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  • 1965-1969  (2,113)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,026)
  • Cat  (55)
  • Engineering General
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 128 (1969), S. 222-234 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Postnatal development ; Fixation ; Neuroglia ; Corpus callosum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gehirne von Tieren aus 4 verschieden alten Würfen junger Katzen wurden teils lebensfrisch durch Perfusion, teils nach 24 Std durch Immersion fixiert und für Vergleichsuntersuchungen in Paraffin eingebettet. Bei Betrachtung der Gliazellen des Corpus callosum ergab sich: 1. Nach Perfusionsfixierung sind die Kerne der Gliazellen groß und elliptisch. Sie sind wasserklar und haben eine scharf gezeichnete Chromatinstruktur. Nach Immersionsfixierung 24 Std p.m. sind die Kerne dagegen klein und rund, homogen dunkel gefärbt und haben ein kaum zu erkennendes Chromatingerüst. 2. Nach Perfusionsfixierung sieht man im Balken der ganz jungen Tiere zahlreiche Mitosen. Sie fehlen bei den durch Immersion fixierten Geschwistertieren desselben Wurfes. 3. Die nach verschiedener Fixierung beobachteten Unterschiede in der Form der Gliazellkerne werden durch Messungen der Quer- und Längsachsen erfaßt.
    Notes: Summary In four litters of young cats, some of the brains were fixed by perfusion and the others by immersion. The material was embedded in paraffin and the neuroglia was investigated in sections through the corpus callosum. It was found that: 1. After fixation by perfusion the nuclei of the glia cells are large and elliptic. The caryoplasm is clear and there is a distinct structure of the chromatin. After fixation by immersion the nuclei of the same cells are small and round. The caryoplasm is dense and the structure of the chromatin is not clearly visible. 2. After fixation by perfusion mitotic figures are present. They are absent in the brains fixed by immersion. 3. Following different fixation, there are differences in the shape of the nuclei of the glial cells. These differences have been investigated in detail by measuring the diameters of the nuclei.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 128 (1969), S. 28-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Arterial supply ; Corpus callosum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 27 Katzen beiderlei Geschlechts wurde die Blutversorgung des Corpus callosum untersucht. Dabei wurden folgende Befunde erhoben: Der Balken der Katze wird im Bereich des Rostrum und Genu sowie im vorderen und mittleren Truncuabschnitt aus der Arteria cerebri anterior versorgt und zwar über Äste, die den Arteriae pericallosae und den Arteriae genu corporis callosi entstammen. Diese Äste wurden als Arteriae callosi superiores und inferiores bezeichnet. Lediglich im hinteren Truncusabschnitt und im Splenium erfolgt die Versorgung neben Ästen der A. pericall. auch über solche der Arteriae cerebri mediae und posteriores. Die Blutgefäße treten dolchartig in den Balken ein, teilen sich dann baumartig weiter auf und gehen in ein Capillarnetz über, das in Richtung des Nervenfaserverlaufes ausgezogen ist. Auf in der Literatur bereits bekannte, aber oft vernachlässigte Besonderheiten der Arteria carotis interna und des Circulus arteriosus wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary In investigations on 27 cats of both sexes, the arterial supply of the corpus callosum was studied. The findings are as follows: In the region comprising rostrum and genu as well as in the fore and middle trunk sections, blood supplied by branches of the arteriae pericallosae and the arteriae genu corporis callosi which originate from the arteria cerebri anterior. These branches were designated arteriae callosi superiores and inferiores. However, in the posterior section of the trunk and in the splenium the blood is supplied by branches of the aa. pericall. and, in addition, by branches of the arteriae cerebri media and posteriores. The blood vessels penetrate the corpus callosum in bayonet fashion, then arborise and finally become a capillary network which is elongated in the direction of the course of the nerve fibres. Attention is drawn to peculiarities of the arteria carotis interna and the circle of Willis which, although known in the literature, are rarely referred to.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Emotional behaviour ; Hypothalamus ; Electrical stimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Affective behaviour patterns produced by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus were studied in unanaesthetized, freely-moving cats. Bipolar stimulation with coaxial electrodes and small cathode was used to elicit defence, attack or flight. The development of these responses was studied by varying stimulation strength. In some experiments a stuffed animal was introduced in order to study the reactions of the cat to changes in the environment during stimulation. 2. The following responses were evoked at threshold intensity: (i) growling reaction; (ii) hissing reaction; (iii) two types of flight — type a preceded by hastily looking to and fro as if in search of an exit, type b preceded by inspection of surroundings, in most cases associated with sniffing. 3. Increasing stimulation 1.5 times threshold often yielded combined patterns. At points yielding the growling reaction a defence response in which growls alternated with hisses was obtained. The points yielding flight type a sometimes yielded hissing followed by flight. Increasing stimulation at hissing points yielded either a defence reaction or the combined effect hissing-flight. 4. The growling reactions were obtained from the tuber region. The hissing responses were obtained from points above the tuber. The flight reactions, type a, were produced from the intermediate zone extending from the level of the preoptic area to the mamillary bodies and type b from the caudo-lateral hypothalamus. 5. The reactions of the cats to a dummy during stimulation varied depending on the type of response which had been evoked in the absence of the dummy. The defence reaction was converted into threatening and striking of the dummy, the combined effects into threatening, striking or biting, culminating in sudden flight. The dummy was ignored during stimulation of points yielding flight type a, but examined by sniffing during stimulation of points yielding flight type b.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Emotional Behaviour ; Hypothalamus ; Electrical stimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The results presented in the present paper are an extension of preceding work devoted to exploration of the hypothalamic defence and flight fields using coaxial electrodes with small cathode. In 33 cats simultaneous stimulation was applied to two points which upon single stimulation had yielded defence, flight, or defence and flight respectively. Results were compared with those produced at either point alone. In 2 cats combined stimulation of a defence and a flight point was carried out with a stuffed cat present. 