause of epilepsy in children. Two aspects that are becoming increasingly important for the paediatrician are emphasised. First, knowledge of the genetic background of cortical malformations is necessary for appropriate genetic counselling. Although the majority of cortical malformations occur sporadically, recent studies have shown a familial pattern in specific epilepsy syndromes associated with cortical malformations. Second, the epilepsy becomes refractory to the common anti-epileptic drugs in many patients with cortical malformations so that epilepsy surgery should be considered. In this respect, the paediatrician can play a pivotal role in referring candidate patients for further specialised assessment. Conclusion The input of the paediatrician will become crucial to link clinical, genetic and neuro-imaging data in children with the great variety of possible cortical malformations.
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S114 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Dietary therapy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neurology ; Pathology ; Phenylketonuria ; AbbreviationsHPA hyperphenylalaninaemia ; 1H-MRS proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Phe phenylalanine ; PKU phenylketonuria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurological abnormalities in phenylketonuria were described before dietary treatment became possible. These included tremor, clumsiness, epilepsy, spastic paraparesis and occasionally extrapyramidal features. Neurological deterioration after childhood was recognised. Patients with neurological deterioration described recently have been late diagnosed or intellectually impaired or both. No early diagnosed patient who was well treated and of good intellectual outcome has yet shown neurological deterioration after stopping diet but it may happen. Conclusion The fascinating links between pathology, magnetic resonance imaging appearances, magnetic resonance spectroscopy results and clinical features are not yet clearly understood. Patients must understand the possible risks of stopping diet and make their choice. All patients need help, support and follow-up regardless of the choices they make over continuing diet.
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  • 237
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kutane Metastasen ; Leiomyosarkom ; Hodenhüllen ; Samenstrang ; Key words ; Cutaneous metastases ; Leiomyosarcoma ; Testicle cover ; Spermatic cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cutaneous metastases from a leiomyosarcoma of the testicular tunica albuginea are very rare. Primary leiomyosarcomas in this site are uncommen and furthermore cutaneous metastases develop only in 1,4% of all malignant tumors of the internal organs [10]. A 71 year old patient with such a sarcoma underwent primary excision. Nine months later multiple, firm, nodules were identified as cutaneous metastases. Further staging revealed already extensive, diffuse pulmonary and bony metastases without contiguous or regional lymph node involvement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kutane Metastasen eines Leiomyosarkoms der Hodenhüllen sind sehr selten. Das ist einerseits darin begründet, dass primäre Leiomyosarkome der Hodenhüllen ebenfalls eine ausgesprochene Rarität darstellen und andererseits Hautmetastasen von malignen Tumoren innerer Organe nur bei ungefähr 1,4% der Fälle zu erwarten sind [10]. Es wird über einen 71jährigen Patienten mit einem linksseitigen Hodentumor berichtet, der nach Exzision als Leiomyosarkom der Hodenhüllen klassifiziert wurde. Neun Monate später traten multiple, derbe kutane Knoten am Kopf sowie Brustbereich auf. Die histopathologische Untersuchung der Knoten ergab die Diagnose von kutanen Filiae eines Leiomyosarkoms. Die weitere Durchuntersuchung zeigte eine bereits fortgeschrittene, diffuse, pulmonale und ossäre Metastasierung unter Aussparung regionärer und nachgeschalteter Lymphknotenstationen.
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  • 238
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kalziphylaxie ; Hautnekrosen ; Livedo racemosa ; Pannikulitis ; Chronisches Nierenversagen/Hämodialyse ; Key words ; Calciphylaxis ; Cutaneous necrosis ; Livedo reticularis ; Panniculitis ; Chronic renal failure/hemodialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Calciphylaxis is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication in chronic renal failure. It is characterized by ischemic tissue necrosis primarily of the skin. The typical histopathologic finding is microvascular calcification with endovascular fibrosis. Patients typically present with violaceous, mottled and painful lesions which tend to progress to non-healing ulcers and necrosis. Most frequently the lower extremities are involved in a symmetric fashion but the trunk may also be affected. Sepsis from superinfection of the lesions accounts for the high mortality of this disease which is of importance for dermatologists and nephrologists alike. 61-year-old female patient developed lesions of calciphylaxis on both calves two years after beginning hemodialysis to treat renal failure due to diabetic glomerulosclerosis. We discuss aspects of the pathogenesis of calciphylaxis, as well as diagnosis, treatment and means of preventions, and review the current literature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kalziphylaxie ist eine seltene, aber unter Umständen lebensbedrohliche Komplikation im Rahmen des chronischen Nierenversagens, bei der es infolge mikrovaskulärer Kalzifizierung und endovaskulärer Fibrose zu ischämischen Gewebsnekrosen kommt. Die Erkrankung kommt fast ausschließlich bei niereninsuffizienten, dialysepflichtigen Patienten vor und ist durch eine kalzifizierende Pannikulitis gekennzeichnet. Typischerweise treten an der Haut zunächst Livedo-artige, später schmerzhafte Veränderungen auf, die sich zu nicht abheilenden Ulzerationen und Nekrosen weiterentwickeln. Über nachfolgende Superinfektionen der häufig symmetrisch an den Extremitäten befindlichen Läsionen mit schwer therapierbarer Sepsis erklärt sich die hohe Mortalität dieser für Dermatologen und Nephrologen gleichermaßen wichtigen Erkrankung. Wir berichten über eine 61jährige Patientin, die nach etwas mehr als 2 Jahren chronischer Hämodialysetherapie infolge terminaler Niereninsuffizienz bei diabetischer Nephropathie eine Kalziphylaxie an beiden Unterschenkeln entwickelte. Daneben wird anhand einer Literaturübersicht ein Überblick über die Vorstellungen zur Ätiopathogenese der Kalziphylaxie gegeben sowie deren Diagnosestellung und Therapie-/Präventionsmöglichkeiten erörtert.
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  • 239
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 841-843 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lymphoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We present the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a patient who, following treatment for pancreatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), relapsed with apparently isolated involvement of the right masticator space and left psoas muscles. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising from the masticator space muscles is very rare. In addition, simultaneous lymphomatous involvement of multiple discrete skeletal muscle sites, in the absence of disease elsewhere, has previously only been reported in the limb or limb girdle muscles. Lymphoma should be considered as a cause of isolated enlarged skeletal muscles, even when involving such distant sites.
