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  • 2020-2022
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  • Rat  (821)
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • 101
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Flutamide ; Androgen antagonist ; Rat ; Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407 ; Endocrine disrupters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In association with the international validation project to establish a test protocol for the `Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407', we performed a preliminary 28-day, repeated-dose toxicity study of flutamide, a non-steroidal androgen antagonist, and assessed the sensitivity of a list of parameters for detecting endocrine-related effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Seven-week-old CD(SD)IGS rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 males and 10 females, and administered flutamide once daily by oral gavage at doses of 0 (control), 0.25, 1 and 4 mg/kg body weight/day. Male rats were killed 1 day after the 28th administration. Female rats were killed on the day they entered the diestrus stage in the estrous cycle following the last treatment. Male rats receiving flutamide at dose levels of 1 and 4 mg/kg showed lobular atrophy of the mammary gland and a decrease in epididymal weight. In addition, 4 mg/kg flutamide-treated males exhibited raised serum testosterone and estradiol levels and decreased weight of the accessory sex glands. In females, a slight prolongation of the estrous cycle was also observed in the 4 mg/kg flutamide-treated group. No dose-related changes could be detected by haematology, serum biochemistry and sperm analysis. Thus, among the parameters tested in the present experimental system, the weight of endocrine-linked organs and their histopathological assessment, serum hormone levels, and estrous cycle stage allowed the detection of endocrine-related effects of flutamide.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key wordsα2u-Globulin ; Diethylstilbestrol ; Endocrine disrupter ; Rat ; Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract α2u-Globulin (AUG) is a major rat urinary protein, which has a molecular weight of 16 kDa (kidney type) or 19 kDa (native type). The biosynthesis of this protein is under multi-hormonal regulation. In this study, we investigated changes in serum AUG level and their association with changes in the reproductive organs of male rats after the administration of the estrogenic chemical, diethylstilbestrol (DES) at doses ranging from 0.01 mg/kg per day to 100 mg/kg per day by gavage for 14 days. Our aim was to establish basic data for the development of a new screening method for endocrine disrupting chemicals based on serum AUG levels. DES treatment decreased the weight of testes in a dose-dependent manner; and was accompanied by atrophic histopathological changes in testes. Testis weights were significantly decreased by the group given 1 mg/kg per day DES; however, histopathological abnormalities were found in the group given 0.1 mg/kg per day DES. In four of five animals in the group given 1 mg/kg per day there was no significant decrease in testis weight and only a slight or moderate degeneration of the pachytene spermatocytes. Despite these findings, serum AUG levels in this group decreased markedly, while the serum AUG level markedly decreased even in the animals with no histopathological change in the 1 mg/kg per day or 0.1 mg/kg per day groups with no histopathological change also showed decreased serum AUG level. These results suggest that the serum AUG level may be a sensitive parameter for detecting the activity of estrogenic chemicals in intact male rats. Although a uterotropic assay has been proposed for immature female or ovariectomized female rats and is currently undergoing validation studies internationally, there is no screening method for estrogenic chemicals in intact male animals. More data on AUG changes by treatment with other estrogenic chemicals are needed in order to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this response to estrogens. Nonetheless, an AUG-based screening test for estrogenic chemicals may be useful owing to its applicability to conventional toxicity studies and an apparently higher sensitivity of this parameter compared to organ weight change or histology of testis in intact male rats and applicability to conventional toxicity studies.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Alzheimer's disease ; Prion ; Presenilin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a patient who was clinically diagnosed with familial early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) carrying both the E318G substitution in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and an insertion of 7 octapeptide coding repeats in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Neuropathological examination revealed elongated cerebellar prion protein deposits in the absence of AD pathology. Further analysis of other family members showed that the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease phenotype in this family was caused solely by the PRNP insertion. This observation is consistent with our previous finding that PSEN1 E318G is not causally related to AD.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words VMAT2 ; Stomach ; ECL cell ; Tumors ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) facilitates the ATP-dependent accumulation of biogenic amine inside the secretory granules of endocrine cells and neurons and was demonstrated in the histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the stomach. In the present investigation, VMAT2 immunohistochemistry was tested in 85 endocrine tumors, of which 60 were well differentiated gastrointestinal and pancreatic growths, 5 poorly differentiated (neuro)endocrine carcinomas (PDEC) and 1 mixed PDEC/ECL cell carcinoma of the stomach, 12 pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas, 3 adrenocortical lesions, 2 parathyroid and 2 lung neuroendocrine tumors. Extensive and intense VMAT2 immunoreactivity was observed in 16 of 16 gastric ECL cell tumors, 6 of 6 adrenal pheochromocytomas, 2 of 2 chromaffin paragangliomas and in 3 of the 4 carotid body paragangliomas investigated. Rare VMAT2-positive cells were observed in 12 of 21 intestinal enterochromaffin (EC) cell tumors, in 9 of 11 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and in the mixed PDEC/ ECL cell carcinoma of the stomach (differentiated cells only). No VMAT2 immunoreactivity was observed in five gastrin, four somatostatin and three enteroglucagon/peptideYY tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, in six gastric PDECs, in three adrenocortical growths, and two parathyroid and two lung neuroendocrine tumors. These data support VMAT2 immunohistochemistry as being a useful tool for the diagnosis of gastric ECL cell tumors, separating them from all other endocrine tumors arising in the gastroduodenal area i.e., gastrin, somatostatin, EC cell and PDEC tumors, all of which proved essentially negative.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 224-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; bax ; bcl-2 ; Colon carcinoma ; CyclinD1 ; Immunohistochemistry ; p21 ; p53 ; pRb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tumour growth is regulated by a balance between proliferation, growth arrest and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Until recently, the majority of the studies dealing with oncogenesis has been focused on the regulation of cell proliferation. There is now growing understanding that control of growth arrest and apoptosis play key roles in the development of human cancer and in cancer treatment. Some of the more heavily studied proteins of importance for the control of growth arrest and apoptosis are p53, p21, bcl-2 and bax. Alterations in the p53 protein may lead to malignant transformation and defect therapy response, most likely as a result of defective p53-dependent apoptosis. In addition, p21 (WAF1/CIP1) is involved in cell-cycle arrest and probably in induction of p53-dependent apoptosis. Proteins belonging to the bcl-2 family are also important for normal apoptosis. Overexpression of bcl-2 protein is thought to reduce the apoptotic capacity, while bax protein seems to be necessary for induction of apoptosis. In this study, we have immunostained tissues from 93 primary colon carcinomas and have examined the expression of p53, p21 (WAF1/CIP1), bcl-2 bax, pRb and cyclin D1 for evaluation of their roles in colon-cancer progression. A highly significant association between p53 accumulation and downregulation of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) was seen. We also found a strong association between reduced/absent p21 and the development of metastases and death due to cancer disease. Cyclin D1, bcl-2 and bax protein failed to have independent prognostic impacts. Bcl-2 and bax protein levels showed an inverse relationship. The results of the present study indicate that reduced p21 protein levels play an important role in progression of colon cancer. We concluded that evaluation of p21 expression in primary colon carcinomas at the time of surgery might be a valuable tool in defining patients with a high risk of developing metastases.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Clinical course ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphology ; Primary gastric T-cell lymphoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In contrast to primary gastric lymphomas of B-cell type, little is known about primary gastric T-cell lymphomas. We describe three cases with remarkably similar features: diffuse growth, epitheliotropism, medium too large cell size, high apoptotic rates, and a CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RO+ immunophenotype. Clonal TCRγ gene rearrangement was shown in two cases. Epstein-Barr virus infection was excluded in two cases. Taking advantage of fresh-frozen material, we analyzed two cases further, revealing CD5–, CD16+, CD56–, CD57–, CD25+, CD30+, CD103 (αEβ7)+, bcl-2 protein+, CD95+, CD95 ligand(L)–. CD95L, however, was detected in histiocytic and fibroblastoid by stander cells. The lymphomas expressed granzyme B, perforin, and the TIA-1 antigen in various combinations. All three cases had a very unfavorable clinical course characterized by local recurrence and/or dissemination to other epithelial sites, leading to death within 6–12 months after the initial diagnosis despite surgery and aggressive antineoplastic treatment. These data suggest a novel variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma operationally characterized as primary gastric, apoptosis-rich, CD103+, EBV-, T-cell lymphoma co-expressing CD4, CD8, CD16 and cytotoxic molecules.
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  • 107
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Rejection ; ICAM-1 ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute rejection (AR) is a frequent complication following liver transplantation (LT). ICAM-1 may be involved in its pathogenesis. High doses of glucocorticoids are the standard treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to describe corticoid effects on ICAM-1 tissue expression in liver biopsies of patients with LT and AR. The study included liver biopsies performed before and after treatment in 12 patients with LT and proven AR. In 10 patients AR was reversible and in 2, was steroid resistant. For immunohistochemistry, an indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used. Each histology section was semiquantitatively evaluated as follows: 0: 〈 10 % staining, 1: 10–25 %, 2: 25–50 %, 3: 〉 50 %. The control group comprised nine patients with LT and normal liver biopsies. In pre-treatment liver biopsy samples, ICAM-1 was markedly expressed on sinusoidal cells (2.41 ± 0.66), and there was also expression on periportal (0.66 ± 0.65) and perivenular hepatocytes (0.83 ± 0.57). By contrast, in the liver tissue from the control group, sinusoidal ICAM-1 reactivity was significantly lower (0.88 ± 0.33; P 〈 0.05), and hepatocytes showed no reliable ICAM-1 expression. After steroid treatment the intensity of ICAM-1 decreased significantly in sinusoids (1.5 ± 0.67; P 〈 0.05) and in perivenular hepatocytes (0.25 ± 0.86; P 〈 0.05). Additionally, we also observed a decreased ICAM-1 reactivity in portal hepatocytes (0.25 ± 0.62), but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Remarkably, after treatment, hepatocytes did not show ICAM-1 reactivity in resolved AR, but in corticoid-resistant patients AR did not change or increase. In conclusion, in patients with LT and AR, ICAM-1 was expressed in hepatocytes and with more intensity in sinusoid cells. Additionally, a down-regulation of the ICAM-1 tissue expression after corticoid treatment may exist, although in corticoid-resistant AR no modulation on ICAM-1 tissue expression was observed.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Cervix ; Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour ; Ewing’s tumour pathology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Peripheral primitive neuro-ectodermal tumours (PNET) of the cervix are very rare. Here, we report the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and genetic features of a case of a PNET located in the cervix. Hysterectomy revealed a cervical tumour. On microscopic examination, a vaguely lobular arrangement of uniformly appearing neoplastic cells, with round to oval nuclei, distinct nuclear membranes and a clear, moderately glycogen-rich cytoplasm was seen. Cells stained positive for LEU 7, S 100, monoclonal NSE and particularly for MIC2. Neurogenic differentiation was also seen by electron microscopic examination. The genetic hallmark of PNET, a 22q12 rearrangement was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation experiments, supporting the diagnosis. Awareness of the existence of primary PNET of the cervix is important to avoid confusion with other tumours of the cervix.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Colorectal cancer ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There is growing evidence that nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in tumor growth. However, information on the expression of NO synthase (NOS) in colorectal cancers is scanty. We therefore investigated the distribution and expression of NOS in human colorectal cancers. The expression of three types of NOS, inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS), was examined by immunohistochemistry in 25 cases of colorectal cancer. The expression of iNOS was also investigated at the mRNA level using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 6 cases. Correlations were made between iNOS expression and the histopathological findings. Immunoreactive iNOS was detected in the tumor cells in 22 cases (88%) with diffuse cytoplasmic reactions. Expression of iNOS-mRNA detected by RT-PCR in three tumor tissues was over five-fold that in normal mucosa. Intensified immunoreactivity of iNOS was associated with vascular invasion. iNOS expression did not correlate with pathological staging, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, p53 expression or tumor vessel density. Immunoreactive eNOS stained more strongly in the endothelial cells of microvessels within and around the tumor than in the areas remote from the tumor. There is enhanced expression of iNOS and eNOS in human colorectal cancers, which may correlate with tumor growth and vascular invasion.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Adhesion molecule ; Integrins ; Meningiomas ; Macrophages ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study assessed the expression of leukocyte integrins and macrophage-associated antigens in meningiomas. Fourteen benign meningiomas, ten atypical/anaplastic meningiomas, two hemangiopericytomas and one solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) were included. Frozen sections were immunostained using antibodies directed against leukocyte integrins, CD68, CD14, CD2, CD1a, DRC1 and CD34. Their expression was evaluated semi-quantitatively. Ki67 positive cells were counted. Arachnoid membranes served as controls. Arachnoid cells expressed the β2-integrin subunit and KP1. Beta2 was detected in the tumour cells of 14 meningiomas. In nine cases, this was associated with an α-integrin subunit. There was no statistical difference in the expression of β2 between benign and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. KP1 was constantly expressed by the tumour cells of meningiomas. It was not expressed by other meningeal tumours. CD34 was detected in the fibrous meningiomas, hemangiopericytomas and the SFT. In each tumour, macrophages were more numerous than T lymphocytes. There was no statistical difference in the density of macrophages and T lymphocytes between the benign and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. There was no correlation between the Ki67 proliferation index and macrophage infiltration. Meningiomas, through the expression of leukocyte antigens, have a very particular phenotype. The expression of β2 integrins could play a role in the attraction of immunocompetent cells in the stroma of meningiomas.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Breast ; Adenomyoepithelioma ; Metastasis ; Thyroid ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a patient who was admitted to our hospital with an enlarged left lobe of the thyroid gland. Since fine-needle aspiration showed atypical follicular cells, a surgical exploration followed. Owing to extensive tumor infiltration into the surrounding tissues curative surgery was not possible, and only an incisional biopsy was taken. Histological examination of this biopsy revealed a mixed tumor composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. A primary thyroid tumor, metastasis of a salivary gland, and a skin appendage tumor could be excluded based on clinical examination, conventional histology, and immunohistochemistry. A tumor of the left breast treated 12 years earlier had originally been classified as an intraductal/intracystic carcinoma with focal invasion, but was re-examined. Using immunohistochemistry, the breast tumor was reclassified as a malignant adenomyoepithelioma. The current tumor was apparently a metastasis from this primary breast tumor. An updated review of the literature is given, including current knowledge on histological and immunohistochemical features of adenomyoepithelioma of the breast, with special attention to the reported pathological characteristics of recurrent and malignant tumors. Based on the reported pathological characteristics of recurrent and metastatic tumors we offer a diagnostic tool for identifying potentially malignant and recurrent tumors.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words T-type calcium channel blockade ; Mibefradil ; Myocardial infarction ; Cardiac remodeling ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Fibrillar collagen accumulates within the interstitium and around coronary arteries following cardiac failure and is responsible for abnormal myocardial stiffness and reduced coronary performance associated with impaired cardiac function. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of long-term treatment with the T-type calcium channel antagonist mibefradil on myocardial remodeling and cardiac function after chronic myocardial infarction (MI). MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery in male Wistar rats. Animals were assigned to sham-operated, placebo-treated or mibefradil-treated (10 mg/kg per day p.o.) MI groups. Treatment with mibefradil was started either 7 days before, 24 h after, or 7 days after ligation and continued for 6 weeks after MI. At this time point, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax) were measured in conscious rats. Morphometric parameters were determined in picrosirius red-stained hearts: total heart weight (THW), interstitial and perivascular collagen volume fraction (ICVF, PCVF), myocardial infarct size (IS), vascular perimeter (VP), inner vascular diameter (IVD) and media thickness (MT). Six weeks after MI, MAP and dP/dtmax were decreased, and LVEDP was increased in placebo-treated animals. In mibefradil-treated animals whose treatment started 7 days before or 24 h after MI, MAP and dP/dtmax were higher, and LVEDP was lower than in placebo-treated controls. THW, ICVF, PCVF and MT were higher in placebo-treated animals. Mibefradil treatment resulted in higher ICVF and IS, higher VP and IVD (when started 7 days before MI) and lower PCVF and MT (when started 7 days before or 24 h after MI) than were observed in placebo-treated controls. Chronic treatment with mibefradil reduced interstitial and perivascular fibrosis and improved cardiac function in MI-induced heart failure in rats. Cardiac remodeling was best prevented when treatment was begun before the ischemic event.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 305-311 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Soft tissue tumours ; Adults ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rhabdomyosarcoma in adults represents a rare soft tissue neoplasm which is seen most frequently in its pleomorphic subtype in this age group. Very rarely, clear cell and spindle-cell variants have been reported. In this study we describe three cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in adult patients, characterised by prominent hyaline sclerosis and a pseudovascular growth pattern. All cases were identified in the consultation files of one of the authors and routinely processed. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin sections with the alkaline phosphatase–antialkaline phophatase method. The patients, two women and one man, were 40, 41, and 56 years old. One developed a deep-seated soft tissue mass in the left lower leg, and one, a tumour of the left upper jaw. In one patient a bone tumour in the proximal body of the sacrum without extension into soft tissues was seen. The patients were treated by wide excision, piecemeal excision and incomplete excision in one case each; additional radiotherapy was performed in all three cases, and chemotherapy in two patients. In one patient multiple pulmonary metastases were noted, which showed progression despite systemic chemotherapy. Histologically, the neoplasms were composed of round/polygonal and spindle-shaped tumour cells including typical rhabdomyoblasts. In all cases a pseudovascular pattern and prominent hyaline sclerosis of the intercellular matrix was seen. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells stained positively for desmin and muscle actin (HHF35) and also for markers of striated muscle differentiation (myogenin, MyoD1, fast myosin). In this paper an unusual morphological variant of rhabdomyosarcoma arising in adult patients is described, which should be added to the morphological spectrum of these neoplasms.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Ameloblastoma ; Transforming growth factor-beta ; Desmoplasia ; Type-IV collagen ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) is an unusual subtype of ameloblastoma histologically characterized by the pronounced collagenized stroma. In the present study, the immunolocalization of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), one of the most potent local factors for modulating extracellular matrix formation, was observed in DA in order to study its participation in the stromal desmoplasia. Seven cases of DA, including a ”hybrid” lesion, were studied together with ten cases of ordinary follicular and plexiform ameloblastomas as the control. In contrast to ordinary ameloblastomas, marked immunoexpression was observed in all DAs but one. In the ”hybrid” lesion, TGF-β was not expressed in the area of follicular ameloblastoma but in that of DA. These results show that TGF-β produced by tumor cells of DA plays a part in the desmoplastic matrix formation.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH) ; Tuberous sclerosis ; Postmenopausal woman ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a peculiar case of multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH) without association of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) in a 56-year-old postmenopausal woman with tuberous sclerosis. This case is surmised to be a forme fruste of tuberous sclerosis. Computed tomography demonstrated multiple micronodules, measuring up to 5 mm in size, present in the bilateral lung fields, but no cystic changes. A proliferation of pleomorphic type-II pneumocytes lining the thickened alveolar septa in an adenomatoid pattern, with an associated increase in alveolar macrophages, was observed without typical nuclear atypia. In fully developed lesions, the ingrowth of more proliferating type-II pneumocytes into the thickened alveolar septa and macrophages filling the alveolar lumens were characteristic findings. Proliferation of immature smooth muscle cells suggesting LAM was not observed. Positive immunohistochemical stains for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and surfactant apoproteins A and B, and negative staining for HMB45, alpha-1 smooth muscle actin, desmin, and carcinoembryonic antigen confirmed the characteristics of alveolar lining cells in each MMPH lesion. MMPH associated with tuberous sclerosis in the postmenopausal woman appears to be similar to that described in premenopausal women. The present case is familial rather than sporadic and suggests no relationship between the development of MMPH and the underlying hormonal state.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 602-607 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Thyroid ; Hashimoto thyroiditis ; Oxyphil cell ; Immunohistochemistry ; bcl-2 ; Bax ; Fas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunoreactivity for bcl-2, Bax and Fas was analysed in 16 cases with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Bcl-2-expression was constantly seen in regular thyrocytes and in the mantle-zone of lymphofollicular infiltrates. However, thyrocytes in the vicinity of lymphoid infiltrates and, especially, mitochondria-rich oxyphil cells exhibited reduced staining or none at all for bcl-2. Bax was found to be weakly reactive or negative in normal thyrocytes and was not up-regulated in bcl-2-deficient epithelial cells. In contrast, expression of Fas was markedly increased both in typical thyrocytes and in oxyphil cells within areas of lymphocytic infiltration. In conclusion, focal lack of bcl-2 expression together with up-regulation of Fas is a constant feature of Hashimoto thyroiditis. The reaction pattern of oxyphil cells is identical to that of affected typical thyrocytes without proliferation of mitochondria. Loss of bcl-2 with up-regulation of Fas is therefore likely to precede oncocytic change. Whether these alterations are involved in the process of oncocytic transformation remains to be clarified, however.
