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  • 1995-1999  (5,482)
  • Engineering  (2,961)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,635)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (885)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical outcome and magnetic resonance imaging of carbon monoxide intoxication. A long-term follow-up study (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Carbon monoxide poisoning ; Delayed neurologic sequelae ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The clinical and neuroradiological outcome of carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication was evaluated prospectively in 30 patients over a follow-up period of 3 years. Among the patients studied, 22 had been acutely exposed to CO while 8 were chronically exposed. One month after CO poisoning, 12 of the 22 patients with acute intoxication showed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities: 6 also had neurological sequelae and 6 were asymptomatic. The remaining 10 patients showed neither MRI abnormalities nor neurological sequelae. During the 3-year follow-up, 4 of the patients with both MRI abnormalities and neurological sequelae improved in both clinical features and MRI findings. One of the 6 asymptomatic patients with MRI abnormalities developed a progressive cognitive impairment 2 months after acute intoxication, with a concomitant severe worsening of the MRI lesions. Among the 10 patients with neither MRI abnormalities nor neurological sequelae, only 1 developed neurological sequelae after a clear period of 4 months. In the group of patients who experienced chronic CO intoxication, only 1 presented with a neuropsychiatric syndrome which improved at follow-up. Brain MRI showed white matter lesions which remained unchanged at control scan after 1 year. In conclusion, we observed that some patients with severe CO poisoning and neurological sequelae may fully regain normal functions after approximately 1 year. The presence of MRI lesions 1 month after CO poisoning did not accurately predict the subsequent outcome. The observation of a clear period longer than the usual 2–40 day interval in 2 patients should be considered for careful planning of follow-up and for prognosis in CO-poisoned patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050028
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optic neuropathy in Behçet's disease. Report of two cases (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Behçet's disease ; Optic neuropathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Orbital magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated increased signal of the optic nerve in short time inversion recovery (STIR) images of two young women with unilateral visual blurring. In both, recurrent oral and genital ulcerations and papulopustular lesions appeared within the next 14–15 months, respectively, allowing a diagnosis of Behçet's disease. Optic neuropathy may be an early manifestation of Behçt's disease and clinical follow-up is crucial for its diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050030
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced rhombencephalopathy (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Rhombencephalopathy ; Radionecrosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Hyperbaric oxygen ; Heparin ; Buspirone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the case of a patient who underwent radiotherapy of the neck because of an epidermoid carcinoma in Rosenmüller's fossa. Eleven months later, T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a bulbo-pontine lesion, and the clinical course and sequential MRI results led to a diagnosis of radionecrosis-induced rhombencephalopathy. At a distance of more than three years, the lesion is no longer visible on MRI images but the severe neurological deficits remain. The clinical picture has not been improved by treatment with prednisone, hyperbaric oxygen, symptomatic therapies or anticoagulants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050011
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Psychiatric symptoms as late onset of Wilson's disease: neuroradiological findings, clinical features and treatment (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Hepatolenticular degeneration ; Affective disorders ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Antidepressive agents ; Interpersonal psychotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of Wilson's disease with late psychiatric onset. Major depressive disorder was the first clinical manifestation at the age of 38 years. After pharmacotherapy with antidepressive agents, a manic episode was oberseved. Extrapyramidal hand tremor and micrography were the first neurological signs. Emotional lability occurred during worsening of extrapyramidal signs. Diagnosis was based on urinary and serum copper levels, ceruloplasmin serum level, Kayser-Fleischer ring, and liver biopsy that detected cirrhosis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed basal ganglia hyperintensity on T1-weighted images, and hypodensity in the central part and hyperintensity in the peripheral part of the lentiform nucleus on 72-weighted images. Hyperintensity on T2-weighted images was also observed in the dorsal part of the midbrain. 123I-iodobenzamide single photon emission computed tomography (IBZM-SPECT) detected a normal distribution of the drug in the brain, with better signal in the right side and deficit of D2-dopaminergic receptors in the basal ganglia, Abnormal manganese erythrocyte level was observed. Treatment was based on penicillamine, zinc salts, low-copper diet, antidepressant agents, interpersonal psychotherapy and neurorehabilitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050010
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die spontane intrazerebrale Blutung aus klinisch- neuroradiologischer Sicht (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 828-837 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankungen ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Computertomographie ; Key Words Cerebrovascular diseases ; Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intracerebral hemorrhage is a common cause of acute neurological deterioration and a frequent indication for emergency neuroimaging. Stroke symptoms are caused in 10 to 15% by intracerebral hemorrhage. It is often not possible to differentiate intracerebral hemorrhage from cerebral ischemia by clinical examination. The therapeutic decision between thrombolysis or conservative therapy is comprised by the etiology. To exclude intracerebral hemorrhage as the cause of clinical symptoms, a CT is usually performed. Localisation and extension of the acute intracerebral hemorrhage are easy to detect. Subacute and chronic intracerebral hemorrhage are better delineated with magnetic resonance imaging. The different signal of the hemorrhage can be used for the age of the intracerebral hemorrhage. The cause of a non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage is in over 60% hypertony, less frequent alcoholism, malformation, or amyloid angiopathy. Uncommon causes of hemorrhage are head trauma, blood dyscrasia, tumor or venous thrombosis. Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage are most common in patients between 50 and 70 years. In younger patients a malformation should be excluded with a cerebral angiography. Intracerebral hemorrhages are usually conservatively treated, in some cases an operative decompression is performed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die intrazerebrale Blutung ist eine häufige Ursache akut auftretender neurologischer Symptome und führt oft zu einer notfallmäßigen neuroradiologischen Untersuchung. Etwa 15% der „Schlaganfälle” sind auf eine intrazerebrale Blutung zurückzuführen. Intrazerebrale Blutungen sind klinisch oft nicht von ischämischen Infarkten zu unterscheiden. Eine Computertomographie ist zur Zeit für die Diagnosesicherung – und damit auch zur weiterführenden Therapie – unerläßlich. Ausdehnung und Lokalisation der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung können damit schnell und sicher erfaßt werden. Subakute und chronische Blutungen sind dagegen verläßlicher mit der Magnetresonanztomographie nachweisbar. Aus der unterschiedlichen Signalgebung in den verschiedenen MR-Sequenzen kann auf das Alter der Blutung geschlossen werden. Die Ursache einer nicht-traumatischen intrazerebralen Blutung ist in über 60% der Fälle eine Hypertonie, weniger häufig die Folgen des Alkoholismus, Gefäßfehlbildungen oder die Amyloidangiopathie. Seltener sind Blutgerinnungsstörungen, Traumen, Tumoren, Venenthrombosen oder Intoxikationen die Ursachen einer intrazerebralen Blutung. Nicht-traumatische intrazerebrale Blutungen treten am häufigsten zwischen dem 5.–7. Lebensjahrzehnt auf. Bei jüngeren Patienten sind vor allem Gefäßfehlbildungen als Ursache zu berücksichtigen. Insbesondere bei jüngeren Patienten sollte zur ätiopathogentischen Klärung eine zerebrale Angiographie durchgeführt werden. Spontane intrazerebrale Blutungen werden in der Regel konservativ behandelt, außer man verspricht sich von der operativen Dekompression eine Verbesserung des klinischen Zustandes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050719
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die intrazerebrale Blutung im Rahmen der Amyloidangiopathie (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 847-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key words Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of our study was to evaluate the characteristic findings of acute hemorrhage due to amyloid angiopathy with computed tomography. 14 patients of intracranial hemorrhage with histologically confirmed cerebral amyloid angiopathy were observed over a period of 4 years. Characteristic findings were a lobar hemorrhage in superficial localisation, cortical involvment, subarachnoid hemorrhage, the multiplicity of hemorrhages and repeated episodes. Severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy is often accompanied by multiple petechial hemorrhages, restricted to a cortical-subcortical distribution, detectable by magnetic resonance imaging. These findings suggest that cerebral amyloid angiopathy is not a rare cause of atraumatic lobar hemorrhage. Amyloid angiopathy should be considered in any elderly patient with superficial intracerebral hemorrhage in an atypical location.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit werden die computertomographischen Befunde der intrazerebralen Blutung im Rahmen der Amyloidangiopathie untersucht. 14 Patienten mit Massenblutung und histologisch bestätigter Amyloidangiopathie wurden in einem Zeitraum von 4 Jahren beobachtet. Charakteristische Befunde waren eine lobäre, oberflächlich gelegene Blutung, eine kortikale Beteiligung, eine begleitende Subarachnoidalblutung sowie ein mehrfaches und mehrzeitiges Auftreten der Blutungen. Eine schwere Amyloidangiopathie geht oft mit multiplen petechialen Blutungen in kortiko-subkortikaler Lokalisation einher, die sich kernspintomographisch nachweisen lassen. Die Befunde zeigen, daß die Amyloidangiopathie keine seltene Ursache einer nicht traumatischen lobären Blutung ist. Sie sollte daher bei jedem älteren Patienten mit einer intrazerebralen, oberflächlich gelegenen Blutung in atypischer Lokalisation in Betracht gezogen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050721
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiologisches Staging von thorakalen und abdominalen Tumoren im Kindesalter (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 538-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Staging thorakoabdominaler Tumoren ; Kinder ; Computertomographie (CT) ; Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ; Malignome ; Key words Staging of tumors ; Thoracoabdominal tumors ; Childhood ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Thoracoabdominal tumors in childhood can arise from all organs and affect children from the neonate to the adolescent. Better prognosis of childhood tumors, due to better biological understanding and improvement of chemotherapy, require sufficient radiological staging. Sufficiency in radiological staging needs modern cross-sectional techniques with high resolution, good availability and lower radiation dose. In general computed tomography (CT) is being used for radiological staging; increasingly MR imaging is being used because of multiplanar imaging techniques. Replacement of invasive techniques such as myelography and lymphography and modern cross-sectional techniques create painless staging conditions. Nevertheless, scintigraphy will always be a major examination technique, especially for evaluation of metastases and postoperative control examinations. The most common thoracoabdominal tumors in childhood and their staging are described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Thorakale und abdominale Tumoren im Kindesalter nehmen ihren Ausgang von allen Organsystemen und können vom Neugeborenen bis zum Adoleszenten auftreten. Verbesserte Prognose, bedingt durch das bessere biologische Verständnis der Tumorerkrankung, sowie der effiziente Einsatz von Chemotherapeutika machen ein radiologisches Staging unumgänglich. Üblicherweise wird zum Staging die Computertomographie (CT) eingesetzt. Durch die Möglichkeit der multiplanaren Schnittführung und die bessere Auflösung bei Tumoren mit Beteiligung des ZNS wird in zunehmendem Maße die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eingesetzt. Diese modernsten Schnittbildverfahren haben invasive Methoden wie Lymphographie und Angiographie in den Hintergrund gedrängt. Im weiteren werden die häufigsten thorakalen und abdominalen Tumoren im Kindesalter besprochen und deren Stagingsysteme erläutert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050548
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Präoperatives Staging des Kolorektalen Karzinoms (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 562-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kolorektales Karzinom ; Präoperatives Staging ; Endosonographie ; CT ; MRT ; Key words Colorectal cancer ; Preoperative staging ; Endosonography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Carcinoma of the colorectum is one of the most frequent neoplasias, with an incidence of 40 in 100 000. For the effective use of new, differentiated, less invasive treatment options, exact preoperative staging of the tumor is essential. The introduction of endosonography in rectal tumor staging allows for exact differentiation of the rectal wall layers and thus of tumor stages 1–3 with median accuracy of 89%. Magnetic resonance imaging of the rectum, especially in double-contrast technique, can also be employed in high and stenosing tumors and leads to an average accuracy of 85% for the stages 1–4. Computed tomography is the method of choice in screening for metastases. In lymph node staging, all modalities show only moderate accuracy around 75%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das kolorektale Karzinom stellt mit einer Inzidenz von 40 auf 100000 eine der häufigsten Neoplasien dar. Für den effektiven Einsatz neuer differenzierter Therapien mit geringerer Invasivität ist ein exaktes präoperatives Staging erforderlich. Die Einführung der Endosonographie im Tumorstaging erlaubt eine exakte Differenzierung der Wandschichten und damit der Tumorstadien 1–3 mit einer mittleren Genauigkeit von 89%, die Magnetresonanztomographie des Rektums, insbesondere in Doppelkontrasttechnik, kann auch bei hohen und stenosierenden Tumoren angewendet werden, bei einer Genauigkeit von durchschnittlich 85% für die Stadien 1–4. Die Computertomographie ist Methode der Wahl im Metastasenscreening. Im Lymphknotenstaging zeigen alle Modalitäten nur bescheidene Genauigkeiten um 75%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050551
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das kernspintomographische Erscheinungsbild der spontanen intrazerebralen Blutung (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 838-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Kernspintomographie ; MR-Angiographie ; Key words Intracerebral hematoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We review the signal characteristics of intracerebral hematomas (ICH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with special emphasis on the diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage within the first hours after stroke. The detection of peracute ICH was evaluated in 42 patients of a prospective, MR randomized stroke trial. These patients underwent a protocol of T1 and T2 weighted sequences, diffusion weigthed sequences and MR – angiography within 6 hours after onset of acute hemiparesis. The signal behaviour of ICH in any stage after bleeding was additionally reviewed in a retrospective series of 63 patients, who were submitted for MRI over a 12 months period because of known ICH. MRI correctly identified 4 hyperacute ICH in the prospective group and 4 hyperacute ICH in the retrospective group. These ICHs had high signal on T2 weighted images, were isointense in T1 weighted images and had signal voids on the diffusion weighted sequences. The signal intensities of acute, subacute and chronic ICHs correlated to previous experiences as reported in the literature. In conclusion, MRI reliably identified all hematomas even in the hyperacute stage. Diffusion weighted images were most sensitive to the presence of deoxyhemoglobine and helpful for the differentiation and characterization of acute ischemia. Therefore, MRI at 1.5 T can be employed as an alternative to CT for the emergency diagnosis of acute stroke.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Übersicht wird das kernspintomographische (KST) Erscheinungsbild der intrazerebralen Blutung (IZB) anhand eigener Erfahrungen und der Literatur diskutiert. Besonderes Gewicht wurde auf den KST Nachweis der hyperakuten IZB innerhalb der ersten Stunden gelegt. Es wurden einerseits die Befunde von 42 Patienten einer prospektiven, KST randomisierten Schlaganfallstudie ausgewertet, bei denen die KST als Erstuntersuchung innerhalb von 6 Stunden durchgeführt worden war. Andererseits werteten wir retrospektiv jene KST Untersuchungen aus, die im Jahr 1998 unter der Fragestellung einer IZB (n=63) erfolgten. Die KST erwies sich als sensitiv im Nachweis auch der hyperakuten IZB. Es wurden weder falsch-negative noch falsch-positive Befunde erhoben. Die hyperakute IZB kommt in der T2-Gewichtung hyperintens und in der T1-Gewichtung isointens zur Darstellung. Auf den diffusionsgewichteten Sequenzen führen minimale Deoxyhämoglobinkonzentrationen bereits in dieser Phase zu Signalauslöschungen. Das Erscheinungsbild der akuten, subakuten und chronischen IZB entsprach dem, in der Literatur mitgeteilten, Signalverhalten. Zusammenfassend waren alle IZB, unabhängig vom Stadium in der KST nachweisbar. Die Diffusionsgewichtung war in der hyperakuten Blutungsdiagnose und deren Abgrenzung von der akuten Ischämie hilfreich. Zumindest bei 1,5T erscheint die KST somit für die Diagnostik des akuten Schlaganfalls geeignet und sollte, da Ischämien besser als mit der Computertomographie charakterisiert werden können, für die Akutdiagnostik verfügbar gemacht werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050720