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  • 240
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Einverständnis ; Berufskrankheitenanzeige ; Hautarztbericht ; Key words ; Consent ; Occupational-disease-Form ; Dematologist’s report
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In Germany, if the dermatologist has definite proof that a patient’s skin disorder is severe or chronic, work-related and requiring a change in occupation, then he or she must issue a Berufskrankheitenanzeige (loosely translated as occupational disease notification). The patient’s consent is not required for this mandatory form, which has to be submitted even if the patient is opposed. On the other hand, if there is only a possible connection between the occupation and the skin disorder, or if the skin disease is neither severe nor chronic nor threatening pursuit of the occupation, then the dermatologist needs only write a Hautarztbericht (dermatologist’s report). The patient’s permission is required for this less formal document.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hat der Hautarzt den begründeten Verdacht, dass bei einem Patienten eine schwere oder wiederholt rückfällige Berufsdermatose besteht, die zur Aufgabe der hautgefährdenden beruflichen Tätigkeit zwingt, so muss er eine Berufskrankheitenanzeige erstatten, auch wenn der Patient nicht damit einverstanden ist. Besteht dagegen nur die Möglichkeit eines Zusammenhangs zwischen Beruf und Dermatose und/oder ist diese (noch) nicht schwer oder wiederholt rückfällig und/oder zwingt sie (noch) nicht zur Aufgabe der hautgefährdenden Tätigkeit, so ist nur ein Hautarztbericht (AV 20a) zu erstatten. Dazu bedarf es aber einer Einwilligung des Patienten.
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  • 241
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Skabies ; Frühkindliche Phase ; Schwangerschaft ; Stillzeit ; Gasping-Syndrom ; Key words ; Scabies ; Early infancy ; Pregnancy ; Nursing ; Gasping-Syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Infestation of human skin with scabies mites remains an persistent problem in daily dermatological practice. There are several therapeutic regiments against scabies which have been proven effective and without major side effects. Because of known neurotoxicity of lindane as well as intoxication/problems following systemic absorption of benzyl alcohol (the metabolite of benzyl benzoate), these two compounds have to be considered with caution in early childhood scabies as well as during pregnancy and nursing. The pharmacology and spectrum of clinical side effects of the approved anti-scabies preparations (lindane, benzyl benzoate, crotamiton) as well as permethrin (not available in Germany) are reviewed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die zugelassenen Antiskabiosa gelten bei Einhaltung der Gebrauchsanweisung als sicher wirksam und unproblematisch. Berichte über neurotoxische Nebenwirkungen auf Lindan sowie Intoxikationen nach systemischer Verabreichung von Benzylalkohol (Metabolit des Benzylbenzoats) sind Gründe, die Indikationen und Nebenwirkungen der Antiskabiosa hinsichtlich der Lebensabschnitte der frühkindlichen Phase, der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit präzise zu definieren. Dabei wird neben den zugelassenen Fertigarzneimitteln (Lindan, Benzylbenzoat, Crotamiton) Permethrin in der Übersicht erfasst.
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  • 242
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    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 14-18 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Erysipel ; Komplikationen ; Diabetes mellitus ; Hepatopathien ; Nephropathien ; Key words ; Erysipelas ; Complications ; Diabetes mellitus ; Hepatopathy ; Nephropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background and objective: A complicated course of erysipelas is not uncommon. Bullous, haemorrhagic, necrotic and purulent lesions may be encountered. Today no reliable data exist as to which constitutional factors renders a patient at risk for developing complicated erysipelas though several risk factors, particularly diabetes mellitus, are often suggested. Based on the analysis of patients with erysipelas at the Department of Dermatology in Graz, factors determining the risk for complicated erysipelas should be identified. Patients/Methods: In a retrospective case-control study clinical data sheets of 766 in- patients treated at the department were evaluated with respect to the course of the erysipelas and with respect to potential risk factors. Results: General risk factors for local complications were location at the lower extremities, pre-existing hepatic or renal disease, hyperuricaemia, and diabetes mellitus. Hepatic and renal disease and – to a lesser extent – diabetes particularly predisposed for bullous and haemorrhagic lesions, while vascular occlusive disease enhanced the risk for ne- crotic lesions. Conclusions: Location and hepatic and renal disease are the most important risk factors, while diabetes is probably of less significance than previously suggested.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Im Zuge eines Erysipels treten immer wieder Lokalkomplikationen (Blasen, Hämorrhagien, Nekrosen, Abszesse) auf. Derzeit gibt es keine verlässlichen Daten darüber, aufgrund welcher Merkmale ein Patient als komplikationsgefährdet einzustufen ist, wobei aber verschiedene Risikofaktoren, insbesondere Diabetes mellitus, vermutet werden. Anhand des Patientenguts der Grazer Hautklinik sollten klinische Risikofaktoren für einen komplizierten Erysipelverlauf erhoben werden. Patienten/Methodik: In einer retrospektiven Fall-Kontroll-Studie wurden von 766 Patienten, die in den Jahren 1986–1995 wegen eines Erysipels stationär behandelt worden waren, klinische Daten hinsichtlich Erysipelverlauf und möglicher Risikofaktoren erhoben und statistisch ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Das Risiko eines komplizierten Erysipelverlaufs wird allgemein durch Lokalisation am Bein, durch Leber- und Nierenerkrankungen, Hyperurikämie und durch einen Diabetes mellitus erhöht. Lebererkrankungen und – in geringerem Maße Diabetes – disponieren speziell zu bullösen und hämorrhagischen Verläufen, eine periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit zu nekrotischen Läsionen. Schlussfolgerungen: Betroffene Körperregion sowie Leber- und Nierenerkrankungen scheinen die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren zu sein, während der Diabetes mellitus möglicherweise eine geringere Rolle spielt, als bisher angenommen.
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    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans ; Morbus Flegel ; Calcipotriol ; Vitamin D ; Key words ; Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans ; Flegel’s disease ; Calcipotriol ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel’s disease) is a rare but clinically and histologically highly characteristic genodermatosis. We report on new immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings suggesting a complex disorder of epidermal differentiation. In this context, a good response to calcipotriol, a synthetic vitamin D3 derivative is of particular interest.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (M. Flegel) ist eine autosomal-dominant vererbbare Genodermatose, bei der sich in der 2. Lebenshälfte bevorzugt an den unteren Extremitäten multiple, persistierende, hyperkeratotische Papeln entwickeln. In dem vorgestellten Fall eines 72jährigen Patienten zeigten unsere ultrastrukturellen und immunhistochemischen Untersuchungen eine stark verminderte Ausbildung regelrechter Keratohyalingranula sowie fehlende Expression von Filaggrin, Loricrin und Keratinen höheren Molekulargewichtes. Die Unterentwicklung der Odland Körperchen und die durch das Fehlen von Loricrin erklärbare mangelhafte Strukturierung des ”cornified envelopes” scheinen für die starke Retentionshyperkeratose verantwortlich zu sein. Die Therapie des M. Flegel ist schwierig. Vielversprechend erwies sich ein Therapieversuch mit einem synthetischen Vitamin-D3-Derivat (Calcipotriol), das erfolgreich in die komplexe Differenzierungsstörung dieser Genodermatose einzugreifen scheint.
