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  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (419)
  • 101
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal subdural haematoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic spinal subdural haematoma is a uncommon. We describe the CT and MRI appearances of chronic spinal and intracranial subdural haematomas following minor trauma. The aetiology, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cryptococcosi ; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract CT and MRI in one case of Cryptococcus neoformans infection showed contrast-enhancing parenchymal lesions resembling granulomata or abscesses. After an initial phase without contrast enhancement, the full extent of the lesions was visible within 2 weeks of presentation. The enhancing masses were assumed to represent intracerebral cryptococcomas. Despite evidence of massive meningeal infection on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, no radiological signs of meningitis, invasion of the Virchow-Robin spaces or ventriculitis could be demonstrated. With antimycotic treatment the contrast enhancement disappeared and cystic, partly calcified lesions remained. Recurrence of meningeal infection without radiological correlates was apparent in this stage. In a second case of proven cryptococcus meningitis, dilation of Virchow-Robin spaces or cysts in the adjacent parenchyma were the main abnormalities on MRI. Enhancing masses were not detected. These cases may represent two different reactions of the immunocompromised hosts to infection with C. neoformans: widening of the perivascular spaces as a correlate of the more typical meningeal infection and enhancing parenchymal lesions as a sign of further invasion from the CSF spaces. Enhancement of cryptococcomas, indicating an inflammatory response in the surrounding brain, is not typical in patients with impairment of immune function.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 158-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Midbrain ; tumours ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We diagnosed 60 cases of midbrain tumours by MRI between 1993 to 1997. There were 39 males and 21 females, aged 2–64 years, mean 25.6 years. We found 38 patients with true intramedullary midbrain tumours, 11 predominantly in the tectum, 20 in the tegmentum and 7 with a downward extension to the pons; there were 7 within the cerebral aqueduct. There were 22 patients with infiltrating midbrain tumours extending from adjacent structures, 11 cases each from the thalamus and pineal region. All patients received surgical treatment. Gross total resection was achieved in 42 cases, subtotal (〉 75 %) resection in 18. Pathological diagnoses included 16 low-grade and 15 high-grade astrocytomas; 5 oligodendroastrocytomas; 2 ependymomas; 11 glioblastomas; and 11 pineal parenchymal or germ-cell tumours. Midbrain tumours are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, with wide variation in clinical and MRI features, related to the site and type of tumour. MRI not only allows precise analysis of their growth pattern, but also can lead to a correct preoperative diagnosis in the majority of cases.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Infarct ; cerebral ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; diffusion-weighted
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared CT and MRI obtained within the first 3 h of onset of a cerebral infarct. Echo-planar diffusion-weighted MRI delineated the infarcted areas most clearly, and subtle low-density areas on CT were consistent with those shown to be abnormal by diffusion-weighted MR. The signal changes of affected areas on fast spin-echo proton-density, T2-weighted and fast FLAIR images were subtler than the low density on CT.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Shunt ; portosystemic ; Globus pallidus ; Manganese ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two toddlers with portosystemic shunts who had symmetrical high-signal globus pallidus lesions on T1- but not T2-weighted MRI, and measurement of whole blood manganese at 2 years of age. These cases suggest that portosystemic shunts can cause elevation of blood manganese and result in manganese accumulation in the globus pallidus, causing high signal on T1-weighted images even in asymptomatic toddlers.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral infarcts ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared contrast enhancement on T1-weighted MRI of acute cerebral infarcts after conventional bolus administration and continuous infusion of gadolinium. We examined 12 patients with a history of acute stroke with contrast-enhanced MRI once a week for a 1 month. Only ischaemic lesions were investigated after cerebral haemorrhage had been excluded by CT. Each MRI study included T2- and proton density-weighted sequences for determination of the size and site of the infarct, immediate postinjection T1-weighted imaging after bolus administration of 0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DPTA and delayed T1-weighted imaging after additional continuous infusion of 0.1 mmol/kg over 2 h. A total of 42 MRI studies was performed. In the first week after the onset of stroke, most infarcts (8 of 10) did not enhance after bolus administration, whereas all showed distinct contrast enhancement after the infusion. In the following weeks all but two infarcts showed contrast enhancement after bolus administration; after continuous infusion contrast enhancement could be seen in all cases. While contrast enhancement after bolus administration showed the typical gyriform pattern, enhanced areas were more extensive after the infusion and usually covered the entire infarcted area shown on T2- and proton density-weighted images. We presume that the disturbed blood-brain barrier in ischaemic areas favours delivery of contrast medium to the infarcted tissue if it is offered continuously so that a steady state can develop.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 428-432 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Tuberous sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Focal cortical dysplasia ; Cortical dysgenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is immense variability in the clinical presentation of tuberous sclerosis and many incomplete forms (formes frustes) exist. To investigate the imaging characteristics of cortical tubers seen in tuberous sclerosis unaccompanied by other stigmata, we reviewed MRI and CT of six patients who met the criteria for a definitive diagnosis of TS, established solely by the presence of a histologically confirmed cortical tuber. Five of the patients had a solitary cortical tuber and the last had three lesions, one of which was resected and confirmed histologically. The other two lesions were included in our study. CT showed five tubers as low density, but three were not identified. No calcified or dense lesions were observed. MRI revealed peripheral components and inner cores of seven cortical tubers in five patients, with differing signal characteristics. The subcortical cores, with T1 and T2 prolongation, were separated from the overlying cortex. Abnormal inhomogeneous high signal was observed in both the cortex and subcortical white matter on proton-density weighted or FLAIR images. A radially orientated white-matter band was observed in one patient, and central depression of the expanded gyri in another. In one patient, a cortical tuber was atypical, with a thick cortex on T1-weighted images and a blurred grey/white matter junction with diffusely increased signal on T2-weighted images. Cortical tubers without other stigmata of tuberous sclerosis are shown to be distinct from focal cortical dysplasia.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 443-446 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Langerhans cell histiocytosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease of unknown cause characterised by proliferation of histiocytic granulomas in tissues; the primary cerebral manifestation is diabetes insipidus caused by hypothalamic infiltration. We present a patient in whom, except for the absence of high signal on T 1 weighting in the posterior pituitary, consistent with central diabetes insipidus, MRI showed no evidence of hypothalamic involvement by histiocytosis, despite the long duration of the disease. However, there was bilateral, symmetrical involvement of the cerebellum and globus pallidus in addition to a calvarial lesion. High signal in the cerebellar white matter on T 2-weighted images may represent demyelination, gliosis and cell loss, as previously reported on pathologic examination.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dural arteriovenous fistula ; Craniocervical junction ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Venous hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 62-year-old woman who presented with a myelopathy at the lower thoracic level. Left vertebral angiography revealed a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) at the craniocervical junction, draining into an anterior spinal vein. Below the T 7 level, the spinal cord gave high signal on T 2-weighted images and enhanced with Gd-DTPA. The patient was successfully treated by simple clipping of vein draining the DAVF. The abnormal signal intensity and contrast enhancement rapidly regressed, except in the conus medullaris. Regression of the parenchymal abnormality on serial MRI following treatment corresponded closely with postoperative improvement of neurological function.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 828-837 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankungen ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Computertomographie ; Key Words Cerebrovascular diseases ; Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intracerebral hemorrhage is a common cause of acute neurological deterioration and a frequent indication for emergency neuroimaging. Stroke symptoms are caused in 10 to 15% by intracerebral hemorrhage. It is often not possible to differentiate intracerebral hemorrhage from cerebral ischemia by clinical examination. The therapeutic decision between thrombolysis or conservative therapy is comprised by the etiology. To exclude intracerebral hemorrhage as the cause of clinical symptoms, a CT is usually performed. Localisation and extension of the acute intracerebral hemorrhage are easy to detect. Subacute and chronic intracerebral hemorrhage are better delineated with magnetic resonance imaging. The different signal of the hemorrhage can be used for the age of the intracerebral hemorrhage. The cause of a non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage is in over 60% hypertony, less frequent alcoholism, malformation, or amyloid angiopathy. Uncommon causes of hemorrhage are head trauma, blood dyscrasia, tumor or venous thrombosis. Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage are most common in patients between 50 and 70 years. In younger patients a malformation should be excluded with a cerebral angiography. Intracerebral hemorrhages are usually conservatively treated, in some cases an operative decompression is performed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die intrazerebrale Blutung ist eine häufige Ursache akut auftretender neurologischer Symptome und führt oft zu einer notfallmäßigen neuroradiologischen Untersuchung. Etwa 15% der „Schlaganfälle” sind auf eine intrazerebrale Blutung zurückzuführen. Intrazerebrale Blutungen sind klinisch oft nicht von ischämischen Infarkten zu unterscheiden. Eine Computertomographie ist zur Zeit für die Diagnosesicherung – und damit auch zur weiterführenden Therapie – unerläßlich. Ausdehnung und Lokalisation der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung können damit schnell und sicher erfaßt werden. Subakute und chronische Blutungen sind dagegen verläßlicher mit der Magnetresonanztomographie nachweisbar. Aus der unterschiedlichen Signalgebung in den verschiedenen MR-Sequenzen kann auf das Alter der Blutung geschlossen werden. Die Ursache einer nicht-traumatischen intrazerebralen Blutung ist in über 60% der Fälle eine Hypertonie, weniger häufig die Folgen des Alkoholismus, Gefäßfehlbildungen oder die Amyloidangiopathie. Seltener sind Blutgerinnungsstörungen, Traumen, Tumoren, Venenthrombosen oder Intoxikationen die Ursachen einer intrazerebralen Blutung. Nicht-traumatische intrazerebrale Blutungen treten am häufigsten zwischen dem 5.–7. Lebensjahrzehnt auf. Bei jüngeren Patienten sind vor allem Gefäßfehlbildungen als Ursache zu berücksichtigen. Insbesondere bei jüngeren Patienten sollte zur ätiopathogentischen Klärung eine zerebrale Angiographie durchgeführt werden. Spontane intrazerebrale Blutungen werden in der Regel konservativ behandelt, außer man verspricht sich von der operativen Dekompression eine Verbesserung des klinischen Zustandes.