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 628-633 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Prostate adenocarcinoma ; Endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; FSH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report an unusual variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma with marked endocrine differentiation (mixed endocrine-exocrine adenocarcinoma). Endocrine cells accounted for 60% of the tumour cells, were positive with silver impregnation and for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase, and coexpressed the exocrine antigens prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic-specific antigen. Most of the endocrine cells were basophilic with haematoxylin-eosin and proved immunoreactive for alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone. The remaining endocrine cells were represented by eosinophilic cells positive for serotonin, and by calcitonin and serotonin-immunoreactive cells not identifiable in haematoxylin-eosin-stained sections. On ultrastructural analysis, two types of endocrine cells were identified. The most frequent cell type showed abundant cytoplasmic round, electron-dense neurosecretory granules, either small (212±44 nm) or large (471±114 nm), resembling those of gonadotropic pituitary cells. The second type of endocrine cells contained irregular electron-dense granules similar to those of serotonin-storing enterochromaffin cells.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Angiogenesis ; Glioblastoma multiforme ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tenascin-C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tenascin-C (TN-C) plays an important part in the growth of neoplastic tissue, leading to new vessel development. TN-C has been assessed in adult glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and has been evaluated as anti-neoplastic therapy. No studies have focused on this tissue in paediatric GBM. Tissues were obtained from six paediatric supratentorial GBMs. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a mouse antibody directed against human TN-C, and expression in tumour vasculature was described on the basis of TN-C immunoreactivity. The expression was minimal in three, moderate in two, and intense in one specimen. TN-C was not correlated with clinical history, neurological findings, or with tumour site. Although based on a limited number of patients, this study provides additional insights into tumour growth modulation and cytogenetic profile of paediatric GBM. The detailed understanding of events responsible for GBM growth is a prerequisite for the development of therapeutic modalities leading to improved prognosis and cure.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words  m-Chlorophenylpiperazine ; Drug discrimination ; Ethanol withdrawal ; Anxiety ; 17β-estradiol ; Sex difference ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The serotonergic system plays a role in regulation of anxiety and ethanol withdrawal (EW). Nevertheless, few studies have assessed sex differences in serotonergic effects on EW. Objectives: This study examined sex differences in the anxiogenic stimu-li induced by a serotonin (5-HT)1b/2 agonist, meta- chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), prior to ethanol and during EW. Methods: Gonadectomized or sham-operated adult male and female rats and 17β-estradiol (2.5 mg, 21-day release, s.c.) -replaced ovariectomized (OVX) rats were trained to discriminate mCPP (1.2 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline in a two-lever choice task for food. Latency to the first lever press and mCPP lever selection were measured following mCPP (0–1.2 mg/kg). Rats then received chronic ethanol-containing liquid diet (6.5%) for 10 days and were tested for mCPP lever selection 12 h and 36 h after removal of ethanol. Results: Fewer sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats selected the mCPP lever than male or OVX rats, and showed an increased initiation latency after mCPP injection. During EW (12 h and 36 h), fewer sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats responded on the mCPP-lever after saline injection as well as after mCPP challenge than male or OVX rats. Castration did not alter any response of male rats to mCPP. Conclusions: (1) mCPP discrimination is a useful measure of EW in male and female rats; and (2) sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats are less sensitive to the discriminative stimulus prior to and during EW, but more sensitive to impaired behavioral initiation induced by mCPP than male or OVX rats.
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 8 (2000), S. 120-126 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cruciate ¶ligament ; Reconstruction ; Growth factor ; Remodeling ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to examine localization of the growth factors in the autogenous patellar tendon graft used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the canine model. Among the various growth factors, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and platelet-derived growth factor were selected for analysis as potential factors that regulate graft remodeling processes. In the control patellar tendon and the ACL only basic fibroblast growth factor was positively stained. In the reconstructed graft increased levels of staining for all the three factors were observed in the early postoperative period, reaching the greatest expression 3 weeks after implantation. Thereafter immunoreactivity of these growth factors decreased and returned to the preoperative levels, which were similar to that of the control ACL 12 weeks postoperatively. This rapid reduction in the level of their localization indicates that once the extrinsic cells are infiltrated to the graft and revascularization completed, these growth factors may have less significance for subsequent remodeling.
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  • 121
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    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 8 (2000), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Collagen ; Meniscal ¶insertions ; Knee joint ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The medial meniscus of the rabbit knee joint attaches to the tibial plateau via anterior and posterior insertions. Intact meniscal tibial insertions are essential for meniscal function. In the present study the distributions of types I, II, and X collagen in meniscal tibial insertions were investigated by indirect immunohistochemistry in a rabbit model. Four tissue zones were histologically identified in the anterior insertion site, including the ligamentous zone, uncalcified and calcified fibrocartilaginous zones and bone; the ligamentous zone was not observed in the posterior insertion site. Labeling for type I collagen was found to be strong in the ligament tissue and bone, and weak in the fibrocartilages which were also labeled for type II collagen. Tissues positive for different types of collagen overlapped and formed an irregular interface with various angles and depths, especially at the interface between the calcified fibrocartilage and bone. Positive labeling for type X collagen was identified only in the calcified fibrocartilage zone. The coexistence of types I and II collagen in the meniscal tibial insertions may indicate that this structural unit is subjected to both compressive and tensile loads. Type X collagen may play a role in maintaining the calcifying status of this tissue zone, so that its mechanical stiffness is kept between that of uncalcified fibrocartilage and hard bone. Restoration of the insertional structure including the distinct collagen distribution should be considered for a functional meniscal substitution.
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  • 122
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 451-456 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Intracranial pressure ; CSF dynamics ; Infusion test ; Rat ; H-Tx rat ; Outflow resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although the hydrocephalic H-Tx rat is a widely used model, data on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in hydrocephalic rats are rare or – as the pressure volume index (PVI) – not available. We used hydrocephalic and nonhydrocephalic H-Tx rats, a stock with a high percentage of inherited hydrocephalus, for the evaluation of such data. In addition, a new, simple mathematical algorithm (”dynamic infusion test”), which has not formerly been used in animal experiments, was used as a pathophysiological model of CSF dynamics. Compared with classical methods for evaluation of these data, the dynamic infusion test gives a deeper insight into the relation between ICP and CSF dynamics. It was found that the resistance to outflow (ROF) in hydrocephalic rats was at least twice that in nonhydrocephalic rats. The PVI measured was similar in hydrocephalic and nonhydrocephalic animals, but clearly higher than the values reported in the literature. This may be attributable to the fact that the classically used bolus test, in contrast to the ”dynamic infusion test”, is representative only for the CSF compartment which is directly exposed to the bolus application.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids ; Nerve lesion ; Neuropathic pain ; Heme oxygenase ; Carbon monoxide ; Cell injury ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The influence of carbon monoxide (CO) on chronic spinal nerve lesion induced spinal cord neurodegeneration was examined using immunohistochemical expression of the constitutive isoform of its synthesising enzyme, hemeoxygenase-2 (HO-2) in a rat model. Spinal nerve lesion at L-5 and L-6 level was produced according to the Chung model of neuropathic pain and rats were allowed to survive for 8 weeks. Sham operated rats, in which the spinal nerves were exposed but not ligated, served as controls. Ligation of spinal nerves in rats resulted in an upregulation of HO-2 expression which was most pronounced in the ipsilateral gray matter of the spinal cord compared to the contralateral side. In these rats, morphological investigations showed distorted neurons, membrane disruption, synaptic damage and myelin vesiculation. Sham operated rats did not show an upregulation of HO-2 expression and the structural changes in the spinal cord were absent. These observations strongly suggest that spinal nerve lesion is associated with an increased production of CO which is somehow contributing to the neurodegenerative changes in the spinal cord, not reported earlier.
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  • 124
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    Psychopharmacology 151 (2000), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Keywords Amphetamine ; Wheel running ; Behavioral sensitization ; Pharmacological sensitization ; Novelty ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: This study explored whether repeated injections of amphetamine (AMP), which increase general locomotion, also increase acute wheel running, a highly structured, rewarding, motor behavior not correlated with other locomotor activities. Objectives: The experiments determine how 1–5 mg/kg d-AMP affects wheel running and see if, over repeated injections, the AMP effects show context specific sensitization. Methods: In experiment 1, 2 mg/kg AMP or saline (SAL) was injected on days 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 to male Sprague-Dawley rats with either limited or no wheel experience. 20 min after the injection animals were tested in an open field for 5 min and then in a running wheel for 1 h. Rats were injected with SAL or AMP on the days following testing. On days 13 and 15, animals were tested for conditioning (following SAL) and sensitization (following AMP). In experiment 2, the effects on wheel running of repeated 1, 2, or 5 mg/kg AMP were tested. Results: In experiment 1, AMP (2 mg/kg) elevated open field ambulation but suppressed wheel running. Limited wheel experience potentiated the AMP-induced suppression. At test, the suppression of running was found to be context specific. In experiment 2, 1 mg/kg did not affect running, while 2 and 5 mg/kg resulted in dose-dependent running suppression. Acquisition and test AMP dose both influenced the running suppression at test; context had a marginal influence. Conclusions: The degree of running suppression induced by repeated AMP is determined by both psychological (the injection context) and pharmacological (the acquisition dose) factors. This AMP-induced running suppression is consistent with the sensitization of stereotyped behavior.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Fentanyl ; mu opioids ; Drug discrimination ; Training dose ; pA2 analysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioids vary systematically as a function of training dose. Differences among training doses may arise from multiple mechanisms. Objectives: In vivo apparent pA2 analyses were used to examine the contributions of opioid mechanisms to stimulus control by low and high training doses of the mu opioid fentanyl. Methods: Saline and one of two doses of fentanyl, administered s.c., were established as discriminative stimuli in two groups of rats (low training dose group: 0.01 mg/kg; high training dose group: 0.04 mg/kg). Generalization tests and in vivo apparent pA2 analyses were used to evaluate receptor mechanisms of stimulus control. Results: Fentanyl, etonitazene, methadone, and morphine evoked full fentanyl generalization in both groups but were more potent in the low-dose group. Spiradoline and d-amphetamine did not evoke generalization in either group. Naltrexone antagonized stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl in both groups, with apparent pA2 values of 7.6 in the low-dose group and 7.5 in the high-dose group. Nalbuphine and nalorphine evoked full generalization in the low-dose group but less than 40% generalization in the high-dose group. In the high-dose group, nalbuphine and nalorphine antagonized the stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl with apparent pA2 values of 5.3 and 6.1, respectively, demonstrating lower efficacy mu actions. Conclusions: Changes in fentanyl training dose preserved the mu opioid selectivity of stimulus control but altered the intensity of the transduced mu opioid stimulus required for generalization. These differences in intensity of the fentanyl stimulus determined whether low efficacy mu opioids would evoke or antagonize fentanyl generalization.
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  • 126
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    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 146-152 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alprazolam ; Drug discrimination ; Benzodiazepines ; Antidepressant ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam has a unique clinical profile compared to most other benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam, chlordiazepoxide), in that it is used to treat panic disorder and is effective in depression, two disorders that are usually treated with anti-depressants. Previous drug discrimination studies suggested that alprazolam has stimulus properties in common with antidepressants. Objective: In the present study, the discriminative stimulus properties of alprazolam were investigated to test more conclusively the role of benzodiazepine receptors and whether alprazolam has stimulus properties in common with antidepressants. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=12) were trained to discriminate between alprazolam (2.0 mg/kg, PO) and vehicle in an operant two-lever drug discrimination procedure under a tandem VI40”-FR10 schedule of reinforcement. Generalization and antagonism tests were carried out under 2 min extinction. Results: In generalization tests, a number of benzodiazepines (alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, midazolam, lorazepam) and the barbiturate pentobarbital substituted completely, while zolpidem and abecarnil substituted partially for alprazolam. In contrast, no significant degree of generalization to the antidepressants imipramine and fluvoxamine and the putative antidepressants buspirone and flesinoxan was found. In antagonism studies alprazolam could be antagonized (almost) completely by flumazenil, partially by pentylenetetrazole, but not by methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM), N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) and picrotoxin. Conclusions: These results show that the discriminative stimulus properties of alprazolam are mediated by benzodiazepine receptors and that the finding that antidepressants share discriminative stimulus effects with alprazolam may have limited generality.