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    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kutane B-Zell-Lymphome ; Therapie ; Key words ; Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background and objective: Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (PCBCL) represent a unique type of extranodal B-cell lymphomas. Recently, the „European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)–Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group” classified PCBCL into two major groups: one with low-grade malignancy and excellent prognosis (follicle center cell lymphoma, immunocytoma/marginal zone B-cell lymphoma) and the other with intermediate malignancy and worse prognosis (large B-cell lymphoma of the leg). The clinical course and the prognosis of both groups clearly distinguish them from nodal lymphomas with similar morphological aspects, thus underlying the need for different treatment modalities. Patients/Methods: We investigated retrospectively the therapeutic data from 51 patients with PCBCL (40 lowgrade lymphomas, 11 large B-cell lymphomas). Several treatment modalities were used: total excision, radiotherapy, polychemotherapy, systemic corticosteroids, systemic antibiotics, as well as a variety of combination treatments. Results: Recurrence, dissemination and/or death of the patients were not significantly related to any single treatment modality. Conclusions: In our opinion, the choice of treatment for PCBCL depends on the histologic classification, the number, spread and localization of the infiltrates, and on the general condition of the patient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Primäre kutane B-Zell-Lymphome (PKBZL) stellen eine eigenständige Krankheitsgruppe lymphoproliferativer Tumoren dar. In der vor kurzem von der „European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)-Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group” publizierten Klassifikation kutaner Lymphome wurden 2 Hauptgruppen der PKBZL beschrieben: Eine mit niedriger Malignität und exzellenter Prognose (Keimzentrumslymphome, Immunozytom/„Marginalzonelymphom”) und eine 2. mit intermediärer Malignität und schlechterer Prognose (großzelliges B-Zell-Lymphom der unteren Extremitäten). Der Verlauf und die unterschiedlichen Prognosen weisen darauf hin, dass es notwendig ist, eine dem klinischen Verhalten entsprechende Therapieform zu wählen. Patienten/Methodik: Wir untersuchten die Verlaufsdaten von 51 Patienten mit PKBZL (40 niedrig maligne PKBZL und 11 großzellige PKBZL) retrospektiv. Als Behandlungsformen kamen Totalexzision, Strahlentherapie, systemische Kortison- und Antibiotikatherapie, Polychemotherapie sowie verschiedene Kombinationstherapien zur Anwendung. Ergebnisse: Das Auftreten von Rezidiven sowie von Lymphknoten- oder Organbeteiligungen stand in keinem signifikanten Zusammenhang mit der gewählten Therapiemodalität. Schlussfolgerungen: Aus der Vielzahl der verwendeten Behandlungsformen ist die Komplexität der Erkrankung an sich und die der Wahl der Therapie ersichtlich. Unserer Meinung nach sollte die Behandlung der PKBZL in Abhängigkeit von der histologischen Klassifikation, der Anzahl, Ausdehnung und Lokalisation der Hautinfiltrate sowie vom Allgemeinzustand des Patienten gewählt werden.
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    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Herpes gestationis ; Schwangerschaftsdermatose ; Bullöses Pemphigoid ; BP180 ; Pruritus ; Key words ; Herpes gestationis ; Dermatoses of pregnancy ; Bullous pemphigoid ; BP180 ; Pruritus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background and Objective: Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) is a rare pregnancy-associated autoimmune bullous disease characterized by autoantibodies to the 180 kD bullous pemphigoid antigen (BP180). The clinical spectrum of PG is polymorphic and for diagnostic purposes, a skin biopsy is usually taken demonstrating the deposition of autoantibodies. Patients and Methods: From 2 patients, skin biopsies were obtained for histopathologic and immunofluorescence studies. Circulating autoantibodies were characterized by immunoblotting and ELISA using a recombinant form of the immunodominant BP180 NC16 A domain. Results: The 2 PG patients described here did not show blisters but complained about severe itching. In the first case, PG presented in the first trimester of the second pregnancy as an erythema-multiforme-like disease. The second patient developed urticarial plaques a few days after delivery. PG was diagnosed by the detection of autoantibodies against recombinant BP180 NC16 A by immunoblot and ELISA analysis and confirmed by linear deposits of C3 at the cutaneous basement membrane zone on direct immunofluorecence microscopy. Skin lesions healed with oral prednisolon. Conclusions: In our two patients, non-bullous PG could be diagnosed by serological tests. Immunmoblotting and ELISA might be sensitive and specific tools when screening sera of patients with pruritic skin lesions in pregnancy for the presence of autoantibodies to BP180. In some cases, these newer techniques may make a skin biopsy unnecessary.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Das Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) ist eine seltene, schwangerschaftsspezifische Autoimmundermatose mit Autoantikörpern gegen das 180 kD bullöse Pemphigoid Antigen (BP180). Das klinische Bild ist polymorph. Die Diagnose des PG wird meist anhand einer Biopsie mit Nachweis der Autoantikörper in der Haut der Patientinnen gesichert. Patienten/Methodik: Bei 2 Patientinnen wurden Hautbiopsien histopatholgisch und immunfluoreszenzoptisch untersucht. Die Autoantikörper wurden mittels Immunoblot und ELISA unter Verwendung einer rekombinanten Form der immundominanten BP180-NC16-A-Domäne charakterisiert. Ergebnisse: Bei den beiden vorgestellten Patientinnen verlief das PG ohne Blasenbildung, jedoch mit starkem Juckreiz. Bei unserer ersten Patientin manifestierte sich die Erkrankung im 1. Trimenon unter dem Bild eines Erythema multiforme, der 2. Fall trat wenige Tage postpartal unter dem Bild einer Urtikaria auf. Die Diagnose wurde jeweils durch den Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen rekombinantes BP180 NC16 A im Immunoblot und ELISA und durch lineare C3-Ablagerungen an der Basalmembran in der direkten Immunfluoreszenz gesichert. Die Hautveränderungen heilten bei beiden Patientinnen unter oraler Prednisolontherapie ab. Schlussfolgerung: Bei den beiden vorgestellten Patientinnen wurde anhand von Serumuntersuchungen ein PG ohne Blasenbildung diagnostiziert. Sowohl Immunoblot als auch ELISA erscheinen aufgrund ihrer hohen Sensitivität und Spezifität als Screeningverfahren zum Nachweis von Autoantikörpern gegen BP180 bei pruriginösen Schwangerschaftsdermatosen geeignet. In der Zukunft dürften sie mitunter die bisher unverzichtbare Hautbiopsie zur Diagnose eines PG ersetzen.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 30-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Granuloma cryptococcal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an intracerebral cryptococcal granuloma in a patient who presented with recent memory disturbance and deteriorating mental status followed by temporary loss of consciousness. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an intracerebral cryptococcal granuloma examined by a combination of conventional MRI, fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery and diffusion-weighted imaging and in which the surgical specimen was analysed histochemically.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 14-18 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Bone marrow, transplantation ; Toxoplasmosis, cerebral ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Toxoplasma encephalitis was confirmed by biopsy in three patients with bone marrow (BMT) or peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation (PBSCT). All had MRI before antimicrobial therapy. The intensity of contrast enhancement was very variable. One patient had one large, moderately enhancing cerebral lesion and several smaller almost nonenhancing lesions. The second had small nodular and haemorrhagic lesions without any enhancement. The third had late cerebral toxoplasmosis and showed multiple lesions with marked contrast enhancement. The moderate or absent contrast enhancement in the two patients in the early phase of cerebral toxoplasmosis may be related to a poor immunological response, with a low white blood cell count in at least one patient. Both received higher doses of prednisone than the patient with late infection, leading to a reduced inflammatory response. In patients with a low leukocyte count and/or high doses of immunosuppressive therapy, typical contrast enhancement may be absent.