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  • 111
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    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 889-893 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sarkoidose ; Neurosarkoidose ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Sarcoidosis ; Neurosarcoidosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Neurological involvement is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sarcoidosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of patients with neurosarcoidosis. The MRI brain scans of 22 patients with sarcoidosis were retrospectively reviewed, along with the clinical information provided in the request form. All patients had signs and symptoms referable to the head and were examined with gadolinium enhancement. Cranial (facial) nerve paralysis was the most common clinical manifestation identified in 10 patients. A wide spectrum of MR findings was noted: periventricular and white matter lesions on T2 W spin echo images, mimicking multiple sclerosis (46%); multiple supratentorial and infratentorial brain lesions, mimicking metastases (36%); solitary intraaxial mass, mimicking high-grade astrocytoma (9%); solitary extraaxial mass, mimicking meningioma (5%); leptomeningeal enhancement (36%). The diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is often difficult, particularly so in patients who lack either pulmonary or systemic manifestations of sarcoidosis. MRI shows a wide spectrum of brain abnormalities associated with neurosarcoidosis. These findings, however, are not specific for sarcoidosis and one must consider appropriate clinical circumstances in arriving at the correct diagnosis. In selected cases with isolated brain involvement, meningeal or cerebral biopsy may be required.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen an Patienten mit systemischer Sarkoidose sprechen in 5%, Autopsieberichte in 25% für eine Beteiligung des Zentralnervensystems. Ziel der Studie ist eine Beurteilung der Beitrags der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) in der Diagnostik der Neurosarkoidose. Die MR-Tomogramme von 22 Patienten mit gesicherter Sarkoidose und neurologischer Symptomatik wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet. Häufigstes klinisches Symptom der Neurosarkoidose war eine Fazialisparese (10 Patienten). MR-tomographisch konnte eine Vielzahl verschiedener Befunde erhoben werden: periventrikuläre und Marklagerläsionen in T2-gewichteten Bildern in 46%, multiple bzw. miliare supratentorielle und infratentorielle Läsionen in 36%, solitäre intraaxiale Raumforderungen in 9%, solitäre extraaxiale Raumforderungen in 5% und meningeale Kontrastmittelanreicherung (nodulär oder diffus) in 36%. Schlußfolgerung: Die MR-tomographischen Befunde bei Neurosarkoidose sind oft wenig spezifisch. Die Diagnose wird meist bei gleichzeitigem Nachweis sarkoidosetypischer Granulome in anderen Organen gestellt, eine isolierte zerebrale Manifestation kann erhebliche diagnostische Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Die Neurosarkoidose sollte bei unklaren zerebralen Symptomen und Befunden stets in die Differentialdiagnose einbezogen werden, weil sie behandelbar ist.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kalkaneus ; Talus ; Gelenkinstabilität ; Radiologische Diagnostik ; Ultraschall ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Sprunggelenk ; Synovialmembran ; Arthritis ; Diagnose ; Bildgebende Diagnostik ; Key words Calcaneus ; Joint instability ; Plain film radiography ; Ultrasonography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Subtalar joint ; Ankle joint ; Arthritis ; Synovial membrane ; Synovitis ; Diagnosis ; Differential ; Diagnostic imaging ; Rheumatic disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Diseases of the hindfoot are associated with considerable functional impairment and therefore may hamper patients’ movements during gait considerably. Because of biomechanical overload, articular structures, tendons and ligaments are prone to early degenerative changes during the course of rheumatic diseases as visible with plain film radiography, sonography (US), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings may occur as arthritis of major joints or in the form of fibroostitis and bursitis of the os calcis. Despite the progressive course of rheumatic diseases and characteristic imaging findings, high variability of X-ray signs may occur. Plain film radiograms and high-resolution ultrasonography play a key role in imaging rheumatic diseases of the hindfoot. MRI supports imaging diagnosis in selected cases. The principal goals of diagnostic imaging are precise and reproducible documentation of morphologic abnormalities and differentiated analysis for planning proper conservative or surgical treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Erkrankungen des Sprunggelenks und der Fußwurzel sind, da mit einer deutlichen Einschränkung der Beweglichkeit dieser Region einhergehend, für den Patienten meist sehr belastend. Bei rheumatischen Krankheitsbildern steht neben der Funktionseinschränkung vor allem in späteren Stadien die Destruktion biomechanisch stark beanspruchter Strukturen (hyaliner Knorpel, subchondraler Knochen, Bänder und Sehnen) im Vordergrund des klinischen wie auch des radiologischen Bildes. Grundsätzlich sind Arthritiden der großen Gelenke und die Calcaneopathia rheumatica zu beobachten. Trotz des meist stadienhaften Verlaufes mit charakteristischem Befallsmuster ist die bildgebende Diagnostik wegen der großen Formvariabilität der unterschiedlich ausgeprägten Veränderungen oft schwierig. Zusätzlich zu nativröntgenologischen Aufnahmen gehören die hochauflösende Sonographie, ergänzt durch die MRT, mit denen Gelenke und Sehnen direkt darstellbar sind, heute zur Standarddiagnostik. Ziel der Diagnostik ist einerseits die präzise reproduzierbare Dokumentation morphologischer Veränderungen zur Verlaufskontrolle, andererseits ihre möglichst differenzierte Analyse zur Einleitung adäquater konservativer oder operativer Therapiemaßnahmen, um Patienten zu einer aktiveren Lebensweise verhelfen zu können.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Kernspintomographie ; MR-Angiographie ; Key words Intracerebral hematoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We review the signal characteristics of intracerebral hematomas (ICH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with special emphasis on the diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage within the first hours after stroke. The detection of peracute ICH was evaluated in 42 patients of a prospective, MR randomized stroke trial. These patients underwent a protocol of T1 and T2 weighted sequences, diffusion weigthed sequences and MR – angiography within 6 hours after onset of acute hemiparesis. The signal behaviour of ICH in any stage after bleeding was additionally reviewed in a retrospective series of 63 patients, who were submitted for MRI over a 12 months period because of known ICH. MRI correctly identified 4 hyperacute ICH in the prospective group and 4 hyperacute ICH in the retrospective group. These ICHs had high signal on T2 weighted images, were isointense in T1 weighted images and had signal voids on the diffusion weighted sequences. The signal intensities of acute, subacute and chronic ICHs correlated to previous experiences as reported in the literature. In conclusion, MRI reliably identified all hematomas even in the hyperacute stage. Diffusion weighted images were most sensitive to the presence of deoxyhemoglobine and helpful for the differentiation and characterization of acute ischemia. Therefore, MRI at 1.5 T can be employed as an alternative to CT for the emergency diagnosis of acute stroke.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Übersicht wird das kernspintomographische (KST) Erscheinungsbild der intrazerebralen Blutung (IZB) anhand eigener Erfahrungen und der Literatur diskutiert. Besonderes Gewicht wurde auf den KST Nachweis der hyperakuten IZB innerhalb der ersten Stunden gelegt. Es wurden einerseits die Befunde von 42 Patienten einer prospektiven, KST randomisierten Schlaganfallstudie ausgewertet, bei denen die KST als Erstuntersuchung innerhalb von 6 Stunden durchgeführt worden war. Andererseits werteten wir retrospektiv jene KST Untersuchungen aus, die im Jahr 1998 unter der Fragestellung einer IZB (n=63) erfolgten. Die KST erwies sich als sensitiv im Nachweis auch der hyperakuten IZB. Es wurden weder falsch-negative noch falsch-positive Befunde erhoben. Die hyperakute IZB kommt in der T2-Gewichtung hyperintens und in der T1-Gewichtung isointens zur Darstellung. Auf den diffusionsgewichteten Sequenzen führen minimale Deoxyhämoglobinkonzentrationen bereits in dieser Phase zu Signalauslöschungen. Das Erscheinungsbild der akuten, subakuten und chronischen IZB entsprach dem, in der Literatur mitgeteilten, Signalverhalten. Zusammenfassend waren alle IZB, unabhängig vom Stadium in der KST nachweisbar. Die Diffusionsgewichtung war in der hyperakuten Blutungsdiagnose und deren Abgrenzung von der akuten Ischämie hilfreich. Zumindest bei 1,5T erscheint die KST somit für die Diagnostik des akuten Schlaganfalls geeignet und sollte, da Ischämien besser als mit der Computertomographie charakterisiert werden können, für die Akutdiagnostik verfügbar gemacht werden.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schlaganfall ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Computertomographie ; Ratten ; Key words Cerebrovascular diseases ; Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background and Purpose: Stroke symptoms are caused in 10 to 15% by intracerebral hemorrhage. From the clinical examination it is often impossible to differentiate intracerebral hemorrhage from cerebral ischemia. To exclude intracerebral hemorrhage as the cause of clinical symptoms a CT is usually performed. The aim of our study was a direct comparison of the sensitivity of Computed Tomography and MRI using different MR sequences for the detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: In 8 male Wistar rats intracerebral hemorrhage was induced by infusion of collagenase into the caudate nucleus. After 1hour the brains were subsequently imaged with CT and MRI using T2- and T1-weighted Spin Echo sequences, diffusion-weighted sequences, T2*-weighted gradient echo sequences and FLAIR-sequences. Visibility of the intracerebral hemorrhage was examined using a scoring system from 1=not visible to 5=excellent visible. Finally, the intracerebral hemorrhage was verified by histological staining. Results: In all animals, intracerebral hemorrhage was visible in T2*-weighted gradient echo and diffusion weighted MR images 1 h after infusion of collagenase. T2- and PD-weighted SE images were positive in 7/8 rats. T1-weighted images revealed signal changes in 5/8 rats, and FLAIR sequence was positive in 8/8 rats. In CT intracerebral hemorrhage was only visible in 3/8 rats. When measuring the increase of Hounsfield units within the suspected hemisphere we saw a mean increase of 7% compared to the normal hemisphere in 3/8 rats. Conclusions: In this animal model, T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging proved to be the most sensitive imaging modality in the detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage and is by far more sensitive than CT.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Ziel: Die Symptome eines Schlaganfalls sind in 10 bis 15% durch eine intrazerebrale Blutung verursacht. Oft ist es in der klinischen Untersuchung nicht möglich, zwischen einer intrazerebralen Blutung und einer zerebralen Ischämie zu differenzieren. Um eine intrazerebrale Blutung bei Schlaganfallsymptomatik auszuschließen, wird in der Regel zuerst eine Computertomographie (CT) durchgeführt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist ein direkter Vergleich der Sensitivität der CT mit verschiedenen magnetresonanztomographischen (MR) Sequenzen in der Diagnostik der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung. Material und Methoden: Durch intrazerebrale Applikation von Kollagenase wurde bei 8 männlichen Wistar-Ratten eine intrazerebrale Blutung im linken Nucleus caudatus induziert. Nach einer Stunde wurden die Gehirne zunächst im CT und direkt anschließend in einem klinischen MR-Tomographen unter Verwendung von Protonendiche-, T2- und T1-gewichteten Spinechosequenzen, T2*-gewichten Gradientenechosequenzen, FLAIR-Sequenzen sowie diffusions- und perfusionsgewichteten Gradientenechosequenzen untersucht. Die Visibilität der Blutung wurde anhand einer Skala von 1 (=nicht sichtbar) bis 5 (=klar sichtbar) bewertet. Die Größe der Blutungsherde wurde für jede Untersuchungstechnik bestimmt und mit der Histologie verglichen. Ergebnisse: Bei allen Tieren konnte die Blutung in den T2*-gewichteten Gradientenecho-, FLAIR- sowie diffusionsgewichteten MRT-Bildern 1 h nach Kollagenaseinfusion erkannt werden. Auch in den T2- und Protonendichte-gewichteten Bildern konnte die Blutung bei 8/8 Ratten erkannt werden, wohingegen sie in den T1-gewichteten Aufnahmen nur bei 5/8 Ratten zu erkennen war. In der CT war die intrazerebrale Blutung nur bei 3/8 Ratten sichtbar, wobei bei diesen Tieren eine Zunahme der Dichte in Hounsfield-Einheiten (HE) in der Läsion um 15% auftrat. Schlußfolgerung: In dem verwendeten Tiermodell erwiesen sich T2*-und diffusionsgewichtete Aufnahmen sowie FLAIR-Sequenzen als sehr sensitive Methode in der Diagnostik der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung. Sie waren hierbei sensitiver als die CT. Deshalb sollte ein MR-tomographisches Untersuchungsprotokoll zur Diagnostik des akuten Schlaganfalls T2*- und diffusionsgewichtete Sequenzen beinhalten. Hierdurch gelingt eine rasche Unterscheidung zwischen der akuten intrazerebralen Blutung und der Frühphase der zerebralen Ischämie.
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  • 115
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    Experimental brain research 125 (1999), S. 417-425 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor learning ; Motor cortex ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Musicians ; Hand motor skill
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In this study, we investigated blood-flow-related magnetic-resonance (MR) signal changes and the time course underlying short-term motor learning of the dominant right hand in ten piano players (PPs) and 23 non-musicians (NMs), using a complex finger-tapping task. The activation patterns were analyzed for selected regions of interest (ROIs) within the two examined groups and were related to the subjects’ performance. A functional learning profile, based on the regional blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes, was assessed in both groups. All subjects achieved significant increases in tapping frequency during the training session of 35 min in the scanner. PPs, however, performed significantly better than NMs and showed increasing activation in the contralateral primary motor cortex throughout motor learning in the scanner. At the same time, involvement of secondary motor areas, such as bilateral supplementary motor area, premotor, and cerebellar areas, diminished relative to the NMs throughout the training session. Extended activation of primary and secondary motor areas in the initial training stage (7–14 min) and rapid attenuation were the main functional patterns underlying short-term learning in the NM group; attenuation was particularly marked in the primary motor cortices as compared with the PPs. When tapping of the rehearsed sequence was performed with the left hand, transfer effects of motor learning were evident in both groups. Involvement of all relevant motor components was smaller than after initial training with the right hand. Ipsilateral premotor and primary motor contributions, however, showed slight increases of activation, indicating that dominant cortices influence complex sequence learning of the non-dominant hand. In summary, the involvement of primary and secondary motor cortices in motor learning is dependent on experience. Interhemispheric transfer effects are present.