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  • 127
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    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Methamphetamine ; Drug-discrimination ; Dopamine ; Cocaine ; GBR-12909 ; Nomifensine ; Bupropion ; Chloro-PB ; Chloro-APB ; NPA ; 7-OH-DPAT ; SCH-23390 ; Spiperone ; cis-Flupenthixol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Dopamine plays a major role in the behavioral effects of methamphetamine. Objective: In the present experiments, the effects of different dopaminergic agonists, antagonists, and uptake inhibitors were evaluated in rats discriminating methamphetamine from saline. Methods: In Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg methamphetamine, i.p., from saline under a fixed-ratio schedule of food delivery, the ability of various dopaminergic agonists and uptake inhibitors to substitute for methamphetamine was evaluated. Subsequently, the ability of various dopaminergic antagonists to block the discriminative-stimulus effects of the training dose of methamphetamine was tested. Results: The dopamine-uptake inhibitors cocaine (10.0 mg/kg), nomifensine (3.0 mg/kg), GBR-12909 (18.0 mg/kg), and bupropion (30.0 mg/kg) fully substituted for the 1.0 mg/kg training dose of methamphetamine. Chloro-APB (SKF-82958), a full agonist at D1 dopamine receptors, produced about 85% methamphetamine-appropriate responding, but the dose required (0.18 mg/kg) markedly decreased rates of responding. Chloro-PB (SKF-81297), another agonist at D1 receptors with a lower intrinsic activity than Chloro-APB, produced only partial generalization (maximum about 55%) at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg. Full substitution for the training dose of methamphetamine was observed with 0.03 mg/kg of the D2 agonist NPA and 0.56 mg/kg of the D3/D2 agonist 7-OH-DPAT. Both NPA and 7-OH-DPAT markedly decreased rates of responding at these doses. The D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (0.056 mg/kg), the D2 antagonist spiperone (0.18 mg/kg), and the mixed D1,D2 antagonist cis-flupenthixol (0.56 mg/kg) all completely blocked the discriminative-stimulus actions of the training dose of methamphetamine. Conclusions: The present findings in rats support previous research findings in other species indicating a major role of dopamine in the discriminative-stimulus effects of methamphetamine. These findings further indicate involvement of dopamine uptake sites as well as D1 and D2 receptors.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Nicotine ; Drug discrimination ; Self-administration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The cellular effects of nicotine underlying its addictive liability are thought to be mediated by neuronal nicotinic receptors (nACHRs) in the central nervous system. It is believed that densely expressed β2-containing nACHRs in the central nervous system are responsible for these actions, but few data are available that can directly assess subtype mediation of nicotine’s acute subjective and reinforcing effects. Objective: The present study compared the effects of the competitive nACHR antagonist erysodine and the noncompetitive antagonist mecamylamine in rats trained to discriminate or self-administer nicotine. Methods: Adult male rats were trained to disciminate 0.4-mg/kg injections of nicotine from vehicle in a two-lever procedure of food-maintained behavior, or to self-administer 0.03-mg/kg injections of nicotine under fixed-ratio 5 or progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Additional rats were trained under a food-maintained procedure of lever pressing. Results: Erysodine (0.3–10 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) blocked nicotine discrimination, although only erysodine produced the rightward shift that would be predicted of a competitive antagonist. Erysodine (0.32–32 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.32–3.2 mg/kg) also selectively reduced nicotine self-administration on a fixed-ratio schedule and lowered break points on a progressive-ratio schedule. Conclusions: Based on the known affinity of erysodine for α4β2 nACHRs and its selectivity relative to α7 and α1β1γδ receptors, the present data support a critical role of β2-containing nACHR constructs in the discriminative and reinforcing actions of nicotine.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Drug discrimination ; Olanzapine ; Clozapine ; Chlorpromazine ; Haloperidol ; Thioridazine ; Raclopride ; Risperidone ; Scopolamine ; Ritanserin ; Atypical antipsychotic ; Neuroleptic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Analysis of the preclinical behavioral effects of atypical antipsychotic agents will provide a better understanding of how they differ from typical antipsychotics and aid in the development of future atypical antipsychotic drugs. Objectives: The present study was designed to provide information about the discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Methods: Rats were trained to discriminate the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (either 0.5 mg/kg OLZ or 0.25 mg/kg OLZ, i.p.) from vehicle in a two- lever drug discrimination procedure. The atypical antipsychotic clozapine fully substituted for olanzapine in both the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (99.3% drug lever responding [DLR]) and the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ group (99.9% DLR). The typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine also substituted for olanzapine in both the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (87.5% DLR) and in the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ group (98.9% DLR); whereas, haloperidol displayed partial substitution for olanzapine in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (56.1% DLR) and in the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ group (76.4% DLR). The 5.0-mg/kg dose of thioridazine produced olanzapine-appropriate responding in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (99.6% DLR), but only partial substitution was seen with the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ training dose (64.0% DLR). The atypical antipsychotics raclopride (53.9% DLR) and risperidone (60.1% DLR) displayed only partial substitution in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group. Both the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (90.0% DLR) and the 5-HT2A/2C serotonergic antagonist ritanserin (86.0% DLR) fully substituted for olanzapine in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group. Conclusions: In contrast to previous discrimination studies with clozapine-trained rats, the typical antipsychotic agents chlorpromazine and thioridazine and the serotonin antagonist ritanserin substituted for olanzapine. These results demonstrate that there are differences in the mechanisms underlying the discriminative stimulus properties of clozapine and olanzapine. Specifically, olanzapine’s discriminative stimulus properties appear to be meditated in part by both cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms.
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    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Attention ; Scopolamine ; Mecamylamine ; Oxotremorine ; Physostigmine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: This study tried to determine the relative roles of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in attentional processing. Methods: The effects of cholinoceptor agonists and antagonists, and of an anticholinesterase, were studied on performance of rats in a five-choice serial reaction time task. Results: Scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (5.0 mg/kg) produced deficits in accuracy and reaction time, respectively. This may suggest a differential role for the two types of cholinoceptors in information processing. Combinations of sub-threshold doses of scopolamine (0.01–0.03 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.5–1.6 mg/kg), which alone did not affect accuracy or reaction time, did not produce significant deficits in attention. However, the pattern of effects after combined treatment suggested that the differential deficits seen with these drugs alone remained. The anticholinesterase physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) and the non- selective muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (0.03 mg/kg) induced severe behavioural disruption at doses that appeared to be relatively well tolerated in previous studies; this precluded the derivation of accuracy and response time data at these doses. At lower doses, neither physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) nor oxotremorine (0.003 mg/kg) significantly affected any performance measure; this may reflect the ability of both drugs to indirectly or directly activate presynaptic muscarinic receptors that inhibit acetylcholine release, respectively. Conclusions: Both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptors may be important in attention but they may serve different roles in information processing; this hypothesis could be tested using tasks that place different emphasis on different stages of information processing.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Benzodiazepine ; Operant ; Force ; Tolerance ; Chronic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Several benzodiazepines (BZs) have been shown to increase the peak force of operant responses at doses that increased, decreased, or had no effect on response rate, suggesting that operant response force may be a sensitive index of BZs’ effects rather than solely a correlate of rate-dependent effects. In addition, contingent tolerance to the rate-dependent effects of BZs has been reported, but the degree of contingent tolerance that develops when the critical variable of the task is force of the response has not been explored. Objectives: These experiments examined the effects of acute and repeated oral administration of diazepam (DZ) and midazolam (MZ) on a force-differentiation task to explore the importance of task requirements on the development of contingent tolerance. Methods: Two groups of rats were trained to press a force-sensing operandum, and responses having peak forces falling within fixed lower and upper limits [low force (8–10 g) or high force (40–50 g)] were reinforced with water. Acute effects of the oral administration of DZ (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0 mg/kg) and MZ (same doses) were determined for the discriminated-force task before and after a repeated-administration procedure. Results: When administered acutely, both drugs increased the peak force of responses in a dose-related manner and concomitantly reduced the proportion of reinforced responses, with MZ exhibiting greater potency. For the next 36 days, one group received drug before experimental sessions and the other group received drug after the experimental session. A second dose–effect determination demonstrated that rats chronically dosed with DZ or MZ pre-session displayed more contingent tolerance to alterations in peak force than rats that had received 36 drug injections post- session, where there was no opportunity to practice the force-discrimination response while under the drug state. Conclusions: These results suggest that perceptual motor difficulty of the task rather than effort may be an important variable in predicting the degree of contingent tolerance that develops. Additionally, these results suggest that both behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms are involved in the development of drug tolerance to the BZs.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words ACTH ; Corticosterone ; GABA ; Noradrenaline ; Adrenaline ; Stress ; Rat ; Diazepam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Gabolysat PC60 is a fish protein hydrolysate with anxiolytic properties commonly used as a nutritional supplement. Objective: The diazepam-like effects of PC60 on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary-adrenal system and on sympathoadrenal activity were studied. Methods: The activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis, measured by plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (B) of the sympathoadrenal complex, measured by circulating levels of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A), and the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus were investigated in male rats which received daily, by an intragastric feeding tube, for 5 days running either diazepam (1 mg/kg) or PC60 (300 or 1200 mg/kg). Controls received only solvent (carboxymethylcellulose 1%). Six hours after the last force-feeding, the rats were subjected to 3 min ether inhalation or 30 min restraint and killed by decapitation 30 min after ether stress or at the end of restraint. Results: Baseline plasma levels of ACTH, B, NA and A were not affected by either diazepam or PC60. Both ether- and restraint-induced release of ACTH, but not B, were similarly and drastically reduced by diazepam and PC60 (1200 mg/kg). Both diazepam and PC60 (1200 mg/kg) deleted restraint-induced NA and A increases. Both treatments also reduced the ether-induced rise of A. Basal levels of GABA were significantly increased in both the hippocampus and the hypothalamus in PC60-treated rats and only in the hippocampus in diazepam-treated ones. In controls, ether inhalation as well as restraint increased GABA content of these two brain structures. In contrast, such stress procedures performed in PC60-treated rats reduced GABA content slightly in the hippocampus but significantly in the hypothalamus. In diazepam-treated rats, GABA content of the hypothalamus was unaffected by stresses but that of the hippocampus was slightly decreased. Conclusions: Present data suggest diazepam-like effects of PC60 on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenal activity as well as GABA content of the hippocampus and the hypothalamus under resting and stress conditions. These effects of PC60 agree with anxiolytic properties of this nutritional supplement, previously reported in both rats and humans.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words 8-OH-DPAT ; WAY 100635 ; 5 ; 7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Attention ; Impulsivity ; Pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor ; Dorsal raphe ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Whilst several studies have investigated the role of serotonergic receptor subtypes in learning and memory, relatively few studies have examined their role in attentional processes. Objective: The present study investigated the role of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors on rats’ attentional performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRT). Methods: Hungry rats were trained in the 5-CSRT task to detect brief (0.5 s) flashes of light presented randomly in one of five locations with a fixed intertrial interval of 5 s paced by the rat. We studied the effects of 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, at various subcutaneous (SC) doses (10–100 µg/kg) on measures of rats’ discriminative accuracy (the index of attentional functioning) and various behavioural indices of response control and motivation. Manipulations of basic task parameters, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) to deplete forebrain 5-HT and treatments with a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 were made in order to determine the behavioural and neural specificity of the effects of 8-OH-DPAT. Results: A dose of 100 µg/kg, but not lower doses, significantly reduced choice accuracy and increased errors of omission, latencies to respond correctly and to collect food reward and premature responses. All these effects were completely blocked by WAY 100635, injected SC 5 min before 8-OH-DPAT at doses from 10–100 µg/kg. WAY 100635 by itself had no effect in the task. Dimming the visual stimuli to one-third of the usual brightness did not modify the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on choice accuracy. Prolonging the stimuli from 0.5 to 1.0 s reversed 8-OH-DPAT’s effect on choice accuracy but did not modify the other effects on rats’ performance. An ICV injection of 150 µg 5,7-DHT, which depleted forebrain serotonin by 90%, reversed 8-OH-DPAT’s effect on choice accuracy but did not modify the effects on errors of omission and latency to make correct responses. Similar effects were found by infusing 1.0 µg/0.5 µl WAY 100635 in the dorsal raphe 5 min before 8-OH-DPAT. 8-OH-DPAT increased the latency to collect the reinforcement; this effect was attenuated by ICV 5,7-DHT and completely antagonized by WAY 100635 in the dorsal raphe. Rats treated with 5,7-DHT or 8-OH-DPAT showed more premature responses and these effects were markedly reduced by the combined treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that stimulation of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors is involved in the ability of 8-OH-DPAT to cause attentional dysfunction and enhance impulsivity while slowing of responding and increase in errors of omission mainly depend on stimulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Kidney transplantation ; Rat ; Chronic rejection ; Cytomegalovirus ; Adhesion molecules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that both cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and prolonged cold ischemia of the allograft (CI) are associated with chronic rejection of renal transplants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of CMV infection, of CI and of the combination of both, on the progression of chronic rejection, and to obtain a more detailed insight in their effects on the expression of adhesion molecules. Therefore, a rat transplantation model was used. Lewis recipients of renal allografts (with and without CI) from MHC-incompatible Brown Norway rats were inoculated with rat CMV or left uninfected. CMV infection alone resulted in an increased influx of CD4+ cells and macrophages early after infection, and in an increase in glomerular sclerosis and intima proliferation. CI caused an increase in infiltrating NK cells and an effect on intimal proliferation, glomerular sclerosis, and tubular atrophy. When CMV infection and CI were combined, an additive effect could be measured. This was however not the case for the function of the kidney. The creatinin showed a synergistic effect of the two influencing factors. Due to the CMV infection, an increase in CD49 d cells was detected. CI resulted in an increase in CD18 cells and an increase in the expression of CD62P on vessels, and CD54 and CD44 on tubules. When CMV infection and CI were combined, all the effects caused by CMV and CI alone were present in an additional way.¶The results of the present study suggest that special attention should be paid to the recipient of an ischemically injured graft when either the donor or the recipient is CMV-infected. The patterns seen in histology, the infiltration of leukocytes and the expression of adhesion molecules, suggest that CI and CMV infection both have an effect on rejection, but act by different mechanisms.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Small bowel transplantation ; Monoclonal antibody ; Rat ; Rejection ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed the effect of an anti-rat CD4 monoclonal antibody (OX38) on heterotopic small bowel allograft rejection. Fully allogeneic small bowel transplants were performed in the PVG-to-DA-rat strain combination. Animals received either i) short course (days –1, 0 and 1) of 1 mg/kg per day OX38, ii) short course of 5 mg/kg per day or iii) extended course (days –2, –1, 0, 1, 2 and twice weekly thereafter) of 1 mg/kg per day. Both the high dose (13 days) and extended low-dose (12 days) courses prolonged graft survival compared to untreated control animals (7 days). The low-dose, short-course treatment had no effect. Similar regimens were given to animals that did not receive transplants and in which peripheral blood CD4+ cell counts fell to between 20 and 55 % of pretreatment levels and 20–30 % of binding sites were blocked. In summary, anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy delayed rejection of rat small bowel allografts; however, long-term survival was not achieved.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: Key Words Spinal cord compression ; Autoradiography ; Blood flow ; ATP ; Glucose ; Lactate ; Bioluminescence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many data are available concerning spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and metabolism on various models and timing after spinal cord injury, however, detailed information on their exact relationship in the same injury model is lacking. This relationship is a crucial factor in the understanding of the pathophysiology of spinal cord trauma. Rats were subjected to lumbar laminectomy or lumbar spinal cord compression trauma. 3 hours later, changes in SCBF were evaluated autoradiographically and changes in ATP, glucose and lactate levels were analyzed using substrate-specific bioluminescence techniques. Measurements were performed at the lesion site (segment L4), adjacent segments (L3 and L5) and at remote thoracic segments (Th8 to Th9). Laminectomy alone did not change SCBF, both in thoracic and lumbar segments. In contrast, ATP levels were significantly reduced and lactate levels were increased at the lesion site and in adjacent lumbar segments at 3 hours after laminectomy, whereas glucose levels were not significantly changed. In animal subjected to additional compression trauma, SCBF was significantly reduced in segments L3, L4 and L5 paralleled by a significant ATP reduction and lactate increase. Glucose levels did not differ significantly from controls 3 hours after compression injury. This metabolic profile was also reflected in the remote thoracic segments. In contrast, SCBF was not reduced in thoracic segments of traumatized animals. The observation that ATP was already significantly reduced and lactate increased in laminectomized segments and in remote thoracic regions after trauma signals that metabolic changes are sensitive indicators to spinal stress. The fact that posttraumatic metabolic profile differs from the pattern of hemodynamic and metabolic changes induced by ischemia, suggests posttraumatic mediators may be involved in the different regulation of the energy producing machinery.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words: Cardiomyopathy ; Doxorubicin ; Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Protein gene product 9.5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Doxorubicin is one of the most useful anticancer agents, but its repeated administration can induce irreversible cardiomyopathy as a major complication. The purpose of this study was to investigate doxorubicin toxicity on cardiac sympathetic neurons using iodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 immunohistochemistry, which is a marker of cardiac innervation. Wistar rats were treated with doxorubicin (2 mg/kg, i.v.) once a week for 4 (n=5), 6 (n=6) or 8 (n=7) weeks consecutively. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), calculated by M-mode echocardiography, was used as an indicator of cardiac function. Plasma noradrenaline (NA) concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 131I-MIBG uptake of the left ventricular wall (24 ROIs) was measured by autoradiography. 131I-MIBG uptake pattern was compared with histopathological results, the neuronal population on PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry and the degree of myocyte damage assessed using a visual scoring system on haematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. LVEF was significantly decreased in the 8-week group (P〈0.05). The serum NA level also showed no statistical difference until 4 weeks and was significantly increased in the 8-week group (P〈0.05). MIBG uptake was decreased in the 6- and 8-week groups (P〈0.05), and was closely correlated with the reduction in the number of nerve fibres on PGP 9.5 stain. Myocyte damage was seen only in the 8-week group. Neuronal population and the 131I-MIBG uptake ratio of subepicardium to subendocardium were significantly increased (P〈0.05) in the 8-week group as compared with the control group. It may be concluded that radioiodinated MIBG is a reliable marker for the detection of cardiac adrenergic neuronal damage in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy; it detects such damage earlier than do other clinical parameters and in this study showed a good correlation with the reduction in the neuronal population on PGP 9.5 stain. The subendocardial layer appeared to be more vulnerable to doxorubicin than the subepicardium.