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  • 248
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Nijmegen breakage syndrome ; Anomalies of brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the results ¶of MRI examinations in ten patients with documented Nijmegen ¶breakage syndrome (NBS), aged 1.75–19 years. T1-, Proton-Density- and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences were performed in three planes. All patients showed microcephaly with decreased size of the frontal lobes and narrow frontal horns. In four patients agenesis of the posterior part of the corpus callosum was found, with colpocephaly and temporal horns dilatation. In one patient callosal hypoplasia was accompanied by abnormal cerebrospinal fluid spaces and wide cerebral cortex, suspicious of pachygyria. Sinusitis was present in all ten patients, as a result of primary immunodeficiency. As in ataxia teleangiectasia and other breakage syndromes, patients with NBS show an inherited susceptibility to malignancy and hypersensitivity to X- and γ-radiation. CT is therefore contraindicated in these patients and MRI should be the method of choice for diagnostic imaging.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sinus dermal ; Cyst dermoid ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a 5 year-old girl who had a skin dimple of the back of her upper neck. MRI showed a dermal sinus tract in the upper cervical spine, associated with an intramedullary dermoid cyst at C 2–3, and spina bifida. A laminectomy was performed, the dermoid cyst and the sinus tract were completely removed. This congenital complex is very rare.
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  • 250
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Larynx, tumours ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to evaluate the relative diagnostic accuracy of MRI without contrast medium and MRI before and after contrast medium in the assessment of T-staging of laryngeal tumours. We studied 25 men (mean age 51.8, range 41–61) with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, using Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted and fast SE T2-weighted sequences. The T1-weighted sequences were then repeated after gadolinium-diethylene-triaminepenta-acetic acid (Gd DTPA) 0.1 ml/kg. All patients then underwent biopsy and surgery. Two radiologists independently assessed the anonymised images by filling-out two multiple-choice forms, one for each technique, at a 2 week interval. The forms included a judgement concerning tumour identification and infiltration of the anterior commissure, supraglottic region, arytenoid cartilage, Morgagni's ventricle, paraglottic space, thyroid and cricoid cartilages, thyro-hyo-epiglottic space, vocal cords, subglottic region, and epiglottis. Similar forms were filled out by the surgeon and the pathologist after surgery. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of MRI were unaffected by the use of contrast medium. Since it did not provide additional staging information, its continued routine use in these cases is not justified.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 732-734 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Glioma, thalamic, bilateral ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 63-year-old man who had a rare bilateral thalamic glioma. He complained of difficulty with calculations and had mental deterioration. T1-weighted images revealed bilateral thalamic swelling with homogeneous low signal and no contrast enhancement. The tumour, showing decrease of N-acetylaspartate and the presence of lactate on magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was diagnosed as an astrocytoma by stereotactic biopsy.
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  • 252
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 738-741 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoma ; Central nervous system ; Immunocytoma, cerebral ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on a young woman with a primary cerebral immunocytoma. Most primary cerebral nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are highly malignant undifferentiated B-cell tumours, there are few data on the clinical course, MRI and spectroscopy findings of this rare PCNSL subtype. MRI revealed a radially enhancing tumour with mild perifocal oedema. MR spectroscopy indicated low cell turnover. Slow clinical progression, no significant changes with treatment, and imaging findings were consistent with a low-grade malignant tumour.
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  • 253
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 753-755 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Encephalitis, tick-borne ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Basal ganglia ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus gives rise to epidemic encephalitis. Mild forms usually manifest as influenza-like episodes or are clinically silent. MRI is usually normal in TBE. We describe severe TBE in a patient who presented with fever and altered mental status after a tick bite and a specific antibody response to TBE. MRI revealed pronounced signal abnormalities in the basal ganglia and thalamus, without contrast enhancement. These findings coincide well with neuropathological studies of severe nerve cell degeneration with inflammatory cell infiltrates, neuronophagia and reactive astrocytosis in the deep grey matter. We review the literature and discuss the relevant differential diagnosis.
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  • 254
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 795-802 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Corpus callosum ; Ischaemia ; Demyelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI has facilitated diagnostic assessment of the corpus callosum. Diagnostic classification of solitary or multiple lesions of the corpus callosum has not attracted much attention, although signal abnormalities are not uncommon. Our aim was to identify characteristic imaging features of lesions frequently encountered in practice. We reviewed the case histories of 59 patients with lesions shown on MRI. The nature of the lesions was based on clinical features and/or long term follow-up (ischaemic 20, Virchow-Robin spaces 3, diffuse axonal injury 7, multiple sclerosis 11, hydrocephalus 5, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 5, Marchiafava-Bignami disease 4, lymphoma 2, glioblastoma hamartoma each 1). The location in the sagittal plane, the relationship to the borders of the corpus callosum and midline and the size were documented. The 20 ischaemic lesions were asymmetrical but adjacent to the midline; the latter was involved in new or large lesions. Diffuse axonal injury commonly resulted in large lesions, which tended to be asymmetrical; the midline and borders of the corpus callosum were always involved. Lesions in MS were small, at the lower border of the corpus callosum next to the septum pellucidum, and crossed the midline asymmetrically. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and the other perivenous inflammatory diseases caused relatively large, asymmetrical lesions. Hydrocephalus resulted in lesions of the upper part of the corpus callosum, and mostly in its posterior two thirds; they were found in the midline. Lesions in Marchiafava-Bignami disease were large, often symmetrically in the midline in the splenium and did not reach the edge of the corpus callosum.
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  • 255
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 852-855 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Larmor ; Joseph ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neurology history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The origin of many of the eponymous terms in modern medicine is unknown to many people who utter them daily. As a contribution to understanding the historical background of MRI, we provide a brief account of the life and work of Joseph Larmor, the Irish scientist, whose name is frequently used by chemists, physicists and radiologists alike.
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  • 256
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 874-880 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Gadolinium-containing contrast medium ; Myelocisternography ; Cerebrospinal fluid leakage ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the exact site of leakage of cerebrospinal fluid CSF leakage is important for planning surgery. We report our experience with myelocisternography with Gd-DTPA. We decided that intrathecal use of this contrast medium was justified in selected cases when other techniques have failed. After we had given detailed information to four patients with CSF leakage, they underwent five examinations. The images were interpreted by comparing those before and after injection. In all cases the contrast medium arrived at the basal cisterns, giving high contrast against adjacent structures. All patients tolerated the examination without complications or any indication of side effects.
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  • 257
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary ; Hypophysitis, granulomatous ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology; few cases are reported. We review the clinical presentation and radiological characteristics of these cases and our own experience with three new surgical cases, to determine diagnostic criteria. MRI of three cases revealed sellar lesions extending into the chiasmatic cistern. Their shape varied, from dumbbell to spherical and elliptical. All were isointense with the brain on T1-weighted images and gave heterogeneously high signal on T2-weighted images. Contrast enhancement was homogeneous in one case and heterogeneous in another. The pituitary stalk could not be identified. There was no dural enhancement. The sphenoid sinus mucosa was thickened in two cases and normal in one.