2. The latencies and rates of the vocal effects associated with defence (growling and hissing), and the latencies of flight (jump from the table) were measured. 3. Simultaneous stimulation of two points which had yielded defence, or of two points which had yielded flight resulted in facilitation (spatial summation) of the effects evoked: a more complete defence response associated with decrease of the latencies and increase in the rates of the vocal effects; decrease of flight latencies and increase of flight impetuosity. 4. Simultaneous stimulation of a defence point which had yielded growling at lower threshold than hissing, and of a point which had yielded flight resulted in facilitation of hissing. Growling and flight were often suppressed; when they occurred, latencies were lengthened and growling rates were increased somewhat. 5. Stimulation of a defence point with a dummy present produces striking (fending off). Simultaneous stimulation of a flight point resulted in facilitation of both hissing and striking. 6. It is concluded that the complex patterns obtained when defence is combined with flight are the result of facilitatory and inhibitory interaction between the elements of the individual patterns.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 37-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Spatial Summation ; Center Inhibition ; Dynamic Organisation of Receptive Fields ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An retinalen Ganglienzellen der Katze wurde die räumliche Summation im receptiven Feldzentrum (KFZ) bei Dunkeladaptation und Helladaptation durch mittelpunktzentrierte Lichtreize verschiedener Flächengrößen untersucht. Als Kriterium dienten die Entladungsraten der ersten 200 und 500 msec nach Licht-an oder Licht-aus. Das Summationsverhalten wurde sowohl für Einzelneurone als auch gruppenstatistisch für die beiden Neuronen-Systeme B (on-Zentrum) und D (off-Zentrum) untersucht. 2. Die räumliche Summation ist auf den inneren Bereich des RFZ beschränkt: bei on-Zentrum-Neuronen steigt die Entladungsrate nur bis zu Reizflächen, die etwa 1/5 der Fläche des RFZ belichten, bei off-Zentrum-Neuronen bis zu Reizflachen von ca. 1/10 des RFZ. Bei Variation der Reizfläche zwischen 20 und 100% der Fläche des RFZ bleibt das Entladungsniveau konstant (asymptotischer Verlauf der Summationskurve). 3. Die Begrenzung der räumlichen Summation auf einen kleinen Bereich des RFZ beweist eine bereits im Feldzentrum wirksame Hemmung. Diese Zentrum-Inhibition begrenzt die Erregungssummation im RFZ bei zunehmender Flächengröße des Lichtreizes. 4. On- und off-Zentrum-Neurone unterscheiden sich in beiden Adaptationszuständen in der Höhe des Entladungsniveaus. Die Entladungsraten der on-Zentrum-Neurone nach Licht-an übertreffen um ein Mehrfaches die Entladungsraten der off-Zentrum-Neurone nach Licht-aus. Die Unterschiede sind gruppenstatistisch hoch signifikant. Die interneuronale Variabilität der Entladungsraten ist bei den onZentrum Neuronen erheblich geringer als bei den off-Zentrum-Neuronen. 5. Dunkel -und Helladaptation führt zu signifikantem Unterschied der Entladungsraten: bei Helladaptation liegt die Impulsrate beider Neuronentypen höher als bei Dunkeladaptation und der Summationsbereich ist um 5–10% größer. 6. Für die mathematische Beschreibung der Summationsverläufe ist die Hyperbel besser geeignet als die logarithmische und Potenzfunktion. Logarithmus- und Potenzfunktionen beschreiben den konstanten asymptotischen Teil der Summationskurven ungenügend und eigenen sich nur für den Kurventeil im innersten Summationsbereich. Die Bedeutung der Befunde für eine dynamische Interpretation der visuellen Feldorganisation und mögliche Beziehungen zur lateralen Umfeldhemmung werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. Spatial summation of suprathreshold light stimuli within receptive field centers (RFZ) of retinal ganglion cells was investigated during dark and light adaptation in cats. The mean discharge rates for 200 and 500 msec following light on or off were the computed response criteria. The summation effects were analyzed for single neurones and statistically for grouped neuron populations of the two neuronal subsystems B (on-center-neurones) and D (off-center-neurones). 2. Spatial summation is restricted to a small part of the RFZ. On-centerneurones increase their on-discharge rates with increasing spot sizes, only if the stimulus illuminates less than 1/5 of the RFZ. The summating area of the off-centerneurones is smaller (about 1/10 of the RFZ). 3. The limitation of spatial summation to a small part of the RFZ indicates the existance of inhibition within the RFZ. This center-inhibition sets a constant limit for excitation summation in the RFZ. 4. The mean neuronal response rates for the 2 subsystems show significant differences: The on-discharges of the on-center-neurones exceed the off-discharges of the off-center-neurones by a factor of 3–5. These highly significant differences occur at both adaptation levels and are not due to different spontaneous activity. Interneuronal response variability of the off-center-neurones was twice as large as that of the on-center-neurones. 5. Change from dark to light adaptation had only a small but significant influence on summation properties. The poststimulus discharge rates were higher during light adaptation and the summating area was slightly larger (about 5–10%). 6. A comparative curve fitting procedure for three suitable mathematical functions revealed that the hyperbola describes the neuronal summation curves better than a logarithmic or power function. The latter do not fit the constant asymptotic part of the curve. The significance of the results for a dynamic interpretation of the organisation of visual receptive fields is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 219-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex in vitro ; Chloride transport ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the uptake of chloride by slices of cat cerebral cortex incubated in vitro have been studied for a wide range of concentrations of chloride and potassium in the incubation media. 1. In studies with 36Cl at a constant concentration of external K+, the rate of entry of chloride into slices of cat cerebral cortex (after equilibration with the fluid of the extracellular space) followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Vmax=7.7 μmoles/g/min and Km=245 mM. The kinetic data so described differ significantly from a curve describing simple diffusion (P 〈 0.02). 2. A clear dependence on concentration of K+ in the incubation medium was demonstrated. When external chloride was held constant at 6.8 mM and concentrations of potassium were varied over a range of 27–100 mM, the apparent rate of entry of chloride followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Vmax=0.191 μmoles/ g/min and Km=30.3 mM. 3. Under similar equilibrium conditions, the rate of influx of chloride was not statistically different from the rate of efflux, and the value for extracellular space (355 μl/g) derived by extrapolation from efflux data was of an identical order of magnitude to the value (352 μl/g) obtained from influx data. These values are essentially identical to those previously determined for chloride space of cat cerebral cortex in vivo (Bourke, Greenberg and Tower 1965). 