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  • 116
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    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 457-459 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Retroperitoneal neoplasms ; Retroperitoneal space ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasonography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report a rare case of pseudomyxoma retroperitonei in a 58-year-old woman with a past history of severe appendicitis. The imaging showed a multicystic mass similar to pseudomyxoma peritonei, but the tumor was located in the retroperitoneal space.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Depression ; Brainstem midline ; changes ; Transcranial sonography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies using transcranial sonography (TCS) have provided evidence of alterations in the mesencephalic midline structures in patients with unipolar depression and depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD), suggesting an involvement of the basal limbic system in primary and secondary mood disorders. This study tested the hypothesis of brainstem midline abnormality in depression and investigated 31 PD patients by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and TCS. Signal intensity of the pontine and mesencephalic brainstem midline was rated on T2-weighted images and measured by relaxometry. In addition, two blinded investigators assessed the echogenicity of the brainstem midline by TCS. The severity of motor symptoms and depression were graded independently using standard research scales. Rating of signal intensity and T2 relaxometry of the pontomesencephalic midline structures revealed significant difference between depressed and nondepressed PD patients (P 〈 0.05). This corresponded to a significant reduction in mesencephalic midline echogenicity of depressed PD patients on TCS images. No correlation was found between raphe signal intensity, T2 relaxation times, or TCS echogenicity and the severity of motor symptoms or depression. This study is the first to show changes in signal intensity and T2 relaxation time of the pontomesencephalic midline structures on MRI in depressed PD patients confirming previous TCS findings. As these midline structures comprise fiber tracts and nuclei of the basal limbic system, the findings may support the hypothesis of an alteration in the basal limbic system in mood disorders.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Enhancing lesions ; Interferon-β1a
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We investigated whether interferon-β1a modifies the course of new enhancing lesions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Sixty-eight patients were studied by monthly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a pretest-posttest design including 6 months of observation and 6 months of treatment. We examined the course of new Gd-enhancing lesions on two consecutive scans during observation and during treatment. Lesions detected during treatment were also analyzed by MRI 1 year later for persistence of enhancement, persistence of T2 hyperintensity, development of T1 hypointensity, or disappearance. Among the enhancing lesions detected by observation and treatment MRI, respectively, Gd-enhancement persisted at 2 months in 20% and 3% (P 〈 0.001), T2 hyperintensity persisted in 86% and 63% (P 〈 0.03), and T1 hypointensity developed in 49% and 15% (P 〈 0.01). Progression to T1 hypointensity was significantly more frequent in larger lesions during both the observation and treatment periods (P 〈 0.01). No reenhancement of plaques was present at 1-year follow-up; a further reduction in T2 hyperintensity (63% vs. 39%) was observed while T1 hypointensity remained unchanged. Both the duration of Gd enhancement and the short-term MRI course of new enhancing lesions benefited by treatment with recombinant interferon-β1a treatment.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Disease activity ; Fast spin echo ; Fast fluid-attenuated inversion ; recovery ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have addressed the question of the precision in assessing multiple sclerosis (MS) activity by counting enhancing lesions on gadolinium enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, counting the active lesions on serial unenhanced MRI obtained by various pulse sequences has not been yet considered. We compared the interobserver levels of agreement in reporting active MS lesions on serial enhanced and unenhanced MRI to assess whether the use of various unenhanced techniques may change the degree of interobserver measurement reproducibility. Dual-echo conventional spin echo (CSE), dual-echo fast spin echo (FSE), fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and Gd-enhanced T1-weighted brain MRI were obtained from five MS patients at baseline and monthly for 2 months. Six experienced observers independently identified and counted active MS lesions on the two follow-up MRI scans. Active lesions were considered to be all the enhancing lesions and any new or enlarging lesion on enhanced and unenhanced scans. Interobserver levels of agreement were calculated by weighted κ values. Very good agreement was reached only for counting total and new Gd-enhancing lesions. Good agreement was achieved for counting new lesions on the three unenhanced techniques, whereas the agreement for counting enlarging lesions was poor with all the MRI techniques. The level of agreement was significantly heterogeneous for various MRI techniques but not for various lesion sites. These results confirm that counting enhancing lesions is the most reliable method for assessing MS activity, but the use of any of the available unenhanced MRI techniques did not result in different levels of interobserver agreement when reporting new and enlarging MS lesions on serial scans.
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  • 120
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    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 1169-1171 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words European tick-borne encephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of central European tick-borne encephalitis with cervical myelitis presenting clinically as a lower motor neuron syndrome of the upper limbs with proximal asymmetrical pareses and atrophies. There were no sensory deficits nor signs of lesions of the spinal pathways or signs of encephalitis or meningitis. The affected motor fibers of the upper limbs were electrically inexcitable, but sensory findings were normal. Electromyography of the paralyzed muscles revealed pathological denervation activity without voluntary activation. The initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a large hyperdense lesion in the anterior part of the cervical cord from C3 to T1. Despite the fact that MRI changes disappeared completely within 6 weeks the patient showed only little improvement in the paralyzed muscles after 6 months. To our knowledge, these MRI changes in patients with tick-borne encephalitis, consistent with an isolated anterior horn lesion, have never been reported previously. The course may have been aggravated by an initial antibiotic treatment with cephalosporins.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Temporal lobe epilepsy ; Hippocampus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography ; Wada test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) temporal lobe structures and functions are continuously or intermittently affected by abnormal brain electrical events, noxious neurochemical agents, and metabolic disturbances. There is conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between the duration of refractory mesial TLE and quantitative measures of temporal lobe functions and volumes of the hippocampi. Twenty patients (aged 28 ± 7 years, 14 males) with an initial precipitating injury before the age of 5 years were subjected to high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography (PET), and the Wada test. We investigated whether the duration of unilateral refractory TLE (12 left, 8 right) affects hippocampal volume, glucose metabolism, or Wada hemispheric memory performance. Ipsilateral to the epileptogenic zone the hippocampal volume, metabolism, and Wada hemispheric memory performance were reduced compared to the corresponding contralateral measures. The duration of epilepsy controlled for age at investigation, side of seizure origin, underlying cause, and sex were negatively correlated with ipsi- and contralateral hippocampal volume, hippocampal metabolism, and Wada hemispheric memory performance. Moreover, ipsilateral Wada hemispheric memory performance and contralateral hippocampal glucose metabolism were correlated with the frequency of habitual seizures. Refractory TLE seems to be associated with a slow but ongoing bilateral temporal lobe damage. These cross-sectional results require verification by longitudinal studies carried out over a period of more than two decades.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium-DTPA ; Triple dose ; Blood-brain barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed whether dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier is an obligatory early event in lesion formation in multiple sclerosis. Dual-echo and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after the injection of a triple dose (0.3 mmol/kg) of gadolinium-DTPA were obtained from ten patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis every week for 2 months. Sixty-four newly active lesions were detected by the two techniques. All the 44 new lesions seen on dual-echo scans enhanced during the early phases of their formation: 33 at their first appearance, 10 1 week before their appearance on the dual-echo scans, and one the week thereafter. When the every fourth (monthly) scan was analyzed, a total of 55 newly active lesions were detected (i.e., 14% active lesions would have been missed compared to the number found on weekly scanning). Thirty-one of them were detected by both dual-echo and triple-dose scans, 15 only by enhanced scans, and nine only by dual-echo scans. This study confirms that with highly sensitive magnetic resonance imaging techniques dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier is an obligatory early event in new lesion formation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Gadolinium(III) complexes ; Contrast agents ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Human serum albumin ; Proton relaxation enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N,N′,N″,N‴ -pentaacetic acid) bearing different substituents for binding to human serum albumin (HSA) are compared. In spite of the structural differences of the recognition synthon and of the residual electric charge, the two chelates display an analogous binding affinity for the serum protein. Upon formation of the adducts with HSA, the exchange rates of the coordinated water appear slowed down by an amount corresponding to ca. 50% of the rates found for the free complexes. The relaxivity of [Gd(BOM)3DTPA (H2O)]2 −  is significantly higher than that of MS-325 either in the free complex or in the macromolecular adduct. Finally, the effect of pH on the stability of the HSA adducts and on the values of their relaxivities has been investigated.
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  • 124
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 624-634 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Brain imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; brain ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; brain ; Computed tomography ; brain ; Diffusion imaging ; brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The last century has seen the evolution of neuroimaging from nonexistent to a group of techniques that, in our eyes, appears to be highly sophisticated. The rapidity of advancement in imaging has been concentrated in the last quarter century. There is no reason to expect this continual forward expansion of neuroradiology to abate; rather it seems likely that it will continue to increase at an even faster rate. The near future is one of refinement in imaging, faster and higher resolution as well as a much greater emphasis on physiology and biochemistry.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Abscess ; Spinal cord ; Dermal sinus ; Epidermoid ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intramedullary abscesses of the spinal cord are uncommon. Most of them occur in association with heart, pulmonary or urogenital infections. We report two cases of intramedullary spinal cord abscesses secondary to congenital dermal sinus. Only 14 cases of such an association have previously been reported. In our cases, dermal sinus was associated with an epidermoid tumour. The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, magnetic resonance imaging findings, surgical management and outcome are discussed.
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  • 126
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Computerized tomography ; Intracranial tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Posterior fossa ; Teratoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In this study we report a rare case of a giant midline posterior fossa teratoma; its clinical presentation, radiological appearance, treatment and outcome, with an extensive review of the literature.
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  • 127
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 383-389 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Allografts ; Osteoarticular ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To investigate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of allografts at various time intervals after surgery in patients with osteoarticular allografts. Design and patients. Sixteen patients who were treated with osteoarticular allografts and who were followed over time with MRI studies as part of their long-term follow-up were retrospectively selected for this study. T1-weighted images were obtained both before and after gadolinium administration along with T2-weighted images. All images were reviewed by an experienced musculoseletal radiologist, with two other experienced radiologists used for consultation. Imaging studies were organized into three groups for ease of discussion: early postoperative period (2 days to 2 months), intermediate postoperative period (3 months to 2 years), and late postoperative period (greater than 2 years). Results. In the early postoperative period, no gadolinium enhancement of the allograft was visible in any of the MR images. A linear, thin layer of periosteal and endosteal tissue enhancement along the margin of the allograft was visible in images obtained at 3–4 months. This enhancement apeared gradually to increase in images from later periods, and appears to have stabilized in the images obtained approximately 2–3 years after allograft placement. The endosteal enhancement diminished after several years, with examinations conducted between 6 and 8 years following surgery showing minimal endosteal enhancement. However, focal enhancement was noted adjacent to areas of pressure erosion or degenerative cysts. All the cases showed inhomogeneity in the marrow signal (scattered low signal foci on T1 with corresponding bright signal on T2), and a diffuse, inhomogeneous marrow enhancement later on. Conclusion. We have characterized the basic MRI features of osteoarticular allografts in 16 patients who underwent imaging studies at various time points as part of routine follow-up. We believe that the endosteal and periosteal enhancement observed on MRI during the first few months to 2 years following surgery represents vascular ingrowth and early skeletal repair. The zone of periosteal enhancement could also include the new bone laid on the surface of the allograft through which the soft tissues bind to the cortex. The exact reason for the inhomogeneity in the marrow signal, and the diffuse, inhomogeneous marrow enhancement is not clear. This may represent saponified and/or necrotic marrow fat interspersed with the fibrovascular tissue. The features noted here should provide radiologists with useful information regarding imaging characteristics they can expect to see in other allograft replacement patients.
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 447-452 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Plantar fascia ; aponeurosis ; Fasciitis ; Fasciotomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To determine the postoperative appearance of the plantar fascia on MR imaging after a fasciotomy has been performed, and to compare the postsurgical appearance of the fascia after an open and endoscopic procedure.〈@head-abs-p1.lf〉Design and patients. Fifteen asymptomatic volunteers (12 women, 3 men; age range 22–49 years, mean age 33 years) with prior fasciotomies for treatment of longstanding plantar fasciitis were studied. Fourteen volunteers had a unilateral release and one volunteer had bilateral releases, allowing for assessment of 16 ankles. Eight fasciotomies were performed through an open incision and eight were performed endoscopically. The average time between surgery and imaging was 24 months (range 11–46 months). The site of surgery was established from the operative reports. Proton density (PD)-weighted and T2-weighted images in three orthogonal planes were obtained on a 1.5-T magnet. In eight studies, T1-weighted sagittal and STIR sagittal images were included. The fascia in each ankle was assessed for morphology and signal intensity. Perifascial soft tissues and bone marrow were assessed for edema. Preoperative MR studies were available in five volunteers.〈@head-abs-p1.lf〉Results. There was no apparent difference in the postoperative appearance of the ankle after an open or endoscopic procedure except for scar formation in the subcutaneous fat which was common after an open procedure (P〈0.05). Three ankles had a gap in the fascia (one open, two endoscopic). The plantar fascia measured a mean of 7.0 mm (range 5–10 mm) at the fasciotomy, and 8.3 mm (range 6–12 mm) at the enthesis. At the fasciotomy, 11 of 13 ankles had an indistinct deep contour and 9 of 13 had an indistinct superficial contour. At the enthesis, 13 of 16 ankles had an indistinct deep contour and 6 of 16 had an indistinct superficial contour. Compared with preoperative MR studies there was an average reduction in the fascial thickness at the enthesis of 14% (range 9–20%), but the thickness at the fasciotomy nearly doubled. No edema was evident in the fascia, perifascial tissues, deep plantar muscles, or calcaneal bone marrow.〈@head-abs-p1.lf〉Conclusions. The average thickness of the plantar fascia in asymptomatic volunteers after surgery is nearly 2–3 times that of normal. While there is increased thickness at the site of surgery, the changes in morphology and signal intensity were most prominent at the enthesis. The key observation was absence of edema in the fascia and perifascial soft tissues. This baseline information may be of value when assessing MR studies of symptomatic patients.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hand ; Wrist ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Soft tissue mass ; Neoplasm ; Tumour ; Tendon diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Objective. To assess the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the investigation of palpable masses in the hand or wrist.〈@head-abs-p1.lf〉Design and patients. We retrospectively reviewed the MRI examinations and case records of 134 patients referred because of a palpable mass in the hand or wrist. MRI was performed on a 1.0 T magnet using an extremity coil. Intravenous gadolinium-DTPA was injected when considered appropriate.〈@head-abs-p1.lf〉Results and conclusions. MRI demonstrated the cause of the palpable mass in 126 cases (94.02%). Soft tissue neoplasms were found in 34 cases (25.37%). The majority were benign and included giant cell tumours of tendon sheath, lipomas and hemangiomas and had a characteristic appearance. There were three malignant tumours (myxoid liposarcoma, malignant fibroushistiocytoma and rhabdomyosarcoma). Ganglia were found in 36 cases (26.86%) and non-tumour tendon pathology in 31 cases (23.13%). Less common causes included articular diseases (5.97%) and anatomical variants (4.47%). No focal lesion was present in 8 cases (5.97%). In conclusion, MRI is an accurate diagnostic technique in patients who present with a palpable mass of the hand and wrist.