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  • 258
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 905-907 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Alkaptonuria ; Ochronosis ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the MRI features of the lumbar spine in a patient with ochronosis.
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  • 259
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoma ; malignant ; Sinus ; maxillary ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the CT and MRI of seven patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus to find if there are characteristic imaging findings suggestive of the disease. The images were analysed for appearance, size, signal, internal characteristics, extent of tumour, bone change and lymph node enlargement. In two patients, the tumour first presented with mucosal thickening. In the remaining five, the tumours were an expansile mass 4–6 cm in diameter at the time of detection. Although it was difficult to distinguish tumour from mucosa or obstructed fluid on CT, T2-weighted MRI enabled us to separate tumour from normal mucosa or fluid. In two patients, the tumours were heterogeneous. Calcification and haemorrhage were observed in one patient. Periantral soft-tissue infiltration was always present, even when tumour appeared as slight mucosal thickening. Posterior extension was seen in all patients. Permeative and lytic bone destruction accompanied most cases of periantral soft-tissue infiltration; mixed destruction and sclerosis was also observed. Mucosal thickening with periantral soft-tissue infiltration may suggest malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus in its early form. Various types of bone change may accompany the periantral soft-tissue infiltration.
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  • 260
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain, development ; Hippocampus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among 527 MRI examinations of patients with a suspicion of epilepsy in 5 years, we found 32 cases of hippocampal malrotation (HIMAL). The characteristic features are: incomplete inversion of the hippocampus with and abnormally round shape; unilateral involvement of the whole hippocampus; normal signal intensity and size; blurred internal structure; an abnormal angle of collateral sulcus; abnormal position and size of the fornix; normal size of the temporal lobe; enlargement and particular configuration of the temporal horn, typical of corpus callosum agenesis; and a normal corpus callosum. In 7 cases (22 %) HIMAL occurred together with developmental disorders. It was predominantly seen in men. The clinical features were varied. Based on some MRI features, the presence of developmental disorders, the male predominance, the frequently positive family history, and a review of the literature, we think HIMAL may be the consequence of a mild hemisphere developmental disorder. It is probably not the basic cause of epilepsy in such varied clinical setting, but may be a sign of a developmental disorder and can help in selecting patients for more meticulous investigation. It also may give some new understanding of brain development.
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  • 261
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 466-468 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Orbit ; Schwannoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The literature on MRI of orbital schwannomas is limited. The appearances in three patients with an orbital schwannoma were reviewed. A superior orbitotomy through a subfrontal craniotomy revealed a schwannoma in all cases. MRI characteristics of very low signal on T 1-weighted images and homogeneous postcontrast enhancement may be helpful for differentiating schwannomas from other intraconal masses.
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  • 262
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 505-508 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meninges ; Adenoma ; pituitary ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the normal dural enhancement patterns of the sellar region and determine whether the duramater is affected by pituitary macroadenomas. Dural enhancement appeared to be usually abnormal in 20 patients with pituitary macroadenoma compared with 20 control patients, mainly at the planum sphenoidale and carotid sulcus. However dural changes are subtle and their recognition requires knowledge of the normal enhancement patterns. Dural changes, reported in a variety of inflammatory and infectious dural diseases and after surgery, are not specific and may be also seen in pituitary macroadenomas.
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  • 263
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 543-547 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Inner ear ; Virtual endoscopy ; Volume rendering ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess the role of virtual endoscopy (VE) in the examination of intracisternal structures and of the inner ear, we studied the anatomy of the labyrinth and internal auditory canal using the original CT slices and VE on the unaffected side in three female and three male patients, age range 3–46 years, with contralateral retrocochlear hearing loss. We also examined seven patients with different pathological findings. VE was performed using an advanced postprocessing program with high- resolution 3D data sets of CT (1–1.5 mm thickness, pitch 1.25) and MRI-CISS-3D (constructive interference in steady state) images of the basal cisterns (1.5 T, slice thickness 0.7–1 mm). VE provides an endoscopic-like view from a given point within the basal cisterns of vessels and nerves (on MRI) or of the structures of the inner ear (on CT). The complex anatomy and pathological changes in the inner ear can be faithfully shown. The main advantage is not basic diagnostic information but demonstration of topographically complex situations, such as the canalicular system of the inner ear, for discussion, preoperative planning and teaching.
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  • 264
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dermoid tumor ; spinal ; Syringomyelia ; Fat ; free ; Meningitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cranial and spinal MRI was carried out at 0.5 or 1.5 T in five patients with spinal dermoid tumours. Free fatty material was appreciated within the normally communicating cerebrospinal fluid pathways in all five cases and in one case fat droplets were also observed within a dilated central canal of the spinal cord. While dissemination of lipid within the subarachnoid space and ventricles is easily understandable, the presence of lipid droplets within the central canal is more difficult to explain, since the central canal is only potential in the adult. When a dermoid tumor is suspected, we recommend MRI of the entire central nervous system, to detect possible leakage of fat from rupture of a cystic portion of the tumour.
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  • 265
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Stroke ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the feasibility and use of diffusion-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequences performed as an emergency for patients with acute ischaemic stroke. A 5-min MRI session was designed as an emergency diagnostic procedure for patients admitted with suspected acute ischaemic stroke. We reviewed routine clinical implementation of the procedure, and its sensitivity and specificity for acute ischaemic stroke over the first 8 months. We imaged 91 patients (80 min to 48 h following the onset of stroke). Clinical deficit had resolved in less than 3 h in 15 patients, and the remaining 76 were classified as stroke (59) or stroke-like (17) after hospital discharge. Sensitivity of MRI for acute ischaemic stroke was 98 %, specificity 100 %. MRI provided an immediate and accurate picture of the number, site, size and age of ischaemic lesions in stroke and simplified diagnosis in stroke-like episodes. The feasibility and high diagnostic accuracy of emergency MRI in acute stroke strongly support its routine use in a stroke centre.
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  • 266
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 666-668 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words White matter ; White matter ; Immunosuppressive therapy, complications ; Bone-marrow transplant ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of transient neurologic toxicity secondary to tacrolimus. The clinical and imaging findings are reported and their subsequent regression after interruption of therapy in the patient following a bone-marrow transplant is also described. The etiology of the neurotoxicity and its analogy with other immunosuppressant agents are discussed.
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  • 267
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 682-684 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cyst ; Japanese encephalitis vaccine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with a residual cystic lesion on MRI. This seemed to be induced by Japanese encephalitis vaccination. Despite complete clinical improvement with high-dose steroid therapy, the cystic lesion has persisted for 3 years on MRI. There have been no previous reports of residual cystic lesions in ADEM.