4. The total, membrane-delimited content of chloride in cerebral cortex, as defined in these studies in vitro, was a function of the concentration of K+ in the incubation medium.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 232-248 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex in vitro ; Edema ; Fluid compartmentation ; Chloride transport ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ionic parameters of incubation media which foster both the development and subsequent reduction of swelling of slices of cerebral cortex under isosmotic conditions of incubation in vitro are described. A linear relationship between increasing chloride concentrations in incubation media and progressive swelling of tissue slices (under conditions of constant temperature and K+ concentrations and isotonicity of incubation media) is demonstrated. Subsequent reduction of chloride concentration in incubation media together with reciprocal replacement by isethionate is associated with significant and characteristic reduction in the volume of tissue swelling when all other conditions of incubation, including isotonicity of the media, are kept constant. The ionic composition of the fluid of swelling under different conditions of incubation is derived together with the ionic composition and expected transmembrane potentials of the neuronal compartment of cerebral cortex in vitro. Mechanisms involved in the development and subsequent reduction of swelling of cerebral cortex in vitro are discussed, and proposals for possible clinical applications are suggested.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate body ; Spatial summation ; Off-center-characteristics ; Geniculate transfer ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die räumliche Summation im receptiven Feldzentrum von Neuronen des Corpus geniculatum laterale (CG-L) wird beschrieben und mit entsprechenden Untersuchungen an retinalen Ganglienzellen verglichen. Neben größerer interneuronaler Variabilität ergeben sich ausgeprägtere Unterschiede der Summationseigenschaften der on-und off-Zentrum-Neurone. Der effektive Summationsbereich von etwa 1/5 der Fläche des RFZ ist in Retina und CGL etwa gleich. 2. Die on-Zentrum-Neurone des CGL zeigen in beiden Adaptationszuständen einen ähnlichen Summationsverlauf wie in der Retina. Das Entladungsnieau ist im CGL jedoch erheblich geringer und nicht durch Unterschiede in der Spontanaktivität zu erklären. 3. Die Mehrzahl der off-Zentrum-Neurone des CGL zeigt bei DA inverse Summationsverläufe wie in der Retina: durchgehende Verminderung der Entladungsrate der off-Antworten bei Vergrößerung der Reizfläche im RFZ. Eine kleine Gruppe zeigt einen parabelförmigen Summationsverlauf mit Entladungszunahme bis zu Reizflächen von 10–30% der Fläche des RFZ und darauffolgender Entladungsminderung. Bei Helladaptation zeigen fast alle off-Zentrum-Neurone diesen Parabelverlauf. Das durchschnittliche Entladungsniveau ist von dem retinaler offZentrum-Neurone nicht signifikant verschieden. 4. Die interneuronale Variabilität der Summationsvorgänge im RFZ von CGLNeuronen ist gegenüber den retinalen Ganglienzellen deutlich größer. Dies gilt insbesondere für die off-Zentrum-Neurone. Das Summationsverhalten von CGLNeuronen läßt sich daher nicht wie in der Retina durch einen Funktionstyp beschreiben. 5. Die Befunde sprechen für eine Transformation des retinalen Eingangs der off-Zentrum-Neurone im CGL, während die on-Zentrum-Neurone außer der bekannten Frequenzuntersetzung keine wesentliche Umformung erkennen lassen.
    Notes: Summary 1. Spatial summation in the receptive field center of neurones of the lateral geniculate body (CGL) is limited by inhibition to a small part of field center. Variations of stimulus size are only effective if the stimulus is smaller than about 1/5 of the area of receptive field center. Thus, the active summating area of the field center in the CGL corresponds to that of the retina. Geniculate neurones, however, show less homogeneous responses and the summation properties of the two neuronal subsystems (on-center-and off-center-cells), show greater differences than in the retina. 2. The form of summation curves for the on-center-neurones of the CGL is similar to those of the retina at both adaptation levels. However, the average responses rates in the CGL are considerably lower. This is not due to differences of spontaneous activity. 3. The summation characteristics of off-responses of off-center-neurones of the CGL are quite different from those in the retina. In dark adaptation the majority of CGL neurones respond with decreasing discharge rates to increasing spot-sizes within the field center. A small number show an initial increase of discharge rates up to stimulus sizes of about 1/10 of the receptive field center before a decrease occurs. This parabolic summation type is typical for most off-center-neurones in light adaptation. The mean discharge levels are the same as those of the retinal offcenter-neurones. 4. The higher interneuronal variability of summation curves especially of the off-center-neurones of the CGL indicates a more complex determination of the discharge properties of CGL neurones. This functional differentiation of single neurones is congruent with the more complex structural and synaptic organisation in CGL. 5. With respect to spatial summation, the results indicate a transformation of the retinal input of the off-center-neurones at the geniculate level, whereas the oncenter-neurones are nearly unchanged.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 8 (1969), S. 79-96 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Evoked potential thresholds ; Factor analysis ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Beschreibung von Korrelationen zwischen zahlreichen elektrophysiologischen Daten aus verschiedenen Hirngebieten wurde eine Faktorenanalyse nach der Hauptachsenmethode gerechnet. Ausgangsmaterial dieser Analyse waren Schwellen subcortical ausgelöster und abgeleiteter Antwortpotentiale auf Einzelreize. Das resultierende Faktorenmuster ermöglicht ein quantitatives Konzept der Schwellendetermination subcorticaler Reizantworten und zugleich ein Modell von Funktionsbeziehungen zwischen einigen Hirnstrukturen. Die Reizungen und Ableitungen erfolgten bei 35 encéphale isolé-Katzen mit Hilfe bipolarer Elektroden in folgenden Arealen: Amygdala, Hippocampus, Septum, N. dorsomedialis Thalami, Hypothalamus posterior und Formatio reticularis mesencephali. Es wurden 435 Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen den Schwellen von 30 subcorticalen Verbindungen gebildet und zum Zwecke einer Datenreduktion durch eine Matrix von 5 Faktoren reproduziert. 