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  • 138
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    European journal of applied physiology 83 (2000), S. 310-319 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Motor unit ; Mechanomyography ; Evoked contraction ; Medial gastrocnemius muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acoustic phenomena accompanying contractions of single motor units (MUs) have previously received little attention. Therefore, in the present study, the mechanomyographic (MMG) signals during evoked contractions of single MUs have been recorded from the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the rat. A piezoelectric transducer immersed in a paraffin-oil pool was used for the measurement of these signals. Muscle fibre action potentials, tension and MMG were recorded in parallel during twitch (the weakest) and fused tetanic (the strongest) MU contractions. It was observed that the onset of the MMG signals was coincident with the beginning of the increase in tension for both the twitch and tetanus. Weaker MMG signals than those accompanying the beginning of the first phase of the fused tetanus were seen during the beginning of the relaxation after tetanic contraction. During contraction and relaxation, MMG signals were characterised by the reverse-direction of the first extreme phase, positive and negative, respectively. No MMG signals were observed when the tension was constant during the fused tetanus. The amplitude of MMG signals was correlated with both the tension increase and the velocity of tension increase during both the twitch and the fused tetanus. The strongest MUs (fast fatiguable) generated MMG signals of the highest amplitude. MMG signals were not detected for some of the weakest slow MUs (with tension increases of ≤2 mN). These results indicate a strong correlation between the MMG and the change of tension. Therefore, we believe that MMG signals are generated by muscle deformation that occurs during the contraction of MU muscle fibres. We conclude that the number of active muscle fibres, their topography, and their localisation in relation to the muscle surface (which is variable for different types of MUs) influence these MMG phenomena.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Ethanol ; GLUT1 ; GLUT3 ; Glucose ; Cerebral Metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the normal adult brain, glucose provides 90% of the energy requirements as well as substrate for nucleic acid and lipid synthesis. In the present study, effects of ethanol on glucose transporters (GLUT) and glucose utilization were examined in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 gms were given either ethanol 3 gm/kg BW or saline IP 4 hrs prior to the animal sacrifice and removal of the cerebral cortical tissue. The cortical plasma membranes analyzed by cytochalasin B binding assay showed a decrease in GLUT number but not in GLUT affinity in the ethanol treated rats as compared to the control rats. The estimated Ro values were 70 ± 8.9 Vs 91 ± 8.9 pmoles/mg protein (p 〈 0.05 N=4) and the estimated Kd values were 0.37 ± 0.03 and 0.28 ± 0.05 μM (p: NS) in ethanol and control experiments respectively. Immunoblots of purified cerebral plasma membranes and low density microsomal fraction showed 17% and 71% decrease for GLUT1 and 54% and 21% (p〈0.05 or less; n=6) for GLUT3 respectively in ethanol treated rats than in control animals. Immunofluoresence studies also showed reduction of GLUT1 immunoreactively in choroid plexus and cortical microvessels of ethanol treated rats as compared to control rats. The effect of ethanol on regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (CMRGle) was studied using [6-14C] glucose and showed statistically insignificant decrease in brain glucose utilization. These data suggest that ethanol invivo decrease GLUT number and protein content in rat cerebral cortex
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) ; Myocarditis ; Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) ; Nitric oxide (NO) ; Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ; In-situ-hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Schlüsselwörter Coxsackie-Virus B3 (CVB3) ; Myokarditis ; Induzierbare Stickoxidsynthase (iNOS) ; Stickoxid (NO) ; Reverse Transkriptions-Polymerasekettenreaktion (RT-PCR) ; In-situ-Hybridisierung ; Immunhistochemie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stickoxid (NO) ist ein wichtiges bioaktives Molekül mit regulatorischen, zytotoxischen oder zytoprotektiven Eigenschaften. Bei der viralen Myokarditis vermittelt NO einerseits Wirtsabwehr gegen die virale Infektion, andererseits jedoch kardiale Dysfunktion. Stickoxid wird synthetisiert aus L-Arginin durch das Enzym Stickoxidsynthase (NOS). Die Expression der induzierbaren Stickoxidsynthase (iNOS) wird durch Zytokine reguliert, die in die komplexe Immunantwort des Myokards auf Enterovirusinfektionen involviert sind. Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen charakterisieren die Rolle von iNOS und NO in einem murinen Modell der viralen Myokarditis, induziert durch Coxsackie-Virus B3. Wir untersuchten den zeitlichen Verlauf der iNOS-Induktion in Korrelation zur Zytokin-mRNA-Expression von TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ und TGF-β im Myokard von NMRI-Mäusen nach CVB3-Infektion mittels RT-PCR. Virale RNA konnte in der akuten und chronischen Phase der Erkrankung mit der seminested PCR nachgewiesen werden, was die Persistenz des viralen Genoms belegt. Wir fanden eine deutliche Expression von iNOS zu allen untersuchten Zeitpunkten (ein, zwei, drei, vier, sieben, 14, 28, 56, 98 Tage post infectionem [p. i.]). Basierend auf einer densitometrischen Auswertung waren erhöhte iNOS-Spiegel am siebten, 14. Und 28. Nach Infektion nachweisbar im Vergleich zu den Tagen 56 und 98 p. i. Die mRNA-Expression der inflammatorischen Zytokine TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ war am ersten, vierten bzw. siebten Tag p. i. nachweisbar, erreichten am siebten Tag p. i. ihr Maximum und persistierte bis zum 98. Tag p. i. Ähnlich wie die iNOS-mRNA-Expressionsmuster waren die von TGF-β. Mittels In-situ-Hybridisierung und Immunhistochemie konnte iNOS in Infiltraten, Gefäßendothel- und glatten Muskelzellen, in Myozyten und im Interstitium des Myokards lokalisiert werden. Erhöhte Werte von NO, bestimmt als Gesamtnitrat/-nitritkonzentration, wurden an den Tagen 7, 14 und 28 p. i. gemessen.
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioactive molecule with regulatory, cytotoxic or cytoprotective properties. In virus-induced myocarditis, NO mediates host defense mechanisms against the infection or causes cardiac dysfunctions. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The expression of the inducible form of the nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is regulated by cytokines, involved in the complex myocardial immune response to enterovirus infections. The present study was undertaken to characterize the role of iNOS and NO in the murine model of viral myocarditis induces by coxsackievirus Be (CVB3). In response to CVB3 infection we investigated the time course of iNOS induction in correlation with cytokine mRNA expression (TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ, TGF-β) in the heart of NMRI mice by RT-PCR. Positive PCR signals for viral RNA were found in the acute and chronic stage of disease by seminested PCR, indicating the persistence of viral genome. We found distinct expression of iNOS at all time points (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 28, 56, 98 days post infection [p. i.]. Higher iNOS mRNA levels were identified between days 4 until 28 p. i. in comparison to day 56 and 98 p. i. using densitometric values. The mRNA of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ appeared at days 1, 4, and 7 p. i., peaked at day 7 p. i. and persisted until day 98 p. i. Similar like the iNOS mRNA pattern was the expression profile of TGF-β. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry iNOS was localized in infiltrates, vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, myocytes and throughout the interstitial spaces between myocardial fibers in the heart sections of NMRI mice. Increased levels of NO were measured as total nitrate/nitrite concentration in the sera of mice from day 7 until day 28 p. i.
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  • 141
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    Herz 25 (2000), S. 724-728 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words: Pericarditis ; Myocarditis ; Inflammation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Schlüsselwörter: Perikarditis ; Myokarditis ; Entzündung ; Immunhistologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Obwohl Perikarderkrankungen lange Zeit nicht im Vordergrund des Interesses der Pathologen standen, ermöglichen neue Techniken zur Entnahme von Perikardgewebe die Anwendung neuer diagnostischer Methoden der Immunhistochemie und Molekularpathologie, die sich in der Myokarditisdiagnostik bereits bewährt haben. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich die Frage, ob die Diagnose einer Entzündung nur auf der Grundlage von morphologischen Veränderungen gestellt werden kann. Eine endgültige Diagnose einer Perikarditis oder Myokarditis erscheint aber ohne morphologische Kriterien kaum möglich.
    Notes: Abstract In medicine, and thus in pathology, there are areas/topics of fashion and they shift from time to time. Pericardial diseases are not fashionable. Myocarditis is, and has been for a long time. Due to new ways of retrieving tissue samples from the pericardium the modern diagnostic tools such as immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology can be applied in this context as they have been in myocarditis for a long period. The diagnosis of inflammation rests on many other findings than morphological alterations and it is indeed questionable if inflammation is solely a morphological diagnosis. The methodologies of pathology can be improved and used in a better and more purposeful way even under routine conditions. It is concluded that morphology is still mandatory to make a final diagnosis of peri- and myocarditis.
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  • 142
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Vigilance states ; Paired-pulse ; Dentate gyrus ; Dentate granule cells ; Evoked response ; Rat ; In vivo studies ; Perforant path ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effect of normal development and vigilance state on the modulation of dentate granule cell activity in the freely moving rat at 15, 30, and 90 days of age across three vigilance states: quiet waking, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep. Using paired-pulse stimulation, the paired-pulse index (PPI) was obtained for the dentate evoked field potentials elicited by the stimulation of the medial perforant path. Although significant differences in PPI values were observed during development, no significant vigilance state related changes were obtained. Preweaning infant rats, i.e., 15-day old, exhibited significantly less early (interpulse intervals, IPI= 20–50 ms) and late (IPI = 300–1000 ms) inhibition, and less facilitation (IPI = 50–150 ms) when compared to the 90-day old adult rats during all three vigilance states. PPI values obtained from the 30-day old group fell intermediate between the 15- and 90-day old animals. These changes in PPI values provide a quantitative measure of changes in the modulation of dentate granule cell excitability during normal maturation. They can now can be used to evaluate the impact of various insults, such as prenatal protein malnutrition or neonatal stress, on hippocampal development. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8717Nn, 8719La, 8719Nn
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Heart ; Left ventricle ; LV contractility ; ESPVR ; Pig ; Rat ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The end systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) has been shown to be a relatively load independent measure of left ventricular (LV) contractility. Recently, several single-beat ESPVR computation methods have been developed, enabling the quantification of LV contractility without the need to alter vascular loading conditions on the heart. Using a single-beat ESPVR method, which has been validated previously in humans and assumes that normalized elastance is constant between individuals of a species, we studied the effects of myocardial infarction on LV contractility in two species, the rat and the pig. In our studies, LV pressure was acquired invasively and LV volume determined noninvasively with magnetic resonance imaging, at one week postinfarction in pigs and at 12 weeks postinfarction in rats. Normalized systolic elastance curves in both animal species were not statistically different from that of humans. Also, the slope of the ESPVR $$\left( {E_{es} } \right)$$ decreased significantly following infarction in both species, while the volume-axis intercept $$\left( {V_0 } \right)$$ was unaffected. These results indicate that a single-beat ESPVR method can be used to measure the inotropic response of the heart to myocardial infarction, and that the basis for this method (i.e., constant normalized elastance) is applicable to a variety of mammalian species. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8761Lh, 8719Hh, 8719Rr, 8719Ff
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  • 144
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 1101-1115 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Time–frequency analysis ; Coherence ; Cross correlation ; Nonstationary persistent signals ; Central pattern generator ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a novel time-varying phase spectrum (TVPS) method to quantify the dynamics of coevolution of two persistent nonstationary coupled signals. Based on the TVPS, an instantaneous intersignal phase shift is defined within the primary frequency range in which the two signals are highly correlated. The TVPS is estimated using a fixed-window method or an adaptive-window method. In the latter method, the window length changes dynamically and automatically as a function of change in frequency of the signals. The effects of altering window types and lengths on the accuracy of the estimation of the primary phase shift is assessed by analyzing synthesized linear chirp signals with decaying amplitude and constant relative phase shift or decaying amplitude and changing relative phase shifts. The methods developed are also used for determining the evolution of the primary phase shift among ventral root activities during fictive locomotion in an in vitro rat spinal cord preparation. The analyses indicate that the TVPS method in conjunction with the determination of the primary frequency range, allows determination of both the evolution of the coupling strength and the evolution of the phase shift between two persistent nonstationary rhythmic signals in the joint time–frequency domain. An adaptive window reduces the estimation bias and the estimation variability. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 0230-f, 8780Tq
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  • 145
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    Neurochemical research 25 (2000), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Marginal division ; neostriatum ; monkey brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; NADPH-d
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new subdivision, the “marginal division” (MrD), was discovered at the caudal border of the striatum and surrounds the rostral edge of the globus pallidus in the rat brain in our previous studies. The neuronal somata of the MrD are mostly fusiform in shape with their long axes lining dorsoventrally. The MrD is more densely filled with substance P (SP)-, Leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk)-, dynorphin B-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-immunoreactive fibers and terminal-like structures than the rest of the striatum. The MrD was confirmed in the cat neostriatum as well. The present study intended to explore whether the MrD exists in the monkey neostriatum (putamen) with Nissl, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. A band of fusiform neurons were obviously identified at the caudomedial edge of the putamen. These neurons lie outside the lateral medullary lamina and indirectly surround the rostrolateral border of the globus pallidus. The abundance of SP-, L-Enk-, neuropeptide Y-, CCK-, dopamine- and serotonin-positive fibers and terminal-like structures with a few positive fusiform neurons accumulating at the caudomedial border of the putamen obviously distinguishes this zone from the rest of neostriatum and globus pallidus. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) containing fusiform neurons are distinctly visualized in the same zone. The morphological figure and the location of these neurons, and the histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of this area coincide well with those of the MrD in the rat and cat striatum. This study thus convincingly identifies the existence of the MrD in the monkey neostriatum. It is fairly asserted that the MrD is a universal structure in the mammalian brain.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1439-7609
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid synovitis ; Targeted biopsy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 68-year-old woman with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was admitted to the hospital because of tender and swollen knee joints. We performed a targeted synovial biopsy under arthroscopy to examine the histopathological characteristics 1 month after clinical onset. The synovia showed the typical histopathology of RA. Although the inflammatory changes were predominantly limited to the surface area of the synovia, associated with neovascularization and cell infiltrates composed mainly of T cells, plasma cells, and macrophages, lesions with fibrin deposition, mesenchymoid transformation and/or immature lymphoid follicles were also observed in part, indicating that this case was in the progression phase of RA. What we regularly call "early" might be "too late" even if it is within 1 month of clinical onset.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Key words: Halothane ; Dopamine release ; Dopamine uptake ; Microdialysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In our previous microdialysis study, sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia significantly decreased the extracellular level of dopamine in rat striatum in vivo. On the other hand, other investigators demonstrated that halothane anesthesia either increased or did not affect the extracellular dopamine level. To explore the differences among these volatile anesthetics, the effects of halothane and nitrous oxide on the striatal dopamine level were reinvestigated. Methods. Halothane alone, nitrous oxide with or without halothane, or drugs known to affect the dopaminergic pathway were administered to rats. Microdialysates were collected every 20 min and directly applied to an on-line high-performance liquid chromatograph without any pretreatment. The effects of halothane on respiratory and cardiovascular variables were monitored. Results. General anesthesia with halothane alone de-creased the dialysate (extracellular) concentration of dopamine but increased that of dopamine metabolites. Nitrous oxide alone slightly increased dopamine metabolites in dialysates but did not affect the halothane-induced decrease in extracellular dopamine. Apomorphine and haloperidol reproduced reported results, confirming the adequacy of our methodology. Nomifensine- or methamphetamine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine was augmented by halothane. Conclusion. These results suggest that halothane po-tently enhances striatal dopamine release and activates the reuptake or metabolic process, which is consistent with our previous results for sevoflurane or isoflurane. Volatile anesthetics interfere with dopamine regulation, at least in the rat striatum.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prostatic adenocarcinoma ; S-100 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Specimens from 30 cases of benign prostatichyperplasia and 75 cases of prostatic carcinomaobtained during suprapubic prostatectomy, transurethalresection of the prostate and radical prostatectomy,were stained immunohistochemically for S-100 protein,prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostatic specificantigen (PSA), neuron specific enolase (NSE) andpolyclonal keratin. S-100 protein was positive in9.3% of prostatic carcinomas and negative in allcases of prostatic hyperplasia. PAP and PSA werepositive in all cases, while NSE was positive in 16%of the carcinoma cases. Polyclonal keratin waspositive in both cell layers of the double layeredhyperplastic prostatic epithelium with a more intensestaining pattern in the outer cell layer. The authorsbelieve that the S-100 protein immunoreactivityobserved in some prostatic carcinomas, reflecting thechange in the functional status of the neoplasticcells, might be of prognostic significance. They alsoemphasize the non-myoepithelial nature of the outercell layer of the double layered prostaticepithelium.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Ki67 ; Prostate carcinoma ; Retinoic acid receptor-α
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The use of retinoids as differentiation therapy is a novel approach to prostate cancer. Retinoids act via their own nuclear receptors, RARs and RXRs, modulating gene activity, cell growth and differentiation. This study provides new data on the content and cellular distribution of RARα protein in prostate cancer specimens, in correlation to tumor grade and proliferative activity. Material and methods: A total of 84 cases of primary prostate carcinoma, divided into 3 subgroups according to tumor grade, were immunohistochemically evaluated for retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) and Ki67 using the streptavidin/peroxidase method on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues. Results: RARα positivity was detected in all cases of prostatic carcinoma, with a more profound expression in well differentiated cancers. A statistically significant correlation between RARα staining and tumor grade was found (ANOVA, p 〈 0.031). Ki67 immunoreactivity was present in 35.7% of cases, but no correlation with tumor grade was found. When RARα staining was correlated with Ki67 positivity, a statistically significant correlation was present (unpaired t-test, p 〈 0.003). Conclusions: These findings indicate that RARα expression is correlated to some extent with tumor grade and its presence is more profound in highly proliferative tumors. Further studies are needed to establish the possible clinical value of the immunohistochemical evaluation of RARα content in tumor specimens.