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  • 268
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Veins, cerebral, anomalies ; Angiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract I report a 30-year-old woman with congenital cerebral venous dysgenesis with absence of the internal cerebral and basal veins and most of the cortical veins. Unlike the more common bilateral picture, she had involvement only on the left side, which delayed presentation and gave relatively mild symptoms. The embryological mechanism and differential diagnosis of unilateral absence of the internal cerebral, basal and cortical veins are discussed.
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  • 269
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 778-780 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cavernous angioma ; Empyema, subdural ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cavernomas fall within the group of angiographically occult lesions and may be found in up to 4 % of the population [1]. They may occur at any age, and with the advent of MRI incidental cavernomas are increasingly identified. The pathogenesis is uncertain. Familial cases are well recognised with a reported prevalence of 10–15 % [2–3]. The incidence of new lesions has been reported at 0.4 lesions per patient per year in cases with familial cavernomas [4]. Presumed cavernomas have been documented following radiation for malignancy [5–6], and sterotactic cerebral biopsy [7]. There have been no previously documented cases of de novo genesis of cavernomas following bacterial meningitis and subdural empyemas.
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  • 270
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared the sensitivity of T2-weighted spin-echo (FSE) and fast short-tau inversion-recovery (fSTIR) sequences in detection of multiple sclerosis of the spinal cord in 100 consecutive patients with clinically confirmed multiple sclerosis (MS); 86 patients underwent also brain MRI. In all, 310 focal lesions were detected on fSTIR and 212 on T2-weighted FSE, spinal cord lesions were seen better on fSTIR images, with a higher contrast between the lesion and the normal spinal cord. In 24 patients in whom cord plaques were shown with both sequences, the cranial study was normal or inconclusive. Assessment of spinal plaques can be particularly important when MRI of the brain is inconclusive, and in there situations fSTIR can be helpful.
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  • 271
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 849-851 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brittle hair ; Tay's syndrome ; Dysmyelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tay's syndrome is a trichothiodystrophy associated with congenital ichthyosis. We report the findings on MRI and spectroscopy in a young girl with sparse, short, ruffled hair, dry skin and delayed milestones. T2-weighted images showed prominent diffuse confluent increase in signal symmetrically in all the supratentorial white matter. These findings are similar to those in a previously described case, and consistent with dysmyelination. Spectroscopy showed increased myoinositol and decreased choline.
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  • 272
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Traumatic brain injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to relate MRI findings in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to clinical severity and long-term outcome. We studied 37 patients with severe TBI, who were submitted to clinical assessment for disability and cognition and to MRI 60–90 days after trauma. Clinical assessment was also performed 3, 6 and 12 months later. The number and volume of lesions in various cerebral structures were calculated semiautomatically from FLAIR and fast field-echo images. Possible correlations between total and regional lesion volume and clinical deficits were then investigated. The frontal and temporal lobes were most frequently involved. Total lesion volume on FLAIR images correlated significantly with clinical outcome, whereas that on FFE images did not. Regional analysis showed that FLAIR lesion volume in the corpus callosum correlated significantly with scores on disability and cognition scales at the first clinical assessment. FLAIR lesion volume in the frontal lobes correlated significantly with clinical scores 1 year later.
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  • 273
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Chemotherapy ; Cytarabine ; Cyclophosphamide ; Adriamycin ; Leukoencephalopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a young woman with Burkitt's lymphoma, treated with intravenous adriamycine and cyclophosphamide and intrathecal cytarabine. She developed a reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) with typical MRI findings. Diffusion-weighted images during the first days after the onset of symptoms predicted a small irreversible lesion in the frontal lobe, verified on T2-weighted images 1 month later. The patient showed full recovery after high-dose steroid treatment.
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  • 274
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 913-916 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The most common pattern in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, is in the cerebral hemisphere white matter on T2-weighted images with or without atrophy. Brain-stem lesions are rare. We report brain-stem involvement in two children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A peculiar pattern, with involvement of the pons with extension to both middle cerebellar peduncles and substantia nigra but sparing the pontine tegmentum, is suggested.
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  • 275
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cavernous sinus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillosis of the cavernous sinus is rare, especially in immuno competent individuals. We report three such cases secondary to paranasal sinus aspergillosis, with imaging findings.
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  • 276
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Haemorrhage, intracerebral ; Haemosiderin ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracerebral haemorrhage may be visible indefinitely on MRI, due to persistence of haemosiderin in macrophages around the lesion, but it is not clear whether all haemorrhages produce haemosiderin or, if not, what proportion cannot be identified as former haemorrhages on routine MRI. We performed routine MRI (spin-echo T2- and proton-density weighted images) in 116 survivors of moderate to severe head injury, 1–5 years after injury. We reviewed the images blindly and correlated them with CT in the acute stage, to determine how many haemorrhages from the acute stage were identifiable by virtue of haemosiderin deposition on late MRI. Of 106 haemorrhages in 78 patients on CT at the time of injury, 96 (90 %) were visible as haemosiderin on late MRI. Of the old haemorrhages without haemosiderin, seven of ten were in patients where another haemorrhage with haemosiderin was still visible elsewhere in the brain. No patient or haemorrhage features explained the formation or absence of haemosiderin. Thus about 10 % of definite haematomas show no trace of haemosiderin on routine spin-echo MRI. Radiologists should be alerted to supplement routine spin-echo with gradient-echo sequences if there is a reason to suspect, or specifically exclude, prior haemorrhage.
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  • 277
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Degeneration, subacute combined ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of vitamin B12 deficiency and subacute combined degeneration in a patient with a gastrectomy. MRI showed high-signal lesions on T2-weighted images in both the posterior and anterior columns, associated with minor thoracic spinal cord expansion. The patient was treated with B12 supplements and clinical improvement was associated with reduction of the size of the lesions on MRI.
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  • 278
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Infarct ; cerebral ; contrast enhancement ; Infarct ; haemorrhagic transformation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency, predisposing factors and clinical consequences of haemorrhagic infarcts and damaged blood-brain barrier as shown by contrast enhancement (CE) in ischaemic cerebral infarcts are controversial. We prospectively compared the sensitivity of CT and MRI to haemorrhagic transformation (HT) and CE. We also wished to investigate the clinical significance of HT and factors possibly associated with it. We studied 36 patients with acute ischaemic infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territory during the first 2 weeks after the ictus. After CT and rating of the neurological deficit on admission, serial examinations with clinical neuromonitoring, contrast-enhanced CT and MRI were done on the same day. The occurrence and severity of HT were correlated with CE, stroke mechanism, infarct size, development of neurological deficits and antithrombotic treatment. The frequency of HT detected by MRI was 80 %. CE usually preceded HT or was seen simultaneously. MRI had a higher sensitivity than CT to HT and CE. Severity of HT was positively correlated with infarct size (P 〈 0.01). HT had no influence on patient's neurological status. Neither the type of antithrombotic treatment nor the stroke mechanism was associated with the severity of HT. No parenchymal haemorrhage occurred.