1. Jeder Faktor repräsentierte hohe Schwellenkorrelationen zwischen den efferenten Projektionen jeweils eines Kerngebietes. Demnach nimmt im allgemeinen die Aktivität des Reizortes den größten Einfluß auf die Schwelle eines Antwortpotentials. Diese Hypothese ist durch pharmakologische Untersuchungen belegt worden [27] 2. Kovariationen von Reizantworten mit identischen Ableiteorten ergaben sich ausnahmslos, wenn die Latenzzeiten mehr als 11 msec betrugen. 3. Zusätzlich zeigte die Faktorenmatrix Schwellenkorrelationen zwischen: a) den hypothalamischen Efferenzen und mehreren hippokampalen Afferenzen langer Latenz (positive Korrelationen) b) retikulo-limbischen Verbindungen und „primären” Efferenzen von Amygdala und Hippocampus (positive Korrelationen) c) Antwortpotentialen, die durch Reizung der Formatio reticularis, und solchen, die durch Reizung des N. Amygdalae ausgelöst waren (negative Korrelationen) d) den Efferenzen des N. dorsomedialis Thalami und limbischen Projektionen langer Latenz zur mesencephalen Formatio reticularis (positive Korrelationen) Die Interpretation dieser Zusammenhänge bestätigt und erweitert einige bekannte Modelle von Beziehungen zwischen subcorticalen Kerngebieten. Abschließend wird mit Rücksicht auf die Linearität der mathematischen Methode die Anwendbarkeit der Faktorenanalyse auf Schwellen von Reizantworten diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In 35 cats (encéphale isolé) evoked responses were elicited and recorded with bipolar electrodes from the amygdala, hippocampus, septum, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamus, and mesencephalic reticular formation. Correlations between the thresholds of responses in different areas following stimulation of other areas were described by a factor analysis according to the principal axis method. 435 coefficients of correlation were calculated and reproduced by a matrix of 5 factors for the purpose of data reduction. Each factor represented high threshold correlations between the efferent projections of one region, which suggests that the activity of the stimulated site exerts a major influence on the evoked potential threshold. This is supported by pharmacological studies [27, 49]. Covariations of responses recorded in the same nucleus were always found, if the latencies exceeded 11 msec. The factor matrix indicated threshold correlations between: the efferent projections of the hypothalamus and several long latency afferent projections to the hippocampus (positive correlations); reticulo-limbic connections and “primary” efferent connections of the amygdala and hippocampus (positive correlations); evoked potentials following reticular and amygdaloid stimulation (negative correlations); the efferent projections of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus and long latency limbic projections to the mesencephalic reticular formation (positive correlations). The interpretation of these relationships confirms and extends some well known models of relations between subcortical regions. The applicability of factor analysis to evoked potential thresholds is discussed with regard to the linearity of the mathematical method.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Gamma motor control ; Mesencephalic reticular formation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effects of repetitive stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) on the static discharge and dynamic sensitivity of muscle spindle primary endings (soleus muscle) were studied in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). By progressive increasing the depth of anaesthesia three different fusimotor effects could be observed: 1. A static effect; the static discharge of the primary endings was strongly increased; the response to phasic stretch was decreased or remained unaltered. 2. A dynamic effect; the dynamic sensitivity of the primary endings was powerfully increased while the rate of discharge under static conditions was only slightly augmented. 3. A depressant effect; the static discharge and the dynamic sensitivity of primary endings were decreased. Repeated stimulation elicited successive static and dynamic effects. No specific regions within the MRF could be related to a particular effect.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 96-115 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pyramidal tract ; Fusimotor Neurons ; Forelimb ; Extensor ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of cortical stimulation upon dynamic and static sensitivities of the sensory endings in muscle spindles have been analyzed. 63 single afferent fibers from the muscle spindles of the forelimb extensors: M. flexor carpi radialis, M. flexor digitorum communis and M. palmaris longus were isolated in dorsal root filaments in 20 adult cats under chloralose-urethane anesthesia. They were identified by their response to stimulation of the median nerve. 1. Surface anodal repetitive stimulation of the anterior sigmoid gyrus was found to produce an enhancement of static response of single Group II fibers. Effective area was localized in a restricted region which corresponded to the forelimb motor area. The effect was obtained without any concomitant muscle contraction. Similarly, the stimulation increased the resting discharges of the Group Ia fibers from the same muscles. 2. Stimulation of the same area in the cerebral cortex was also found to increase the dynamic sensitivities of primary sensory endings. The increase was revealed by an enhancement of initial burst discharge during relaxation period of a twitch contraction caused by median nerve stimulation. 3. These results indicate that stimulation of the forelimb motor area has a facilitatory effect on both the static and dynamic fusimotor neurons innervating the muscle spindles of the test muscles. 4. The effects were reproduced in pyramidal tract preparations in which the brainstem was cut either at the level of the midbrain except for the cerebral peduncle or at the level of caudal medulla oblongata sparing the pyramid. 5. The threshold for the fusimotor effects was less than 1.3–1.5 times threshold of the pyramidal tract discharge, when the best spot for eliciting the fusimotor response was chosen. These results indicate that the effects of cortical stimulation are mainly mediated by the fast conducting pyramidal tract fibers.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 164-182 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Emotional behaviour ; Hypothalamus ; Electricalstimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In order to compare the selective value of repetitive cathodal pulses of 8 c.p.s. and of continuous sine-wave alternating currents of 5000 c.p.s. (middle frequency current) when applied to brain tissue, explorations were made in the region of the hypothalamus that had yielded defence and/or flight reactions in earlier experiments. The region was explored by stimulating each point in turn with both current forms. At the same time measurement was made of the impedance of the brain tissue, and the effects produced by altering the time of rise of the middle frequency current on threshold of responses were also studied. The experiments were carried out on unanaesthetized, freely moving cats. 2. Both stimulation types produced affective (“emotional”) responses. The patterns elicited by low frequency cathodal pulse stimulation were often associated with stimulus-bound phasic muscle activity, i.e., flapping of ears, and twitching of whiskers, or, rotation of the head. Such extraneous motor effects were rarely obtained when continuous middle frequency currents were applied, and were tonic in character when present. 