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vergleich der Wertigkeit der Computertomographie und der Magnetresonanztomographie in der Diagnostik der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 855-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schlaganfall ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Computertomographie ; Ratten ; Key words Cerebrovascular diseases ; Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background and Purpose: Stroke symptoms are caused in 10 to 15% by intracerebral hemorrhage. From the clinical examination it is often impossible to differentiate intracerebral hemorrhage from cerebral ischemia. To exclude intracerebral hemorrhage as the cause of clinical symptoms a CT is usually performed. The aim of our study was a direct comparison of the sensitivity of Computed Tomography and MRI using different MR sequences for the detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: In 8 male Wistar rats intracerebral hemorrhage was induced by infusion of collagenase into the caudate nucleus. After 1hour the brains were subsequently imaged with CT and MRI using T2- and T1-weighted Spin Echo sequences, diffusion-weighted sequences, T2*-weighted gradient echo sequences and FLAIR-sequences. Visibility of the intracerebral hemorrhage was examined using a scoring system from 1=not visible to 5=excellent visible. Finally, the intracerebral hemorrhage was verified by histological staining. Results: In all animals, intracerebral hemorrhage was visible in T2*-weighted gradient echo and diffusion weighted MR images 1 h after infusion of collagenase. T2- and PD-weighted SE images were positive in 7/8 rats. T1-weighted images revealed signal changes in 5/8 rats, and FLAIR sequence was positive in 8/8 rats. In CT intracerebral hemorrhage was only visible in 3/8 rats. When measuring the increase of Hounsfield units within the suspected hemisphere we saw a mean increase of 7% compared to the normal hemisphere in 3/8 rats. Conclusions: In this animal model, T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging proved to be the most sensitive imaging modality in the detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage and is by far more sensitive than CT.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Ziel: Die Symptome eines Schlaganfalls sind in 10 bis 15% durch eine intrazerebrale Blutung verursacht. Oft ist es in der klinischen Untersuchung nicht möglich, zwischen einer intrazerebralen Blutung und einer zerebralen Ischämie zu differenzieren. Um eine intrazerebrale Blutung bei Schlaganfallsymptomatik auszuschließen, wird in der Regel zuerst eine Computertomographie (CT) durchgeführt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist ein direkter Vergleich der Sensitivität der CT mit verschiedenen magnetresonanztomographischen (MR) Sequenzen in der Diagnostik der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung. Material und Methoden: Durch intrazerebrale Applikation von Kollagenase wurde bei 8 männlichen Wistar-Ratten eine intrazerebrale Blutung im linken Nucleus caudatus induziert. Nach einer Stunde wurden die Gehirne zunächst im CT und direkt anschließend in einem klinischen MR-Tomographen unter Verwendung von Protonendiche-, T2- und T1-gewichteten Spinechosequenzen, T2*-gewichten Gradientenechosequenzen, FLAIR-Sequenzen sowie diffusions- und perfusionsgewichteten Gradientenechosequenzen untersucht. Die Visibilität der Blutung wurde anhand einer Skala von 1 (=nicht sichtbar) bis 5 (=klar sichtbar) bewertet. Die Größe der Blutungsherde wurde für jede Untersuchungstechnik bestimmt und mit der Histologie verglichen. Ergebnisse: Bei allen Tieren konnte die Blutung in den T2*-gewichteten Gradientenecho-, FLAIR- sowie diffusionsgewichteten MRT-Bildern 1 h nach Kollagenaseinfusion erkannt werden. Auch in den T2- und Protonendichte-gewichteten Bildern konnte die Blutung bei 8/8 Ratten erkannt werden, wohingegen sie in den T1-gewichteten Aufnahmen nur bei 5/8 Ratten zu erkennen war. In der CT war die intrazerebrale Blutung nur bei 3/8 Ratten sichtbar, wobei bei diesen Tieren eine Zunahme der Dichte in Hounsfield-Einheiten (HE) in der Läsion um 15% auftrat. Schlußfolgerung: In dem verwendeten Tiermodell erwiesen sich T2*-und diffusionsgewichtete Aufnahmen sowie FLAIR-Sequenzen als sehr sensitive Methode in der Diagnostik der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung. Sie waren hierbei sensitiver als die CT. Deshalb sollte ein MR-tomographisches Untersuchungsprotokoll zur Diagnostik des akuten Schlaganfalls T2*- und diffusionsgewichtete Sequenzen beinhalten. Hierdurch gelingt eine rasche Unterscheidung zwischen der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung und der Frühphase der zerebralen Ischämie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050722
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of vector volume manometry and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging in the adult female for assessment of anal sphincter dysfunction (1999)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 42 (1999), S. 1411-1418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Endoanal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Vector volume ; Manometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study compared conventional water-perfused and vector volume anal manometry in female patients with neurogenic fecal incontinence and chronic anal fissure and in healthy female volunteers. We used endoanal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to measure internal and external sphincter lengths and thicknesses and contrasted these with the manometric findings in the different anorectal conditions. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three female subjects were studied over an eight-month period, including 33 control volunteers, 83 patients with neurogenic fecal incontinence, and 17 patients with chronic anal fissure. Conventional manometry was contrasted with automated vector volume-derived parameters. Endoanal magnetic resonance images were obtained using a previously described internal coil with a 0.5 T Asset™ scanner measuring quadrantal internal sphincter thickness and averaged coronal internal and external sphincter lengths. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant relationship between parameters measured by conventional manometry and those variables derived from vector volume manometry at rest and squeeze. There was no difference in sectorial vector-derived pressures within any anorectal condition and no correlation between quadrantal internal sphincter thickness measurements and sectorial pressures at rest. Patients with chronic anal fissure and neurogenic fecal incontinence had constitutionally shorter superficial and subcutaneous external sphincters than healthy control subjects (P〈0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is no association between manometric findings and morphologic sphincter measurement; however, the shorter distal external sphincter in patients with fissure might render the lower anal canal relatively unsupported after internal sphincterotomy in the female patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02235038
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soft-tissue signs of the upper extremity revisited: radiologic and magnetic resonance imaging correlation (1999)
    Springer
    Emergency radiology 6 (1999), S. 282-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Key words Radiology ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Soft-tissue sign ; Arm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract More modern imaging techniques allow us to supplement the information available on soft-tissue signs seen on radiographs. This improves our diagnostic capability, as demonstrated here in the upper extremity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101400050069
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MR imaging of a severe cervical fracture-dislocation after traumatic delivery (1999)
    Springer
    Emergency radiology 6 (1999), S. 143-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; Birth injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the acute MR findings in an infant with a complicated traumatic delivery, asphyxia, spinal cord injury, and a radiographically apparent cervical spine fracture-dislocation. MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging allowed early characterization and localization of the extent of spinal cord injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101400050040
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  • 114
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    Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer (1999)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 42 (1999), S. 770-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Rectal cancer ; Transrectal ultrasonography ; Computerized tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The preoperative assessment of rectal cancer wall invasion and regional lymph node metastasis is essential for the planning of optimal therapy. This study was done to determine the accuracy and clinical usefulness of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging. METHODS: A total of 89 patients with rectal cancer were examined with transrectal ultrasonography (n=89), pelvic computed tomography (n=69), and magnetic resonance imaging with endorectal coil (n=73). The results obtained by these diagnostic modalities were compared with the histopathologic staging of specimens. RESULTS: In staging depth of invasion, the overall accuracy was 81.1 percent (72/89) by transrectal ultrasonography, 65.2 percent (45/69) by computed tomography, and 81 percent (59/73) by magnetic resonance imaging. Overstaging was 10 percent (9/89) by transrectal ultrasonography, 17.4 percent (12/69) by computed tomography, and 11 percent (8/73) by magnetic resonance imaging; and understaging was 8 of 89 (8.9 percent) by transrectal ultrasonography, 12 of 69 (17.4 percent) by computed tomography, and 6 of 73 (8 percent) by magnetic resonance imaging. In staging lymph node metastasis, the overall accuracy rate was 54 of 85 (63.5 percent) in transrectal ultrasonography, 39 of 69 (56.5 percent) in computed tomography, and 46 of 73 (63 percent) in magnetic resonance imaging. The sensitivity was 24 of 45 (53.3 percent) in transrectal ultrasonography, 14 of 25 (56 percent) in computed tomography, and 33 of 42 (78.5 percent) in magnetic resonance imaging; and specificity was 30 of 40 (75.0 percent) in transrectal ultrasonography, 25 of 44 (56.8 percent) in computed tomography, and 13 of 31 (41.9 percent) in magnetic resonance imaging. The accuracy in detection of positive lateral pelvic lymph nodes under magnetic resonance imaging (n=8) was 12.5 percent. The accuracy in detection of posterior vaginal wall invasion was 100 percent in transrectal ultrasonography (n=7) and 100 percent in magnetic resonance imaging (n=3), but 28.5 percent in computed tomography (n=7). CONCLUSIONS: Both transrectal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging with endorectal coil exhibited similar accuracy and were superior to conventional computed tomography in preoperative assessment of depth of invasion and adjacent organ invasion. Because transrectal ultrasonography is a safer and more cost-effective modality than magnetic resonance imaging, transrectal ultrasonography is an appropriate method for preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Further efforts will be needed to provide a better staging of lymph node involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02236933
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  • 115
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    Bifocal temporal ganglioglioma (1999)
    Springer
    Neurosurgical review 22 (1999), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Ganglioma ; Brain tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors present the case of a 33-year-old patient with a bifocal ganglioglioma located in the right superior temporal gyrus. He had a history of tonic–clonic seizures and developed intermittent nausea and vertigo later on. Magnetic resonance imaging showed two distinct, small lesions in the right temporal lobe. Both tumors were removed microsurgically with ultrasound guidance. Intraoperatively, two distinct tumors were found. Histological diagnosis of both tumors was of ganglioglioma WHO II. Postoperatively, the patient was free of symptoms. Bifocal occurrence or the coincidence of two distinct gangliogliomas is a very uncommon finding. So far, it has not yet been reported in benign gangliogliomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101430050042
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  • 116
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    Combining steady-state constructive interference and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the surgical treatment of epidermoid tumors (1999)
    Springer
    Neurosurgical review 22 (1999), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Cerebellopontine angle ; Constructive interference in steady-state imaging ; Diffusion-weighted imaging ; Epidermoid tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Surgical treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the usefulness of three-dimen-sional Fourier transformation-constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intracranial epidermoid tumors. Two surgically proven epidermoid tumors in the cerebellopontine (CP) angle were not identified in conventional T1- and T2-weighted images because of a signal intensity similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CISS images clearly demonstrated displacement of the cranial nerves and a shift caused by a lesion in the cistern, but the signal intensity of the tumor by CISS was not sufficiently different from that of CSF to demonstrate the tumor directly. Using DWI, the tumor in the cistern was shown clearly by its increased signal intensity. Together, CISS and DWI compensated for each other's disadvantages, and this combination was useful in guiding surgical treatment of epidermoid tumors in the CP cistern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101430050055
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  • 117
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    Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of a novel precursor for covalently bound macromolecular MRI contrast agents (1999)
    Springer
    JBIC 4 (1999), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Contrast agents ; Gadolinium complexes ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Relaxivity ; Tetraazamacrocycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The ligand DOTASA was designed and synthesized in the aim of obtaining a kinetically and thermodynamically stable Gd(III) chelate which, through its uncoordinated carboxylate function, will provide an efficient pathway to couple the complex to bio- or macromolecules without affecting the coordination pattern of DOTA. Furthermore, it allows us to study the influence of an extra carboxylate arm on the parameters determining proton relaxivity in comparison to the commercial agent [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]–. A combined variable-temperature 17O NMR, EPR and nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion study on the Gd(III) chelate resulted in k 298 ex=(6.3±0.2)×106 s–1 for the water exchange rate and τ298 R=125±2 ps for the rotational correlation time. The slight increase in both k 298 ex and τ298 R, as compared to those for [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]–, is attributed to the presence of the extra negative charge. The longer rotational correlation time results in a proton relaxivity of 5.03 mM–1 s–1 for [Gd(DOTASA)(H2O)]2–, which is approximately 30% higher than that for [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]–. The increased water exchange rate of [Gd(DOTASA)(H2O)]2– has no consequence for proton relaxivity since this latter is exclusively limited by fast rotation for both complexes. However, for slowly rotating macromolecular agents, which contain a covalently coupled DOTASA unit instead of a coupled DOTA, this increased exchange rate will have a significant positive effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007750050320
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  • 118
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    Contrast agents for magnetic resonance angiographic applications: 1H and 17O NMR relaxometric investigations on two gadolinium(III) DTPA-like chelates endowed with high binding affinity to human serum albumin (1999)
    Springer
    JBIC 4 (1999), S. 766-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Gadolinium(III) complexes ; Contrast agents ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Human serum albumin ; Proton relaxation enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N,N′,N″,N‴ -pentaacetic acid) bearing different substituents for binding to human serum albumin (HSA) are compared. In spite of the structural differences of the recognition synthon and of the residual electric charge, the two chelates display an analogous binding affinity for the serum protein. Upon formation of the adducts with HSA, the exchange rates of the coordinated water appear slowed down by an amount corresponding to ca. 50% of the rates found for the free complexes. The relaxivity of [Gd(BOM)3DTPA (H2O)]2 −  is significantly higher than that of MS-325 either in the free complex or in the macromolecular adduct. Finally, the effect of pH on the stability of the HSA adducts and on the values of their relaxivities has been investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007750050349
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  • 119
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    Multiple sclerosis: interobserver agreement in reporting active lesions on serial brain MRI using conventional spin echo, fast spin echo, fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and post-contrast T1-weighted images (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 920-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Disease activity ; Fast spin echo ; Fast fluid-attenuated inversion ; recovery ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have addressed the question of the precision in assessing multiple sclerosis (MS) activity by counting enhancing lesions on gadolinium enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, counting the active lesions on serial unenhanced MRI obtained by various pulse sequences has not been yet considered. We compared the interobserver levels of agreement in reporting active MS lesions on serial enhanced and unenhanced MRI to assess whether the use of various unenhanced techniques may change the degree of interobserver measurement reproducibility. Dual-echo conventional spin echo (CSE), dual-echo fast spin echo (FSE), fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and Gd-enhanced T1-weighted brain MRI were obtained from five MS patients at baseline and monthly for 2 months. Six experienced observers independently identified and counted active MS lesions on the two follow-up MRI scans. Active lesions were considered to be all the enhancing lesions and any new or enlarging lesion on enhanced and unenhanced scans. Interobserver levels of agreement were calculated by weighted κ values. Very good agreement was reached only for counting total and new Gd-enhancing lesions. Good agreement was achieved for counting new lesions on the three unenhanced techniques, whereas the agreement for counting enlarging lesions was poor with all the MRI techniques. The level of agreement was significantly heterogeneous for various MRI techniques but not for various lesion sites. These results confirm that counting enhancing lesions is the most reliable method for assessing MS activity, but the use of any of the available unenhanced MRI techniques did not result in different levels of interobserver agreement when reporting new and enlarging MS lesions on serial scans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050483
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  • 120