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  • 279
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Infarct ; cerebral ; Phaeohyphomycosis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Phaeohyphomycosis is an uncommon disorder caused by a variety of saprophytic fungi having distinctive morphologic features. Central nervous system infection typically occurs in the absence of predisposing factors and usually manifest symptoms and signs of abscess formation. We describe an otherwise healthy young man whose presentation with cerebral phaeohyphomycosis was subacute meningitis and stroke. Neuroimaging studies revealed multiple parenchymal lesions having the characteristics of recent infarcts; several vascular territories were involved. The nature of these lesions was confirmed histologically at autopsy. To our knowledge, such radiologic appearances have not previously been reported in this condition.
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  • 280
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; Schwannoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intramedullary spinal schwannomas are uncommon. We report a solitary cervical intramedullary schwannoma shown by MRI and treated surgically, and review 12 previous cases with MRI. MRI findings and pathogenesis are discussed.
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  • 281
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 346-351 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Mesial temporal sclerosis ; Thalamus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the preoperative images of 28 patients with pathologically proven mesial temporal sclerosis, to assess thalamic asymmetry and signal change. A further 25 nonsurgical patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and unequivocal, unilateral changes of mesial temporal sclerosis, and 20 controls, were also reviewed. None of the control group had unequivocal asymmetry of the thalamus. There was an ipsilateral asymmetrically small thalamus in five (18 %) of the surgical group and in three (12 %) of the nonsurgical patients. In four cases there was thalamic signal change. In three patients with thalamic volume loss there was ipsilateral hemiatrophy. All patients with an asymmetrically small thalamus had an asymmetrically small fornix and all but one a small ipsilateral mamillary body.
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  • 282
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain, growth and development ; Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 11 patients, clinically and radiographically diagnosed as having the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) by MRI. There were four females and seven males, aged 3–51 years (mean 21 years). Two had clear asymmetry of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. The thickness of the grey matter was normal, without sulcation abnormalities, but the thickness of the white matter was increased; the size of the ipsilateral ventricle was normal. These patients had hypertrophy of the leg and a cutaneous haemangioma on the same side as the brain abnormality. No patient had an intracranial vascular malformation, unilateral megalencephaly, cerebral atrophy or hydrocephalus. The prevalence of cerebral hemihypertrophy in our series of patients with KTS was thus 18 %.
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  • 283
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dysplasia focal cortical ; Epilepsy, temporal lobe ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single-photon emission tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe serial studies of focal cortical dysplasia causing temporal lobe seizures and progressive aphasia in a 54-year-old woman. Initially, MRI volumetry of the temporal lobes showed significant left cortical thickening corresponding to an elevated aminoacid uptake in the left temporoparietal and inferior frontal cortex on SPECT using 3-[123I]iodo-α-methyl-l-tyrosine (IMT). After 1 year there was severe shrinkage of the left temporal lobe, possibly the result of recurrent complex partial seizures.
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  • 284
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 458-461 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spine, primary neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present two rare lumbar lesions with similar MRI features: high signal on T1-weighted and proton density images and low signal on T2-weighted images; a melanotic schwannoma, and a giant-cell tumour-like lesion. Melanin in the first case and haemosiderin and metahaemoglobin in the second were responsible for the MRI characteristics.
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  • 285
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 403-405 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Worster-Drought syndrome ; Perisylvian syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a patient with the Worster-Drought syndrome (congenital suprabulbar paresis), thought to be a failure of development of the corticobulbar tracts. MRI showed bilateral perisylvian cortical dysplasia.
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  • 286
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 509-514 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pineal ; tumours ; Pineocytoma ; Pineoblastoma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed neuroradiological images in two histologically proven cases of pineocytoma and three of pineoblastoma to delineate the characteristic features of these rare tumours. CT revealed isodense or slightly hyperdense masses with central or peripheral calcification; enhancement with contrast medium tended to be homogeneous in pineocytomas and heterogeneous in pineoblastomas. In the pineocytomas, T1-weighted images revealed rounded, sometimes or slightly lobulated low-signal masses with strong, homogeneous contrast enhancement. Their margin was clear, without invasion of adjacent structures. In the pineoblastomas, however, T1-weighted images revealed multilobulated tumours with heterogeneous contrast enhancement. All three pineoblastomas had poorly defined margins with adjacent structures such as the posterior thalamus or corpus callosum, suggesting a more invasive nature. T2-weighted images revealed nonspecific high signal lesions in all five case.
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  • 287
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 448-450 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Fluid, cerebrospinal, contrast enhancement ; Meningitis, spirochaetal ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two patients with meningitis due to spirochaetal infection, both of whom showed diffusely enhancing meninges around the brain and spinal cord. In addition, there was enhancement of the cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA.
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  • 288
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spine lumbar ; Nucleus pulposus, herniated ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A lumbar intervertebral disc with a herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) often exhibits a decrease in the height of the intervertebral space. Our purpose was to ascertain whether the loss of volume of an HNP is sufficient to cause a perceptible decrease in the height of the intervertebral space. MRI of 44 patients with 51 HNPs were reviewed. The volumes of the herniated material and of the intervertebral discs were calculated for every level from L 1–2 to L 5–S 1. The average volume of the HNP was 503 ± 301 mm3. The average volumes of all 220 intervertebral discs and of the 127 normal-appearing discs were 14 442 ± 4200 mm3 and 17 476 ± 2885 mm3 respectively. The average volume of the HNP represented 3.5 % of the parent disc. An average HNP caused a decrease in intervertebral space height of 0.35 mm (0.56 pixels). Therefore, the loss of the volume of the HNP does not cause a significant decrease in the intervertebral space height. The average calculated decrease in the disc height is less than that reported in normal diurnal variation.
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  • 289
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Infarcts ; brain ; Basal ganglia ; Cerebellum ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; T1 shortening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to investigate nonhaemorrhagic infarcts with a short T1 in the cerebellum and basal ganglia. We carried out repeat MRI on 12 patients with infarcts in the cerebellum or basal ganglia with a short T1. Cerebellar cortical lesions showed high signal on T1-weighted spin-echo images beginning at 2 weeks, which became prominent from 3 weeks to 2 months, and persisted for as long as 14 months after the ictus. The basal ganglia lesions demonstrated slightly high signal from a week after the ictus, which became more intense thereafter. Signal intensity began to fade gradually after 2 months. High signal could be seen at the periphery until 5 months, and then disappeared, while low or isointense signal, seen in the central portion from day 20, persisted thereafter.
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  • 290
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 532-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cyst ; Rathke's cleft ; Hypophysitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst associated with hypophysitis in a 61-year-old woman. We demonstrate the MRI features and discuss the pathophysiology. To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of a Rathke's cleft cyst shrinking after high-dose steroid therapy.