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  • 150
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 459-461 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Oral cyst ; Heterotopic gastrintestinal ¶epithelium ; Morphology ; Histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Clinico-pathological correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cystic lesions of the oral cavity are quite common. Mostly their morphology is that of simple cystic lesions lined by squamous epithelium. Rarely the epithelium may be of another type, e.g. that of gastrointestinal tract. In the English literature in English about 30 cases of oral cysts with gastrointestinal epithelium lining have been reported. This developmental lesion is very rare and is found more frequently in young males. The majority of lesions were reported to occur in the ventral surface of the anterior tongue and extend to the floor of the mouth. Heterotopic gastrointestinal epithelium has been more commonly described in the duodenum, gallbladder, jejunum, Meckel’s diverticulum, ileum, appendix, colon and rectum. We report an oral heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst in a child. A healthy 2-month-old boy had an asymptomatic swelling in the sublingual area that had been present since birth. Under general anesthesia, the patient underwent conservative excision of the cyst. Gross examination of the excised tissue showed a monolocular cystic lesion in the bottom of the oral cavity. Microscopically, the cystic lining mostly resembled intestinal mucosa; in some places, stratified squamous and columnar epithelium was also present. The pathogenesis of this lesion remains uncertain. Several theories have been postulated; the most commonly held suggests that these cysts may be derived from misplacement of embryonic rests.
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  • 151
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    Brain tumor pathology 17 (2000), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Chordoid meningioma ; Castleman syndrome ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic resonance image
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chordoid meningioma is a relatively rare variant that is often associated with peritumoral lymphoplasmacellular infiltration causing Castleman syndrome (CS). We present a 44-year-old woman with chordoid meningioma not associated with CS. The patient presented with epilepsy and right hemiparesis (Todd's palsy) on admission. The radiological findings revealed an extraaxial mass lesion in the premotor cortex. They were compatible with a preoperative diagnosis of meningioma. No physical abnormalities related to CS were detected. A left frontal craniotomy was performed. The tumor surface was gelatinous, and it was totally resected with the attached dura mater (Simpson grade I). The patient had an uneventful recovery, and her seizures subsided. The pathological findings of the specimens revealed nests and cords of spindle and epithelioid cells with abundant myxoid matrix, mimicking the features of chordoma. On the basis of radiological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings, chordoid meningioma was verified, and a review of the literature was performed.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0219-1032
    Keywords: c-Fos ; Dopamine ; D1 ; Hippocampus ; Rat ; Synaptic Plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While dopamine is likely to modulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity, there has been little information about how dopamine affects synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. The expression of IEGs including c-fos has been associated with late phase LTP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The induction of c-fos by dopaminergic receptor activation in the rat hippocampus was investigated by using semiquantitative RT-PCR and immuno-cytochemistry. The hippocampal slices which were not treated with dopamine showed little expression of c-fos mRNA. However, the induction of c-fos mRNA was detected as early as 5 min after dopamine treatment, peaked at 60 min, and remained elevated 5 h after treatment. Temporal profiles of increases in c-fos mRNA by R(+)-SKF-38393 (50 μM) and forskolin (50 μM) were similar to that of dopamine. An increase in [cAMP] was observed in dopamine-, SKF-, or forskolin-treated hippocampal slices. By immunocytochemical studies, control hippocampal cells showed little expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity. However, when cells were treated with dopamine, an increase in the expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity was observed after treatment for 2 h. The treatment of hippocampal neurons with R(+)-SKF38393 (50 μM) or forskolin (50 μM) also induced a significant increase in c-Fos expression. These results indicate that the dopamine D1 receptor-mediated cAMP dependant pathway is associated with the expression of c-Fos in the hippocampal neurons. These data are consistent with the possible role of endogenous dopamine on synaptic plasticity via the regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, these results imply that dopamine might control the process of memory storage in the hippocampus through gene expression.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Brain tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neovasculature tight junction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify whether the neovasculature of brain tumors preserves blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions, we studied the expression of a tight junction—related protein, Zo-1, using immunohistochemistry. Twenty-six astrocytic tumors were examined using an anti-Zo-1 Mab, and Zo-1 expression was compared with the expression of vasicular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) (flt-1), and antiproliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). A positive reaction for Zo-1 was seen in the endothelial cells in micro-blood vessels in all astrocytic tumors. The reactions for Zo-1 in the endothelial cells forming glomeruloid proliferations in newly formed micro-blood vessels in high-grade tumors were weaker than those in the endothelial cells of normal cerebral capillaries. Although there is a negative correlation between positive immunoreactions for BBB-related proteins and the expression of VEGF of the endothelial cells in micro-blood vessels, the proliferative activity of tumor cells, and histological grades, the present findings suggest that the endothelial cells of the neovasculature of high-grade tumors preserve partial BBB function at the cellular level. Because of the ease of immunohistochemical procedures compared with electron microscopic examination, the immunohistochemical detection of Zo-1 should provide a useful marker for tight junctions.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Hemangioblastoma ; Supratentorial tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Supratentorial hemangioblastomas are rarely seen, especially in children and adolescents. We report the case of a 17-year-old male with supratentorial hemangioblastoma. Neuroimaging demonstrated a cystic lesion within the right parietal lobe. Systemic examination revealed no abnormality. The lesion was not attached to the dura and was not associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. It was very difficult to confirm the final diagnosis of this case, in spite of extensive examination by light microscopy, immunohistochemical studies, and electron microscopy.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Intractable epilepsy ; Cerebral malformation ; Pathology ; Hypervascularity ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histopathological features, particularly hypervascularity, were examined in specimens resected from 21 patients, 15 with intractable epilepsy accompanying cortical dysplasia or dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), and 6 with benign brain tumors, such as ganglioglioma and low-grade glioma. Hypervascularity was found in resected specimens from 15 of the 21 patients (71.4%) and in 10 of the 12 patients (83.3%) who had double pathology. Counting of numbers of vessels by CD31 immunohistochemistry revealed that hypervascularity was prominent, especially in cases of vascular malformation or cortical dysplasia. However, almost all cases were negative for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) staining, except for some cases of benign brain tumors. Moreover, all cases showed low or no proliferative potential in MIB-1 immunohistochemistry. These results suggest that the etiology of hypervascularity in the dysplastic lesions is one of a variety of cerebral malformations, as is the case with abnormal maturation and differentiation in neuroglial elements.
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  • 156
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 38 (2000), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Bowel sounds ; Rat ; Motility ; Body acoustics ; Signal detection ; Signal characterisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study is aimed at detecting gastrointestinal sounds (GIS) and correlating their characteristics with gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. The central hypotheses are that GIS generation depends on the motility patterns and the mechanical properties of the gut, and that changes in those result in measurable differences in GIS. An animal model which included both healthy rats and those with small bowel obstruction (SBO) was developed. The acoustic bursts, of GIS were detected by amplitude thresholding the signal envelope. Three methods of envelope estimation were proposed and evaluated. Envelope estimation using a Hilbert transform was found to produce the best results in the current application. The duration and dominant frequency of each detected GIS event was estimated and clear differences between healthy and diseased rats were discovered. In the control state, GIS events were found to consistently be of relatively short duration (3–65ms). Although the majority of events in the SBO state had similar short duration, infrequent longer events were also detected and appeared to be pathognomonic. Long duration events (〉100 ms) occurred in each of seven obstructed, but in none of 14 non-obstructed, cases (p〈0.001). It is concluded that GIS analysis may prove useful in the non-invasive, rapid, and accurate diagnosis of SBO.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Esophageal cancer ; Treatment ; Prognosis ; Cell cycle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: p21Waf1/Cip1 (p21), p27Kip1 (p27), p53, and Rb play critical roles in cell cycle regulation and may influence the clinical behavior of tumors. We examined whether their expression is useful to predict survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESC). Methods: Expression of p21, p27, p53, and Rb was studied by the immunohistochemical method in specimens from 62 patients with curatively resected ESC tumors and scored by a computerized image analysis system. Results: The median expression scores of p21, p27, p53, and Rb (14, 12, 27, and 50, respectively) were used as cut-off points to define low and high expression groups for each protein. The 5-year survival rate for the high p21 expression group was 68%; that for the low expression group was 31% (P = .0062). p27, p53, and Rb were not correlated with overall survival. When patients were categorized into four groups based on p21 expression level and lymph node involvement (pN), the survival curves were significantly different (P = .0017). Thus, patients without lymph node involvement but with low p21 expression had survival similar to that of patients with lymph node involvement and high p21 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that age (P = .0102), lymph node involvement (P = .0076), and p21 (P = .0276) were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Expression of p21 is an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected ESC. Definition of new subgroups of patients based on p21 expression may help to enhance the stratification of stage.
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  • 158
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    Annals of surgical oncology 6 (1999), S. 70-74 
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Angiogenesis ; Melanoma ; Metastasis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microvessels.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Angiogenesis has been correlated with melanoma progression, but its role in melanoma metastasis is unclear. Methods: To determine whether angiogenesis correlates with the presence of melanoma metastases, we compared the number of microvessels in the primary melanomas of 12 patients presenting with metastases to those of 13 patients without metastases. Patient groups were matched for gender, age, tumor depth, and histological type and anatomical location of the primary melanoma. Microvessels were stained with factor VIII antibody and counted. Results: Microvessel counts were significantly greater for the metastatic than the nonmetastatic melanomas (51.63 ± 14.95 vs. 24.86 ± 8.415; P 〈 .0001). One hundred percent of the metastatic melanomas had a mean microvessel count of ≥ 37, whereas only 8% of the nonmetastatic melanomas had a mean microvessel count of ≥ 37 (sensitivity = 1.00, specificity = .92). Interestingly, patients with lymph node metastases had significantly lower microvessel counts than did patients with distant metastases (42.00 ± .482 vs. 58.50 ± 16.40; P 〈 .05), and significantly higher microvessel counts than did patients without metastases (42.00 ± 3.482 vs. 24.86 ± 8.415; P 〈 .001). Conclusions: An increased number of microvessels in the primary tumors of patients with melanoma correlates with the simultaneous presence of metastases. This suggests that angiogenesis may be important in the process of melanoma metastasis.