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    Early diagnosis of dementia: neuroimaging (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 16-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Dementia ; Alzheimer’s disease ; Neuroimaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single photon emission computed tomography ; Atrophy ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The use of neuroimaging is reviewed in the diagnosis of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Computed tomography (CT) may be used to exclude other causes of dementia than AD. The finding of cortical or subcortical atrophy on CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) itself does not indicate AD. Hippocampal atrophy on CT/MRI provides a useful early marker, although further longitudinal and neuropathological study is required. CT- and MRI-based measurements of hippocampal atrophy show promise in providing useful diagnostic information for discriminating patients with probable AD from normal elderly individuals. Using a standardized imaging protocol, including some assessment of hippocampal atrophy, can save costs since patients with suspected AD must undergo a cross-sectional imaging study to exclude other (treatable) causes of dementia. Combining an assessment of hippocampal atrophy with cerebral blood flow measurements by single photon emission computed tomography is not warranted either from a clinical or from an economic point of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050300
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  • 121
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    Bilateral reductions of hippocampal volume, glucose metabolism, and Wada hemispheric memory performance are related to the duration of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 926-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Temporal lobe epilepsy ; Hippocampus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography ; Wada test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) temporal lobe structures and functions are continuously or intermittently affected by abnormal brain electrical events, noxious neurochemical agents, and metabolic disturbances. There is conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between the duration of refractory mesial TLE and quantitative measures of temporal lobe functions and volumes of the hippocampi. Twenty patients (aged 28 ± 7 years, 14 males) with an initial precipitating injury before the age of 5 years were subjected to high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography (PET), and the Wada test. We investigated whether the duration of unilateral refractory TLE (12 left, 8 right) affects hippocampal volume, glucose metabolism, or Wada hemispheric memory performance. Ipsilateral to the epileptogenic zone the hippocampal volume, metabolism, and Wada hemispheric memory performance were reduced compared to the corresponding contralateral measures. The duration of epilepsy controlled for age at investigation, side of seizure origin, underlying cause, and sex were negatively correlated with ipsi- and contralateral hippocampal volume, hippocampal metabolism, and Wada hemispheric memory performance. Moreover, ipsilateral Wada hemispheric memory performance and contralateral hippocampal glucose metabolism were correlated with the frequency of habitual seizures. Refractory TLE seems to be associated with a slow but ongoing bilateral temporal lobe damage. These cross-sectional results require verification by longitudinal studies carried out over a period of more than two decades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050484
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  • 122
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    Detection of anterior horn lesions by MRI in central European tick-borne encephalomyelitis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 1169-1171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words European tick-borne encephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of central European tick-borne encephalitis with cervical myelitis presenting clinically as a lower motor neuron syndrome of the upper limbs with proximal asymmetrical pareses and atrophies. There were no sensory deficits nor signs of lesions of the spinal pathways or signs of encephalitis or meningitis. The affected motor fibers of the upper limbs were electrically inexcitable, but sensory findings were normal. Electromyography of the paralyzed muscles revealed pathological denervation activity without voluntary activation. The initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a large hyperdense lesion in the anterior part of the cervical cord from C3 to T1. Despite the fact that MRI changes disappeared completely within 6 weeks the patient showed only little improvement in the paralyzed muscles after 6 months. To our knowledge, these MRI changes in patients with tick-borne encephalitis, consistent with an isolated anterior horn lesion, have never been reported previously. The course may have been aggravated by an initial antibiotic treatment with cephalosporins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050537
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  • 123
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    Depression in Parkinson’s disease: brainstem midline alteration on transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 1186-1193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Depression ; Brainstem midline ; changes ; Transcranial sonography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies using transcranial sonography (TCS) have provided evidence of alterations in the mesencephalic midline structures in patients with unipolar depression and depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD), suggesting an involvement of the basal limbic system in primary and secondary mood disorders. This study tested the hypothesis of brainstem midline abnormality in depression and investigated 31 PD patients by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and TCS. Signal intensity of the pontine and mesencephalic brainstem midline was rated on T2-weighted images and measured by relaxometry. In addition, two blinded investigators assessed the echogenicity of the brainstem midline by TCS. The severity of motor symptoms and depression were graded independently using standard research scales. Rating of signal intensity and T2 relaxometry of the pontomesencephalic midline structures revealed significant difference between depressed and nondepressed PD patients (P 〈 0.05). This corresponded to a significant reduction in mesencephalic midline echogenicity of depressed PD patients on TCS images. No correlation was found between raphe signal intensity, T2 relaxation times, or TCS echogenicity and the severity of motor symptoms or depression. This study is the first to show changes in signal intensity and T2 relaxation time of the pontomesencephalic midline structures on MRI in depressed PD patients confirming previous TCS findings. As these midline structures comprise fiber tracts and nuclei of the basal limbic system, the findings may support the hypothesis of an alteration in the basal limbic system in mood disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050541
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  • 124
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    Supratentorial atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: MRI study of 20 patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 383-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cerebral atrophy ; Disease duration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There have been only few studies of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 2. We investigated 20 SCA2 patients, from 11 Sicilian families, and 20 age-matched control subjects using MRI. Our data confirm that olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is the typical pattern in SCA2. We found no significant correlation between infratentorial atrophy, disease duration, or the number of CAG repeats in our SCA2 patients, but there was supratentorial atrophy in 12 patients, with a significant correlation between supratentorial atrophy and disease duration. OPCA appears to represent the “core” of the SCA2: however, central nervous system involvement is not limited to pontocerebellar structures. We therefore consider central nervous system degeneration in SCA2 as a widespread atrophy. MRI is helpful in diagnosing SCA, but it is not diagnostic in the absence of clinical and molecular studies. We suggest that serial MRI may play a role in evaluating “in vivo” the progressive steps of neurodegeneration in SCA2, for a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of this disorder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050368
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  • 125
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    Magnetic resonance imaging outcome of new enhancing lesions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon β1a (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Enhancing lesions ; Interferon-β1a
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We investigated whether interferon-β1a modifies the course of new enhancing lesions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Sixty-eight patients were studied by monthly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a pretest-posttest design including 6 months of observation and 6 months of treatment. We examined the course of new Gd-enhancing lesions on two consecutive scans during observation and during treatment. Lesions detected during treatment were also analyzed by MRI 1 year later for persistence of enhancement, persistence of T2 hyperintensity, development of T1 hypointensity, or disappearance. Among the enhancing lesions detected by observation and treatment MRI, respectively, Gd-enhancement persisted at 2 months in 20% and 3% (P 〈 0.001), T2 hyperintensity persisted in 86% and 63% (P 〈 0.03), and T1 hypointensity developed in 49% and 15% (P 〈 0.01). Progression to T1 hypointensity was significantly more frequent in larger lesions during both the observation and treatment periods (P 〈 0.01). No reenhancement of plaques was present at 1-year follow-up; a further reduction in T2 hyperintensity (63% vs. 39%) was observed while T1 hypointensity remained unchanged. Both the duration of Gd enhancement and the short-term MRI course of new enhancing lesions benefited by treatment with recombinant interferon-β1a treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050380
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  • 126
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    Disease activity in multiple sclerosis studied by weekly triple-dose magnetic resonance imaging (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 689-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium-DTPA ; Triple dose ; Blood-brain barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed whether dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier is an obligatory early event in lesion formation in multiple sclerosis. Dual-echo and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after the injection of a triple dose (0.3 mmol/kg) of gadolinium-DTPA were obtained from ten patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis every week for 2 months. Sixty-four newly active lesions were detected by the two techniques. All the 44 new lesions seen on dual-echo scans enhanced during the early phases of their formation: 33 at their first appearance, 10 1 week before their appearance on the dual-echo scans, and one the week thereafter. When the every fourth (monthly) scan was analyzed, a total of 55 newly active lesions were detected (i.e., 14% active lesions would have been missed compared to the number found on weekly scanning). Thirty-one of them were detected by both dual-echo and triple-dose scans, 15 only by enhanced scans, and nine only by dual-echo scans. This study confirms that with highly sensitive magnetic resonance imaging techniques dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier is an obligatory early event in new lesion formation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050433
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    Accuracy of Computational Hemodynamics in Complex Arterial Geometries Reconstructed from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 27 (1999), S. 32-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Blood flow ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Numerical flow modeling ; Carotid artery ; Three-dimensional ; Wall shear stress ; Atherosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Combining computational blood flow modeling with three-dimensional medical imaging provides a new approach for studying links between hemodynamic factors and arterial disease. Although this provides patient-specific hemodynamic information, it is subject to several potential errors. This study quantifies some of these errors and identifies optimal reconstruction methodologies. Methods: A carotid artery bifurcation phantom of known geometry was imaged using a commercial magnetic resonance (MR) imager. Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from the images using several reconstruction techniques, and steady and unsteady blood flow simulations were performed. The carotid bifurcation from a healthy, human volunteer was then imaged in vivo, and geometric models were reconstructed. Results: Reconstructed models of the phantom showed good agreement with the gold standard geometry, with a mean error of approximately 15% between the computed wall shear stress fields. Reconstructed models of the in vivo carotid bifurcation were unacceptably noisy, unless lumenal profile smoothing and approximating surface splines were used. Conclusions: All reconstruction methods gave acceptable results for the phantom model, but in vivo models appear to require smoothing. If proper attention is paid to smoothing and geometric fidelity issues, models reconstructed from MR images appear to be suitable for use in computational studies of in vivo hemodynamics. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8719Uv, 8761-c, 0705Pj, 8710+e
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.163
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  • 128
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    Estimation of Tendon Moment Arms from Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Images (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 27 (1999), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Medical imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Biomechanics ; Tendon moment arm ; Functional neuromuscular stimulation ; Tendon transfer surgery ; Hand biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract New three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for measuring the tendon moment arm were created and were evaluated on the tendon moment arm of the flexor digitorum profundus at the third metacarpophalangeal joint. Using an open magnet MRI system and a hand holder, a series of static images were acquired at four joint angles and analyzed using specially created computer programs. Three methods were evaluated: (1) a 3D tendon excursion method that extended the method of Landsmeer; (2) a 3D geometric method whereby the moment arm was the perpendicular distance between the joint axis of rotation and the tendon path, and (3) a two-dimensional (2D) geometric method whereby single image slices were analyzed. Repeating the imaging and measurement processes, the 3D tendon excursion method was more reproducible (6% variation) than the 3D geometric method (12%), and both were much more reproducible than the 2D geometric method (27%). By having three operators analyze a single set of image data, we found that the precision of the 3D tendon excursion method was much less affected by segmentation error than the 3D geometric method. With the 3D imaging methods, tendon bowstringing and a displacement of the joint center of rotation toward the dorsal side of the hand were evident, leading to as much as a 60% increase in moment arm with joint flexion. Because of the dependence on flexion and variation between subjects, we recommend patient-specific measurements for target applications in functional neuromuscular stimulation interventions and tendon transfer surgery. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8761Pk, 8719Rr, 0705Pj
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.180
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    Magnetic resonance imaging of meniscal degeneration in torn menisci: a comparison between anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees and stable knees (1999)
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 7 (1999), S. 274-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Meniscus ; Degeneration ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Histology ; Chronicity of the meniscal tear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Signal anomalies observed in magnetic resonance imaging of the intrameniscal tissue adjacent to the tear were compared between stable knees (group 1, 54 menisci) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees (group 2, 98 menisci). The histological significance of these signal anomalies was also studied (n = 25). The frequency of intrameniscal signal anomalies adjacent to the tear was significantly lower in ACL-deficient knees than in ACL-stable knees (P = 0.0022). There was a close correlation between the imaging anomalies and the presence of histological lesions (fissures, degeneration) within meniscal tissues adjacent to the tear (sensitivity: 0.95, specificity: 0.60). Our results suggest that the severity of intrameniscal degenerative changes adjacent to the tear are lower in ACL-deficient knees than in ACL-stable knees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001670050163
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    Serial magnetic resonance imaging of the donor site after harvesting the central third of the patellar tendon A prospective study of 37 patients after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (1999)
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 7 (1999), S. 20-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Donor site morbidity ; Anterior cruciate ligament ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this prospective study was to follow the development of repair tissue in the donor-site area using serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and to assess whether the MRI findings were correlated with donor-site morbidity. Thirty-seven consecutive patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injuries undergoing elective reconstruction of the ligament were included in the study. They were aged 27 (range 14–50) years. The graft was harvested through two 25-mm vertical incisions with the aim of protecting the infrapatellar nerve and sparing the paratenon. The tendon defect was left open. The patients underwent MRI evaluation at 6 weeks, 6 months and 27 months postoperatively. A final clinical follow-up was made 25 (range 23–29) months postoperatively. MRI demonstrated that the donor-site gap, i.e. the area corresponding to a pathological non-tendinous-like tissue signal, was 9 (range 4–18) mm at 6 weeks, 5 (range 2–14) mm at 6 months and 2 (range 0–5) mm at 27 months. The size of the donor-site gap had significantly decreased at 6 months compared with 6 weeks (P = 0.0001), as well as at 27 months compared with 6 months (P = 0.0001). We conclude that the patellar tendon at the donor site healed gradually, as expressed by a decrease in the area of non-tendinous-like tissue signal on the serial MRI evaluations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001670050115
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  • 131
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    Effect of head-down tilt on brain water distribution (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral edema ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Head-down tilt ; Intracranial pressure ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Vascular and tissue fluid dynamics in the microgravity of space environments is commonly simulated by head-down tilt (HDT). Previous reports have indicated that intracranial pressure and extracranial vascular pressures increase during acute HDT and may cause cerebral edema. Tissue water changes within the cranium are detectable by T 2 magnetic resonance imaging. We obtained T 2 images of sagittal slices from five subjects while they were supine and during −13° HDT using a 1.5-Tesla whole-body magnet. The analysis of difference images demonstrated that HDT leads to a 21% reduction of T 2 in the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment and a 11% reduction in the eyes, which implies a reduction of water content; no increase in T 2 was observed in other brain regions that have been associated with cerebral edema. These findings suggest that water leaves the CSF and ocular compartments by exudation as a result of increased transmural pressure causing water to leave the cranium via the spinal CSF compartment or the venous circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050522