3. Mapping of reactive points revealed that the area producing defence or flight following middle frequency stimulation is smaller in size than the field delimited by means of repetitive cathodal pulse stimulation. These results strongly suggest that spread of current can be reduced by using middle frequency current stimulation. This apparently local (and hence highly selective) action is paralleled by a lower impedance of the brain tissue to the rapidly changing polarity of this current. 4. The hissing (and/or growling) associated with the defence pattern showed adaptation to suddenly rising middle frequency currents of 30 secs duration. An increase in threshold of hissing occurred when the time of rise of the current was prolonged. Flight, in contrast, was obtained at the same critical intensity regardless of the time of rise of current. 5. The nature of the stimulatory action of middle frequency current (examined in the peripheral nerve by Wyss) and the advantages presented by this new method of brain stimulation are briefly discussed.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 30-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Climbing fibers ; Mossy fibers ; Vestibulo-cerebellar input ; Cat ; Frog ; Golgi cell inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Field and unitary potentials evoked in the vestibulo-cerebellum of frog and cat following vestibular nerve stimulation were recorded with microelectrodes and correlated with their site of origin in the various layers of the cerebellar cortex. 2. In the frog, primary vestibular fibers project both as mossy and as climbing fibers onto the cerebellar auricular lobe. Secondary vestibulo-cerebellar fibers seem to end exclusively as mossy fibers in the auriculum. As a consequence of this dual projection, extra- and intracellular recordings from Purkinje cells in the auricular lobe show two kinds of responses to vestibular nerve stimulation: a) graded, repetitive firing mediated through mossy fiber-granule cell-parallel fiber pathways, and b) all-or-none burst responses caused by monosynaptic impingement of vestibular climbing fibers on Purkinje cells. 3. The field and unitary potentials evoked in the cat nodulus, flocculus and uvula following vestibular nerve stimulation are shown to be generated by mossy fibers exclusively. Considerable convergence of the two labyrinthine mossy fiber inputs to a given cerebellar area was found. 4. Interaction of contralateral and ipsilateral mossy fiber input at the level of the flocculus suggests that Golgi cell inhibition might operate not only as a simple inhibitory feedback loop, but also as a complex gating operator at the granule layer. 5. No short latency climbing fiber activation of Purkinje cells was observed following VIIIth nerve stimulation. Stimulation of the contralateral inferior olive evoked short latency climbing fiber EPSPs in Purkinje cells of the vestibulo-cerebellum. Suggestions are made as to the possible role of mossy and climbing fiber inputs to this area of the cerebellum.
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  • 14
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    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 284-306 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous receptive fields ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) of lamina 5 cells in the lumbar spinal cord of decerebrate cats shows them to have three distinct zones with respect to mechanical and electrical stimulation. The mean response rate to both mechanical and electrical stimulation in zone 1 increases steadily up to the highest strengths used; in zone 2, surrounding zone 1 mainly proximally, mild stimuli reduce the mean rate, stronger stimuli increase it; in zone 3, mainly proximal to zone 2, all stimuli reduce the rate. Temporally, zone 1, electric shocks near threshold produce bursts of firing followed by inhibition. With increased stimulus strength, the bursts lengthen to a second or more. In zones 2 and 3, inhibition at all strengths is preceded at higher strengths by bursts of firing. Cold-blocking the spinal cord at lower thoracic levels reversibly increases the ongoing activity of these cells, increases the area of zones 1 and 2, and almost completely suppresses all inhibition. Stimulation of dorsal columns and threshold stimulation of distant dorsal roots inhibits ongoing and induced activity. Barbiturate decreases ongoing activity and the duration of firing produced by cutaneous electrical stimulation but does not decrease inhibition. These results are consistent with a model in which low-threshold fibres are excitatory only over a small central area of the RF of a lamina 5 cell (zone 1), high threshold fibres are excitatory over a larger area (zones 1 and 2), and low threshold fibres are inhibitory over the entire receptive field (zones 1, 2 and 3) with a slower time-course. This inhibition is tonically enhanced by descending influences in the decerebrate cat. It is suggested that the high and low threshold fibres correspond approximately to the small and large diametre fibres whose balance is the basis for the coding of pain in the theory of melzack and wall.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Gamma motor control ; Reticular formations ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. During a progressive increase of Fluothane (Halothane) anaesthesia, repetitive stimulation of the mesencephalic retioular formation (MRF) produces several fusimotor effects — static, dynamic or depressant — on primary endings of soleus muscle spindles (Vedel et Mouillac-Baudevin 1969). 2. Transection of the brain immediately rostral to the site of stimulation may increase the dynamic effect but does not alter the static or the depressant effects. 3. A section of the rubrospinal tract does not modify the fusimotor effects elicited by stimulation of the MRF. 4. Transections of the spinal cord have shown that the pathways responsible for the transmission of these effects are mainly situated in the ipsilateral ventral and ventrolateral funiculi which contain the efferent fibers from the pontine reticular formation (PRF), from the bulbar reticular formation (BRF) and from the vestibular nucleus. 5. Contra and ipsilateral PRF stimulation produces the static fusimotor effect; contralateral stimulation from a small anterior region produces the dynamic effect. 6. Stimulation of the lateral part of the ipsilateral BRF elicits the dynamic effect while stimulation of the medial part elicits the static effect.