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  • 159
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Gastric cancer ; Intestinal/diffuse histotype ; P53 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prognostic factors ; Multivariate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The prognostic value of p53 nuclear accumulation in gastric cancer is still unclear, as shown by the discordant results still reported in the literature. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between p53 accumulation and long-term survival of patients resected for intestinal and diffuse-type gastric cancer. Methods: Eighty-three patients with carcinoma of the intestinal type and 53 patients with carcinoma of the diffuse type were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining of the paraffin sections was performed by using monoclonal antibody DO1; cases were considered positive when nuclear immunostaining was observed in 10% or more of the tumor cells. Prognostic significance of different variables was investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: p53 positivity was found in 51.8% of intestinal-type and 50.9% of diffuse-type cases. No significant correlation between the rate of p53 overexpression and age, sex, tumor location, tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node involvement, distant metastases, and surgical radicality was found in the two groups of patients. A statistically significant difference in survival rate was observed between p53-negative and p53-positive cases in the intestinal type (P 〈 .05), confirmed by multivariate analysis (P 〈 .005; relative risk = 3.09). On the contrary, no correlation with survival was found in diffuse-type cases according to p53 overexpression. Conclusions: These results suggest that the immunohistochemical detection of p53 accumulation is a useful indicator of poor prognosis in the intestinal but not in the diffuse type of gastric cancer, and are indicative of distinct molecular pathways and pattern of progression in the two histotypes.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Carcinoembryonic antigen ; Colorectal neoplasms ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Carcinoembryonic antigen is assumed from the results of several experiments to be associated with invasion of colorectal carcinoma by adhesion or contact inhibition. The patterns and the intensity of carcinoembryonic antigen distribution in colorectal carcinoma were assessed to verify whether they were correlated with malignant potential from those biologic characteristics. METHODS: Carcinoembryonic antigen distribution was tested in the archival samples of 149 colorectal carcinomas by immunohistochemistry, using three characterized anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibodies: T84.66, PR1A3, and PR3B10. The distribution patterns in neoplastic tissue were categorized into unstained, apicoluminal, and diffuse-cytoplasmic patterns. Tumor, invasive tumor margin, and tissue surrounding the tumor were examined. RESULTS: Although all three antibodies revealed a positive correlation, T84.66 showed better discrimination than the others. Although none of the negative staining of the tumor or invasive tumor margin showed recurrence, the apicoluminal pattern showed recurrence, and the diffuse pattern showed the most frequent recurrence (P〈0.01). Recurrence was also associated with staining intensity in the apicoluminal pattern in both the tumor and invasive tumor margin (P〈0.05). Infiltrative tumor growth and lymph node metastasis were more frequent in cases of positive staining in tissue surrounding the tumor. Patients with the apicoluminal pattern achieved longer survival than patients with the diffuse-cytoplasmic pattern in the invasive tumor margin (P=0.024) by a multivariate analysis including tumor stage and histologic differentiation. CONCLUSION: The distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen in tumors and surrounding tissue seems to be closely correlated with invasiveness and metastatic behavior in colorectal carcinoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen immune staining can be considered as an efficient tool to determine groups with risk of recurrence.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Breast carcinoma ; Sentinel node ; Axillary lymphadenectomy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Sentinel lymphadenectomy is highly accurate for identifying axillary metastasis from a primary breast carcinoma. Nonsentinel axillary lymph nodes (NSNs) are unlikely to contain tumor cells if the axillary sentinel node (SN) is tumor free. We previously showed that the size of the primary tumor and the size of its SN metastasis predict the risk of NSN tumor involvement detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. This study used immunohistochemical staining (IHC) to determine the likelihood of NSN axillary metastasis in the presence of SN metastasis. Methods: Between 1991 and 1997, axillary lymphadenectomy was performed in 156 women (157 axillary basins) who had primary breast carcinoma with SN metastasis. By hematoxylin and eosin staining, we identified NSN metastasis in 55 axillae (35%). IHC was then used to re-examine all NSNs (1827 lymph nodes) from the remaining 102 axillae. The incidence of IHC-detected NSN involvement was analyzed with respect to clinical and tumor characteristics. Results: By using IHC, we identified NSN metastasis in 15 (14.7%) of the 102 axillae. By multivariate analysis, the size of the SN metastasis (P = .0001) and the size of the primary tumor (P = .038) were the only independent variables predicting NSN metastasis determined by using either hematoxylin and eosin staining or IHC. Only the number of SN metastases (1 vs. 〉1) was a significant (P = .04) predictor of IHC-detected NSN metastasis. Conclusions: Use of IHC increases the likelihood of detection of NSN metastasis, and the risk of IHC-detected metastasis increases with the size of the SN metastasis and the size of the primary tumor. If SN involvement is micrometastatic (≤2 mm) or detected by using IHC, tumor cells are unlikely to be found in other axillary lymph nodes in patients with a small primary tumor. The clinical significance of micrometastatic disease in lymph nodes is controversial, and a prospective randomized study is necessary to resolve this important issue.
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  • 162
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    Amino acids 17 (1999), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Polyamine oxidase ; Polyamines ; Gender ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Variations in level of polyamines and their related enzymes are frequently observed in response to some treatments which affect in a different way male and female. The possibility of a gender-related difference in the oxidation of polyamines was investigated in rats by measuring the activity of polyamine oxidase, a ubiquitous enzyme of vertebrate tissues, which transforms spermine into spermidine and spermidine into putrescine. The study was carried out on thymus, spleen, kidney and liver of young rats of both sexes, and female rats showed a lower polyamine oxidase activity than male rats in all the tissues. We also found higher values of spermidine acetylation in female than male rats in thymus and liver. Owing to these gender-related differences, a higher spermidine N-acetyltransferase/ polyamine oxidase ratio was found in female than in male rats. A second gender-related difference was a higher spermidine/spermine ratio in female than in male, the only exception being the thymus. These basal differences possibly account for the gender-related differences of polyamine metabolic enzyme activities in response to some treatments, including drugs or hormones.
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  • 163
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Taurine ; Osmoregulation ; Rat ; Osmolarity sensor protein ENVZ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although the involvement of taurine in osmoregulation is well-documented and widely accepted, no detailed mechanism for this function has been reported so far. We used subtractive hybridization to study mRNA steady state levels of genes up- or downregulated by taurine. Rats were fed taurine 100mg/kg body weight per day for a period of three days and hearts (total ventricular tissue) of experimental animals and controls were pooled and used for mRNA extraction. mRNAs from two groups were used for subtractive hybridization. Clones of the subtractive library were sequenced and the obtained sequences were identified by gen bank assignment. Two clones were found to contain sequences which could be assigned to the osmolarity sensor protein envZ, showing homologies of 61 and 65%. EnvZ is an inner membrane protein in bacteria, important for osmosensing and required for porine gene regulation. It undergoes autophosphorylation and subsequently phosphorylates OmpR, which in turn binds to the porin (outer membrane protein) promoters to regulate the expression of OmpF and OmpC, major outer membrane porines. This is the first report of an osmosensing mechanism in the mammalian system, which was described in bacteria only. Furthermore, we are assigning a tentative role for taurine in the osmoregulatory process by modifying the expression of the osmoregulatory sensor protein ENVZ.
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  • 164
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    Amino acids 17 (1999), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Taurine ; Transporter ; Rat ; Brain ; Heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In pro- and eucaryotic life, cellular and subcellular compartments are separated by membranes and the regulated and selective passage of specific molecules across these membranes is a basic and highly conserved principle. We were interested whether taurine, a naturally occuring amino acid, would be able to induce or suppress expression of transporters with the Rationale that taurine was shown to detoxify a series of endogenous toxins and xenobiotics of various chemically non-related structures. For this purpose we used a gene hunting technique, subtractive hybridization, subtracting mRNAs of taurine-treated rat brain and heart from untreated controls. Subtracted mRNAs were then converted to cDNAs, amplified, sequenced and identified by gene bank data. We found five transporter transcripts, the phosphonate transport ATPase PHNC, multidrug transporter homolog MTH104, protein-exportmembrane protein SECD, oligopeptide transporters oppA and oppD, in the brain and two: ABC-transporter BRAF-2 and cation-transport ATPase PACS, in the heart. Homologies of the sequences found were in any case 〉50% thus permitting the identification of transporters with high probability. The biological meaning could be that a naturally occuring amino acid, taurine, modulates complex transport systems. The most prominent finding is the upregulation of a multidrug transporter transcript, explaining a mechanism for the nonselective detoxifying action of taurine.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Von Hippel-Lindau disease (vHL) ; Multiple spinal hemangioblastomas ; vHL protein ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on a 57-year-old male presenting with radicular pain in the nerve roots of L5 and S1 on the right side and dysuria. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine showed multiple (up to 20) small, intradural enhancing nodules attached to the cauda equina down to the sacrum, the largest 1 cm in diameter at the level Th12/ L1 compressing the conus. Additionally, small nodules in the cervico-thoracal region adjacent to the cord, but no cerebellar or cerebral abnormalities, were detected in a consecutive MRI of the remaining neuroaxis. The histology of a resected lesion at Th12/L1 revealed hemangioblastoma of the reticular type. Together with a history of left eye enucleation performed 17 years ago for angiomatosis of the retina and the immunohistochemical detection of von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) protein within the removed spinal hemangioblastoma, a diagnosis of vHL disease was established. Family history and screening for visceral manifestations of vHL disease were negative. In contrast to cerebellar or solitary spinal hemangioblastomas, multiple spinal hemangioblastomas without cerebellar involvement in vHL represent unusual manifestations. Unlike the case for solitary lesions in non-syndromic patients, a surgical cure does not seem feasible in this case. The role of treatment modalities is discussed.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Forensic pathology ; Wound age ; determination ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphometrical analysis ; Interleukin-1α (IL-1α)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistochemical and morphometrical study on the temporal expression of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) was performed on 40 human skin wounds with different wound ages. Immunohistochemically, polymorphonuclear neutrophils mainly showed positive reactions for IL-1α in wounds aged between 4 h and 1 day, but with increasing wound age, neutrophils were no longer present, and macrophages and fibroblasts were positively stained. Morphometrically, the ratio of the number of IL-1α-positive infiltrating cells to the total number of infiltrating cells was evaluated. A considerable increase in the IL-1α-positive cell ratio was observed in wound specimens aged 4 h to 1 day, and the maximum ratio was 46.5% in a 7 h-old wound. The mean value of the IL-1α-positive ratio in 10 wound specimens with different wound ages between 4 h and 1 day was 32.8 ± 9.7%. In most cases the ratio of IL-1α-positive cells gradually decreased in wounds aged between 1.5 and 21 days to less than 30%, and the mean value was 17.5 ± 7.2% (n = 27). These results suggest that ratios of IL-1α-positive cells considerably exceeding 30%, indicate a postinfliction interval of 1 day or less.
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  • 167
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    International journal of legal medicine 113 (1999), S. 19-25 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Head injury ; Diffuse axonal injury ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Amyloid precursor protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Recently, it has been reported that a diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury in cases with a short survival period can be made with the use of immunolabelling for β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). We examined whether immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) can also be a useful marker for the detection of axonal injury in its early stages. Sections of the corpus callosum from 19 cases of head injury and from 9 cases of no head injury were immunostained for NSE and stained by the standard Holmes’ silver method. For comparison, serial sections from several cases were immunostained for APP. Immunostaining for NSE as well as for APP, labelled injured axons in head injury cases with as early as 1.5 h survival where Holmes’ staining failed to detect any changes of axons. Since NSE and APP labelled only injured axons but not normal axons, the results were readily interpretable. These findings indicate that NSE should be an effective marker for the detection of axonal injury in its early stages.
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  • 168
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Asphyxia ; Nitric oxide ; Electron spin ; resonance ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Resuscitation ; S-Methylisothiourea ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anaesthetized rats, endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated with room air, were subjected to a 5-min period of asphyxia by turning off the ventilator. The ventilator was then turned back on and, simultaneously, the animals were treated with either the adrenocorticotropin fragment 1–24 [ACTH-(1–24), 160 µg/kg in a volume of 1 ml/kg i.v.] or an equivalent volume of saline. Nitric oxide (NO)-haemoglobin formation was detected ex vivo in arterial blood by electron spin resonance spectrometry; arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored for a 60-min observation period, or until prior death. During asphyxia, there was massive formation of NO (red cell concentrations 40–80 µM), associated with a dramatic fall in mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure, marked bradycardia and ECG signs of ischaemic damage, as well as an isoelectric EEG. Treatment with ACTH-(1–24) produced a prompt (within 15 min) and long-lasting drop in NO blood levels, associated with an almost immediate (within 1 min) restoration of cardiovascular function and with a more gradual recovery of EEG, which became normal after 30–40 min; all parameters remained stable throughout the 60-min observation period. In saline-treated rats, on the other hand, there was a further increase in NO blood levels, as detected 3 min after treatment, and all died within 5–8 min. Moreover, pretreatment and treatment with S-methylisothiourea sulphate (SMT, 3 mg/kg i.v.), a relatively specific inhibitor of inducible NO synthase, inhibited NO formation, but did not affect the mortality rate (100% within 5–8 min). The present results provide the first evidence that prolonged asphyxia is associated with high blood concentrations of NO, and that the life-saving effect of melanocortin peptides in severe hypoxic conditions is associated with a complete normalization of NO blood levels. However, the lack of SMT protection in this experimental model seems to rule out the possibility that the ACTH-(1–24)-induced resuscitation is due to an effect on NO overproduction.
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  • 169
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 359 (1999), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Restraint stress ; NMDA receptor complex ; Memantine ; Drug discrimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is a large body of experimental evidence that both stress and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists may alter acute behavioural effects of ethanol. Notably, an uncompetitive, low-affinity NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, has been recently claimed to possess anti-craving properties in rats with a long-term history of ethanol consumption. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of restraint stress and memantine on the dose-response curve of ethanol discrimination. Rats were trained to discriminate 1 g/kg ethanol from saline in the two-lever drug discrimination procedure. When ethanol discrimination was acquired, the subjects were exposed to 30-min sessions of acute restraint stress, and different doses of ethanol (0.25, 0.5 or 1 g/kg) or saline were administered. In subsequent experiments the effects of memantine (2.25 or 4.5 mg/kg) on the cueing effects of ethanol were tested. Neither the stress sessions nor memantine influenced the ethanol discrimination dose-response curve. Moreover, the stress did not alter the rate of responding. However, both doses of memantine tended to increase the rate of responding when given in combination with lower doses of ethanol (0.25–0.5 g/kg). In contrast, 4.5 mg/kg memantine decreased the response rate when combined with 1 g/kg ethanol. These results suggest that: (1) pre-exposure to acute restraint stress or memantine does not affect the dose-response curve of ethanol discrimination; (2) memantine given in combination with low doses of ethanol may stimulate operant behaviour in the food-reinforced drug discrimination procedure.
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  • 170
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    International journal of colorectal disease 14 (1999), S. 272-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Key words  Colorectal cancer ; Angiogenesis ; Vessel density ; Prognosis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis, and vascular density is known as an independent prognostic factor in several tumor entities. We studied the prognostic relevance of vascular density in colorectal cancer, examining 146 patients treated surgically for cure. Tumor sections were immunostained with JC70, an endothelial cell marker. Microvessel quantification used light microscopy. The slides were scanned at a low magnification, and individual microvessel counts were made on a ×200 field in the area of the most dense neovascularization. Vascular density was found to be 75±27/visual field and to be independent of age, sex, pT and pN categories, tumor recurrence, and overall survival. Overall survival in the subgroup of patients with tumor recurrence was significantly shorter with tumors of greater vessel density (〉75) than in those of less vessel density (〈75). Multivariate analysis showed microvessel count to be an independent prognostic factor for the overall survival rate of patients with tumor recurrence; among these patients there was also a significant difference in the relapse-free survival rates between the hypovascular and the hypervascular groups. Our findings suggest that the microvessel density of the primary tumor determines the speed of tumor recurrence after metastatic disease has been triggered by other, unknown mechanisms. Although tumor vascularization can be linked to the aggressiveness of colorectal cancer, it has no value as a new prognostic marker in clinical practice.
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  • 171
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Brain injury ; Cortical contusion ; Inflammatory reaction ; Immunohistochemistry ; Wound ; age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The time-dependent inflammatory cell reaction in human cortical contusions has been investigated during the first 30 weeks after blunt head injury. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out using CD 15 for granulocytes and LCA, CD 3 and UCHL-1 for mononuclear leucocytes. In order to provide reliable data for a forensic wound age estimation, the intensity of the cellular reaction was evaluated with a quantitative image analysis system. CD 15-labelled granulocytes were detectable earliest 10 min after brain injury, whereas significantly increased numbers of mononuclear leucocytes occurred in cortical contusions after a postinfliction interval of at least 1.1 days (LCA), 2 days (CD 3) or 3.7 days (UCHL-1), respectively.
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  • 172
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Gastrointestinal stromal tumor ; Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) were studied by immunohistochemical analysis and an ultrastructural procedure. The tumor locations were as follows: esophagus (2), stomach (7), small intestine (3), and large intestine (4). Four of the lesions were classified as malignant, 2 as borderline, and 10 as benign. On the basis of the immunohistochemical analysis, the tumors were classified as follows: 1 as myogenic type, 2 as Schwann cell type, 8 as Cajal cell type (including 2 gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors, GANTs), and 5 as mixed-cell type. In each subtype the phenotype was compared to the ultrastructural findings. Myogenic and Schwann cell type revealed ultrastructurally smooth muscle differentiation and schwannian tumor. All 8 tumors of the Cajal cell type revealed interdigitating cytoplasmic processes with occasional clusters of filopodia. Two tumors were subdivided as GANT. Five tumors of mixed-cell type were composed of a mixture of cells with variable myogenic features or variable neural differentiation. We confirmed in this study that immunohistochemical analysis reflected electron microscopic findings.