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  • 132
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    Hochauflösende Kernspintomographie bei traumatischen Veränderungen an Fingergelenken (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of trauma 25 (1999), S. 224-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: Kerspintomographie ; Kollateralbandruptur ; Knorpelläsion ; Hochauflösende Oberflächenspule ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Collateral ligament rupture ; Cartilage lesion ; High-resolution coil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Aim of this study was the evaluation of a prototype of a new high-resolution MRI coil for the detection of finger trauma. The practicability of this new coil for the assessment of traumatic lesions of the finger joints and the diagnostic value of this new method in clinical practice was assessed. Twenty patients between 13 and 50 years of age (mean 28 years) were examined with a 1.5-T whole-body-imager Magnetom SP 63 scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). A prototype of a high-resolution MRI coil with a diameter of 2.5 cm was used. T1- and T2-weighted images with an in plane resolution of 0.I95 x 0.098 mm were acquired. Bone structures, joint cartilage and capsule, ligaments, tendons and soft tissue alterations were assessed. All 19 patients with pathological changes at the finger joints had a joint effusion. With MR imaging, fractures were detected in almost all patients, compared with the X-ray examinations. Cartilage contusion showed high signal intensity. The collateral ligaments could best be assessed in the transversal, and ligament ruptures in the coronal plane. Hemorrhage in the tendon showed an increased signal intensity in T1- and T2-weighted, edema only in T2-weighted images. Especially traumatic lesions of cartilage and of ligaments can be sufficiently assessed by the high-resolution MRI due to its high anatomic resolution compared to common methods like X-ray. High-resolution MRI is practicable in clinical routine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden prospektiven Untersuchung war es, die Wertigkeit der hochauflösenden Kernspintomographie mittels einer speziellen Oberflächenspule in der Beurteilung von traumatischen Veränderungen der Fingergelenke zu evaluieren. Ferner sollte die Praktikabilität der Methode in der klinischen Routine überprüft werden. Es wurden 20 Patienten im Alter zwischen 13 und 50 Jahren (im Mittel 28 Jahre) an einem 1,5-T-Ganzkörpertomographen (Magnetom SP 63, Firma Siemens, Erlangen) untersucht. Als Spule wurde ein Prototyp einer hochauflösenden Oberflächenspule mit einem Durchmesser von 2,5 cm benutzt. T1- und T2-gewichtete Sequenzen mit einer maximalen Auflbsung in der Bildebene von 0,195 x 0,098 mm wurden zur Beurteilung von Knochen, Gelenkknorpel und -kapsel, der Sehnen und des Weichteilgewebes akquiriert. Kernspintomographisch fand sich bei 19 Patienten ein pathologischer Befund. Bei all diesen Patienten konnte ein Gelenkerguß nachgewiesen werden. Knöcherne Absprengungen, die anhand konventioneller Röntgenaufnahmen diagnostiziert wurden, zeigten sich kernspintomographisch als dislozierte signalreiche Strukturen. Gelenkknorpelkontusionen stellten sich hyperintens dar. Zur Beurteilung der Kollateralbānder eignete sich vor allem die koronare Schichtebene, da in dieser die Kollateralbdnder per continuitatem darstellbar sind. Sehneneinblutungen wiesen eine Signalerhöhung in T1- und T2-Wichtung auf. Ödeme der Weichteile und Bandstrukturen imponierten in T2-gewichteten Aufnahmen als signalreiche Strukturveränderungen. Aufgrund der hohen anatomischen Detailerkennbarkeit eignet sich die hochauflbsende Kernspintomographie als ergänzendes diagnostisches Verfahren zur nichtinvasiven Diagnostik von traumatischen Knorpel- und Bandläsionen. Unter Berücksichtigung des Zeitaufwandes handelt es sich dabei um eine im klinischen Alltag praktikable Methode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00596731
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  • 133
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    Wirbelsäulen- und Beckenfrakturen im Wachstumsalter (1999)
    Springer
    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1 (1999), S. S92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Wachstumsalter ; MRI ; Beckenfraktur ; Wirbelsäulenfraktur ; Key words Childhood ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pelvic fracture ; Spinal injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract According to the literature, from 1950 to 1995 the overall risk for children of sustaining a fracture of the spinal column or the pelvic ring doubled, the main reason being the increasing incidence of high-energy trauma caused by newly popular sporting activities such as skateboarding, inline skating and mountain biking. Nonetheless, even specialized pediatric level I trauma centers in Europe and the United States of America report an incidence of below 5% for severe spinal injuries and fractures of the pelvis. Although these specific injury patters are seen relatively infrequently, whenever present they are still highly indicative of high-velocity injury mechanisms, frequently revealing a combination of injuries – each of which would be serious in itself – involving the body cavities and the soft tissues of the trunk an extremities. In summary, spinal cord injuries and pelvic ring fractures are rare but can be serious: cervical and spinal cord injuries without radiological abnormality appear to be more frequent than in adults, and the availability of nuclear magnetic imaging technologies has helped in the diagnosis of unsuspected cord injury in children. In addition, retrospective analysis of purely nonoperative management of highly unstable C-type injuries of the spine and the pelvic ring reveal some unsatisfactory results, so that specifically for these injury morphologies the alternative of an operative strategy might be considered. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss various injury patterns in which an operative concept could be considered, particularly for a multiply injured child.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verletzungen des Rückenmarks und Sprengungen des knöchernen Beckenrings liegen im Kindesalter auch im Krankengut spezialisierter Zentren unter 5%. Besonders beachtenswert erscheint hierbei, daß Rückenmark- und besonders Halswirbelsäulenverletzungen v. a. beim Kind häufig keine ossäre Mitbeteiligung der Wirbelsäule zeigen und erst durch kernspintomographische Diagnostik erfaßt werden können. Desgleichen zeigt sich bei der retrospektiven Auswertung, daß ein pauschales, rein konservatives Management aller Verletzungstypen, d. h. v.a. der sog. C-Verletzungstypen an der Wirbelsäule und am Becken, z. T. unbefriedigende Behandlungsergebnisse zeigt und daher zunehmend bei bestimmten, im weiteren näher besprochenen Verletzungskonstellationen ein eher operatives Grundkonzept diskutiert wird. Neue Erkenntnisse zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Wirbelsäulen- und Beckenverletzung beim Kind liegen insofern vor, als 1. neuere epidemiologische Erhebungen heute eine präzisere, d. h. nicht nur empirisch gesicherte Unterscheidung der selten von eher regelmäßig anzutreffenden Verletzungstypen und Frakturmorphologien erlauben, 2. durch vergleichsweise „neue“ Sportarten wie „Scate-boarding“ und „Mountain-biking“ ganz generell eine statistisch belegte Zunahme von Hochrasanztraumen und komplexen Verletzungsmustern beim Kind beobachtet werden kann sowie 3. generell v.a. beim mehrfachverletzten Kind heute eine eher aggressivere Gangart, d. h. ein in bestimmten Einzelaspekten eher operatives Versorgungskonzept angestrebt wird. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit sind 1. eine Analyse der als besonders bedeutsam erkannten Verletzungsformen sowie 2. eine Darstellung der heute in Veränderung begriffenen Behandlungskonzepte v.a. beim mehrfachverletzten Kind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014858
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  • 134
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    Solid cerebral echinococcosis mimicking a primary brain tumor (1999)
    Springer
    Neurosurgical review 22 (1999), S. 58-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Brain tumor ; Cerebral hydatidosis ; Chitinoma ; Echinococcosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Solitary brain affection is rare in echinococcosis. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman presenting with symptomatic grand-mal epilepsy due to a right frontal, partially cystic space-occupying lesion. Pre-operative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested a cystic astrocytoma. However, histological examination yielded the diagnosis of a `chitinoma', a rare subtype of solid cerebral hydatid disease (echinococcosis). It mimicked a primary brain tumor and, therefore, posed a diagnostic problem. We present the – to our knowledge – first MRI scans in a case of a histologically proven chitinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101430050011
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  • 135
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    Preoperative imaging of a choledochal cyst in children: non-breath-holding magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 546-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Cholangiography ; Choledochal cyst ; Cholestasis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) was used to visualize the biliary tract in two children, aged 7 weeks and 10 years, with a choledochal cyst. MRCP was successful in both cases and the findings were confirmed by intraoperative cholangiography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050667
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  • 136
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    Die “Häm”-Sequenz (T2*-gewichtete Gradienten-Echo-Magnetresonanztomograpie¶Stellenwert in der Differentialdiagnose spontaner intrazerebraler Blutungen (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 714-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Intrakranielle Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; T2*-gewichtete Gradienten-Echo-Sequenz ; Hypertensive zerebrale Mikroangiopathie ; Zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie ; Zerebrale Kavernome ; Key words Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Hypertensive cerebral microangiopathy ; Cerebral cavernoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In four patients presenting with acute nontraumatic intracerebral or intraspinal hemorrhage, T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI showed numerous residual hemosiderin deposits due to old intracerebral hemorrhages that were missed on initial CT and spin-echo MRI. The demonstration of additional chronic bleedings and their anatomical distribution provided important diagnostic information. In a hypertensive patient, the hemosiderin deposits were most pronounced within deep brain structures suggesting hypertensive cerebral microangiopathy. In a second patient, the cortico-subcortical distribution of the hemorrhages was typical of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In a third patient, the diffuse distribution including spinal bleeding, the marked calcification, and the characteristic appearance on spin-echo MRI were consistent with multiple cavernomas. In another patient with cerebral and spinal hemorrhage, T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI revealed new subclinical hemorrhages during follow-up. Based on these findings, we recommend that T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI of the brain should be performed in all patients with acute intracranial and spinal bleedings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 4 Patienten mit akuten intrazerebralen oder intramedullären Blutungen konnte die T2*-gewichtete Gradienten-Echo-Magnetresonanztomographie (“Häm”-Sequenz) multiple intrakranielle Hämosiderinablagerungen als Beleg für in der Vergangenheit abgelaufene Hirnblutungen nachweisen. Diese klinisch stummen Blutungen waren sowohl der Computertomographie als auch der Spin-Echo-Magnetresonanztomographie entgangen. Bei 3 Patienten ermöglichte das Verteilungsmuster der als Signalauslöschungen dargestellten Hämosiderinablagerungen eine bessere Eingrenzung der Blutungsursache. Bei einem Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie legten die vorwiegend in den tieferen Hirnstrukturen lokalisierten Blutungen eine hypertensive zerebrale Mikroangiopathie nahe. Bei einem Patienten mit rezidivierenden Lobärhämatomen sprach die kortikosubkortikale Lokalisation der Blutungen für das Vorliegen einer zerebralen Amyloidangiopathie. Bei einer Patientin mit spinaler Blutung stellten wir aufgrund des diffusen Verteilungsmusters, der starken Verkalkungstendenz und des heterogenen Signalverhaltens der Blutungsherde in der Spin-Echo-Magnetresonanztomographie die Diagnose multipler zerebrospinaler Kavernome. Bei einem Patienten mit zerebralen und spinalen Blutungen erlaubte die “Häm”-Sequenz keine diagnostische Einordnung, erwies sich aber als sensitives Instrument in der Verlaufskontrolle. Bei allen Patienten mit spontaner intrazerebraler oder intraspinaler Blutung sollte im Rahmen der bildgebenden Diagnostik eine “Häm”-Sequenz durchgeführt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050500
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  • 137
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    Hinweis auf zerebrale Mikroblutungen in der MRT Vergleichende histologische Befunde und mögliche klinische Bedeutung (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 1082-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Hämosiderin ; Key words Intracerebral hematome ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Hemosiderin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Increased use of gradient echo T2*- weighted gradient echo sequences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients suffering from primary ICH called attention to foci of signal loss which were suggested to represent remnants of cerebral microbleeds. In a post mortem correlative MR and histopathological study we provide support for this notion. We found areas of signal loss on gradient echo T2*-weighted sequences in 7 out of 11 brains of patients who had died of intracerebral hematoma. Histopathologically, these areas represented hemosiderin deposits indicating previous extravasation of blood. To provide data about the prevalence of these MRI findings in a healthy elderly population a subgroup of participants of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study was analyzed. We detected foci of signal loss on gradient echo T2*-weighted sequences in 18 out of 280 volunteers (6,4%). MR-based evidence of previous microbleeds may indicate a potentially higher risk of suffering from intracerebral bleeding which could have therapeutic implications for the treatment of acute stroke and for secondary prevention. This hypothesis will have to be tested in future prospective trials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vermehrte Anwendung T2*-gewichteter Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen bei Magnetresonanztomographie- (MRT-) Untersuchungen von Patienten nach einem intrazerebralen Hämatom machte auf kleine, hypointense Areale aufmerksam, von denen bisher nur angenommen wurde, daß sie abgelaufene Mikroblutungen darstellen. In einer Post-mortem-Studie mit MRT und vergleichenden histopathologischen Untersuchungen zeigen wir Daten, die diese Hypothese stützen. Bei 7 von 11 Patienten, die an primärem intrazerebralem Hämatom verstorben waren, fanden sich hypointense Areale in T2*-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen. Histopathologisch zeigten diese Areale Hämosiderin-Ablagerungen, welche auf abgelaufene Blutungen hinweisen. Um Aussagen über die Prävalenz dieser MRT-Befunde in einem Kollektiv klinisch unauffälliger Probanden mittleren Alters machen zu können, wurden Teilnehmer derÖsterreichischen Schlaganfall-Vorsorge-Studie untersucht. Bei 18 von 280 Probanden (6,4%) fanden sich Signalhypointensitäten in T2*-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen. Der MR-tomographische Nachweis abgelaufener Mikroblutungen könnte ein Hinweis auf ein erhöhtes zerebrales Blutungsrisiko sein, was therapeutische Konsequenzen für die primäre Therapie und Sekundärprophylaxe beim Schlaganfall haben könnte. Hierzu sind noch weitere prospektive Studien notwendig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050542
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  • 138
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    Zerebrale Effekte von Perfluorcarbonen (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 679-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Perfluorcarbon-Emulsionen ; Perfluorcarbone ; Neuroprotektion ; Ischämie ; Reperfusionsschaden ; Kernspintomographie ; Tumorversorgung ; Key words Perfluorocarbon emulsions ; Perfluorochemicals ; Cerebral protection ; Ischemia ; Reperfusion injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tumor oxygenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the ussage as blood substitutes perfluorocarbons (PFC) have been developed as artificial oxygen carriers. In addition they may have potency for protective use in ischemic tissue. Formulation improvement achieved higher oxygen carrying capacity and better compatibility than the first generation of PFC. Preclinical studies have been performed in animal heart and brain. Former and progressed emulsification for intravascular use have been investigated for infarction and reperfusion injury. This investigations are reviewed and the potencies for the use of PFC in neurology, neurosurgery, diagnostics today and in the future are emphasized.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Perfluorcarbone (PFC) sind künstliche Sauerstoffträger, die ursprünglich als Blutersatzstoffe entwickelt wurden. Auf Grund ihrer spezifischen Eigenschaften ist darüber hinaus ihr Einsatz bei ischämischen Perfusionsstörungen von potentiellen Nutzen. Neuere Perfluorcarbonpräparationen verfügen über eine höhere Sauerstofftransportkapazität und sind mit weniger Nebenwirkungen behaftet als die PFC der ersten Generation. Ältere und neuere PFC-Emulsionen, die für die intravaskuläre Applikation geeignet sind, wurden und werden im Tierversuch für den Einsatz in ischämischen Gebieten des Herzens und des Gehirns untersucht. In dieser Arbeit werden präklinische Studien bei Infarkten und Reperfusionsschaden beschrieben und potentielle Nutzungsmöglichkeiten dieser Substanzgruppe für diese Indikationsstellung diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050497
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  • 139
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    Knochenneubildungen in einer seltenen Raumforderung des inneren Gehörgangs (1999)
    Springer