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  • 16
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 73-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Strophanthidine Derivatives ; Toxicity ; Absorption ; Guinea-Pig ; Cat ; Strophanthidinderivate ; Toxicität ; Resorption ; Meerschweinchen ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Ester und Äther von Helveticosid und Helveticosol bei i.v. und intraduodenaler Zufuhr an Katzen und Meerschweinchen geprüft. 1. Bei i.v. Dauerinfusion waren Helveticosol und seine Derivate bei Meerschweinchen etwa doppelt so wirksam wie die analogen Helveticosidverbindungen. Bei der Katze bestand kein Unterschied. Die Monomethyläther Cymarin und Cymarol waren gleich oder sogar stärker wirksam, alle übrigen Derivate deutlich schwächer als die Ausgangssubstanzen. 2. Die tödlichen Dosen bei intraduodenaler Injektion lagen beim Meerschweinchen für einige Substanzen in gleicher Größenordnung oder niedriger als die Titer bei i.v. Infusion. Diese hohe enterale Wirksamkeit kann bei Helveticosid und seinen Derivaten durch eine Reduktion zu dem wirksameren Helveticosol, bei Estern außerdem durch eine Hydrolyse zu wirksameren Glykosiden vorgetäuscht werden. 3. Bei intraduodenaler Infusion an Katzen waren alle geprüften Ester und Äther wirksamer als Helveticosid und Helveticosol. Die aus dem Verhältnis der toxischen Dosen bei i.v. und intraduodenaler Infusion berechnete enterale Wirksamkeit lag zwischen 20 und 50%. 4. Unterschiede in der Dauer der intraduodenalen Infusion bei Katzen lassen sich berücksichtigen, wenn man von der theoretischen Annahme einer exponentiellen und vollständigen Resorption ausgeht und die Halbwertszeit für die Resorption berechnet. Die minimale Resorptionsgeschwindigkeit lag bei einigen Derivaten in gleicher Größenordnung wie bei Digoxin und Digitoxin. Es wird auf den Unterschied zwischen der auf Grund der pharmakologischen Wirkung bestimmten relativen enteralen Wirksamkeit und der Resorptionsquote hingewiesen. Letztere ist für die Verläßlichkeit der therapeutischen Wirkung eines Glykosids bei oraler Gabe maßgebend.
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of several esters and ethers of Helveticosid and Helveticosol was assayed by intravenous and intraduodenal administration to cats and guinea-pigs. 1. In guinea-pigs, Helveticosol and its derivatives were approximately twice as active on intravenous infusion as the analogous derivatives of Helveticosid; in cats there was no significant difference. The monomethylethers Cymarin and Cymarol were equally or slightly more potent, all other derivatives were weaker than the original compound. 2. In guinea-pigs the lethal doses of some compounds on intraduodenal injection were equal to or even lower than those on intravenous infusion. This may partly be accounted for by a reduction of Helveticosid and its derivatives to the more potent Helveticosol analogues, partly by a hydrolysis of the esters, yielding compounds of higher activity. 3. On intraduodenal infusion in cats, all the investigated esters and ethers were more active than Helveticosid and Helveticosol. The relative enteral activity calculated from the ratio of the toxic doses on intravenous and intraduodenal infusion varied between 20 and 50%. 4. Due to a delayed absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, the toxic dose falls with a reduced speed of intraduodenal infusion. Assuming an exponential and complete absorption, the half time of absorption was calculated. For some of the compounds investigated, the speed of absorption was comparable to that of Digoxin and Digitoxin. The difference between the relative enteral activities determined by comparing equiactive doses on enteral and parenteral administration and the percentages of the glycosides which are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is pointed out. The latter is of prime importance for obtaining reproducible effects after enteral administration.
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  • 17
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 406-419 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Cardiac Glycosides ; Blood of Portal Vein ; Intestinal Lymph ; Cat ; Intestinale Resorption ; Herzglykoside ; Portalvenenblut ; Darmlymphe ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The cardiac glyoosides digitoxin, ouabain, digoxin and peruvosid labelled with3H were injected into tied intestinal loops of anaesthetized cats in situ. The absorbed glycosides were measured in the blood of the portal vein and in the intestinal lymph. At the same time the3H-activity was measured in the blood of the peripheral circulation, in the bile and in the urine. 2. Calculation of the amount of glycosides totally absorbed from the3H-concentration in the blood of the portal vein and the circulation volume (bubble-flow-meter) gave the following absorption rates as a percentage of the administered dose per hour: digitoxin 56%, digoxin 42%, peruvosid 26% and ouabain 10%. 3. The amount of glycosides passing into the lymph during 1 hour was found to be only 0.006 to 0.02% of the amount offered. In lymph3H-activity cannot be measured earlier than 5 min after the administration of the labelled glycosides. The3H-concentration in the lymph did not equal that measured in the blood of the peripheral circulation until at least 1 hour after the administration and always remained below the3H-concentration of the blood in the portal vein. This proportion remained unchanged even if digitoxin was administered as an emulsion in oil instead of an aqueous solution. From the time course of3H-concentration it might be concluded that the glycosides do not pass directly to the lymph after absorption but indirectly by way of the blood. 4. The amount of glycoside excreted in the bile is for peruvosid 15,5% of the amount absorbed, for ouabain 1,9%, for digoxin 1,4% and for digitoxin 0,8%. The3H-activity excreted in urine is very small and can be disregarded. 5. Chromatographic analyses of the bile revealed, that in the case of digoxin, 4/5 of the amount excreted were unchanged, in the case of digitoxin and ouabain 2/3 and in the case of peruvosid only 1/4. In the lumen of the tied intestinal loops and in the tissue of the small intestine the glycosides were hardly metabolised.