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 96-99 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Granular cell tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Subcutis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Three cases of granular cell tumor (GCT) of the subcutis are presented. Computed tomography showed a mass isodense with muscle with an ill-defined margin. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass with inhomogeneous low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Another characteristic feature of subcutaneous GCT is its attachment in part to muscle. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis in all cases.
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  • 131
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 8-10 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Cavernous sinus ; Meningioma ; Child ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracranial meningiomas in children are rare, representing 1–4.2% of central nervous system tumors and 1.5–1.8% of all intracranial meningiomas. Meningiomas arising from the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus account for less than 1% of all intracranial meningiomas. To our knowledge, only one case of a meningioma arising from the cavernous sinus has been reported in childhood. A 6-year-old boy presented with left ophthalmoplegia. A slight drooping of the left eyelid was noted at the age of 1 year. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast administration revealed an enhancing mass lesion located in the left cavernous sinus. The tumor, arising from the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, was totally removed and the oculomotor nerve was reconstructed with a sural nerve graft. MRI displayed total tumor removal 1 month after the surgery. The pathological diagnosis was of a psammomatous meningioma.
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    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 209-211 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Anterior sacral meningocele ; Epidermoid tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 2-year-old girl presented with an anterior sacral meningocele completely occupied by an epidermoid tumor. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging had shown the meningocele with contents of the same intensity as cerebrospinal fluid. Surgery via a posterior sacral approach disclosed the tumor beneath an unexpected membrane inside the meningocele. Additionally, the presence of pus inside epidermoid tumor suggested that possible episodes of asymptomatic meningitis or other infection might have occurred before treatment, these being the major complication in anterior sacral meningocele. Therefore, we recommend that surgical treatment should be performed at the earliest possible stage in childhood, once the diagnosis is established, and dural plasty carried out to prevent infectious complications.
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    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 847-854 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key words Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of our study was to evaluate the characteristic findings of acute hemorrhage due to amyloid angiopathy with computed tomography. 14 patients of intracranial hemorrhage with histologically confirmed cerebral amyloid angiopathy were observed over a period of 4 years. Characteristic findings were a lobar hemorrhage in superficial localisation, cortical involvment, subarachnoid hemorrhage, the multiplicity of hemorrhages and repeated episodes. Severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy is often accompanied by multiple petechial hemorrhages, restricted to a cortical-subcortical distribution, detectable by magnetic resonance imaging. These findings suggest that cerebral amyloid angiopathy is not a rare cause of atraumatic lobar hemorrhage. Amyloid angiopathy should be considered in any elderly patient with superficial intracerebral hemorrhage in an atypical location.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit werden die computertomographischen Befunde der intrazerebralen Blutung im Rahmen der Amyloidangiopathie untersucht. 14 Patienten mit Massenblutung und histologisch bestätigter Amyloidangiopathie wurden in einem Zeitraum von 4 Jahren beobachtet. Charakteristische Befunde waren eine lobäre, oberflächlich gelegene Blutung, eine kortikale Beteiligung, eine begleitende Subarachnoidalblutung sowie ein mehrfaches und mehrzeitiges Auftreten der Blutungen. Eine schwere Amyloidangiopathie geht oft mit multiplen petechialen Blutungen in kortiko-subkortikaler Lokalisation einher, die sich kernspintomographisch nachweisen lassen. Die Befunde zeigen, daß die Amyloidangiopathie keine seltene Ursache einer nicht traumatischen lobären Blutung ist. Sie sollte daher bei jedem älteren Patienten mit einer intrazerebralen, oberflächlich gelegenen Blutung in atypischer Lokalisation in Betracht gezogen werden.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Staging thorakoabdominaler Tumoren ; Kinder ; Computertomographie (CT) ; Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ; Malignome ; Key words Staging of tumors ; Thoracoabdominal tumors ; Childhood ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Thoracoabdominal tumors in childhood can arise from all organs and affect children from the neonate to the adolescent. Better prognosis of childhood tumors, due to better biological understanding and improvement of chemotherapy, require sufficient radiological staging. Sufficiency in radiological staging needs modern cross-sectional techniques with high resolution, good availability and lower radiation dose. In general computed tomography (CT) is being used for radiological staging; increasingly MR imaging is being used because of multiplanar imaging techniques. Replacement of invasive techniques such as myelography and lymphography and modern cross-sectional techniques create painless staging conditions. Nevertheless, scintigraphy will always be a major examination technique, especially for evaluation of metastases and postoperative control examinations. The most common thoracoabdominal tumors in childhood and their staging are described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Thorakale und abdominale Tumoren im Kindesalter nehmen ihren Ausgang von allen Organsystemen und können vom Neugeborenen bis zum Adoleszenten auftreten. Verbesserte Prognose, bedingt durch das bessere biologische Verständnis der Tumorerkrankung, sowie der effiziente Einsatz von Chemotherapeutika machen ein radiologisches Staging unumgänglich. Üblicherweise wird zum Staging die Computertomographie (CT) eingesetzt. Durch die Möglichkeit der multiplanaren Schnittführung und die bessere Auflösung bei Tumoren mit Beteiligung des ZNS wird in zunehmendem Maße die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eingesetzt. Diese modernsten Schnittbildverfahren haben invasive Methoden wie Lymphographie und Angiographie in den Hintergrund gedrängt. Im weiteren werden die häufigsten thorakalen und abdominalen Tumoren im Kindesalter besprochen und deren Stagingsysteme erläutert.
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    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 562-567 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kolorektales Karzinom ; Präoperatives Staging ; Endosonographie ; CT ; MRT ; Key words Colorectal cancer ; Preoperative staging ; Endosonography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Carcinoma of the colorectum is one of the most frequent neoplasias, with an incidence of 40 in 100 000. For the effective use of new, differentiated, less invasive treatment options, exact preoperative staging of the tumor is essential. The introduction of endosonography in rectal tumor staging allows for exact differentiation of the rectal wall layers and thus of tumor stages 1–3 with median accuracy of 89%. Magnetic resonance imaging of the rectum, especially in double-contrast technique, can also be employed in high and stenosing tumors and leads to an average accuracy of 85% for the stages 1–4. Computed tomography is the method of choice in screening for metastases. In lymph node staging, all modalities show only moderate accuracy around 75%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das kolorektale Karzinom stellt mit einer Inzidenz von 40 auf 100000 eine der häufigsten Neoplasien dar. Für den effektiven Einsatz neuer differenzierter Therapien mit geringerer Invasivität ist ein exaktes präoperatives Staging erforderlich. Die Einführung der Endosonographie im Tumorstaging erlaubt eine exakte Differenzierung der Wandschichten und damit der Tumorstadien 1–3 mit einer mittleren Genauigkeit von 89%, die Magnetresonanztomographie des Rektums, insbesondere in Doppelkontrasttechnik, kann auch bei hohen und stenosierenden Tumoren angewendet werden, bei einer Genauigkeit von durchschnittlich 85% für die Stadien 1–4. Die Computertomographie ist Methode der Wahl im Metastasenscreening. Im Lymphknotenstaging zeigen alle Modalitäten nur bescheidene Genauigkeiten um 75%.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Donor site morbidity ; Anterior cruciate ligament ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this prospective study was to follow the development of repair tissue in the donor-site area using serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and to assess whether the MRI findings were correlated with donor-site morbidity. Thirty-seven consecutive patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injuries undergoing elective reconstruction of the ligament were included in the study. They were aged 27 (range 14–50) years. The graft was harvested through two 25-mm vertical incisions with the aim of protecting the infrapatellar nerve and sparing the paratenon. The tendon defect was left open. The patients underwent MRI evaluation at 6 weeks, 6 months and 27 months postoperatively. A final clinical follow-up was made 25 (range 23–29) months postoperatively. MRI demonstrated that the donor-site gap, i.e. the area corresponding to a pathological non-tendinous-like tissue signal, was 9 (range 4–18) mm at 6 weeks, 5 (range 2–14) mm at 6 months and 2 (range 0–5) mm at 27 months. The size of the donor-site gap had significantly decreased at 6 months compared with 6 weeks (P = 0.0001), as well as at 27 months compared with 6 months (P = 0.0001). We conclude that the patellar tendon at the donor site healed gradually, as expressed by a decrease in the area of non-tendinous-like tissue signal on the serial MRI evaluations.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Meniscus ; Degeneration ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Histology ; Chronicity of the meniscal tear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Signal anomalies observed in magnetic resonance imaging of the intrameniscal tissue adjacent to the tear were compared between stable knees (group 1, 54 menisci) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees (group 2, 98 menisci). The histological significance of these signal anomalies was also studied (n = 25). The frequency of intrameniscal signal anomalies adjacent to the tear was significantly lower in ACL-deficient knees than in ACL-stable knees (P = 0.0022). There was a close correlation between the imaging anomalies and the presence of histological lesions (fissures, degeneration) within meniscal tissues adjacent to the tear (sensitivity: 0.95, specificity: 0.60). Our results suggest that the severity of intrameniscal degenerative changes adjacent to the tear are lower in ACL-deficient knees than in ACL-stable knees.