    HNO 47 (1999), S. 563-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädelbasis ; Innerer Gehörgang ; Tumor ; Hämangiom ; Kernspintomographie ; Computertomographie ; Key words Skull-base tumors ; Internal auditory meatus ; Hemangiomas ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Hemangiomas of the skull base are rare neoplasms and are easily misdiagnosed as acoustic neuromas when occurring in the internal auditory canal. Among these tumors, ossifying hemangiomas are characterized histologically be newly formed bone tissue within their substance. We describe a 26-year old female patient who presented with left-sided sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a bright space-occupying lesion of the internal auditory canal with extension to the geniculate ganglion. Bony erosions of the internal auditory canal were proved by high-resolution computed tomography. A hemangioma was suspected preoperatively and was resected via a middle cranial fossa approach. Histologically, new bone formations were found in a cavernous hemangioma. In general, radiologic findings can suggest a hemangioma of the internal auditory canal and help to differentiate it from acoustic neuroma. Based on the histological findings of intratumoral bone formation, the hemangioma in our patient was classified as an ossifying hemangioma. However, reactive bone formation at the borders of a tumor in the internal auditory canal can also be mistaken as new intratumoral bone formation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hämangiome der Schädelbasis sind insgesamt seltene Tumoren, die im Bereich des inneren Gehörgangs insbesondere mit dem wesentlich häufigeren Akustikusneurinom verwechselt werden können. Das ossifizierende Hämangiom repräsentiert eine Sonderform in der Gruppe der Hämangiome und ist histopathologisch durch intratumorale Knochenneubildungen gekennzeichnet. Es wird von einem kavernösen Hämangiom des linken inneren Gehörgangs bei einer 26jährigen Patientin berichtet, welches zu einer progredienten sensorineuralen Hörminderung und Tinnitus geführt hatte. Bei T2-gewichteter kernspintomographischer Darstellung einer signalreichen Neubildung im inneren Gehörgang mit computertomographisch evidenten Knochendestruktionen am Gehörgangsboden war präoperativ die Abgrenzung von einem Akustikusneurinom möglich. Über einen transtemporalen Zugang konnte die vaskuläre Neubildung reseziert werden. Histopathologisch waren Knochenneubildungen in einem kavernösen Hämangiom zu erkennen. Die radiologischen Befunde ermöglichen präoperativ die Abgrenzung eines Hämangioms vom Akustikusneurinom. Aufgrund des Nachweises von Knochenneubildungen in den histologischen Schnittpräparaten des Tumors ist die Einordnung des kavernösen Hämangioms als ossifizierendes Hämangiom naheliegend. Neben der Wertung der histologisch nachgewiesenen Knochenneubildungen als intratumorale Ereignisse muß auch an die Möglichkeit einer in den Schnittpräparaten vorgetäuschten intratumoralen Knochenneubildung durch den Anschnitt reaktiver Knochenneubildungen am destruierten Gehörgangboden gedacht werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050425
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    Past, present and future of pediatric neuroradiology (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 624-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Brain imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; brain ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; brain ; Computed tomography ; brain ; Diffusion imaging ; brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The last century has seen the evolution of neuroimaging from nonexistent to a group of techniques that, in our eyes, appears to be highly sophisticated. The rapidity of advancement in imaging has been concentrated in the last quarter century. There is no reason to expect this continual forward expansion of neuroradiology to abate; rather it seems likely that it will continue to increase at an even faster rate. The near future is one of refinement in imaging, faster and higher resolution as well as a much greater emphasis on physiology and biochemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050451
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  • 141
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    Meningioma of the cavernous sinus in a child (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 8-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Cavernous sinus ; Meningioma ; Child ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracranial meningiomas in children are rare, representing 1–4.2% of central nervous system tumors and 1.5–1.8% of all intracranial meningiomas. Meningiomas arising from the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus account for less than 1% of all intracranial meningiomas. To our knowledge, only one case of a meningioma arising from the cavernous sinus has been reported in childhood. A 6-year-old boy presented with left ophthalmoplegia. A slight drooping of the left eyelid was noted at the age of 1 year. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast administration revealed an enhancing mass lesion located in the left cavernous sinus. The tumor, arising from the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, was totally removed and the oculomotor nerve was reconstructed with a sural nerve graft. MRI displayed total tumor removal 1 month after the surgery. The pathological diagnosis was of a psammomatous meningioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050318
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  • 142
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    Giant posterior fossa teratoma (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Computerized tomography ; Intracranial tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Posterior fossa ; Teratoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In this study we report a rare case of a giant midline posterior fossa teratoma; its clinical presentation, radiological appearance, treatment and outcome, with an extensive review of the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050413
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  • 143
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    Electronic Resource
    Dermal sinus and intramedullary spinal cord abscess Report of two cases and review of the literature (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 202-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Abscess ; Spinal cord ; Dermal sinus ; Epidermoid ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intramedullary abscesses of the spinal cord are uncommon. Most of them occur in association with heart, pulmonary or urogenital infections. We report two cases of intramedullary spinal cord abscesses secondary to congenital dermal sinus. Only 14 cases of such an association have previously been reported. In our cases, dermal sinus was associated with an epidermoid tumour. The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, magnetic resonance imaging findings, surgical management and outcome are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050370
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  • 144
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    Electronic Resource
    Perfusion impairments in infantile autism on technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer brain single-photon emission tomography: comparison with findings on magnetic resonance imaging (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of nuclear medicine 26 (1999), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words: Autism ; Brain ; Technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer ; Single-photon emission tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The neuro-anatomical substrate of autism has been the subject of detailed investigation. Because previous studies have not demonstrated consistent and specific neuro-imaging findings in autism and most such studies have been performed in adults and school-aged children, we performed a retrospective review in young children in search of common functional and anatomical abnormalities with brain single-photon emission tomography (SPET) using technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and correlative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient population was composed of 23 children aged 28–92 months (mean: 54 months) who met the diagnostic criteria of autism as defined in the DSM-IV and CARS. Brain SPET was performed after intravenous injection of 185–370 MBq of 99mTc-ECD using a brain-dedicated annular crystal gamma camera. MRI was performed in all patients, including T1, T2 axial and T1 sagittal sequences. SPET data were assessed visually. Twenty patients had abnormal SPET scans revealing focal areas of decreased perfusion. Decreased perfusion of the cerebellar hemisphere (20/23), thalami (19/23), basal ganglia (5/23) and posterior parietal (10/23) and temporal (7/23) areas were noted on brain SPET. By contrast all patients had normal MRI findings without evidence of abnormalities of the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar hemisphere, thalami, basal ganglia or parietotemporal cortex. In conclusion, extensive perfusion impairments involving the cerebellum, thalami and parietal cortex were found in this study. SPET may be more sensitive in reflecting the pathophysiology of autism than MRI. However, further studies are necessary to determine the significance of thalamic and parietal perfusion impairment in autism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002590050385
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  • 145
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    Electronic Resource
    Silicone synovitis: MR imaging in five patients (1998)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Silicone implants ; Synovitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Silicone synovitis is a known complication of silicone implants used in orthopedic surgery for joint reconstruction. It has been studied with routine radiography; however, no report on magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities of this condition exist in the literature. This article reports on five patients with silicone synovitis studied by magnetic resonance imaging. All patients showed hypointense implants that were deformed, fragmented or subluxed, and intra- and periarticular silicone particles were evident on T1- and T2-weighted images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050327
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  • 146
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    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostic imaging of lipoma arborescens (1998)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Lipoma arborescens ; Synovial membrane ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Hip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The imaging characteristics of lipoma arborescens using plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are described. Design and patients. Five patients with a diagnosis of lipoma arborescens are presented. Three had monoarticular involvement of the knee joint. In the remaining two patients both knees and both hips, respectively, were affected. All patients were examined using plain radiographs and MRI. CT was employed in two cases. Results and conclusions. A conclusive diagnosis with exclusion of other synovial pathologies having similar clinical and radiological behaviour can be achieved on the basis of the MRI characteristics of lipoma arborescens. The aetiology of lipoma arborescens remains unknown, but its association with previous pathology of the affected joints in all our patients supports the theory of a non-neoplastic reactive process involving the synovial membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050390
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  • 147
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    Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a physeal lesion diagnosed by MRI, with radiographic and CT correlation (1998)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Slipped capital femoral epiphysis ; Physis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To define and compare early lesions associated with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and radiography. Design and patients. Thirteen patients with 15 symptomatic hips due to SCFE underwent radiography and MRI; CT was performed in 12 patients. SCFE was graded on radiographs, head/neck angles and qualitative changes were evaluated on CT, and morphologic/signal abnormalities were determined on MRI. Results. Physeal widening, apparent on T1-weighted MRI, was evident in every case of SCFE, including one presumed “pre-slip.” T2-weighted images demonstrated synovitis and marrow edema but obscured physeal abnormalities. CT head/neck angles ranged from 4–57° for symptomatic to 0–14° for asymptomatic hips. Physeal and metaphyseal changes were variably identified on both radiographs and CT in all cases of SCFE, but not in the pre-slip. Conclusion. MRI clearly delineates physeal changes of both pre-slip and SCFE, and demonstrates very early changes at a time when radiographs and CT may appear normal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050353
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  • 148
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parosteal osteoma of the iliac bone (1998)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 161-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Parosteal osteoma ; Iliac bone ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Partial regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 33-year-old patient with a 2-year history of intermittent pain in the right gluteal region and thigh presented with a large sclerotic lesion of the iliac bone. From the findings on radiography, scintigraphy, CT and MRI, a giant parosteal osteoma was suspected. The histological examination confirmed the diagnosis. Since the lesion was extensive it was observed with periodic follow-up examinations. At present, 5 years after the diagnosis, the patient is asymptomatic and imaging studies show that the lesion persists with reduction of sclerosis and size. The tumor was on the surface as well as intramedullary – only one other case with such a distribution is known to us – and it was also in the iliac bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050357
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  • 149
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    Electronic Resource
    Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: radiologic appearance (1998)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 266-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Granuloma annulare ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Soft-tissue tumors ; Rheumatoid nodule ; Pseudo-rheumatoid nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Granuloma annulare is an uncommon benign inflammatory dermatosis characterized by the formation of dermal papules with a tendency to form rings. There are several clinically distinct forms. The subcutaneous form is the most frequently encountered by radiologists, with the lesion presenting as a superficial mass. There are only a few scattered reports of the imaging appearance of this entity in the literature. We report the radiologic appearance of five cases of subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Design and patients. The radiologic images of five patients (three male, two female) with subcutaneous granuloma annulare were retrospectively studied. Mean patient age was 6.4 years (range, 2–13 years). The lesions occurred in the lower leg (two), foot, forearm, and hand. MR images were available for all lesions, gadolinium-enhanced imaging in three cases, radiographs in four, and bone scintigraphy in one. Results. Radiographs showed unmineralized nodular masses localized to the subcutaneous adipose tissue. The size range, in greatest dimension on imaging studies, was 1–4 cm. MR images show a mass with relatively decreased signal intensity on all pulse sequences, with variable but generally relatively well defined margins. There was extensive diffuse enhancement following gadolinium administration. Conclusion. The radiologic appearance of subcutaneous granuloma annulare is characteristic, typically demonstrating a nodular soft-tissue mass involving the subcutaneous adipose tissue. MR images show a mass with relatively decreased signal intensity on all pulse sequences and variable but generally well defined margins. There is extensive diffuse enhancement following gadolinium administration. Radiographs show a soft-tissue mass or soft-tissue swelling without evidence of bone involvement or mineralization. This radiologic appearance in a young individual is highly suggestive of subcutaneous granuloma annulare.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050379
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  • 150
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    Electronic Resource
    Orientation-dependent changes in MR signal intensity of articular cartilage: a manifestation of the “magic angle” effect (1998)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 306-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Joints ; Knee joints ; Cartilage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Susceptibility effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: To study magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pattern of normal hyaline articular cartilage in the knee joint with regard to the contribution of the “magic angle” effect to the MR signal. Design. Thirty-two healthy volunteers were imaged in a standard supine position in a 1.5-T unit using spin echo and gradient echo sequences. Nine volunteers were reimaged with the knee flexed. The signal behavior of the hyaline cartilage of the femoral condyles was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The extended and flexed positions of the nine volunteers were compared. Results. A superficial and a deep hyperintense layer and a hypointense middle cartilage layer were observed. Segments of increased signal intensity were visible along the condyles; a magic angle effect on signal intensity was evident in the hypointense middle layer with both gradient echo and spin echo images. Conclusion. The MR signal behavior of hyaline cartilage is influenced by the alignment of the collagen fibers within the cartilage in relation to the magnetic field. Failure to recognize this effect may lead to inaccurate diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050387
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  • 151
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    Electronic Resource