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  • 291
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 526-528 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Vasculitis ; cerebral ; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cerebral ischaemia caused by inflammatory vasculopathies has been described as complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Imaging studies have shown ischaemic lesions and changes of the vascular lumen, but did not allow demonstration of abnormalities within the vessel wall itself. Two HIV-infected men presented with symptoms of a transient ischaemic attack. Initial MRI of the first showed no infarct; in the second two small lacunar lesions were detected. In both cases, multiplanar 3-mm slice contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images showed aneurysmal dilatation, with thickening and contrast enhancement of the wall of the internal carotid and middle cerebral (MCA) arteries. These findings were interpreted as indicating cerebral vasculitis. In the first patient the vasculopathy progressed to carotid artery occlusion, and he developed an infarct in the MCA territory, but then remained neurologically stable. In the second patient varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection was the probable cause of vasculitis. The clinical deficits and vasculitic MRI changes regressed with antiviral and immunosuppressive therapy.
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  • 292
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Microangiopathy ; cerebral ; Brain ; ischaemia ; Purpura ; thrombotic thrombocytopenic ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abnormalities in the brain of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are infrequent on MRI, often reversible and mainly limited to symptomatic stages of the disease. We report a case in which high-resolution MRI demonstrated multiple persistent small cortical infarcts after clinical remission. High-resolution MRI investigations may detect clinically latent but permanent brain damage, and complement clinical judgement in guiding therapeutic decisions.
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  • 293
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 679-681 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord, neoplasm ; Solitary fibrous tumour ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an intramedullary primary solitary fibrous tumour of the cervical spinal cord in a 33-year-old man. The tumour predominantly consisted of monomorphic spindle cells with a storiform pattern. MRI demonstrated an inhomogeneously enhancing cervical intramedullary tumour. The patient was well without recurrence 18 months after surgery.
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  • 294
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord, demyelinating lesions ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Small spinal cord lesions, even if clinically significant, can be due to the low sensitivity of some pulse sequences. We compared T2-weighted fast (FSE), and conventional (CSE) spin-echo and short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR)-FSE overlooked on MRI sequences to evaluate their sensitivity to and specificity for lesions of different types. We compared the three sequences in MRI of 57 patients with cervical spinal symptoms. The image sets were assessed by two of us individually for final diagnosis, lesion detectability and image quality. Both readers arrived at the same final diagnoses with all sequences, differentiating four groups of patients. Group 1 (30 patients, 53 %), with a final diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Demyelinating lesions were better seen on STIR-FSE images, on which the number of lesions was significantly higher than on FSE, while the FSE and CSE images showed approximately equal numbers of lesions; additional lesions were found in 9 patients. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 17 demyelinating lesions was significantly higher on STIR-FSE images than with the other sequences. Group 2, 19 patients (33 %) with cervical pain, 15 of whom had disc protrusion or herniation: herniated discs were equally well delineated with all sequences, with better myelographic effect on FSE. In five patients with intrinsic spinal cord abnormalities, the conspicuity and demarcation of the lesions were similar with STIR-FSE and FSE. Group 3, 4 patients (7 %) with acute myelopathy of unknown aetiology. In two patients, STIR-FSE gave better demarcation of lesions and in one a questionable additional lesions. Group 4, 4 patients (7 %) with miscellaneous final diagnoses. STIR-FSE had high sensitivity to demyelinating lesions, can be considered quite specific and should be included in spinal MRI for assessment of suspected demyelinating disease.
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  • 295
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Encephalopathy, Wernicke's ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 13-year-old girl with leukaemia and Wernicke's encephalopathy induced by total parenteral nutrition. MRI showed unusual bilateral lesions of the caudate nuclei and cerebral cortex, as well as typical lesions surrounding the third ventricle and aqueduct. After intravenous thiamine, the patient improved, and the abnormalities on MRI disappeared.
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  • 296
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; neoplasms ; Ependymoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We retrospectively reviewed the MRI findings in 28 patients with an intramedullary spinal cord ependymoma who underwent surgical treatment. There were 26 tumours in the cervical and two in the thoracic spine. T1- and T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced images at 1.5 T were obtained in all cases. T1-weighted imaging showed solid tumour as isointense in 13 patients, high-signal in ten and low signal in five. In contrast, T2-weighted imaging showed all tumours as high signal. Contrast enhancement was heterogeneous 13 patients, homogeneous 10, heterogeneous with cyst wall enhancement in three, and a nodule on a cyst wall was seen in two. Cases with these latter patterns require careful differential diagnosis from astrocytoma or haemangioblastoma.
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  • 297
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Morphine sulphate intoxication ; Leukoencephalopathy ; Neurotoxicity ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 14-year-old girl with an unusual pattern of leukoencephalopathy after intentional intoxication with morphine sulphate tablets. Toxicological analysis showed exceedingly high levels of morphine and its metabolites. MRI disclosed a leukoencephalopathy with high signal from the centrum semiovale, corpus callosum and cerebellar white matter on T2-weighted images. These findings could be only partially explained by a hypoxic-ischaemic event; neurotoxic effects must be considered in this atypical leukoencephalopathy.
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  • 298
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 881-884 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Virchow-Robin spaces ; Midbrain ; Hydrocephalus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe two patients with mild ventricular dilatation, shown to have cystic spaces in the midbrain, which we interpreted as greatly enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces. We discuss the pathophysiology and the possible relations to the mild hydrocephalus.
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  • 299
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Immunoglobulin G
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 13 patients (aged 22 to 54 years) with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). They were randomly assigned to receive a loading dose of immunoglobulin IgG, 0.4 g/kg body weight/day for 5 consecutive days, followed by single booster doses of 0.4 g/kg/day, or placebo, once a month for 9 months. MRI was obtained before and during the 3rd and 6th months of treatment; examinations in the 9th and 12th months were planned. Qualitative and quantitative blinded assessments were performed. There were seven patients who received active treatment and six who received placebo. Statistical analysis was performed by the Wilcoxon test. A decrease in the size and number of lesions was observed on MRI in five patients (71 %) in the treatment group, and in two (33 %) of the placebo group at 3-month follow-up. At 6 months follow-up MRI, a decrease in the amount of lesions was observed in all patients treated with IV IgG, and in two (33 %) of the placebo group; four patients (66 %) receiving placebo showed an increase. Quantitative analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in the volume of lesions in treatment group at both 3 and 6 month follow-up. There was no statistically significant change in the placebo group.
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  • 300
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Hypertension arterial ; Medulla oblongata ; Compression ; Neurovascular ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurovascular compression (NVC) of the left ventrolateral medulla (VLM) has been implicated as a cause of essential hypertension. We investigated whether high-resolution MRI of the posterior cranial fossa could identify patients with essential hypertension who may benefit from surgery. A retrospective analysis of imaging and clinical records from 162 patients was performed. There were 38 patients with essential hypertension and 124 who were normotensive. Contact or compression of the VLM was present in 42.1 % (16/38) of the hypertensive group on the left and 47.3 % (18/38) on the right. In the normotensive group it was seen in 32.2 % (40/124) on the left and 26.6 % (33/124) on the right. There was no significant difference between the hypertensive and control groups with regard to contact or compression of the left VLM. The results support the contention that neurovascular compression (NVC) of the left or right VLM is a common finding on MRI in normotensive individuals. We therefore believe that high-resolution MRI cannot be used as a screening tool to identify patients who may benefit from surgery.
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