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  • 138
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    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 16-20 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Dementia ; Alzheimer’s disease ; Neuroimaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single photon emission computed tomography ; Atrophy ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The use of neuroimaging is reviewed in the diagnosis of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Computed tomography (CT) may be used to exclude other causes of dementia than AD. The finding of cortical or subcortical atrophy on CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) itself does not indicate AD. Hippocampal atrophy on CT/MRI provides a useful early marker, although further longitudinal and neuropathological study is required. CT- and MRI-based measurements of hippocampal atrophy show promise in providing useful diagnostic information for discriminating patients with probable AD from normal elderly individuals. Using a standardized imaging protocol, including some assessment of hippocampal atrophy, can save costs since patients with suspected AD must undergo a cross-sectional imaging study to exclude other (treatable) causes of dementia. Combining an assessment of hippocampal atrophy with cerebral blood flow measurements by single photon emission computed tomography is not warranted either from a clinical or from an economic point of view.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cerebral atrophy ; Disease duration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There have been only few studies of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 2. We investigated 20 SCA2 patients, from 11 Sicilian families, and 20 age-matched control subjects using MRI. Our data confirm that olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is the typical pattern in SCA2. We found no significant correlation between infratentorial atrophy, disease duration, or the number of CAG repeats in our SCA2 patients, but there was supratentorial atrophy in 12 patients, with a significant correlation between supratentorial atrophy and disease duration. OPCA appears to represent the “core” of the SCA2: however, central nervous system involvement is not limited to pontocerebellar structures. We therefore consider central nervous system degeneration in SCA2 as a widespread atrophy. MRI is helpful in diagnosing SCA, but it is not diagnostic in the absence of clinical and molecular studies. We suggest that serial MRI may play a role in evaluating “in vivo” the progressive steps of neurodegeneration in SCA2, for a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: Kerspintomographie ; Kollateralbandruptur ; Knorpelläsion ; Hochauflösende Oberflächenspule ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Collateral ligament rupture ; Cartilage lesion ; High-resolution coil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Aim of this study was the evaluation of a prototype of a new high-resolution MRI coil for the detection of finger trauma. The practicability of this new coil for the assessment of traumatic lesions of the finger joints and the diagnostic value of this new method in clinical practice was assessed. Twenty patients between 13 and 50 years of age (mean 28 years) were examined with a 1.5-T whole-body-imager Magnetom SP 63 scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). A prototype of a high-resolution MRI coil with a diameter of 2.5 cm was used. T1- and T2-weighted images with an in plane resolution of 0.I95 x 0.098 mm were acquired. Bone structures, joint cartilage and capsule, ligaments, tendons and soft tissue alterations were assessed. All 19 patients with pathological changes at the finger joints had a joint effusion. With MR imaging, fractures were detected in almost all patients, compared with the X-ray examinations. Cartilage contusion showed high signal intensity. The collateral ligaments could best be assessed in the transversal, and ligament ruptures in the coronal plane. Hemorrhage in the tendon showed an increased signal intensity in T1- and T2-weighted, edema only in T2-weighted images. Especially traumatic lesions of cartilage and of ligaments can be sufficiently assessed by the high-resolution MRI due to its high anatomic resolution compared to common methods like X-ray. High-resolution MRI is practicable in clinical routine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden prospektiven Untersuchung war es, die Wertigkeit der hochauflösenden Kernspintomographie mittels einer speziellen Oberflächenspule in der Beurteilung von traumatischen Veränderungen der Fingergelenke zu evaluieren. Ferner sollte die Praktikabilität der Methode in der klinischen Routine überprüft werden. Es wurden 20 Patienten im Alter zwischen 13 und 50 Jahren (im Mittel 28 Jahre) an einem 1,5-T-Ganzkörpertomographen (Magnetom SP 63, Firma Siemens, Erlangen) untersucht. Als Spule wurde ein Prototyp einer hochauflösenden Oberflächenspule mit einem Durchmesser von 2,5 cm benutzt. T1- und T2-gewichtete Sequenzen mit einer maximalen Auflbsung in der Bildebene von 0,195 x 0,098 mm wurden zur Beurteilung von Knochen, Gelenkknorpel und -kapsel, der Sehnen und des Weichteilgewebes akquiriert. Kernspintomographisch fand sich bei 19 Patienten ein pathologischer Befund. Bei all diesen Patienten konnte ein Gelenkerguß nachgewiesen werden. Knöcherne Absprengungen, die anhand konventioneller Röntgenaufnahmen diagnostiziert wurden, zeigten sich kernspintomographisch als dislozierte signalreiche Strukturen. Gelenkknorpelkontusionen stellten sich hyperintens dar. Zur Beurteilung der Kollateralbānder eignete sich vor allem die koronare Schichtebene, da in dieser die Kollateralbdnder per continuitatem darstellbar sind. Sehneneinblutungen wiesen eine Signalerhöhung in T1- und T2-Wichtung auf. Ödeme der Weichteile und Bandstrukturen imponierten in T2-gewichteten Aufnahmen als signalreiche Strukturveränderungen. Aufgrund der hohen anatomischen Detailerkennbarkeit eignet sich die hochauflbsende Kernspintomographie als ergänzendes diagnostisches Verfahren zur nichtinvasiven Diagnostik von traumatischen Knorpel- und Bandläsionen. Unter Berücksichtigung des Zeitaufwandes handelt es sich dabei um eine im klinischen Alltag praktikable Methode.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words: Autism ; Brain ; Technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer ; Single-photon emission tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The neuro-anatomical substrate of autism has been the subject of detailed investigation. Because previous studies have not demonstrated consistent and specific neuro-imaging findings in autism and most such studies have been performed in adults and school-aged children, we performed a retrospective review in young children in search of common functional and anatomical abnormalities with brain single-photon emission tomography (SPET) using technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and correlative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient population was composed of 23 children aged 28–92 months (mean: 54 months) who met the diagnostic criteria of autism as defined in the DSM-IV and CARS. Brain SPET was performed after intravenous injection of 185–370 MBq of 99mTc-ECD using a brain-dedicated annular crystal gamma camera. MRI was performed in all patients, including T1, T2 axial and T1 sagittal sequences. SPET data were assessed visually. Twenty patients had abnormal SPET scans revealing focal areas of decreased perfusion. Decreased perfusion of the cerebellar hemisphere (20/23), thalami (19/23), basal ganglia (5/23) and posterior parietal (10/23) and temporal (7/23) areas were noted on brain SPET. By contrast all patients had normal MRI findings without evidence of abnormalities of the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar hemisphere, thalami, basal ganglia or parietotemporal cortex. In conclusion, extensive perfusion impairments involving the cerebellum, thalami and parietal cortex were found in this study. SPET may be more sensitive in reflecting the pathophysiology of autism than MRI. However, further studies are necessary to determine the significance of thalamic and parietal perfusion impairment in autism.
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  • 142
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    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 367-373 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral edema ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Head-down tilt ; Intracranial pressure ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Vascular and tissue fluid dynamics in the microgravity of space environments is commonly simulated by head-down tilt (HDT). Previous reports have indicated that intracranial pressure and extracranial vascular pressures increase during acute HDT and may cause cerebral edema. Tissue water changes within the cranium are detectable by T 2 magnetic resonance imaging. We obtained T 2 images of sagittal slices from five subjects while they were supine and during −13° HDT using a 1.5-Tesla whole-body magnet. The analysis of difference images demonstrated that HDT leads to a 21% reduction of T 2 in the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment and a 11% reduction in the eyes, which implies a reduction of water content; no increase in T 2 was observed in other brain regions that have been associated with cerebral edema. These findings suggest that water leaves the CSF and ocular compartments by exudation as a result of increased transmural pressure causing water to leave the cranium via the spinal CSF compartment or the venous circulation.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Blood flow ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Numerical flow modeling ; Carotid artery ; Three-dimensional ; Wall shear stress ; Atherosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Combining computational blood flow modeling with three-dimensional medical imaging provides a new approach for studying links between hemodynamic factors and arterial disease. Although this provides patient-specific hemodynamic information, it is subject to several potential errors. This study quantifies some of these errors and identifies optimal reconstruction methodologies. Methods: A carotid artery bifurcation phantom of known geometry was imaged using a commercial magnetic resonance (MR) imager. Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from the images using several reconstruction techniques, and steady and unsteady blood flow simulations were performed. The carotid bifurcation from a healthy, human volunteer was then imaged in vivo, and geometric models were reconstructed. Results: Reconstructed models of the phantom showed good agreement with the gold standard geometry, with a mean error of approximately 15% between the computed wall shear stress fields. Reconstructed models of the in vivo carotid bifurcation were unacceptably noisy, unless lumenal profile smoothing and approximating surface splines were used. Conclusions: All reconstruction methods gave acceptable results for the phantom model, but in vivo models appear to require smoothing. If proper attention is paid to smoothing and geometric fidelity issues, models reconstructed from MR images appear to be suitable for use in computational studies of in vivo hemodynamics. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8719Uv, 8761-c, 0705Pj, 8710+e
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  • 144
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Medical imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Biomechanics ; Tendon moment arm ; Functional neuromuscular stimulation ; Tendon transfer surgery ; Hand biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract New three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for measuring the tendon moment arm were created and were evaluated on the tendon moment arm of the flexor digitorum profundus at the third metacarpophalangeal joint. Using an open magnet MRI system and a hand holder, a series of static images were acquired at four joint angles and analyzed using specially created computer programs. Three methods were evaluated: (1) a 3D tendon excursion method that extended the method of Landsmeer; (2) a 3D geometric method whereby the moment arm was the perpendicular distance between the joint axis of rotation and the tendon path, and (3) a two-dimensional (2D) geometric method whereby single image slices were analyzed. Repeating the imaging and measurement processes, the 3D tendon excursion method was more reproducible (6% variation) than the 3D geometric method (12%), and both were much more reproducible than the 2D geometric method (27%). By having three operators analyze a single set of image data, we found that the precision of the 3D tendon excursion method was much less affected by segmentation error than the 3D geometric method. With the 3D imaging methods, tendon bowstringing and a displacement of the joint center of rotation toward the dorsal side of the hand were evident, leading to as much as a 60% increase in moment arm with joint flexion. Because of the dependence on flexion and variation between subjects, we recommend patient-specific measurements for target applications in functional neuromuscular stimulation interventions and tendon transfer surgery. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8761Pk, 8719Rr, 0705Pj
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Anal sphincter ; Endoanal coil ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: To obtain high resolution images of the anal sphincter and adjacent anorectum using an endoanal coil in patients with sepsis, trauma, and low rectal tumors and to compare imaging appearances with findings at time of surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cylindrical saddle geometry coil (diameter, 9 mm; length, 75 mm) was used to examine 30 patients (mean age, 53.6 years). Pathologies included perianal sepsis (10 patients), obstetric trauma (7 patients), and low rectal tumors (13 patients). Imaging was performed on an 0.5-T Picker Asset or 1.0-T Picker HPQ Vista (Picker International, Highland Heights, OH). T 1 and T 2 weighted and short inversion time inversion recovery transverse images and T 1 weighted coronal images were obtained. Intravenous gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.1 mmol/kg) was given to all patients with suspected infection and neoplasms. RESULTS: Abscesses and fistulas identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with perianal sepsis were confirmed at surgery in all cases; site of fistulous internal opening into the anal canal was correctly identified in 80 percent of cases. Extent of sphincter tear was correctly assessed on endoanal MRI in all patients with obstetric trauma when compared with surgical findings. Tumor invasion of anal sphincter was seen in 38.5 percent of low rectal carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: MRI with an endoanal coil provides detailed images of the site and extent of anal fistulas, sphincter tears, and local tumors and is of considerable value in preoperative assessment.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Bone marrow transplantation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Therapy monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Lumbar bone marrow was assessed by means of magnetic resonance (MR) in 23 examinations of eight patients who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). Various imaging and spectroscopic techniques were applied for measurements carried out prior to conditioning for ABMT/PBSCT and in the course of reconstitution and correlated with clinical and blood chemistry data in these patients. The signal intensity from lumbar bone marrow was determined in T1-weighted and water- and fat-selective MR images. The distribution of the magnetic field was demonstrated by a field-mapping method. Localized proton spectroscopy was performed from volume elements of 2 ml located in the central region of vertebral bodies in order to evaluate the fraction of the water signals, the transverse relaxation times T2 of the signals from water and lipids, and the line widths of the spectral signals. Regions of bone marrow after inflammatory conditions or intensive irradiation are shown to be not involved in marrow reconstitution. Additional information about marrow composition was obtained by the magnetic field mapping and by the line widths in the spectra. Considerable alterations of the amount of paramagnetic hemosiderin were revealed following transplantation. Patients with low water signal and strong local inhomogeneities of the magnetic field in the marrow prior to transplantation had a delayed hematopoietic reconstitution compared with the patients lacking these MR features.
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  • 147
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    International urogynecology journal 7 (1996), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1433-3023
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pelvic floor ; Puerperium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess anatomical changes in the pelvic floor after childbirth. Six women underwent serial MRI examination within 30 hours and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 6 months after delivery; 8 additional women were studied only within 30 hours of delivery. T-1 and T-2-weighted images of the pelvis in the transverse and sagittal planes with a 1.5-T MR imager were obtained. In the sagittal section we assessed the urethrovesical angle, urethral length, distance from the symphysis to the proximal and distal vagina, vaginal length, width and length of the sphincters, and the presence of sphincter defects. Axial sections were assessed for sphincter defects for the distance between the symphysis and midurethra, vagina and rectum. Only one parameter (distance between symphysis and distal vagina) changed significantly over time, without a clear trend in direction. Interobserver variation was reasonable (〈15%) except for anal canal length, urethral length and distance between symphysis and anus. There were no significant correlations between birthweight and MRI parameters. There was a non-significant association (P=0.09) between the sole combined sphincter defect and rectal injury, but not with episiotomy or parity. We concluded that it is feasible to determine multiple measurements on MR images to evaluate structures of the pelvic floor.