    Virtuelle CT- und MRT-Koloskopie (1998)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 38 (1998), S. 824-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Koloskopie ; Spiral-CT ; Elektronenstrahltomographie ; MRT ; virtuelle Realität ; Key words Spiral computed tomography ; Electron beam tomography ; EBT ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; MRI ; Colonoscopy ; Virtual reality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To evaluate experimentally and in patients the sensitivity and effective dose of virtual electron-beam tomography (EBT) colonoscopy for detecting small colon tumors and to compare the methods and results with virtual colonoscopy using spiral CT and MR imaging in a review of the literature. Materials and methods: Six polyps with diameters between 3 and 12 mm were created and randomly placed in resected pig colon. After distension with air, the pig colon was scanned with continous volume scanning (CVS, 3 mm collimation) and a pitch of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.5. Twenty patients positive for the fecal blood test were examined after rectal CO2 insufflation and i. v. administration of 1 mg glucagon. A 13 s CVS scan was used to cover the entire colon within one breathhold. 3D volume-rendered fly-throughs were evaluated by two independent radiologists. Effective dose equivalent was estimated using an Alderson phantom equipped with thermoluminescence dosimeters. Results: In the tumor model, all polyps were detectable at a pitch of 1.5. A further reduction of the pitch ratio did not improve the conspicuity of the polyps. In patient studies, all tumors (n = 4) and polyps (n = 3) were correctly identified on 3D fly-throughs. Two false positive results were obtained. Effective dose equivalent was calculated at 3.2 mSv per scan. Conclusions: Our preliminary results indicate that virtual EBT colonoscopy holds promise for fast screening for colon polyps. The best technique for virtual colonoscopy (Spiral CT, EBT, MRI) has not yet been determined and the future role of virtual colonoscopy must still be defined.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel: Als virtuelle Koloskopie bezeichnet man eine neue Methode, die aus Bilddaten der radiologischen Schnittbildverfahren, CT, Elektronenstrahl-CT (EBT) und MRT mittels computerunterstützter Bildnachverarbeitung simulierte dreidimensionale (3D-), endoskopieähnliche Bilder des Kolons erzeugt. Ziel unserer Untersuchung war die Bestimmung der Wertigkeit der virtuellen EBT-Koloskopie zum Nachweis von kolorektalen Polypen und Tumoren in vitro am Tumormodell und in Patientenstudien. Anhand publizierter Studien der virtuellen Koloskopie mit Spiral-CT und MRT sollen die verschiedenen Untersuchungstechniken dargestellt und verglichen werden. Material und Methode: 6 Polypen mit einem Durchmesser von 3–12 mm wurden nach Abheben und Umstechen der Mukosa in Schweinekolon gebildet. Nach Distension mit Raumluft wurde dieses Tumormodell mit EBT im „continuous volume scanning (CVS)-Mode” mit 3-mm-Kollimation und 3 verschiedenen Pitchverhältnissen (0,4; 0,8; 1,5) gescannt; 20 Patienten mit positivem Hämocculttest wurden nach rektaler CO2-Insufflation und i. v.-Gabe von 1 mg Glucagon in Atemanhaltetechnik mit einem den ganzen Kolonrahmen abdeckenden CVS-Scan (13 s Untersuchungsdauer) untersucht. Endoskopische 3D-Durchflugsrekonstruktionen wurden von 2 unabhängigen Radiologen hinsichtlich des Vorliegens von Polypen oder Tumoren beurteilt. Die zu erwartende effektive Dosis für die EBT-Koloskopie wurde über Messungen mit einem Alderson-Phantom, welches mit Thermolumineszenzdosimetern bestückt war, berechnet. Ergebnisse: Schon bei einem Pitch von 1,5 wurden alle Polypen im Tumormodell erkannt. Die Reduzierung des Pitch auf 0,8 oder 0,4 verbesserte nicht die Erkennbarkeit der Polypen auf den endoskopischen 3D-Rekonstruktionen. Alle Tumoren (n = 4) und Polypen (n = 3) der Patientenuntersuchungen wurden korrekt identifiziert. 2 falsch-positive Befunde wurden erhoben. Die effektive Dosis pro Scan errechnete sich zu maximal 3,2 mSv. Schlußfolgerungen: Unsere vorläufigen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die virtuelle EBT-Koloskopie eine vielversprechende Methode zum Nachweis von kolorektalen Tumoren ist. Der Stellenwert der verschiedenen Techniken der virtuellen Koloskopie (Spiral-CT, EBT, MRT) muß erst noch bestimmt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050430
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  • 152
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    Samenblasenzysten bei ipsilateraler Nierenagenesie Bildgebende Diagnostik, Klinik und Langzeitverlauf (1998)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 38 (1998), S. 766-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Samenblasenzysten ; Nierenagenesie ; Langzeitverlauf ; Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Seminal vesicle cysts ; Renal agenesis ; Long-term results ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Congenital seminal vesicle cysts associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia are rare malformations. Even though they are more often diagnosed today due to the introduction of advanced, sectional imaging techniques as CT and MRI, no reliable data about the prevalence of this malformation are available. This study reports seven consecutive cases, with long-term follow-up in five cases (26–119 months, mean 52 months). All patients underwent sonography, excretory urography, CT and MRI. Only two of seven patients presented nonspecific symptoms of the lower urinary tract; five were asymptomatic. In all cases sonography revealed the cystic character of the retrovesical enlargement. The anatomy of the lower pelvis was most accurately shown on MRI, which depicted the ectopic insertion of the ureter into the seminal vesicle in five cases. Cysts demonstrated high signal intensities in T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo images. In five cases the CT density was over 40 HU. Whereas one patient (15 years) presented significant enlargement of the cysts 10 years after primary diagnosis with compression of the urinary bladder, four patients showed no changes of their malformation in the follow-up examinations. The present data therefore support the concept of treating only symptomatic patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kongenitale Samenblasenzysten mit ipsilateraler Nierenagenesie oder -dyplasie sind seltene angeborene Mißbildungen. Seit Einführung moderner Schnittbildverfahren werden sie jedoch zunehmend häufiger diagnostiziert. Dennoch fehlen bislang genaue Angaben über die Prävalenz dieses Mißbildungsmusters. Diese Studie berichtet über 7 konsekutive Fälle und dokumentiert in 5 Fällen Langzeitbeobachtungen (26–119 Monate, Mittel 52 Monate). Von allen Patienten liegen Ultraschalluntersuchungen, Ausscheidungsurographien sowie Computer- und Kernspintomographien vor. Nur 2 von 7 Patienten wiesen unspezifische Symptome des unteren Harntraktes auf, alle anderen waren asymptomatisch. Von allen bildgebenden Verfahren zeigte die Kernspintomographie am genausten die Veränderungen im kleinen Becken und ihre Beziehungen zum Urogenitalsystem. Die Zysten wiesen eine hohe Signalintensität in T1- und T2-gewichteten Spin-Echo-Sequenzen auf. Computertomographisch fanden sich in 5 Fällen Dichtewerte über 40 HE. Während ein Patient (15 Jahre alt) 10 Jahre nach Erstdiagnose eine erhebliche Vergrößerung der Zysten mit Verdrängung der Harnblase aufwies, zeigten 4 Patienten bei der Nachuntersuchung keine Veränderung der Fehlbildung. Die vorliegenden Daten stützen somit das Konzept, nur symptomatische Patienten zu therapieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050423
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  • 153
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    Einfluß des Hirnödems auf das Rezidivwachstum maligner Gliome (1998)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 38 (1998), S. 948-953 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Maligne Gliome ; Hirnödem ; Rezidiv ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Malignant glioma ; Brain edema ; Tumor recurrence ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To assess the influence of initial preoperative brain edema in malignant gliomas on regrowth patterns. Subjects and methods: 79 patients with histologically verified supratentorial malignant glioma were prospectively studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and every 2–3 months after surgery. The median follow-up time was 11 months. We correlated the configuration of the initial vasogenic edema on T2-weighted images with tumor regrowth patterns on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Results: 35/47 tumor regrowths (75%) imitated the initial edema configuration, while 11/47 occurred within the initial tumor bed; in one case tumor recurrence was multilocal. Conclusion: In glioblastoma, tumor regrowth patterns correlate positively with the configuration of the initial vasogenic brain edema. The initial, „presurgical” peritumoral edema should thus be considered when planning further treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Beeinflussen Form und Größe des präoperativen peritumoralen Hirnödems die Rezidiventwicklung bei malignen supratentoriellen Gliomen? Methodik: Prospektiv wurden 79 Patienten mit einem malignen supratentoriellen Gliom mit einem standardisierten MRT-Protokoll untersucht. MRT-Untersuchungen erfolgten vor der neurochirurgischen Operation, möglichst innerhalb der ersten 3 Tage nach Operation und während der Nachbeobachtungszeit in Abständen von 2–3 Monaten. Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug 11 Monate. Die initiale präoperative Ödemkonfiguration auf den T2-gewichteten MRT-Aufnahmen wurde mit der Rezidivtumorkonfiguration auf den Kontrastmittel verstärkten T1-gewichteten Aufnahmen verglichen. Ergebnisse: 47 Patienten entwickelten während der Nachbeobachtungszeit ein Rezidiv. Die Konfiguration des Rezidivtumors imitierte in 35/47 Patienten (75%) die initiale präoperative Ödemkonfiguration. Bei 11/47 Patienten entwickelte sich ein lokales und bei einem Patienten ein multilokales Rezidiv. Schlußfolgerungen: Die präoperative Tumorödemkonfiguration im T2-gewichteten MRT-Bild korreliert mit der Rezidivtumorausdehnung. Zukünftige Therapiestudien sollten daher die Ausdehnung des initalen präoperativen Ödems als zusätzlichen prognostischen Faktor mitberücksichigen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050447
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  • 154
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    Albendazole treatment of cerebral hydatid disease: evaluation of results with CT and MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 36-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Echinococcosis ; brain ; Hydatid disease ; brain ; Albendazole ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of cerebral hydatid disease demonstrated by CT and MRI, treated with albendazole. Follow-up showed complete dissapearance of the cysts with residual focal calcification on CT and presumed gliosis on MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050535
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  • 155
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    Electronic Resource
    Lipomatous secretory meningioma: case report and review of the literature (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 656-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Secretory meningioma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Secretory meningioma is a rare entity which may be characterised by imaging features unusual for other subtypes of meningoma, such as low attenuation on CT, high (fat-tissue equivalent) signal intensity on T1-weighted MRI, marked surrounding oedema, and irregular contrast enhancement. We report a case of secretory meningioma and review the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050658
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  • 156
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    Spinal cord infarcts with contrast enhancement of the cauda equina: two cases (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 669-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; infarcts ; Cauda equina ; contrast enhancement ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two cases of infarcts of the spinal cord with contrast enhancement of the cauda equina on MRI. As enhancement of the infarcted spinal cord waned, that of cauda equina was definite. These appearances suggest disruption of the blood-tissue barrier and possibly hyperaemia of cauda equina following infarcts of the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050662
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  • 157
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI of spinal cord and brain lesions in subacute combined degeneration (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 716-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Degeneration subacute combined ; Spinal cord ; Brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Vitamin B12 deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Subacute combined degeneration is a rare cause of demyelination of the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord and even more rarely of the pyramidal and spinocerebellar tracts and cerebellum. We present the initial and follow-up MRI appearances in a patient with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum, due to vitamin B12 deficiency. The lesions in these structures were demonstrated clearly as pathologically high-signal areas on T2-weighted images. These lesions, except those of the brain stem and cerebellum, disappeared 4 months after therapy. MRI 14 months after the patient's discharge on vitamin B12 therapy showed the same picture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050670
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  • 158
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    MRI of optic nerve and postchiasmal visual pathways and visual evoked potentials in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 765-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Visual evoked potentials ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the relationship between abnormalities shown by MRI and functional disturbances in the visual pathway as assessed by the visual evoked potential (VEP) in 25 patients with established multiple sclerosis (MS); only 4 of whom had a history of acute optic neuritis. Optic nerve MRI was abnormal in 19 (76 %) and is thus useful in detecting subclinical disease. Optic nerve total lesion length and area on the STIR sequence was found to correlate significantly with prolongation of the VEP latency. This may reflect a predominantly demyelinating rather than inflammatory origin for the signal change in the optic nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050681
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  • 159
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    MRI in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Correlation with clinical and neuropathological data (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Prion disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Dementia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To ascertain whether increased grey matter signal intensity on T2-weighted images in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) corresponds to the stage and severity of this disease, we correlated MRI findings in four of our own and previously reported patients with sporadic CJD with the clinical variants, neuropathological changes at autopsy, duration of the disease and survival time after MRI examination. Of 15 patients with the extrapyramidal type of CJD, 10 showed increased signal in the basal ganglia on T2-weighted images. One of seven patients with the Heidenhain variant had increased signal in the occipital cortex. Patients without increased grey matter signal intensity had a longer overall duration of CJD (P = 0.035). Although the interval between onset of neurological symptoms and MRI was not different, patients without increased grey matter signal also survived longer after MRI examination (P = 0.022).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050542
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    Hemimegalencephaly: signal changes suggesting abnormal myelination on MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 734-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Unilateral megalencephaly ; Myelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the MRI of 17 patients with hemimegalencephaly to investigate abnormal myelination in this condition. On images of seven patients aged 18 months or less, the white matter on the affected side suggested advanced myelination for the age. On T1-weighted images of three patients aged 1 month, the anterior limb of the internal capsule in the affected hemisphere was myelinated, and T1 shortening was not clearly seen in the pre- and postcentral gyri. The cortical grey matter and subcortical white matter was isointense in two patients. Images of two patients aged 4 to 5 months and of five patients aged 8–18 months showed myelination that extended more peripherally in the white matter of the affected hemisphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050674
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  • 161
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    Synovial sarcoma of the parapharyngeal space: CT and MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 261-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Head and neck ; neoplasms ; Sarcoma ; synovial ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the CT and MRI findings of a histologically proven synovial sarcoma arising in the left parapharyngeal space of a 21-year-old man. CT was useful for confirming the presence of calcification within the tumour, which may be a favourable prognostic sign, and in excluding involvement of cortical bone. The CT and MRI findings were, however, nonspecific. MRI was superior to CT for assessing the topographical relationships of the tumour to the vessels and the invasion of neighbouring structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050581
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  • 162
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    Brucellosis of the pituitary region: MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 383-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brucellosis ; intracranial ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a rare case of neurobrucellosis in a 25-year-old woman with visual impairment, bilateral hearing loss, hyperprolactinaemia and meningitis. MRI revealed a sellar and suprasellar mass with enlargement of the optic chiasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050605
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  • 163
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    Enhanced cervical MRI in identifying intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with spinal perimedullary venous drainage (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain diseases ; Arteriovenous fistula ; Myelopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diagnosis of an intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with spinal perimedullary venous drainage is challenging because the presenting symptoms are usually related to dysfunction of the spine, not of the brain. Repeated spinal angiograms are usually performed before the diagnosis is finally made by cerebral angiography. We report two cases of intracranial DAVFs with spinal perimedullary venous drainage. In both cases contrast-enhanced cervical MRI demonstrated dilated lower brainstem and upper spinal veins, which, we believe, is a good indicator of the existence of such drainage. We suggest that, in cases with perimedullary serpentine enhancement on thoracic or lumbar MR images, additional Gd-enhanced cervical spinal MR imaging should be performed. The simple process of tracing the veins upwards may avoid a lot of unnecessary examinations and delay in the diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050609
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  • 164
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    MRI in the assessment of the supportive soft tissues of the cervical spine in acute trauma in children (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 359-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cervical spine ; trauma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We carried out a retrospective analysis of imaging and clinical findings in 52 children with a history of cervical spinal trauma. No patient had evidence of a fracture on plain films or CT. All had MRI at 1.5 T because of persistent or delayed symptoms, unexplained findings of injury or instability, or as further assessment of the extent of soft-tissue injury. Clinical follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3.5 years. MRI was evaluated for its influence on therapy and outcome. MRI was positive in 16 (31 %) of 52 patients. Posterior soft-tissue or ligamentous injury was the most common finding in the 10 patients with mild to moderate trauma, while acute disc bulges and longitudinal ligament disruption, each seen in one case, were uncommon. MRI was superior to CT for assessment of the extent of soft-tissue injury and for identification of spinal cord injuries and intracanalicular hemorrhage in the six patients with more severe trauma. MRI specifically influenced the management of all four patients requiring surgery by extending the level of posterior stabilization. No patients with normal MRI or any of the 10 with radiographically stable soft-tissue injury on MRI, developed delayed clinical or radiographic evidence of instability or deformity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050599
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  • 165