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cat ; Decerebration ; Afferents to Respiratory Centers ; Medulla Oblongata ; Reticular Formation ; Katze ; Decerebrierung ; Afferenzen zu Atemzentren ; Medulla oblongata ; Formatio reticularis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 11 intercolliculär decerebrierten Katzen wurde geziegt, daß Kälteblockade eines eng umschriebenen Feldes auf der ventralen Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata, wie früher für anaesthesierte Tiere beschrieben, zu Atemstillstand führt, wenn die kontralaterale Stelle auf der Medulla oblongata, die Sinusnerven und die Vagi ausgeschaltet sind. Zu Atemstillstand kam es auch, wenn statt der Kälteblockade 2% Novocain durch lokale Superfusion bei gleichzeitiger Gegenspülung der Umgebung mit künstlichem Liquor angewandt wurde, oder wenn ein mit 1% Novocain getränkter Tupfer lokal aufgelegt wurde. Außerdem führte Kälteblockade zu Atemstillstand, wenn durch kontinuierliche auch während der Kälteblockade anhaltende elektrische Reizung eines N. femoralis oder hinterer Lumbalwurzeln an decerebrierten Katzen oder des Hypothalamus an einer anaesthesierten Katze Steigerungen der Ventilation ausgelöst worden waren. Elektrische Reizung eines Sinusnerven führte zu Atemsteigerungen. Bei Sinusnervenreizung während eines durch Kälteblockade ausgelösten Atemstillstands kam es zu rhythmischer Atmung. Aus diesen Untersuchungen wird geschlossen, daß mit der Ausschaltung der beschriebenen Felder auf der ventralen Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata am sonst desafferentierten Tier die Gesamtheit der für die zentrale CO2-Empfindlichkeit verantwortlichen Strukturen erfaßt ist, daß nach Ausschaltung der zentralen und der peripheren Chemosensibilität eine unspezifische Aktivierung der Atmungszentren unwirksam ist und daß die Atmungszentren zur Ausbildung einer rhythmischen Atmung von spezifischen Antrieben abhängig sind.
    Notes: Summary It was shown in 11 decerebrated cats, that cooling of a small and well defined area on the ventral surface of the medulla will cause respiratory arrest if the contralateral area of the medulla, the vagi and sinus nerves are eliminated. This confirms earlier observations obtained in anesthetized cats. Apnea was also produced by local superfusion of 2% procain with simultaneous flushing of the immediate surrounding area with mock spinal fluid. Local application of a small sponge soaked with 1% procain had the same effect. Electrical stimulation of femoral nerves or posterior roots which results in hyperventilation on the decerebrated cat failed to show any effect during periods of cold blockade. There was no respiratory response to direct stimulation of the hypothalamus in an anesthetized cat during cooling. Electrical stimulation of one sinus nerve caused an increase of ventilation. Sinus nerve stimulation during apnea induced by cold blockade resulted in rhythmical respiration. It is concluded from these experiments: Blocking of the area under discussion on the ventral surface of the medulla, inhibits all structures responsible for the central CO2-sensitivity in the deafferentiated animal. There was no response to non-specific stimuli of the respiratory center after elimination of central and peripheral chemosensitivity. The respiratory centers apparently depend on specific stimuli to support rhythmical respiration.
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  • 19
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    Pflügers Archiv 309 (1969), S. 285-309 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Labyrinthine Stimulation ; Types of Abducens Neurones ; Frequency Analysis ; Cat ; Labyrinthreizung ; Abducensneurone ; Frequenzanalyse ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single cell activity was recorded extracellularly from neurones in cat's abducens nuclei in unanesthetized, decerebrate preparations. Two types of neurones were found. i) The motoneurones (type IIA) increased their firing linearly or exponentially to contralateral constant angular accelerations and decreased firing to ipsilateral rotation. The increased frequency was maintained at a constant level without any sign of adaptation. This constant level of maximum frequency was proportional to the logarithm of the acceleration applied. No significant differences of the frequency responses of tonic and silent motoneurones were found. The conduction velocities of the axons of spontaneously firing type IIA cells were slower than in silent neurones. Electrical stimulation of the contralateral VIIIth nerve led to activation of the type IIA cells; stimulation of the ipsilateral nerve resulted in inhibition of both spontaneous discharge and antidromic invasion of the motoneurones. ii) The type IA units increased their firing rate to ipsilateral rotation and ceased to discharge in response to contralateral rotation. They never were excited antidromically by stimulation of the VIth nerve. However, they were excited by stimulation of the ipsilateral VIIIth nerve. Their possible functional role in the vestibulo-ocular system was discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral cervical nucleus ; Midbrain lesions ; Nauta method ; Ultrastructural investigation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) has been studied with the light and electron microscope after midbrain lesions in kittens of different ages, and in adult cats. It has been shown that nerve cells remain within the contralateral LCN after hemisection of the midbrain. performed on 1 day old kittens. The estimated number of these remaining cells was 3–19% in the different cases. No fibers descending to the LCN from levels rostral to the midbrain could be demonstrated in adult cats with the Nauta technique. A combined Nauta and electron microscopical investigation was performed on kittens operated on at different ages and allowed to survive varying times postoperatively. At the operations the LCN-axons were transected at midbrain level. The Nauta investigation demonstrated silver impregnation of degenerating LCN-neurons on the affected side of the same type as has been described recently in other neuronal systems following axonal transection. The ultrastructural study revealed electron dense degenerating dendrites and probably also nerve cells within the LCN. The dense degenerative changes were very similar to the dense degeneration in terminal boutons following transection of parent axons. The potential value of the findings for electron microscopical research in neuroanatomy is discussed. The results in terms of connections of the LCN are discussed in the light of known anatomical and physiological data of the LCN.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 68-83 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial geniculate body ; Inhibition ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Inhibitory activity in the cat medial geniculate body (MG) was examined by stimulating electrically and acoustically the input and output of the MG. 2. A longer and more profound depression of excitability occurs following a click-evoked potential in the MG than in the inferior colliculus (IC) in both anesthetized and unanesthetized states. Recovery is cyclic in the barbiturate MG preparation. 3. Electrical stimulation of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (BIG) evokes a field potential in the MG consisting of clearly distinguishable presynaptic and postsynaptic components. The presynaptic component recovers rapidly, while the postsynaptic component requires 100–200 msec for full recovery. This depression of excitability is localized within the MG since cortical ablation does not alter its occurrence. 