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  • 148
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    Der Unfallchirurg 99 (1996), S. 665-670 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Hämarthros ; Kniegelenkerguß ; MRT-Arthroskopie ; Therapieplanung ; Key words: Hemarthrosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Arthroscopy ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 149
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    Pediatric surgery international 11 (1996), S. 45-46 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Purulent cystic lymphangioma ; Mesenteric cyst ; Intra-abdominal cystic lymphangioma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infected intra-abdominal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare. We report a case of a purulent mesenteric cyst, histologically a cystic lymphangioma, w which developed in a 1-year-old girl who presented with marked abdominal distension and high fever. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the huge cystic lesion occupied the entire peritoneal cavity. It originated from the mesocolon. It was removed completely, and contained sticky pus at the base where the right fallopian tube penetrated it, which indicated the focus of infection. This may be the first report of a purulent mesenteric cyst in which the route of infection was suspected.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone bruise ; Ankle sprain ; Lateral collateral ligament ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between lateral collateral ligamentous injuries of the ankle (ankle sprain) and bone bruise (trabecular trauma) of the talus and/or malleoli in the patients with twisting injuries of the ankle. Design. Magnetic resonance studies of the ankle were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on the presence or absence of lateral collateral ligamentous injuries and the location of bone bruise in the talus and/or malleoli. Patients. Thirty-five patients with acute twisting injuries of the ankle were studied. Results and conclusion. Four patterns of bone bruise were found in 14 patients: (1) bone bruise in the talar dome equivalent to osteochondral fracture in two patients, (2) bone bruise in the posteromedial aspect of the talus and the medial malleolus singly or in combination in four, (3) bone bruise in the anteromedial aspect of the talus in six, and (4) bone bruise with a combination of the second and third patterns in two. The second pttern was associated with tear of the anterior talofibular (ATAF) ligament in all patients and injury of the calcaneofibular (CF) ligament in one out of four. The third and fourth patterns were associated with tears of both ATAF and CF ligaments in all patients. The identification of bone bruise was of value in indicating lateral collateral ligamentous injuries.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; Cervical spine ; Cervical myelopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Comparison of clinically observed neurologic long tract signs in a heterogeneous group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with morphologic abnormalities of the cervical spine as depicted on radiographs and magnetic resonance (MR) images. Design. The patients were prospectively assigned to one of three classes on the basis of their neurologic status. Lateral cervical spine radiographs and sagittal T1-weighted and gradient echo images were performed. The qualitative MR features evaluated were erosion of the dens and atlas, brain stem compression, subarachnoid space encroachment, pannus around the dens, appearance of the fat body caudal to the clivus, and the signal intensity of the pannus. The quantitative imaging parameters were the cervicomedullary angle and the distance of the dens to the line of McRae. Patients. Sixty-three consecutive patients with RA and subjective symptoms, especially neck or occipital pain, and/or clinical objective signs consistent with a compromised cervical cord were included in this study. Results and conclusions. Damage documented with radiographs and MR imaging in patients with RA is often severe, even in those without neurologic signs (class 1). None of the abnormalities confined to the atlantoaxial level correlated significantly with neurologic classification. Subarachnoid space encroachment anywhere in the entire cervical spine did correlate significantly with neurologic classification.
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  • 152
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Diabetes mellitus ; Infarction ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is frequently misdiagnosed clinically as abscess, neoplasm, or myositis, and is often biopsied. Clinical and radiologic findings are presented here to enable the radiologist to suggest the correct diagnosis. Design and patients. Four patients with severe diabetes mellitus presenting with acute thigh pain, tenderness, and swelling were evaluated by imaging techniques and biopsy. Results and conclusions. Edema in the affected muscles was seen in two patients with MRI studies. Femoral artery calcification and mild muscle swelling was present in one patient who underwent CT. Decreased echogenicity was seen in the involved muscle in a patient studied with ultrasound. Serum enzymes were normal or mildly elevated in three patients (not reported in one). Biopsy demonstrated necrosis and regenerative change in all cases. MRI, although nonspecific, is the best imaging technique to suggest the diagnosis of DMI in the appropriate clinical setting, thereby obviating biopsy.
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  • 153
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Massive bone allograft ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to better understand the MRI appearance of massive bone allografts. Design. The MRI findings of three massive bone allografts imaged in vivo were correlated with the histologic findings following removal of the allografts. A fourth allograft, never implanted, was imaged and evaluated histologically. Patients. Allografts were placed for the treatment of primary or recurrent osteosarcoma. Results and conclusions. The in-vivo allografts have a heterogeneous appearance on MRI which we attribute to the revascularization process. Fibrovascular connective tissue grows into the graft in a patchy, focal fashion, down the medullary canal from the graft-host junction and adjacent to the periosteum. The marrow spaces are initially devoid of normal cellular elements and occupied by fat and gelatinous material. This normal postoperative appearance of massive bone allografts must not be interpreted as recurrent neoplasm or infection in the allograft. Recognition of these complications rests on features outside the marrow.
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  • 154
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Cystic angiomatosis ; Multifocal hemangiomas of bone ; Hemangioendothelioma of bone ; Angiosarcoma of bone ; Plain radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radionuclide bone scintigraphy ; Radionuclide tagged red blood cell scan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Multifocal vascular processes which arise in bone are a very inhomogeneous class of diseases. Four of these processes are derived from endothelial precursors, however, and share a similar radiographic spectrum. These four entities are reviewed in order to clarify their imaging patterns and the diagnostic utility of imaging modalities. Methods. Eight cases of cystic angiomatosis, multifocal hemangioma, hemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma presenting to a tertiary referral center over a 7-year period were reviewed. The medical literature was also reviewed for information concerning the imaging of these processes. Results. All four diseases produced radiolucent defects on plain radiographs with variable margination reflecting the aggressiveness of the lesions. Computed tomography was used to examine five patients and provided supportive, though generally non-diagnostic, information in the five cases in which it was performed. Radionuclide bone scintigraphy, as reported in the literature, underestimated the extent of skeletal involvement in all eight cases, though some lesions were identified. Radionuclide imaging with labeled red blood cells, performed in three cases, did not add any information, which is contrary to some reports in the literature. Magnetic resonance imaging proved the most sensitive for identifying lesions, although the imaging characteristics were not diagnostic. Conclusions. Plain radiographs are the mainstay for imaging multifocal endothelial processes. Radiographs provide information on aggressiveness, multifocality and distribution of lesions. Computed tomography provides similar information. Magnetic resonance imaging often detects additional lesions. The insensitivity of radionuclide bone scintigraphy is surprising. Reports of unique deposition of radionuclide in tagged red blood cell scanning has been reported to support the diagnosis of vascular lesions, but it did not do so in these cases.
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  • 155
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Lipoblastoma ; Neoplasm ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Lipoblastoma is an uncommon benign lipomatous soft tissue mass of childhood, occurring most commonly in children less than 3 years of age. We present a case of lipoblastoma occurring in the foot of a 14-year-old boy and review the literature. The appearance of the mass on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is illustrated and is correlated with the findings at gross and microscopic pathological examination. A lobulated architecture, the presence of adipose tissue, thin nonenhancing septa, peripheral lobules of more immature and therefore less specific tissue, and a peripheral pseudocapsule were evident on MRI and at pathological examination.
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  • 156
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Popliteal ; Mass ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A wide variety of masses may be visualized in the posterior knee. Some are encountered incidentally on MRI obtained for seemingly unrelated symptoms; others are palpable and present for MRI characterization. We describe the appearance, significance and pathophysiology of some of the most common lesions found in the popliteal fossa as well as several of the less common entities we have encountered. Thorough understanding of the appearance and location of the more specific masses should augment precise diagnosis in a majority of cases. In turn, this will eliminate unnecessary additional investigations and enable prompt and appropriate treatment.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Fungal infections ; Skeletal coccidioidomycosis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Skeletal scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution and radiologic appearance of skeletal coccidioidomycosis in 19 documented cases. Design and patients. Medical records of 19 patients (17 men, 2 women; age range 17–62 years, mean age 34 years) with clinically confirmed skeletal coccidioidomycosis were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were studied with plain radiography (n=19), skeletal scintigraphy (n=6), computed tomography (CT) (n=5), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=1). Results. Multiple lesions were seen in 11 of 19 patients (58%). Of a total of 46 lesions, 27 (59%) were described as punched-out lytic, 10 (22%) as permeative/destructive, and 9 (17%) as involving a joint and/or disk space. Lesions were identified in almost every bone (with the exception of the facial bones, ulna, carpus, and fibula) and were most commonly found in the axial skeleton (20 of 46; 43%). Conclusion. Skeletal coccidioidomycosis is frequently multicentric and may involve almost any bone. The axial skeleton is the most common site of involvement. Lesions are usually well demarcated but may present with an ill-defined border and permeative type of bone destruction, especially in the spine. Joint involvement is not uncommon. Plain radiographs are effective in the initial evaluation of bones and joints, scintigraphic studies can identify disseminated disease, and CT and MRI are effective in determining soft tissue involvement and spinal abnormalities.
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  • 158
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intra-arterial chemotherapy ; Soft tissues ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neoplasms ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is frequently used as an adjuvant treatment for musculoskeletal tumors. Past studies have noted that IAC not only induces favorable effects in tumor, but may also cause muscle edema and necrosis in previously normal tissue, reflected as increased signal on T2-weighted scans. In order to evaluate the prevalence of these effects, we reviewed all patients receiving IAC and MRI at our institution. Methods. Our study population consisted of 24 patients who underwent IAC. All subjects were studied with MRI both pre-and post-IAC. None of the subjects in this study underwent surgery or radiation therapy until after the post-IAC MRI examination. Any muscle group involved by the tumor or peritumoral edema on the initial scan was excluded from the study. Catheter position during IAC was recorded as central or peripheral. Scans were scored positive if muscle groups in regions remote from the tumor site demonstrated increased T2 signal following IAC. Results. Six out of these 24 patients (25%) were found to have positive results. A significant association was found between peripheral catheter position and a positive scan post-IAC (Fisher’s exact test, P=0.024). Conclusion. Because of our exclusion criteria, we are convinced that the finding of increased T2 signal in 25% of our patients was caused by IAC and represents muscle edema or necrosis. Knowledge of this post-chemotherapy MR finding should help prevent confusion during the interpretation of follow-up MR examinations.
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  • 159
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Acetabular labrum ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; hip ; Gadolinium ; Traction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous leg traction on contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the hip joint and to determine whether MR imaging under these conditions is useful for demonstrating acetabular labral tears. Design and patients. Nineteen hips underwent MR imaging with a T1-weighted spin-echo sequence, followed by MR imaging under continuous leg traction after intravenous injection of gadolinium-DTPA. Joint fluid enhancement and labral contour detection were evaluated. Eleven hips had labral tears shown by conventional arthrography, arthroscopy and macroscopic surgical findings. Assessment of labral tears by MR imaging was correlated with the diagnosis based on these standard techniques. Results and conclusions. Joint fluid enhancement was obtained in all hips at 30 min after injection. Superior and inferior labral surfaces were completely delineated in 1 hip on the unenhanced MR images, and in 7 and 13 hips, respectively, on the enhanced images under traction. The enhanced images under traction depicted 9 of the 11 labral tears. Comparison between the unenhanced image and the enhanced image under traction avoided mistaking undercutting of the labrum for a tear in 4 hips. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging under traction was valuable for detecting labral tears non-invasively and without radiation. Follow-up examinations using this method in patients with acetabular dysplasia can help to clarify the natural course of labral disorders and enable better treatment planning.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Tumoral calcinosis ; Cervical spine ; Soft tissue calcification ; Bone ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of a 12-year-old girl with idiopathic tumoral calcinosis of the neck. There are calcium deposits in the paraspinal soft tissue with bony involvement in the cervical spine. CT and MR images are presented along with clinical and pathological features. Bony involvement in this disease has not been recognized before.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Burst fracture ; Plain radiography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diagnosis ; Management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The burst fracture of the spine was first described by Holdsworth in 1963 and redefined by Denis in 1983 as being a fracture of the anterior and middle columns of the spine with or without an associated posterior column fracture. This injury has received much attention in the literature as regards its radiological diagnosis and also its clinical managment. The purpose of this article is to review the way that imaging has been used both to diagnose the injury and to guide management. Current concepts of the stability of this fracture are presented and our experience in the use of magnetic resonance imaging in deciding treatment options is discussed.
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  • 162
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Elbow ; Ulnar collateral ligament ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury of the elbow in throwing athletes by MRI and MR arthrography. Design. Ten elbows of throwing athletes were examined on both plain MRI and MR saline arthrography and the injuries subsequently surgically proven. Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted and fast SE T2-weighted coronal images were obtained. Results. The UCL was unclear in all ten cases on T1-weighted MRI. In five cases an avulsion fracture was also found on T1-weighted MRI. On T2-weighted MRI, abnormal high-intensity areas were identified in or around the UCL. On T2-weighted MR arthrography images, extracapsular high-intensity areas, which represent extracapsular leakage, were found in four of five cases with avulsion fracture. At surgery, all these four cases showed avulsion fractures with instability; the other case had a fracture but it was stable and adherent to the humerus. On T2-weighted MR arthrography images, an extracapsular high-intensity area was found in one of the five cases without avulsion fracture. At surgery this patient had a complete tear of the UCL itself. Conclusion. MR arthrography provided additional information for evaluating the degree of UCL injury.