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    The fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequence in assessment of central nervous system involvement in myotonic dystrophy (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 32-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence with conventional spin-echo (SE) imaging for detection of involvement of the central nervous system in five patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD). The diagnosis was made based on clinical features and DNA analysis. All patients showed abnormal high-intensity lesions in the white matter on T2-weighted images, although these were more clearly visible using FLAIR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050534
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  • 166
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    Lyme disease in a child presenting with bilateral facial nerve palsy: MRI findings and review of the literature (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 739-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lyme disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 7-year-old boy with neuroborreliosis presenting with headache and bilateral facial nerve palsy. MRI demonstrated tentorial and bilateral facial and trigeminal nerve enhancement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050675
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  • 167
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    Unusual MRI findings in grey matter heteropia (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Heterotopic greymatter ; Brain ; developmental anomalies ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report unusual MRI patterns in patients with grey matter heterotopia. Standard T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo and inversion-recovery sequences were used in 22 patients presenting with seizures or developmental delay. The images were reviewed for signal change surrounding white matter and for atypical size, morphology or topography. We found 10 cases of subependymal heterotopias 11 of focal subcortical heterotopia and of diffuse subcortical heterotopia. On clinical or MRI grounds, 8 cases were considered unusual: 2 of the subependymal type, 2 of focal subcortical heterotopia with white matter abnormalities, 2 of focal subcortical heterotopia with no clinicoradiological correlation 1 of extensive hemispheric subcortical heterotopia and 1 of diffuse subcortical heterotopia confined to the frontal lobe. The classical classification of heterotopia enables easy radiological diagnosis even in cases with unusual patterns. In some cases, heterogeneity and high signal in surrounding white matter can be found. Cortical dysplasia is the most frequent associated malformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050545
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  • 168
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    Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: skull radiographs and MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 114-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary ; Adenohypophysitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the skull radiograph, CT and MRI findings in three patients with lymphocytic adenohypophysitis mimicking pituitary adenoma. All cases were associated with pregnancy. CT demonstrated a pituitary mass but did not differentiate lymphocytic adenohypophysitis from pituitary adenoma. The skull radiographs showed either a normal sella turcica or minimal abnormalities; they did not show ballooning or destruction. The MRI appearances were distinctive: relatively low signal on T1-weighted images; preservation of the bright posterior pituitary lobe despite the presence of a relatively large pituitary mass, less common in macroadenomas; marked contrast enhancement compared with pituitary macroadenomas; and dural enhancement adjacent to a pituitary mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050550
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  • 169
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    Meningoradiculitis due to borreliosis presenting as low back pain only (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 126-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lyme disease ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a child with Borrelia burgdorferi meningoradiculitis. This entity, also known as Bannwarth syndrome, is rare and its presentation with low back pain only is even more unusual. The MRI findings can suggest the diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050552
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  • 170
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    Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6: MRI of three Japanese patients (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 222-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 ; Cerebellar cortical atrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the MRI findings in three Japanese patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) in which a polymorphic CAG repeat was identified in the gene encoding the α1A voltage-dependent P/Q-type Ca2+ channel subunit (CACNL1A4). All showed slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and mild pyramidal signs. Neuroradiologically, they had moderate cerebellar atrophy, most prominently in the superior vermis, whereas the brain stem appeared to be spared. No abnormal signal intensity was identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050571
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  • 171
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    Magnetic resonance signal intensity and volume changes after endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms causing mass effect (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 184-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Aneurysm intracranial ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Embolisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine when and how intracranial aneurysms causing mass effect change following endovascular treatment, we used MRI to assess patients for 2–3 years after the interventional procedure. Nine patients who had aneurysms compressing the surrounding structures underwent endovascular treatment. Proximal occlusion of the parent artery was performed in seven cases, and in two the aneurysm was embolised with microcoils. After embolisation, signal intensity within aneurysms tended to be high on both T1- and T2-weighted images. When there was rapid reduction in size high-signal zones within aneurysms became isointense or gave low signal on T1-weighted images. On T2-weighted images, isointense or low-signal foci appeared within high-signal areas in the aneurysm, giving mixed intensity. In typical cases, the mean volume of the aneurysm fell to approximately 30 % of its initial value 2–12 months after treatment. After this, no additional reduction was observed. The aneurysms which showed little signal intensity change tended to shrink more slowly and to a lesser degree than the more typical cases. Aneurysms which gave high signal on both T1- and T2-weighted images early following embolisation shrank more quickly than those showing little signal change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050565
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  • 172
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    Amyloid angiopathy causing widespread miliary haemorrhages within the brain evident on MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 308-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid ; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Congophilic angiopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case of a 70-year-old woman with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is presented. MRI of the head showed widespread miliary foci of haemorrhage within the cerebrum and cerebellum, with some additional linear lesions within the cerebral cortex and patchy lesions in the white matter. This is in contrast to the more usual pattern of intracranial haemorrhage in CAA, i. e., a lobar haematoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050590
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  • 173
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    MRI anatomy of white matter layers around the trigone of the lateral ventricle (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 477-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; anatomy ; Brain ; white matter ; Brain ; oedema ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI was obtained in eight normal volunteers and seven patients with brain oedema around the trigone. In addition to the conventional sequences, diffusion-weighted and intravoxel-incoherent-motion images using motion-proving anteroposterior and/or lateral direction gradients were obtained to show the white matter pathways better. Coronal proton-density-weighted images showed three thin relatively high-intensity layers in addition to the tapetum and the internal and external sagittal strata. Although they have not been confirmed anatomically, the thin layer between the internal and the external sagittal strata was corroborated by diffusion-weighted and intravoxel-incoherent-motion images, and by characteristics of the spread of oedema into the sagittal stratum. We propose that this layer be named the central sagittal lamina. The other two layers medial and lateral to the sagittal stratum were outside, but in contact with the medial and lateral parts of the sagittal stratum, respectively. We provisionally named them medial and lateral sagittal laminae; they were not evident on any other images. The low-intensity layer on T2-weighting was the internal sagittal stratum. The optic radiation, comprising the external sagittal stratum, appeared as an intermediate to slightly high-intensity layer on T2-weighted images and a low-intensity layer on T1-weighted images as did the corticospinal tract in the posterior internal capsule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050629
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  • 174
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    Assessment of T2- and T1-weighted MRI brain lesion load in patients with subcortical vascular encephalopathy (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 503-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Vascular dementia ; Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous cross-sectional studies in patients with subcortical vascular encephalopathy (SVE) have shown little or no correlation between brain lesion load and clinical disability, which could be due to the low specificity of T2-weighted MRI. Recent studies have indicated that T1-weighted MRI may be more specific than T2-weighted MRI for severe tissue destruction. We studied 37 patients with a diagnosis of SVE and 11 normal controls with standardised T1- and T2-weighted MRI. All patients underwent detailed clinical assessment including a neuropsychological test battery and computerised gait analysis. Both the T2- and T1-weighted total MRI lesion loads different between patients and controls different, particularly T1. The ratio of T2-/T1-weighted lesion load was lower in controls than in patients. There was no overall correlation of T1- or T2-weighted lesion load with clinical disability, but group comparison of patients with severe and mild clinical deficits showed different lesion loads. We suggest that T1- and T2-weighted MRI lesion loads demonstrate relevant structural abnormality in patients with SVE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050633
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  • 175
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    Meningeal involvement in Behçet's disease: MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 512-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Behçet's disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Meninges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Behçet's disease is a multisystem disease that involves the central nervous system up to half of cases. Presentation with neurologic symptoms occurs in 5 % of cases and cerebral venous thrombosis is one of its major manifestations. A feature not previously reported is progressive meningeal thickening with involvement of both optic nerves. We report a patient with cerebral venous thrombosis, meningeal thickening and contrast enhancement on MRI. This patient had two other unusual features: positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and later development of central diabetes insipidus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050635
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  • 176
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    Cerebral perivenous calcification in neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus: a case report (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 583-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; Calcification ; perivenous ; Lupus erythematosus ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus with granular calcification in the basal ganglia and cerebral white matter on CT. Histopathologically, these were identified as perivenous necrotising lesions, with loss of axons and myelin sheaths and prominent dystrophic calcification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050649
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  • 177
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    MRI features of choroid plexitis (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Choroid plexus ; infection ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four cases of choroid plexitis of the brain (two with cryptococcosis and two with tuberculosis) are presented. The four patients showed either unilateral enlargement (3) or bilateral enlargement (1) and dense enhancement of the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles (4) and fourth ventricle (1) in association with clinical findings of leptomeningitis. All patients had unilateral cystic dilatation of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle presumably secondary to entrapment of the temporal horn and extensive oedema around the ipsilateral ventricle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050589
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  • 178
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    Imaging in neurenteric cysts of the posterior cranial fossa (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 374-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Neurenteric cyst ; Posterior cranial fossa ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurenteric cysts are cystic masses lined by a columnar epithelium of endodermal origin. They are rare in the central nervous system. We report two neurenteric cysts in the posterior cranial fossa and describe their neuroradiological features. The lesions were of low density on CT and more accurately delineated on MRI. They gave the same signal as cerebrospinal fluid on all sequences. There was no contrast enhancement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050602
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  • 179
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    MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Semple antirabies vaccine (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 420-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ; Polyradiculitis ; Semple vaccine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract I reviewed MRI findings in five patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination with Semple antirabies vaccine. MRI in two patients with encephalitis features showed multiple white matter lesions in the cerebrum, cerebellar peduncles and brain stem. Two patients who had features of cord involvement showed signal alterations in the cord extending over a few segments. Asymptomatic lesions in the cerebrum were seen in two patients. In a patient with encephalomyelitis MRI 50 days later showed resolution of the lesions. The white matter lesions described were indistinguishable from those seen in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following other infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050615
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  • 180
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    MRI in chronic toluene abuse: low signal in the cerebral cortex on T2-weighted images (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 519-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Toluene ; Organic solvents ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Iron ; brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI may be helpful in showing brain toxicity associated with chronic toluene inhalation. We report clinical and MRI findings over 3 years in a man with gradual neurologic decline secondary to toluene abuse. Cerebral atrophy most prominently involved the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis. On T2-weighted images, loss of gray-white matter contrast, diffuse supratentorial white matter high-signal lesions, and low signal in the basal ganglia and midbrain were seen. In addition, MRI showed abnormal labor cortical low signal on T2-weighted images, most prominent in the primary motor and visual cortex. This cortical T2 shortening, not previously described in this condition, may reflect iron deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050637
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  • 181
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    Sacral haemangioma as a cause of coccydynia (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 524-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Haemangioma ; sacral ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 55-year-old woman with coccydynia due to a sacral mass. The histological diagnosis was haemangioma. The MRI findings and the unusual location of this lesion are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050639
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  • 182
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    Intra- and interobserver variability of MRI-based volume measurements of the hippocampus and amygdala using the manual ray-tracing method (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 558-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words volume measurement ; hippocampus ; epilepsy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the intra- and interobserver variability of volume measurments of the hippocampus (HC) and the amygdala as applied to the detection of HC atrophy in patients with complex partial seizures (CPE), measuring the volumes of the HC and amygdala of 11 normal volunteers and 12 patients with presumed CPE, using the manual ray-tracing method. Two independent observers performed these measurements twice each using home-made software. The intra- and interobserver variability of the absolute volumes and of the normalised left-to-right volume differences (δV) between the HC (δVHC), the amygdala (δVA) and the sum of both (δVHCA) were assessed. In our mainly right-handed normals, the right HC and amygdala were on average 0.05 and 0.03 ml larger respectively than on the left. The interobserver variability for volume measurements in normal subjects was 1.80 ml for the HC and 0.82 ml for the amygdala, the intraobserver variability roughly one third of these values. The interobserver variability coefficient in normals was 3.6 % for δVHCA, 4.7 % for δVHC and 7.3 % for δVA. The intraobserver variability coefficient was 3.4 % for δVHCA, 4.2 % for δVHC amd 5.6 % for δVA. The variability in patients was the same for volume differences less than 5 % either side of the interval for normality, but was higher when large volume differences were encountered, is probably due to the lack of thresholding and/or normalisation. Cutoff values for lateralisation with the δV were defined. No intra- or interobserver lateralisation differences were encountered with δVHCA and δVHC. From these observations we conclude that the manual ray-tracing method is a robust method for lateralisation in patients with TLE. Due to its higher variability, this method is less suited to measure absolute volumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050644