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  • 173
    ISSN: 1437-7799
    Keywords: Key words Desferrioxamine ; Cadmium ; Metallothionein ; Nephrotoxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Desferrioxamine (DFO) a chelating agent, is used to treat metal toxicity caused by iron and aluminum in patients on hemodialysis. We hypothesized that DFO could also be used to treat cadrium-induced nephropathy. Animal experiments were therefore performed to explore whether DFO removed cadmium (Cd) from the kidneys of rats with a Cd burden. Methods. Rats received subcutaneous injections of Cd chloride (3 mg Cd/kg per day, days 0–7) followed by DFO (50 mg/kg per day, days 8–14). Levels of Cd were determined in liver, kidneys, and plasma. Enzymes assays and histopathological examination were performed in kidneys. Results. In liver, Cd injections elevated Cd levels; subsequent injections of DFO lowered the Cd levels compared with levels after injections of Cd alone. In kidneys, Cd injections increased levels of total Cd and Cd bound to cellular membranes (Mem-Cd), and decreased leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity (a marker of renal injury); subsequent injections of DFO elevated levels of total Cd and Mem-Cd, and lowered LAP activity compared with fundings after the injection of Cd alone. After the injections of Cd alone and DFO following Cd the renal levels of Cd were below the critical concentration required to cause renal injury, since no histopathological changes were observed in the kidney. Conclusion. DFO administration to Cd-burdened rats removed Cd from the liver, but led to accumulation of Cd in the kidneys, particularly in the cellular membranes. These results suggest that if DFO is given long-term to Cd-burdened patients, the Cd level in kidneys, particularly in renal cellular membranes, could reach concentrations that could cause manifest renal injury.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ; Rat ; Glucocorticoid ; Antenatal therapy ; Insulin-like growth factor I and II ; Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence to suggest that insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II play a crucial role in fetal lung development. Expression of IGF-I and II has been demonstrated to be predominant during fetal life and decreases prior to birth. Antenatal glucocorticoids are reported to improve lung immaturity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administration on IGF-I and II expression in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in rats. A CDH model was induced in pregnant rats following administration of 100 mg nitrofen on day 9.5 of gestation (term = 22 days). Dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally on days 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation. Cesarean section was performed on day 21. The fetuses were divided into three groups: I, normal controls; II, nitrofen-induced CDH; and III, nitrogen-induced CDH with antenatal dexamethasone treatment. mRNA was extracted from whole lung and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the relative amounts of IGF I and II mRNA. Levels of mRNA were expressed as a ratio of the band density divided by that of β-actin, a housekeeping gene known to be expressed at a constant level. Immunohistochemistry using anti-rat IGF I and II antibody was also performed in each group. Levels of IGF I mRNA were significantly increased in group II (0.50 ± 0.08) compared to group I (0.34 ± 0.10) or group III (0.32 ± 0.06) (P 〈 0.05). Levels of IGF II mRNA were also significantly increased in group II (0.95 ± 0.20) compared to group I (0.42 ± 0.07) or group III (0.31 ± 0.09) (P 〈 0.05). Strong IGF I and II expression was observed in the hypoplastic CDH lung (group II), mainly in the bronchiolar epithelium. IGF I and II expression in group I and III lungs was either absent or weak. The finding of significant reductions in IGF I and II mRNA and protein levels in dexamethasone-treated CDH lung suggest that dexamethasone may accelerate the fetal stage of lung development.
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  • 175
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 192-194 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Keywords Internal anal sphincter achalasia ; Innervation ; PGP 9.5 ; Synapse ; Synapsin I ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Internal anal sphincter achalasia (IASA) is a condition with a clinical presentation similar to Hirschsprung's disease, but with the presence of ganglion cells on rectal biopsy. The diagnosis of IASA is made on anorectal manometry, which demonstrates the absence of a rectosphincteric reflux on rectal balloon inflation. In order to understand the nature of neuronal abnormalities in this condition, we performed immunohistochemistry using PGP 9.5 (a general neuronal marker) and synapsin I (a presynaptic marker) in IAS specimens from 10 patients with IASA and 8 normal controls. In the IAS of normal controls, there were many PGP 9.5 and synapsin I-positive nerve fibers. In IASA PGP 9.5-immunoreactive fibers were markedly reduced and synapsin I-positive fibers were either absent or markedly reduced. Our findings demonstrate that the IAS in achalasia patients has defective intramuscular innervation as well as defective innervation of the neuromuscular junction, thereby contributing to the motility dysfunction.
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  • 176
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Esophagus ; Atresia ; Notochord ; Adriamycin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Esophageal atresia (EA) is often accompanied by vertebral defects and other anomalies. The adriamycin rat model of EA has disclosed the embryology of the malformation and shown that the vertebrae and notochord are also abnormal. This study describes the nature of notochord malformations in rat embryos exposed to adriamycin. Time-mated rats received either 1.75 mg/kg adriamycin or vehicle i.p. on gestational days (E) 6 to 9; E-12, E-12.5, and E-13 embryos were harvested, embedded in paraffin, and serially sectioned at 3 μm in transverse plane from the head to the stomach for subsequent PAS staining. The findings in both groups were compared at the three endpoints. Control embryos had neither tracheoesophageal nor notochord malformations. On day 12, only 11/36 adriamycin embryos were normal; 7/36 had abnormal notochords, 11/36 had EA, and 7/36 had both. The corresponding figures for 12.5 days were 12/27, 0/27, 7/27, and 8/27 and those for the day 13 7/23, 5/23, 3/23, and 8/23. The malformed notochords were thickened, bifurcated, or trifurcated in the sagittal plane. The simultaneous presence of notochord and esophageal malformations suggests a direct link between both defects, but our observation of isolated occurrence of both shows that they reflect two expressions of the profound disturbance of embryonic para-axial organization responsible for the cluster of malformations rather than a cause-effect association.
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  • 177
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 457-460 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Blunt testicular injury ; Rat ; DNA flowcytometry ; Antisperm antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Injury to the testis breaching the tunica albuginea is known to affect fertility. Blunt testicular trauma with an intact tunica albuginea has been reported to have no effect on contralateral testicular histology and Johnsen testicular maturation score. However, sensitive techniques like DNA flowcytometry have not been utilized so far to evaluate contralateral testicular germ-cell changes. Sixty-four male Wistar rats aged 20 days were randomized into groups I (control), II (unilateral blunt testicular trauma, UBTT), III (UBTT and excision of ipsilateral testis at 6 h), and IV (UBTT and cyclosporine for 30 days). Fertility, DNA flowcytometry of contralateral testicular tissue, and anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) were evaluated. Fertility and haploid-cell percentage of the contralateral testis were significantly decreased compared to controls in early adulthood (100 days). Around 150 days of age, as ASA decreased significantly, fertility and contralateral testicular haploid-cell population recovered and were comparable to the controls. Excision of the traumatized testicle around 6 h after injury or administration of cyclosporine for 30 days protected fertility and the contralateral testis. In contrast to group II rats, ELISA for ASA was negative in group III and IV rats. UBTT affects the contralateral testis and fertility. ASA mediate this damage. Orchidectomy performed around 6 h after trauma or short-term cyclosporine therapy prevents the damage.
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  • 178
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    International journal of clinical oncology 4 (1999), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words KAI1, Ovarian tumors ; PCR ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. KAI1 is a potential metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer. Decreased expression of KAI1 mRNA has been shown to be associated with the formation of metastasis and the progression of prostate, lung, breast, pancreatic, and bladder cancer. It has also been reported, however, that KAI1 expression is unchanged in metastatic and nonmetastatic esophageal and gastric cancer. We performed the present study to investigate the function of KAI1 in the progression and/or metastasis of ovarian cancer. Methods. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of the KAI1 gene, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in 29 ovarian tumors (1 adenoma, 2 low- malignant potential tumors, 9 adenocarcinomas without metastasis, and 17 adenocarcinomas with metastasis), seven ovarian cancer cell lines, and two normal ovaries. Using a thermal cycler, we found that the KAI1 gene was amplified in parallel with an internal control gene, β-Actin. The relative expression ratio (KAI1/β-Actin) as measured by densitometry was used to evaluate gene expression. Immunohistochemical localization of the KAI1 protein in ovarian cancer tissues was confirmed by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Results. The mRNA expression levels of KAI1 were consistent in normal ovary, ovarian tumor samples, and ovarian cancer cell lines. No statistically significant difference in the KAI1 mRNA expression level was found in ovarian cancer samples with or without metastasis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the KAI1 protein was expressed in the cell membranes of ovarian cancer cells. Conclusions. Our results suggest that reductions in KAI1 mRNA expression are not involved in either the progression or metastasis of ovarian carcinomas.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Basement membrane ; Ladsin ; Laminin-5 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunoelectron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ladsin, a homolog of laminin-5, is a large cell-adhesive protein with potent cell-scattering activity. In the present study, we investigated, by immunohistochemistry, the distribution of ladsin in a wide range of normal adult human epithelial tissues along with that of integrin subunit α3 as a marker of integrin α3β1, which is the primary receptor of ladsin. Our results demonstrated that ladsin was localized in the basement membranes of almost all the epithelial tissues with coexisting integrin subunit α3 along the cell membranes, suggesting that their interaction is important in the maintenance of normal architecture and function of these membranes. Only cytoplasmic localization of ladsin was observed in the fundic glands, hepatocytes, renal tubuli, and acini of the mammary glands, and in these tissues, integrin subunit α3 was also localized in the cytoplasm. Both ladsin and integrin subunit α3 were absent in the acini of the pancreas, major salivary glands, and bronchial glands. These tissue- and cell type-specific localizations of ladsin and integrin subunit α3 likely reflect the differences in their role and function in each tissue.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Carcinosarcoma ; Mesenchymal differentiation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hepatectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with mesenchymal differentiation, which was identified as a true carcinosarcoma based on thorough pathologic examination. A 48-year-old man presented with a giant mass in the lateral segment of the liver. It was resected by lateral segmentectomy combined with total gastrectomy. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of hepatocellular carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and undifferentiated sarcomatous components. The undifferentiated sarcomatous components were positive for cytokeratin, whereas the osteosarcomatous components were negative for cytokeratin and positive for S100. To our knowledge, this is only the second known case in which mesenchymal differentiation was immunohistochemically demonstrated in liver carcinosarcoma.
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  • 181
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Unilateral undescended testis ; Rat ; Testicular injury ; DNA flowcytometry ; Anti-sperm antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to evaluate whether creation of a unilateral undescended testis (U/L UDT) in rats by direct fixation of the testis can lead to changes in the contralateral (C/L) descended testis, and if so, whether this inherent problem of the model could be eliminated by anchoring the divided gubernaculum to indirectly fix the testis. Thirty male newborn rats were divided into three groups of 10 each and the procedure done on the 2nd day of life to create U/L UDT according to the group allocated: group I: sham-operated; group II: anchoring the gubernaculum after gubernaculectomy; group III: Direct suture fixation of the testis. Fertility, C/L testicular weight (TW), Johnsen score, seminiferous tubular diameter (STD), DNA flowcytometry, and serum anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) were studied. Fertility, C/L TW, Johnsen score, STD, and haploid cell population were significantly reduced in group III compared to group II, while significantly higher titers of ASA were found in group III. Gubernaculectomy and anchoring the gubernaculum to the anterior abdominal wall is a better technique of creation of experimental UDT, as direct fixation of the testis is potentially detrimental to the C/L normal, descended testis.
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  • 182
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    International journal of clinical oncology 4 (1999), S. 78-83 
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words CD44 ; Colon cancer ; Liver metastasis ; Cellular localization ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. The functional heterogeneity of the cell adhesion molecule family CD44 is explained by differences in its activity, which is regulated by alterations in the distribution of its cellular localization. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the functional differences in cancer cells according to variations in the cellular localization of CD44. Methods. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 34 colon cancers (obtained from 17 patients with liver metastasis and 17 without liver metastasis) were investigated. These tumors were classified according to the predominant pattern of cellular localization of CD44 (the isoforms CD44H, CD44v6, and CD44v9). For each CD44 isoform, the functional differences were investigated for a correlation between localization patterns and Ki-67 labeling index (to indicate cell proliferative activity), and for a correlation between localization patterns and liver metastasis. Results. On staining for CD44H, tumors displayed three localization patterns. One pattern, in which CD44H was expressed on the basal or basolateral side of the plasma membrane in cancer cells, showed a higher Ki-67 labeling index than other localization patterns (P 〈 0.01), and a higher rate of the basolateral localization pattern was observed in patients with liver metastasis than in those without (P = 0.02). On staining for CD44v6 and CD44v9, tumors showed four and three localization patterns, respectively. No significant differences in localization patterns were found in analyses of the Ki-67 labeling index and liver metastasis for either CD44v6 or CD44v9. Conclusions. A functional correlate of CD44H localization patterns was detected. In particular, cancer cells in which CD44H was localized at the basal or basolateral membranes were closely associated with high proliferative activity and high liver metastatic potential.
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  • 183
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 540-542 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) ; Elastic fibers ; Elastin ; Connective tissue ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is characterized by hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle, causing pyloric-channel narrowing and elongation. The rigidity of the muscle is increased, which is characterized as an “olive.” Elastin is an insoluble protein that forms the major structural component of the elastic fibers and maintains the tensile strength of the tissues. To understand the possible histologic and molecular basis of the elasticity of the hypertrophic muscle in IHPS, we determined the distribution of the elastic fibers and elastin expression using Victoria blue van Gieson (VVG) staining and immunohistochemistry. In IHPS, the number of elastic fibers in the connective tissue was significantly increased in the thickened connective-tissue septa (CTS) compared with normal control specimens. In normal pyloric muscle, weak to moderate elastin immunoreactivity was observed in the CTS while no immunoreactivity was observed among the muscle fibers. In IHPS, strong immunoreactivity of elastin was observed in the CTS and moderate immunoreactivity among the hypertrophic smooth-muscle fibers. Our findings suggest that the increase on elastic fibers and elastin expression in the pyloric muscle in IHPS may play an important role in the development of pyloric-muscle rigidity, causing pyloric-canal obstruction.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Tenascin-C ; Laryngeal carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Cell proliferation ; Cell migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein upregulated in various pathological processes. In this study, we investigated its distribution in dysplasia and carcinoma of the human larynx using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques. In all cancer tissues, TN-C immunostaining was markedly increased in the stroma, especially around the cancer cell nests. In addition, cytoplasmic staining of cancer cells was also observed in 62.5% of the invasive cases, the cells being distributed in the periphery of the nests adjacent to the stroma. TN-C mRNA signals in cancer cells were detected in all six cases examined by ISH. Furthermore, in vitro evaluation of the roles of TN-C demonstrated an increase in the proliferating cell fraction in a dose-dependent manner. In a wound closure assay, the addition of TN-C promoted migration. We conclude that TN-C secreted by cancer cells may be involved in their proliferation and migration in an autocrine fashion.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Breast neoplasms ; Malignant myoepithelioma ; Metastasis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A breast tumor in a 52-year-old female was interpreted as a malignant myoepithelioma based on morphological and immunohistochemical studies. The tumor consisted of elongated cells with clear cytoplasm and lacked glandular components. The tumor cells were stained positively for keratin, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and muscle-specific actin. Distant metastasis in the right jaw developed 8 years after the initial surgery and the metastatic deposit showed a similar morphology and immunoreactivity. Myoepithelial tumors are generally considered as benign or low-grade lesions and distant metastasis has been rarely documented. The present case presents the possibility of delayed occurrence of distant metastasis in myoepithelial tumor of the breast.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words p21 ; p53 ; Colon ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The WAF1/CIP1 gene product, p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, is a critical downstream effector in the p53 pathway. The expression of p21 in human neoplasms is heterogeneous, and may be related to p53 functional status. We evaluated p21 immunoreactivity in 103 colorectal carcinomas (CC) in relation to the p53 gene and protein alterations and clinico-pathologic parameters. High p21 expression (more than 10% reactive cells) was seen in 39% of cases. p21 staining was heterogeneous and often detected in clusters of tumour cells; in some tumours p21 staining was more pronounced in superficial areas. No relation was seen between p21 immunoreactivity and site of the tumours (right vs left), TNM stage and grade. p21 expression was related to p53 status as evaluated with IHC or with SSCP analyses, low p21 expression usually being associated with p53 protein overexpression (P=0.048) and p53 gene alteration (P=0.005). The strongest associations were seen when the combined p53/p21 immunophenotype was compared with p53 gene alterations (P=0.0002). These data support the hypothesis that p21 expression in CC is mainly related to p53 functional status, suggesting that p21 expression could be an interesting adjunct in the evaluation of the functional status of the p53 pathway in CC.