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  • 163
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 625-628 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Pectoralis muscle ; Rupture ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is a rare clinical entity. Only few reports have discussed its MRI or CT features. We have reviewed the imaging features of four cases of complete rupture of the pectoralis major muscle. One case of acute injury underwent surgical repair. MRI is useful in delineating the site and extent of the rupture in relation to the musculotendinous junction, which will help the surgeons with possible treatment options and surgical planning. Because of the complex anatomy of the pectoralis major muscle near its insertion on the humerus and the signal characteristics of hematoma and edema in the muscle, axial T2-weighted images were most valuable for the evaluation of acute and subacute injuries. Axial T1-weighted images were helpful in delineating chronic injuries. CT is inferior to MRI for direct visualization of muscle rupture.
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  • 164
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 775-778 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoma ; Calcaneus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) of bone is a rare condition. Presented herein is a case of primary NHL of the calcaneus illustrating many of the classic features of the disease. Emphasized in this report are the nonspecific clinical and conventional radiographic features of primary NHL of bone, which may mimic inflammatory, neuropathic, infectious, or other neoplastic conditions of the extremities. The importance of early cross-sectional radiologic studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging, lies in the early characterization of the mass-like features and local extent of such lesions, helping to raise the suspicion of neoplastic disease.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Soft tissue ; Aneurysmal bone cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of primary aneurysmal cyst of soft tissues in a 57-year-old woman presenting with a painful mass in her left arm. Conventional radiography showed a radiolucent soft tissue mass surrounded by a ring of bone. MRI displayed an unusual, ill-defined soft tissue lesion that was not connected to the nearby humerus and appeared to be an aggressive tumour. Microscopically, the mass consisted of multiple anastomosing cavernous channels surrounded by a peripheral band of mature trabecular bone. These bloody channels were separated by fibrous septa containing fibroblasts, histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, as well as fibromyxochondroid material. Some of these giant cells lined the septa and partially occupied the lumen of the channels. Ultrastructurally, the features observed in this tumour were similar to those described in aneurysmal bone cyst; the giant cells lining the septa were an additional observation. Whereas most bone tumours have a well-known extraosseous counterpart, this unique lesion is not well recognized by surgical pathologists and the few published cases have been reported under different names. Gross, microscopic, radiological and ultrastructural findings are presented to familiarize pathologists with this underdiagnosed condition.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sedierung ; Kinder ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Methohexital ; Propofol ; Key words Children ; Sedation ; Methohexital ; Propofol ; Spontaneous breathing ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare two sedation regimens with either propofol (P) or methohexital (M) for elective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with respect to safety, side effects, recovery, and discharge time. Methods. After Institutional Review Board approval, 120 unpremedicated children with a mean age of 26.5 ±21.4 months (M) and 28.1±19.9 months (P) were randomly assigned to receive a hypnotic induction dose of either M or P. Supplemental bolus injections of M or P were administered to maintain adequate sedation. The following parameters were measured: heart rate, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2), respiratory rate, end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2), side effects, and recovery and discharge times. Results. Spontaneous respiration was maintained in all patients, and ventilatory support was only necessary for 2 min in 1 M patient immediately after the induction dose. The mean loading and total doses for M were 2.3±0.7 and 6.1±3.3 mg/kg respectively, and for P 2.3±0.9 and 5.8±2.7 mg/kg. Following induction SpO2 〈90% occurred in 0.49% with M and in 0.64% with P (n.s.). Apnoe 〉20 s was observed in 2 children each after M and P (n.s.). The frequency of hypoventilation (PetCO2〉48 mmHg) was 0.36% in the M group and 0.71% in the P group (n.s.). MRI sequences had to be repeated in 5% of the children in each group because of spontaneous movements. The heart rate fell significantly during MRI in both groups, while P children had lower frequencies than M children (P〈0.01). Recovery and discharge times were significantly shorter in the P group, at 0.8 min (0.08–4.8) and 2.2 min (0.2–15.0), compared to 1.5 min (0.3–28.5) and 3.5 min (0.6–40.0) in patients receiving P (P〈0.01). No patient required admission to the postanaesthesia care unit and all were free from nausea and vomiting. Discussion. Intravenous sedation with M or P using the reported technique is a safe regimen for children undergoing elective MRI. The fast recovery and discharge times seem to offer advantages over general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation. The faster recovery and discharge of only a few minutes after P compared with M is without clinical relevance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es war das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung, zwei intravenöse Sedierungstechniken mit Propofol (P) oder Methohexital (M) zur elektiven Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) bei 120 Kindern unter 6 Jahren bezüglich Sicherheit, Nebenwirkungen, Aufwachverhalten und Verlegungszeiten zu vergleichen. Jeweils 60 unprämedizierte Kinder erhielten prospektiv, randomisiert eine Einschlafdosis von M oder P und zusätzliche Injektionen bei Anzeichen unzureichender Sedierungstiefe. Herzfrequenz (HF), pulsoxymetrische Sättigung (SpO 2 ), Atemfrequenz (AF) sowie endtidaler CO 2 -Partialdruck (PetCO 2 ) wurden kontinuierlich gemessen. Bei einer Untersuchungdauer von 28,4 min (M) bzw. 28,9 min (P) betrug die durchschnittliche Einschlaf- und Gesamtdosis für Methohexital 2,3±0,7 mg/kg und 6,1 ±3,3 mg/kg und für Propofol 2,3 ±0,9 mg/kg und 5,8±2,7 mg/kg. Erniedrigungen der SpO 2 〈90% traten nur nach der Erstinjektion mit einer Häufigkeit von 0,49% (M) bzw. 0,64% (P) aller Messungen auf. Apnoephasen 〉20 s wurden bei 2 Kindern jeder Gruppe, eine Erhöhung des PetCO 2 〉48 mm Hg in 0,36% (M) bzw. 0,71% (P) aller Meßbeobachtungen registriert. Spontane Bewegungen machten bei 5% der Kinder jeder Gruppe eine Wiederholung der vorangehenden MRT-Sequenz notwendig. Aufwach- und Verlegungszeiten waren mit 0,8 min und 2,2 min unter P signifikant kürzer als unter M (1,5 min und 3,5 min; p〈0,01). 10 min nach MRT-Ende waren alle Kinder gleich vigilant. Übelkeit und Erbrechen wurden weder unter M noch unter P beobachtet. Die vorgestellte intravenöse Monosedierung mit M oder P ist ein sicheres Verfahren zur Ruhigstellung von Säuglingen und Kindern zur elektiven MRT. Beide Medikamente sind gleich gut geeignet.
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  • 167
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    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 18 (1996), S. 133-135 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cadaver ; Embalming ; Anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Il y aurait un grand intérêt à utiliser des vertèbres cervicales et des moelles épinières issues de cadavres pour évaluer quels degrés de subluxation traumatique et quelles lésions nerveuses sont liés. Cependant, avant d'entreprendre une telle étude, il serait important d'appréhender le degré de rétrécissement ou d'élargissement de la moelle épinière qui survient au cours de l'embaumement. C'est ce que nous avons réalisé dans ce travail en comparant les diamètres de la moelle épinière de cadavres à ceux de coupes sagittales obtenues par résonance magnétique nucléaire sur des sujets vivants. Les mesures géométriques sur des radiographies de sujets vivants ont déjà été évaluées, mais aucun modèle directement applicable aux traumatismes de la moelle épinière n'a été décrit [1]. Si les diamètres des moelles épinières embaumées représentaient fidèlement les diamètres des moelles épinières des sujets vivants, les colonnes cervicales de cadavres pourraient être utilisées comme modèles. On pourrait évaluer l'importance de la compression de la moelle épinière correspondant à des degrés variés de fractures et de luxations. Notre étude montre que les dimensions de moelles épinières augmentent après l'embaumement selon la technique de Cambridge [4].
    Notes: Summary It would be valuable to use cadaveric models of cervical vertebrae and spinal cord to assess how varying degrees of traumatic subluxation would relate to neurological damage. However, before such a study may be undertaken, it would be important to assess the degree of shrinkage or expansion of the spinal cord that occurs during the embalming process. This is achieved in this study by comparing diameters of cadaveric spinal cord to that of sagittal magnetic resonance scans of living subjects. The geometric measurements of radiographs in living subjects has been assessed but no direct model for spinal cord injury has been described [1]. If embalmed spinal cord diameters were a good estimator of living spinal cord diameters then cadaveric cervical spines could be used as a model. By reproducing various degrees of fracture and dislocation the extent of corresponding cord compression could be assessed. Our study shows that spinal cord dimensions increase after embalming using the Cambridge procedure [4].
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  • 168
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Myelin ; Brain stem ; Pons ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Electrolyte disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurologic disorder once thought to be uniformly fatal. With the introduction of CT and MRI there was an increasing number of reports on nonfatal cases of CPM. Nearly all reports on nonfatal cases describe severe clinical syndromes with tetraparesis, bulbar palsy, and coma. We reviewed nine patients with CPM and compared the size of the pontine lesion on MRI and CT with the severity of clinical presentation. Clinical presentation of CPM was highly variable: The symptoms ranged from severe neurologic disorders to mild neurologic disturbances only. Two of nine patients died from CPM. The size of the pontine lesion did not correlate with the severity of the neurologic illness or the final outcome. Mild forms of CPM might be difficult to diagnose clinically. This applies even more for patients with underlying diseases such as Wernicke's encephalopathy, which in itself might cause a clinical picture similar to that of CPM. Central Pontine Myelinolysis is a major differential diagnosis in acute neurologic deterioration indicating pontine damage. Magnetic resonance imaging is the decisive diagnostic tool for CPM.
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  • 169
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    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 704-706 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Ovary, torsion ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Adnexal torsion ; children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Torsion of the adnexa can be the cause of abdominal pain. An immediate diagnosis is very important because early surgical intervention is the only way to save the ovary from necrosis. Torsion of a normal adnexa is rare, but occurs more frequently than is generally appreciated. If US findings are equivocal, MRI can provide additional information. In our case the MRI findings leading to the diagnosis of ovarian torsion were: (a) A medial ovarian mass existed with dislocation of the uterus to the affected side with hyperintense, cystic lesions on T2-weighted images at the periphery of the ovary. (b) Beaked protrusion of the mass continuing in a band-like structure connecting it with the uterus obviously represented the Fallopian tube. (c) Low and inhomogeneous signal intensity of the stroma on T1- and T2-weighted images and lack of gadolinium uptake were indicative of infarction.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Trauma ; Epidermal cyst ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An unusual case of rapid-growing posttraumatic gluteal epidermal cyst with ischiorectal and presacral extension is reported. Pertinent clinical history and magnetic resonance imaging allowed accurate preoperative diagnosis. Cautious complate excision was important to prevent recurrence. To our knowledge, posttraumatic gluteal epidermal cyst with this unusual clinical presentation has not been described previously.
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  • 171
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    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 72-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Soft tissue neoplasms ; Pilomatrixoma ; Gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two patients (a 16-month-old boy and a 53-year-old man) were referred for MR imaging of a small, subcutaneous nodule at the forearm. Plain films were available in one patient and showed a non-specific well-circumscribed lesion. Upon ultrasonography (1 patient), a nodular, well-circumscribed, hyperechoic lesion was seen. In both cases spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted images (T1W1) showed homogeneous, intermediate signal intensity (SI). On gadolinium-enhanced T1W1 (1 patient), no enhancement was observed. Both lesions showed predominant low-to-intermediate SI on T2WI. At histological examination characteristic findings of pilomatricoma were observed.
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  • 172
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Osteoid osteoma ; Osteoblastoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We assessed the value of contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed MRI on nine patients with osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas. The results were compared with plain films, bone scintigraphy, computed tomography (CT) and pathological specimens. On contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images the non-calcified nidi showed homogeneous enhancement, whereas the calcified lesions showed a ring enhancement sign that was proportional in intensity to the extent of the remaining part of the vascularized nidus. The degree of bone marrow and soft tissue enhancement was relative to the size and reactive inflammatory changes of the lesions. Although CT was diagnostic in most of the cases and more specific to show the calcified lesions, MRI was confirmatory in one case. We concluded that, although CT is the primary diagnostic investigation in osteoid osteomas, MRI can be reserved for equivocal cases.
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  • 173
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    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 297-311 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrafast magnetic resonance ; Echo-planar imaging ; Heart imaging ; Perfusion study ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to provide excellent morphological images of the body organs, particularly structures undergoing little physiologic motion. Nevertheless, the clinical usefulness of MRI has been hampered by long acquisition times, high cost of scanning because of limited patient throughput, and image artifacts due to patient motion. With recent technical developments, several ultrafast scanning techniques capable of acquiring images in a breath-hold now find their introduction into clinical use. The system improvements are potentially useful for a vast range of applications hitherto not accessible to MR imaging. Among these are functional brain imaging, realtime imaging of cardiac motion and perfusion, fast abdominal imaging, improved MR angiography, and potentially real-time monitoring of interventional procedures. Whereas some ultrafast techniques can be performed on conventional scanners, echo-planar imaging, the fastest currently available data acquisition strategy, requires specially designed hardware. This article provides on overview of the technical advances in the ultrafast MRI and discusses potential applications and the possible future impact on body scanning.