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  • 183
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    Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces: MRI pathological study (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; anatomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; threedimensional ; Virchow-Robin spaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed a histopathological study of two human brains to look at dilated Virchow-Robin (V-R) spaces in the anterior perforated substance and putamen. We measured the diameter of 74 arteries in 54 dilated V-R spaces. In 28 patients without neurological deficits we ascertained the characteristic location of dilated V-R spaces in the anterior perforated substance and basal ganglia on MRI, measuring the distance from 64 foci of cerebrospinal fluid signal intensity to the centre of the mamillary body on 1 mm thick images. In the histopathological study, the mean diameter of the arteries was 39.0 ± 36.0 μm. Dilatation of the V-R space was observed from the end of the indentation of the pial membrane towards the brain surface along the perforating artery. In the MR images, the mean distance from the dilated V-R space to the mamillary body was 10.0 ± 4.5 mm. The V-R space was confined to a fixed level in the lower part of the basal ganglia, and not found near the brain surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050533
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  • 184
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    Ossified retroperitoneal malignant Schwannoma with spinal leptomeningeal metastases (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 48-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Schwannoma Malignant ; Leptomeningeal metastasis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A malignant retroperitoneal schwannoma in a patient without von Recklinghausen's disease is reported. Ossification in the tumour, shown on CT and MRI in this previously untreated patient is exceptional. MRI demonstration of spinal leptomeningeal metastases supports the hypothesis of haematogenous metastatic spread of systemic malignant tumours to the leptomeningeal spaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050538
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  • 185
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    Is there a dural wall between the cavernous sinus and the pituitary fossa? Anatomical and MRI findings (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 627-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary gland ; Cavernous sinus ; Dura mater ; Anatomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared MRI studies of the sellar area and embryological and adult histological studies of the cavernous sinuses and pituitary fossa. MRI studies were performed in 50 normal subjects with coronal sections using a fast inversion-recovery sequence to demonstrate the dural walls of the cavernous sinus and pituitary fossa. With this sequence, dura mater appears as a high-signal linear structure. The lateral and superior walls of the cavernous sinus was easily identified on all studies, but demonstration of a dural wall separating the cavernous sinus from the pituitary fossa was not possible. These results correlated well with embryological and adult histological studies obtained from 14 specimens. The absence of a strong separation between the pituitary fossa and the cavernous sinus explains the high incidence of extension of pituitary tumours to the cavernous sinuses and vice versa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050653
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  • 186
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    Electronic Resource
    Imaging of giant pituitary adenomas (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 651-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary adenoma ; Suprasellar tumour ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present five proven giant pituitary adenomas studied by CT and MRI, and review the clinical and imaging findings. Our aim was to examine the radiologic appearances and to search for criteria useful in distinguishing these tumors from other sellar and suprasellar tumours, mainly craniopharyngioma. The main differences from small adenomas were high prevalence of macrocysts, a more invasive behaviour and a clinical picture dominated by mass effect rather than endocrine disturbance. Factors supporting the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma in a giant intra- and suprasellar mass include: infrasellar extension, absence of calcification and presence of low-signal cysts on T1-weighted images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050657
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  • 187
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI of focal cortical dysplasia (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 675-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cortical dysplasia ; focal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied nine cases of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) by MRI, with surface-rendered 3D reconstructions. One case was also examined using single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy (MRS). The histological features were reviewed and correlated with the MRI findings. The gyri affected by FCD were enlarged and the signal of the cortex was slightly increased on T1-weighted images. The gray-white junction was indistinct. Signal from the subcortical white matter was decreased on T1- and increased on T2-weighted images in most cases. Contrast enhancement was seen in two cases. Proton MRS showed a spectrum identical to that of normal brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050664
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  • 188
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI-neuropathological correlations in type 1 lissencephaly (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; cortical malformations ; Lissencephaly ; Miller-Dieker syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although imperfect, MRI is the best way of distinguishing type 1 lissencephaly from other, less classical lissencephalic malformations. We reported a case in which correlation of MRI and neuropathology was possible. Besides the classical radiological features of lissencephaly, i. e., agyria and excessive thickness of the cortex, an additional sign was observed: a thin cortical band, which gave high signal on T2-weighted images, represented a paucicellular and partially myelinated band, 1500 μm thick, lying under the true superficial cortex. This MRI feature could be characteristic of the particular cortical lamination observed in true type 1 lissencephaly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050562
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  • 189
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI in primary intraspinal extradural hydatid disease: case report (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 390-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Echinococcosis ; Spinal ; Hydatid disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A rare case of pathologically proven primary intraspinal extradural hydatid disease of the thoracic region with spinal cord compression is reported. The diagnosis was established preoperatively on the basis of the MRI findings. The patient underwent surgery and recovered completely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050608
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  • 190
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    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: report of four cases and review of the literature (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 636-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spontaneous intracranial hypotension ; Headache ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radionuclide cisternography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an unusual syndrome of postural headache and low cerebrospinal fluid pressure without an established cause. We present four cases, analyze those previously reported in the literature, examine the MRI, CT, angiographic and cisternographic finding and discuss the clinical picture, proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms and potential treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050655
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  • 191
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    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of recent and old cerebral infarcts by diffusion-weighted MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 778-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Stroke recurrent ; Diffusion-weighted imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging, in 15 patients with recurrent strokes with acute ischaemia and at least one old lesion according to the clinical history and/or CT. Routine MRI showed similar signal intensity changes in both situations. Diffusion-weighted images, however, were positive in all acute or subacute infarcts. The high signal of acutely disturbed diffusion due to intracellular oedema could also be identified in small brain stem lesions. Spatial resolution was increased by applying separate gradients in each axis instead of creating anisotropy-independent trace images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050683
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  • 192
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    Electronic Resource
    Congenital muscular dystrophy with merosin deficiency: MRI findings in five patients (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 807-811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Congenital muscular dystrophy ; Merosin ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the MRI findings in five patients with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) and merosin (laminin α 2) deficiency, which was total in one and partial in four. In one patient with partial merosin deficiency, MRI was normal. The other four patients had supratentorial white matter abnormalities. In three, T2-weighted images revealed subcortical, deep lobar and periventricular high signal in white matter, while in the other there were only small peritrigonal areas of increased signal. On T1-weighted images, there was slightly low signal. Cortical abnormalities were absent. None of these changes were accompanied by symptoms or signs of central nervous system involvement. White matter abnormalities in a patient with CMD should prompt investigation of merosin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050689
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  • 193
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    Electronic Resource
    Aneurysmal malformation of the vein of Galen in three patients: clinical and radiological follow-up (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 816-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Angiography ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied three patients with aneurysmal malformations of the vein of Galen: all underwent embolisation followed by MRI and conventional angiography; two also underwent postembolisation magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MRI was performed before treatment in two patients, MRA in only one, diagnosed prenatally. Two patients had normal appearances on follow-up MR studies and were completely cured by embolisation. However, the last patient, after two embolisations, despite the stabilisation of the clinical condition, underwent surgery and died. We think MRI is mandatory before endoarterial treatment, to assess the conditions of the brain. Angiography is mandatory only at the time of endovascular treatment, while MRA and MRI have a role in follow-up. Endoarterial embolisation remains the treatment of choice, and surgery is not advisable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050691
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  • 194
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    Electronic Resource
    Necrosis and haemorrhage of the putamen in methanol poisoning shown on MRI (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 158-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Methanol ; intoxication ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Putaminal necrosis ; Putaminal haemorrhage ; Toxic encephalopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methanol, a highly toxic substance, is used as an industrial solvent and in automobile antifreeze. Acute methanol poisoning produces severe metabolic acidosis and serious neurologic sequelae. We describe a 50-year-old woman with accidental methanol intoxication who was in a vegetative state. MRI showed haemorrhagic necrosis of the putamina and oedema in the deep white matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050558
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  • 195
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    Electronic Resource
    Volumetric MRI of the limbic system: anatomic determinants (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 138-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Limbic system ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Volume measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The limbic system comprises the hippocampal formation, fornix, mamillary bodies, thalamus, and other integrated structures. It is involved in complex functions including memory and emotion and in diseases such as temporal lobe epilepsy. Volume measurements of the amygdala and hippocampus have been used reliably to study patients with temporal lobe epilepsy but have not extended to other limbic structures. We performed volume measurements of hippocampus, amygdala, fornix and mamillary bodies in healthy individuals. Measurements of the amygdala, hippocampus, fornix and mamillary bodies revealed significant differences in volume between right and left sides (P 〈 0.001). The intraclass coefficient of variation for measurements was high for all structures except the mamillary bodies. Qualitative image assessment of the same structures revealed no asymmetries between the hemispheres. This technique can be applied to the study of disorders affecting the limbic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050554
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  • 196
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    Electronic Resource
    Langerhans cell histiocytosis with involvement of the pons: case report (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 161-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Histiocytosis ; Langerhans cell ; Histiocytosis X ; Brain stem ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Central nervous system involvement is uncommon in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The suprasellar region is more frequently affected. There have been few reports of involvement of the brain parenchyma shown on CT or MRI. We present a case of involvement of the pons, showing marked contrast enhancement on MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050559
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  • 197
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    Electronic Resource
    MRI of enlarged endolymphatic sacs in the large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Inner ear ; Aqueduct ; vestibular ; Endolymphatic duct ; Hearing loss ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied ten inner ears of five patients with a bilateral large vestibular aqueduct syndrome, using CT and MRI. Although the large vestibular aqueduct varied in size, a markedly dilated endolymphatic sac extending to the sigmoid sinus was demonstrated bilaterally on MRI in all patients. The cause of hearing loss in this syndrome is unclear. However, it is suggested that reflux of the protein-rich, hyperosmolar endolymph from the enlarged endolymphatic sac (EES) into the cochlea through a widely patent endolymphatic duct may damage the neuroepithelium. CT density and spin-echo MRI signal intensity of the endolymph in EES were markedly higher than those of CSF in eight inner ears of four patients. Increased density and high signal may indicate protein-rich, hyperosmolar endolymph. In some patients with sensorineural hearing loss and EES, the vestibular aqueduct may not appear dilated on CT. MRI is therefore necessary for correct diagnosis of this syndrome, which should more correctly be termed “large endolymphatic duct and sac syndrome”. Prominent EES may predict poor prognosis in this syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050561
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  • 198
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    Electronic Resource
    Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in a patient presenting with sensorineural hearing loss (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 312-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Central nervous system diseases ; Temporal bone ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Siderosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a 50-year-old man who was investigated for sensorineural hearing loss. On MRI of the brain superficial siderosis of the central nervous system was seen, while MRI of the spine revealed an ependymoma of the cauda equina. This case illustrates the importance of performing T2-weighted imaging of the brain and posterior fossa when sensorineural hearing loss is present. Spine imaging is mandatory when superficial siderosis of the brain is diagnosed without identification of a bleeding source in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050591
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  • 199
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    Electronic Resource
    Intraventricular ganglioglioma: case report (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 377-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ganglioglioma ; Neuronal tumours ; Brain ventricles ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of ganglioglioma located in the body and frontal horn of the right lateral ventricle. The lesion was found in a 71-year-old man who suffered from recurrent episodes of right hemicranial headache. CT and MRI showed a heterogeneous intraventricular tumour with multiple microcysts that suggested a diagnosis of subependymoma or central neurocytoma, but the pathological findings were consistent with ganglioglioma. Although the most frequent intracranial location of ganglioglioma is the temporal lobe, any location in the central nervous system may be seen. Nevertheless an exclusively intraventricular location is exceptional. To our knowledge this is the first complete radiological report of a purely intraventricular ganglioglioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050603
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  • 200
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    Electronic Resource
    Laryngeal amyloidosis with laryngocele: MRI and CT (1998)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 401-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Amyloidosis ; larynx ; Laryngocele ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of laryngeal amyloidosis associated with a laryngocele is reported. Preoperative CT showed diffuse thickening of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds and false vocal cords with well-defined calcific foci. MRI revealed contrast enhancement and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050611
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