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  • 187
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Hypopharynx carcinoma ; Prognosis ; Proliferation ; Ki-S11 ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  As a potential prognostic factor, the proliferative activity of 131 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the hypopharynx and 47 of their cervical lymph-node metastases was analyzed retrospectively by means of monoclonal antibody Ki-S11 immunostaining, which specifically detects the Ki-67 antigen on paraffin-embedded tissue. Median follow-up time was 37.6 months. Ki-S11 revealed distinctive patterns of proliferating cells related to the degree of differentiation. The proliferation fractions in the primaries and their lymph-node metastases did not differ significantly. Patients with high proliferating hypopharynx carcinomas (〉45% labeled cells) had a significantly lower 5-year-survival rate (16%) than patients with low proliferating tumors, whose 5-year-survival rate was 30% (P=0.01). A statistically significant positive correlation was also observed between proliferative activity and lymph-node status (P=0.012). In conclusion, the proliferative activity as determined by means of Ki-S11 immunostaining is of prognostic value with respect to both survival and metastatic risk in SCC of the hypopharynx.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Mixed ductal-endocrine carcinoma ; Pancreas ; Gastrinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report an autopsy case of mixed ductal-endocrine carcinoma of the pancreas presenting as gastrinoma with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A 38-year-old Japanese male was found to have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and pancreatic gastrinoma, and gastrectomy and resection of the pancreatic tumor were performed. However, hypergastrinemia persisted, and the patient died of disseminated carcinomatosis at 62 years of age, 24 years after the onset of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. At autopsy, the main tumor was present in the residual pancreas, and metastases were noted in many organs. In the pancreas and other organs, ductal and endocrine carcinoma areas were mixed and there was a gradual transition between the two. No acinar differentiation was noted. The ductal elements were positive for mucins and carcinoembryonic antigen but negative for neuroendocrine markers, while endocrine elements were positive for chromogranin A and synaptophysin and to a lesser extent for gastrin, but negative for mucins and carcinoembryonic antigen. The ductal elements comprised about 30% of the tumor cells, and endocrine elements 70%. According to the revised World Health Organization classification, our case was diagnosed as mixed ductal-endocrine carcinoma. Our case is rare because the tumor manifested as gastrinoma with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and the patient survived for 24 years. To the best of our knowledge, no such case has been reported. Our case suggests that pancreatic endocrine tumors may evolve into mixed ductal-endocrine carcinomas.
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  • 189
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Cyclin B1 ; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent studies have identified a family of proteins referred to as cyclins, which control the cell cycle. Cyclin B1 activates cdc2, which regulates cell progression through the G2 and M phases. The main aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the cyclin B1 expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and clinicopathological factors and prognosis of the patients. Eighty-seven cases of primary human SCC consecutively obtained at esophagectomy were immunohistochemically studied using an anti-human cyclin B1 protein antibody (2H1-H6). The relationship between cyclin B1 expression and clinicopathological factors, including prognosis, were also statistically assessed. Positive immunostaining of cancer cells, mainly in the cytoplasm, was detected in 72.4% (63/87): heterogeneous pattern in 37.9 % (33/87) and homogeneous pattern in 34.5% (30/87). The prevalence of cyclin B1 expression was significantly higher in cases with invasion deeper than the muscularis propria (P〈0.005) and with venous invasion (P〈0.01) than in other cases. Patients whose SCCs expressed high levels of cyclin B1 protein had a significantly poorer prognosis than did the other patients (P〈0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that cyclin B1 status was an important factor affecting survival (P〈0.05). These findings demonstrated that overexpression of cyclin B1 protein is associated with tumor behavior and prognosis for patients with human esophageal SCC.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Ductal carcinoma in situ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Myoepithelial cells ; Basal lamina ; Smooth muscle actin ; Calponin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A retrospective study was made of 38 selected brest tumours with a poorly differentiated in situ duct component. These were classified on haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; 10 cases), DCIS with invasion (17 cases) and DCIS with features suggestive of for stromal invasion (11 cases). The last were these lesions composed of neoplastic ducts with irregular outlines and a myoepithelial layer that was not clearly evident or large neoplastic ducts growing close together or surrounded by inflammatory desmoplastic stroma. Cases of DCIS involving areas of sclerosing adenosis were included in this category. Consecutive sections obtained from each case were studied with a panel of antibodies against myoepithelial cells (alpha smooth muscle actin and calponin) and basal lamina (BL) components (laminin and type IV collagen). It was found that in situ lesions showed well-formed basal lamina and/or an evident myoepithelial layer. These features were lacking in the invasive areas. Nine of the 11 cases with suggestive features of stromal invasion were reclassified as invasive duct carcinoma (5 cases)and DCIS (4 cases), according to the absence or presence of a continuous myoepithelial layer and/or basal lamina. In 2 such cases immunohistochemistry yielded equivocal results and the label ”suggestive of invasion” was therefore pertinent. Immunohistochemistry facilitates the diagnosis of breast DCIS; myoepithelial and basal lamina markers are useful in differentiating microinvasive from in situ ductal carcinomas of the breast.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Carbohydrates ; N-Sulfation ; O-Sulfation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Crescentic glomerulonephritis leads to a rapid loss of renal function. Although glomerular crescents are rich in extracellular matrix (ECM), the composition and genesis of the ECM are incompletely understood. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a major ECM molecule and has polymeric structure of great variability. Recent findings that alterations in HS epitopes are associated with renal pathology prompted us to hypothesize that specific HS epitopes might be expressed in the evolution of crescents. We reviewed clinical records of 724 patients who underwent renal biopsy and found 21 patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against well-defined HS epitopes. One mAb was directed against unsaturated uronic acid residues generated during the selective removal of HS by heparitinase (a), and a further two different mAbs against N-sulfate-enriched and O-sulfate-poor portions of HS (b). Results showed that mAb (a) reacted to ECM of normal, sclerosed and crescentic glomeruli and that mAbs (b) reacted strongly to ECM of fibrocellular crescents but not to fibrous crescents, the periglomerular areas and noncrescentic intraglomerular areas. We concluded there are regional differences in HS epitope expression, although HS are ubiquitous components of glomerular ECM. N-sulfate-enriched and O-sulfate-poor portions of HS might play a role in crescent formation.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Pyruvate kinase isoenzymes ; N-Nitrosomorpholine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The expression of the pyruvate kinase (PK) isoenzymes L and M2 was analysed in the livers of rats treated with the hepatocarcinogenic agent N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) in the drinking water. In control animals L-PK expression was restricted to liver parenchymal cells, whereas M2-PK was detected in bile duct epithelial, blood vessel wall, endothelial and Kupffer cells. In rats treated with NNM proliferating oval cells were consistently L-PK negative and M2-PK positive, while the ductal cells of cholangiofibroses were clearly L-PK positive and coexpressed M2-PK. However, no morphological differentiation of ductal cells into hepatocyte-like cells was observed. In the clear and acidophilic cell foci storing glycogen in excess strong staining for L-PK was observed. In glycogen-poor foci induced by NNM a shift from L-PK to M2-PK expression takes place.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Autonomic nerve tumour ; Small intestine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quick-freezing ; Deep-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumour with skeinoid fibres (SFs) of the jejunum in a 79-year-old Japanese man, was examined by the quick-freezing and deep-etching (QF-DE) method. The tumour consisted of spindle cells with immunohistochemical reactions for vimentin, NSE and CD34. Electron microscopically, features of the neural cells of the myenteric plexus were observed. The QF-DE method demonstrated intercellular meshwork structures, consisting of thin filaments (7–15 nm), with granular deposits. Fully developed parts of the deposits formed nodular aggregates composed of irregularly surfaced thick fibrils (30–48 nm) with a tendency to linear arrangement (SFs). We detected many interconnecting thin filaments (ICTFs) between the SFs, which were pre-existing components in the meshwork, avoiding the granular deposits. The focal thickening formed by the connection between SFs and ICTFs revealed a periodicity typical of SFs (33–45 nm). We conclude that SFs are formed by decoration of the granular deposits along pre-existing intercellular meshwork structures.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Activin A ; Inhibin A ; Endocrine tumors ; Digestive system ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Activin A and inhibin A, first isolated from the ovary, are dimeric proteins able to modulate pituitary FSH secretion. Inhibin A is a heterodimer composed of one α-subunit and one βA-subunit (α-βA), while activin A is a homodimer of the βA-subunit (βA-βA). Their identification in several tissues has suggested that they have numerous physiological functions, acting as either paracrine or autocrine factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of activin A and inhibin A in normal endocrine cells and in 70 endocrine tumours from different sites in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system, using specific monoclonal antibodies directed against the α- and βA-subunits of inhibin/activin. Immunoreactivity for the βA-subunit, but not for the α-subunit, was observed in normal G, EC, and GIP cells of the antrum and duodenum, and in pancreatic A cells. βA-subunit expression was observed in G cell and A cell tumours, and in a few insulinomas and ileal EC cell carcinoids. The α-subunit was found in rare cells in 7 of the 70 tumours and was colocalized with the βA-subunit in only 1 tumor. Specific types of endocrine cells from the gut and pancreas appear to produce only activin A, a possible paracrine or autocrine modulator. Activin A is mainly produced by tumours derived from endocrine cells that normally express it.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Salivary gland ; Pleomorphic adenoma ; Collagen ; Cell culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The morphogenesis of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma was examined in vitro using three-dimensional (3-D) collagen gel culture. Pleomorphic adenoma cells were isolated from three parotid gland tumours and cultured as monolayers, after which they were subcultured in floating-collagen gel sandwiches. Cells cultured in both conditions were immunohistochemically characterized and compared using antibodies against various proteins representative of each histological component of salivary glands. Monolayers had myoepithelial characteristics, being positive for vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin. In collagen gels, however, the cells assembled in epithelial nests, showing an architecture similar to that of pleomorphic adenoma. The nests were composed of duct-lining epithelial cells that were positive for epithelial markers, surrounded by myoepithelial cells. Collagen gel culture induces multi-directional differentiation of adenoma cells, suggesting that pleomorphic adenomas originate from stem or reserve cells.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Systemic granulomatous arteritis ; Epstein-Barr virus ; Virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 61-year-old woman initially presented with symptoms and findings reminiscent of infectious mononucleosis, and her illness then took a rapidly fatal course. Autopsy revealed widespread granulomatous arteritis, with multinucleated giant cells but without eosinophils and fibrinoid necrosis, affecting small arteries and arterioles and infiltration of haemophagocytic histiocytes into many organs. In situ hybridization with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific oligonucleotide probes showed positive signals in the infiltrating immune cells and epithelial and endothelial cells of the affected organs. EBV-associated haemophagocytic syndrome (EBV-AHS) with systemic granulomatous arteritis was diagnosed. From the immunophenotypes of the infiltrating immune cells, a possible role of CD4+ T-cells in the pathogenesis of this haemophagocytic syndrome and granulomatous vasculitis was suggested.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma ; Salivary gland tumours ; Immunohistochemistry ; Flow cytometry ; MIB-1 (Ki 67) ; Proliferative markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Three cases of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) with coexisting areas of high grade carcinoma are reported. In two of the cases there was a previous recurrence, and in all three patients there had been a sudden increase in size before final surgery. The typical ductal and myoepithelial components of EMC showed the usual biphasic pattern and the expected immunophenotypes, with expression of wide spectrum cytokeratins, Cam 5.2 and EMA in the ductal part, and muscle-specific actin, smooth muscle actin, S-100 protein, vimentin and cytokeratins in the myoepithelial component. These areas also had a low mitotic count and low proliferation rate as measured by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry. Conversely, areas of high-grade tumour had the features of a large cell carcinoma, with focal mucin secretion in two cases. This high-grade component showed an epithelial immunophenotype in two cases, and was negative for all tested markers in the third one. The mitotic counts and the proliferation rates were much higher in these anaplastic areas. One of the patients died 3 months after treatment; another developed lymph node metastases 1 year later and was alive after 6 years of follow-up. The third patient was alive without evidence of disease 7 months after wide surgical resection of the tumour. The possibility of anaplastic transformation in EMC makes thorough sampling mandatory in this type of neoplasm.
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  • 198
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; Basement membrane ; Laminin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) originates from C cells, which secrete calcitonin (CT), their specific marker. C cells are located in contact with the basement membrane (BM) of the thyroid follicles, which is partly made up of the laminin-2 isoform synthesized by thyrocytes. During oncogenesis, proliferation of the C cells, invading the centre of the follicles, leads to a break in their normal contact with the BM. As specific interactions of cells with BM components, especially laminins, are important for proliferation and differentiation, we investigated the relationships of normal and neoplastic C cells with laminin in the Wag/Rij rat model of human MTC. Immunocytochemical studies showed a progressive loss of the laminin layer underlying the hyperplastic C cell nodules around the large dedifferentiated tumours. The α2, β1 and γ1 chains of the laminin-2 isoform were synthesized and secreted by rat MTC 6–23 cell cultures and the tumours induced by subcutaneous injection of these cells. In situ hybridization combined with anti-CT immunocytochemistry showed a low expression of α2 mRNA on differentiated C cells and thyrocytes, but an overexpression on immunonegative spontaneous MTC and induced intrathyroid tumours. The high level of α2 gene expression, together with tumour dedifferentiation, suggests a relationship with malignancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 434 (1999), S. 551-560 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Systemic amyloidosis ; Brain ; Circumventricular organs ; Choroid plexus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Aβ colocalization.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Amyloid deposits in cerebral vessels are common in β-amyloid diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, congophilic amyloid angiopathy, Down’s syndrome and hereditary cerebral amyloidosis with haemorrhage of the Dutch type). We report of 20 autopsies on patients who had died with systemic amyloidosis of the AA, Aλ and Aκ types: the brains were examined for the occurrence of amyloid. Vascular amyloid was detected in choroid plexus (in 17 of 20 cases), infundibulum (5 of 8), area postrema (6 of 11), pineal body (3 of 7) and subfornical organ (2 of 3), but not in cortical and leptomeningeal vessels. Immunohistochemical classification of the cerebral amyloid and the systemic amyloid syndrome showed identity proving the same origin of both. The distribution is indicative of a haematogenic pattern of amyloid deposition in systemic amyloidosis and is different from that in Alzheimer’s, prion, ATTR and cystatin C diseases. It corresponds to areas of the brain with a ”leaky” blood–brain barrier. Additionally, all the cases with AA amyloidosis exhibited an Aβ coreactivity in choroid plexus vessels. In one exceptional case, Aβ reactivity of AA amyloid also occurred outside of the brain.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words E-cadherin ; Colorectal cancer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  E-cadherin, a transmembrane cell adhesion molecule, has been observed to have an altered pattern of immunoreactivity in several types of carcinomas. In lobular breast cancer, loss of immunoreactivity has been shown to be due either to out-of-frame deletions or to nonsense mutations of the E-cadherin gene. We analysed 29 cases of completely resected colon carcinoma with immunohistochemistry using the HEC-D1 antibody. Normal protein expression similar to that in the adjacent nonmalignant mucosa was seen in 6 cases, whereas 23 tumours had reduced or absent E-cadherin expression. In the 8 cases with no expression of E-cadherin revealed by immunohistochemistry, the entire E-cadherin cDNA sequence was analysed. In these cases, sequence analysis failed to reveal any cDNA mutations despite the negative immunohistochemistry. Possible explanations for this discrepancy include regulatory defects in the E-cadherin promoter, abnormalities at the translation or protein processing levels and mutations in other parts of the gene that were not investigated by the cDNA analysis (e.g. intronic sequences), which could play a role in causing abnormal processing of the E-cadherin protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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