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  • 174
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    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 380-386 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tuberculosis ; Meningitis ; Central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study 15 patients with clinical findings and positive cerebrospinal fluid analyses for tuberculous meningitis were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tuberculous meningitis was diagnosed in 11 cases when thick meningeal enhancement was present after intravenous injection of gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) in T1-weighted images. Intra-axial tuberculomas were present in 8 patients, 2 of whom had intra-axial tuberculomas without MRI evidence of meningitis. Tuberculomas showed ring or nodular enhancement in postcontrast T1-weighted images, but the most significant MR feature of intraparenchymal tuberculomas was the hypointense appearance of the lesions on T2-weighted images.
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  • 175
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    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 451-453 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Varices ; Portal hypertension ; Computed tomography ; Mediastinal mass ; Color Doppler sonogram ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of variceal changes of the azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, and paraesophageal collaterals presenting as bilateral posterior mediastinal masses in a patient with long-standing portal hypertension due to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. The case is unusual because the varices were considerably larger than those usually encountered in portal hypertension. Dynamic CT allowed the diagnosis in demonstrating the vascular nature of these masses, which enhanced to the same degree as the other vessels. Noninvasive techniques, such as color Doppler sonography and MRI, may also be useful due to their multiplanar capabilities.
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    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 518-522 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Echo-planar imaging ; Brain ; Neoplasms ; Perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 17 patients with histologically proven diagnoses of low-grade astrocytoma (n = 4), high-grade astrocytoma (n = 8), lymphoma (n = 3), and meningioma (n = 2) were examined by using EPISTAR MR imaging. Meningiomas had the highest EPISTAR tumor/white matter contrast and low-grade astrocytomas and lymphomas the lowest. High-grade astrocytomas demonstrated elevated EPISTAR signal with marked regional heterogeneity. There was agreement between tumor vascularity by SPECT and EPISTAR in the five cases where both were done. Our results show that tumor vascularity can be assessed qualitatively by using EPISTAR without the need for contrast medium injection.
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  • 177
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 34-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium ; Malignant lymphoma, brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is rare, although its frequency has increased in recent years. Radiographically, almost all PCNSL enhance on CT and/or MRI, and nonenhancing PCNSL has been thought to be extremely rare. We present PCNSL showing multiple nonenhancing lesions on MRI in an immunocompetent patient.
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  • 178
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 38-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebellopontine angle ; Choroid plexus papilloma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a cerebellopontine angle choroid plexus papilloma that originated from the tuft of choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle protruding from the foramen of Luschka. MRI and CT did not establish the diagnosis, but the tumor was shown histopathologically to be a choroid plexus papilloma. Distinct features of the tumor on MRI are described and the differential diagnosis of other cerebellopontine angle tumors is discussed.
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  • 179
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 41-43 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Osteochondroma ; Skull base ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Fat suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A skull base osteochondroma (benign exostosis) in a 38-year-old man is reported. MRI was not only very useful for determining the extent of the tumour, but also showed its fat content and, on contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed images, its vascularity.
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  • 180
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Skull amyloidoma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amyloidomas involving bone are rare. The 67-year-old man reported here had a large amyloidoma of the left frontal, parietal, sphenoid (greater wing) and temporal bones causing neural compression. Plain radiographs CT and MRI are shown.
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  • 181
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 47-49 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Nelson's syndrome ; Cavernous sinus ; Infarct ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the MRI appearances of an infarcted cavernous sinus tumor in a patient with Nelson's syndrome. Invasive tumors of the pituitary extending to the cavernous sinus are discussed and the role of MRI in preoperative investigation is highlighted.
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  • 182
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 50-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pituitary ; Adenoma ; Hyperplasia ; Hypothyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of a “pseudoprolactinoma” where administration of thyroid hormone resulted in resolution of symptoms and regression of pituitary hyperplasia seen on MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Infarction ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract WE report the MRI findings in two patients with presumed cervical spinal cord infarcts in the anterior spinal artery territory. MRI revealed abnormal signal intensities and/or band-like enhancement in the anterior two-thirds of the cervical spinal cord, corresponding to the vascular territory of the anterior spinal artery. Clinically there was an anterior spinal cord syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Encephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Follow-up examinations ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 14 children aged 28 days to 12.7 years with encephalitis by CT or MRI. Of the patients examined by CT 58% had a normal first scan, whereas all MRI investigations demonstrated abnormalities. The clinical features correlated with several MRI investigations. On MRI herpes (HSV) encephalitis started in the medial temporal lobe and encephalomalacia developed within a few weeks. All patients had a follow-up examination 0.5 to 6.5 years after the acute phase. MRI revealed abnormalities in 13 of the 14 children; one boy, with lesions in only the white matter, had a normal follow-up MRI. Even with immediate, optimal therapy the children demonstrated severe parenchymal abnormalities. Signal abnormalities seen in the acute phase of the disease were likely to persist. In children with HSV encephalitis atypical lesions in different areas were seen.
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  • 185
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 84-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Oculodental digital dysplasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Genetic disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oculodental digital dysplasia (ODDD) is an uncommon inherited disorder with characteristic facial abnormalities, defects in dentition and syndactyly; previous reports have described neurologic dysfunction. We present neuroimaging features of a mother and daughter with ODDD; despite only the mother having neurologic dysfunction, the MRI findings in both are strikingly similar.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Visual evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI of the optic nerves was obtained in 13 patients with acute optic neuritis and 13 with a previous optic neuritis (ON), assessed by clinical features, visual fields and visual evoked potentials. Results of the conventional short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence obtained with a short echo time (STE-STIR; 22 ms) were compared with those of a long echo time (LTE-STIR: 80 ms) sequence. The conventional STE-STIR sequence revealed lesions in the optic nerves in 78.5% of acute and 58.8% of previous ON. The LTE-STIR sequence showed abnormalities in 92.8% of acutely symptomatic nerves and 94.1% of nerves with previous ON. The optic nerve lesions appeared significantly longer with the LTE-STIR sequence than with the conventional STE-STIR sequences, in both acute and previous ON.
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  • 187
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 152-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Intradural arachnoid cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal intradural arachnoid cysts are seen most frequently in the thoracic region, particularly near the midline posteriorly. A thoracic intradural arachnoid cyst in this typical location is reported, with the additional unusual finding of herniation of the spinal cord through an anterior defect in the dura mater. The MRI findings are described.
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  • 188
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; herniation ; Dura Mater ; duplication ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Idiopathic spinal cord herniation is a rare disease, few cases having been reported. We encountered a case of idiopathic spinal cord herniation presenting with severe spasticity in the right leg and urinary dysfunction. The spinal cord was herniated into a cavity created by duplication of the dura mater and resection of the inner layer improved the neurological deficits. MRI, myelography, and CT myelography were useful for diagnosing this disease. Four radiological signs of spinal cord herniation are described.
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  • 189
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 157-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord herniation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an unusual post-traumatic spinal cord herniation, which became symptomatic 38 years after the trauma. A 44-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of increasing impotence, neuropathic bladder dysfunction and dissociated sensory loss below the level of T6. At the age of 6 years he had a severe blunt spinal injury with transient paraparesis. MRI revealed right lateral and ventral displacement of the spinal cord at the T5/6 level. The spinal cord was surgically exposed and found to herniate through a ventral defect of the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater. As there were no other events that could have precipitated spinal cord herniation the reported blunt trauma in childhood is the most likely cause for the spinal cord herniation in this patient.
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  • 190
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lipoma ; Spinal cord ; intramedullary ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a unique case of intramedullary lipoma, diagnosed on MRI and confirmed at surgery.
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  • 191
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 161-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ischaemia ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the temporal sequence of signal changes in the spinal cord and vertebral column following vascular damage caused by ethanol injected during surgery.
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  • 192
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Optic nerve coloboma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present three cases of optic nerve coloboma with orbital and brain CT findings, one also including MRI and ultrasonography of the orbit.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Trilateral retinoblastoma ; Pineal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The medical records, CT, and MRI of ten children with trilateral retinoblastoma were reviewed. The intracranial pathology consisted of eight pineal neoplasms and two parasellar lesions, at least seven of the which were calcified. Two lesions demonstrated calcification only (no soft tissue mass) at initial presentation. Hydrocephalus was seen in eight cases, and concurrent or subsequent subarachnoid dissemination was documented in seven. Only one patient is known to be alive at the present time. The imaging features of the midline intracranial tumors mirror those of the ocular neoplasm. As calcification may be the only clue to the presence of the intracranial malignancy, close surveillance of high-risk patients with retinoblastoma with initial CT and follow-up MRI is suggested.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetisation transfer ; Magnetisation transfer ratio ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetisation transfer (MT) is a recently introduced technique for assessing the water content of tissues in vivo and its relationship to macromolecules or membranes. It has been suggested that MT could provide indirect evidence of the characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions (oedema, demyelination, or gliosis). Our aims were to characterise brain MS lesions and to compare the magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR) values of lesions with different patterns of contrast enhancement. In patients with MS we measured the MTR of 65 gadolinium-enhancing and 292 nonenhancing lesions. Using the equation published by Dousset et al. we studied 29 patients with clinically definite MS and 10 healthy controls. Lesions had significantly lower MT than the normal-appearing white matter of the patients or the normal white matter of healthy controls. There was no difference in the MTR of enhancing and nonenhancing lesions. Enhancement was homogeneous in 45 and ring-like in 20 lesions; MTR values were lower in the latter. These findings are presumably related to the differences in pathological features of enhancing (different amounts of proteins and inflammatory cells, oedema and demyelination) and nonenhancing (gliosis, demyelination and axonal loss) lesions.
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  • 195
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Neurosyphilis ; General paresis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Few cases of MRI in neurosyphilis have been reported. We examined the value of MRI in patients with general paresis; MRI was performed on four HIV-negative patients with parenchymatous neurosyphilis. It demonstrated frontal and temporal atrophy, subcortical gliosis and, in one patient, increased ferritin in the basal ganglia. The progression of the lesions on MRI correlated well with the neuropsychiatric disturbances. The MRI findings correlated with the wellknown neuropathological findings. This combination of pathological findings in neurosyphilis has not been described before and we suggest that MRI is of prognostic value in patients with general paresis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Leukoencephalopathy ; Methotrexate ; Acute myeloblastic leukemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A patient with acute myeloblastic leukaemia showed atypical findings on MRI following combination therapy including intrathecal methotrexate and radiation. MRI findings not previously been reported are ring as well as patchy enhancement, marked mass effect and lesions extending to the putamen and corpus callosum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cervical radiculopathy ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A prospective comparison was made of standard two-dimensional MRI sequences, at both high and midfield strength, with CT myelography in 23 patients with cervical spondylosis. MRI is adequate for assessment of cord compression, where high field strength is superior to midfield strength. MRI using 4-mm sections is inadequate for presurgical assessment of root compression. It remains to be proven whether thin-section white-CSF volume sequences or gadolinium-enhanced volume studies can replace CT myelography.
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  • 198
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 152-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Intradural arachnoid cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal intradural arachnoid cysts are seen most frequently in the thoracic region, particularly near the midline posteriorly. A thoracic intradural arachnoid cyst in this typical location is reported, with the additional unusual finding of herniation of the spinal cord through an anterior defect in the dura mater. The MRI findings are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal cord, herniation ; Dura Mater, duplication ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Idiopathic spinal cord herniation is a rare disease, few cases having been reported. We encountered a case of idiopathic spinal cord herniation presenting with severe spasticity in the right leg and urinary dysfunction. The spinal cord was herniated into a cavity created by duplication of the dura mater and resection of the inner layer improved the neurological deficits. MRI, myelography, and CT myelography were useful for diagnosing this disease. Four radiological signs of spinal cord herniation are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 157-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal cord herniation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an unusual post-traumatic spinal cord herniation, which became symptomatic 38 years after the trauma. A 44-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of increasing impotence, neuropathic bladder dysfunction and dissociated sensory loss below the level of T6. At the age of 6 years he had a severe blunt spinal injury with transient paraparesis. MRI revealed right lateral and ventral displacement of the spinal cord at the T5/6 level. The spinal cord was surgically exposed and found to herniate through a ventral defect of the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater. As there were no other events that could have precipitated spinal cord herniation the reported blunt trauma in childhood is the most likely cause for the spinal cord herniation in this patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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