4. Stimulation of the BIC mimics the effects of click stimulation on single units. Excitatory, inhibitory and reverberatory responses are evoked by the BIC shock. Suppression of single unit activity correlates with the depression of excitability following a BIC-evoked field response. 5. Cortical stimulation can evoke antidromic and trans-synaptic unit responses in the MG, as well as causing a variety of inhibitory effects and reverberation. In view of the fact that cortical ablation does not impair the recording of these responses to afferent stimuli, it is suggested that the cortical-evoked responses are at least partly mediated by antidromic conduction to MG. 6. Evidence is presented that inhibitory effects of both afferent and cortical stimulation are due to active inhibition of MG unit activity. Speculations are made as to the mechanisms producing inhibition and reverberation in the MG.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Pontine nuclei ; Experimental neuroanatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopical changes occurring in the pontine nuclei following unilateral lesions of the primary sensorimotor cortex have been studied in 7 cats with a survival time from 2–23 days. A description is also given of the fine structure of the pontine regions in receipt of the fibres. These regions are shown in Fig. 1. The study shows that the boutons are practically only in synaptic contact with dendrites. The bouton density on these is only 16%. The boutons are of the en passage and terminal type, with the latter as the most common (Figs. 4a-e). The synaptic vesicles are rounded or elongated. The formaldehyde fixed material had 17.8% boutons with vesicles of the elongated type; the material fixed with a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde had only 11.5% of such boutons. The degenerating boutons show the dark type of reaction and the majority of the corticopontine fibres are of the type shown in Figs. 4d and 4e. Astrocytes and microglial cells participate in the removal of degenerating boutons and terminal fibres. Degenerating boutons are present even at the 23 day stage and some have apparently only started to degenerate.
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  • 23
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    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 32-50 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral cervical nucleus ; Spinal lesions ; Ultrastructural investigation ; Degenerating boutons ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of terminal degeneration within the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) after transection of its spinal afferent fibers 2 days–2 years earlier is described. The degeneration after 2 days was of both the neurofilamentous and dense type. The highest number of degenerating terminals, about 15%, was found after 4–5 days. Then most of the degenerating boutons were of the dense type. The degenerating terminals had synaptic contact with cell bodies and dendrites of LCN-neurons. Removal of the degenerating boutons seemed to be effected by a phagocytic cell present in increased number compared to the normal LCN. In cases with long survival times an increase in the number of astroglial filaments was observed. In an animal where the spinal afferents to the LCN had been cut 2 years earlier a decrease in medium size of the neurons was observed. The amount of dendritic spines was also considerably smaller than normally.
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  • 24
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    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Convergence ; Inhibition ; Cat ; Chloralose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Ein konditionierender corticaler Reiz inhibiert den somatischen Startlereflex bei Katzen unter Chloralosenarkose für eine Dauer von mehr als 200 ms. Die Interaktionen zwischen beiden Reizen laufen in der bulbären und pontinen Formatio reticularis ab. 2. Dem Startlereflex liegt eine polysynaptische Erregungsschleife zugrunde, die die bulbäre und pontine Formatio reticularis durchzieht. Die Resistenz der reticulären Neurone gegenüber repetitiver Stimulation wurde als Kriterium ihrer funktionellen Lokalisation auf dem polysynaptischen Reflexbogen gewertet. 3. Die corticale Inhibition wird im Verlaufe der polysynaptischen Erregungsschleife zunehmend stärker. Neurone, die von den Startlereflexafferenzen direkt erregt werden, werden durch den corticalen Reiz nicht inhibiert. Dies schliebt eine präsynaptische Inhibition der reticulopetalen Fasersysteme aus.
    Notes: Summary 1. The startle reflex evoked by cutaneous stimulation in cats under chloralose anesthesia is inhibited for more than 200 ms by a conditioning cortical volley. The interaction between the cutaneous and the cortical volley takes place in the bulbar and pontine reticular formation. 2. The startle reflex involves a series of reticular neurones. Resistance to repetitive stimulation has been determined to evaluate the functional localization of each neurone within this polysynaptic path. 3. Inhibition following the cortical volley becomes increasingly more effective along the course of the polysynaptic path and is completed within 5–6 ms. Reticular neurones excited directly by the spino-reticular afferents are not inhibited, thus excluding a presynaptic inhibition of the spinoreticular fibres.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 195-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corpus callosum ; EEG synchronization ; Homolateral sensory evoked potentials ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous EEG-patterns and evoked potentials (EP's) of symmetrical cortical areas were recorded in chronic and acute cats before and after section of the corpus callosum, the commissura anterior and posterior and the massa intermedia. The spontaneous EEG was recorded without and with anesthesia, EP's after electrical stimulation of the fore-paws only during nembutal anesthesia. — No changes in the bilateral coordination of spontaneous and evoked EEG-patterns could be seen after commissurotomy (CT). The bilateral coherence of EEG-waves as revealed by cross-correlation is low already in the normal cats and does not change significantly after CT. The values of cross-correlation coefficients at T = ± 15 msec vary during one EEG-record between -0.25 and +0.25 in the somatosensory, suprasylvian and temporal areas (mean values slightly above 0). In the visual area occasionally positive values between 0.5 and 0.8 were seen, but also here a large variation was found in all animals and the mean values were below 0.1. No consistent phase shift between both sides was observed. EEG-patterns like spindles or arousal, still occurred together in both hemispheres after CT, the variability of their exact beginning or end was the same as in controls. Spontaneous spindles often lasted longer after section of the massa intermedia. Homolateral EP's in the somato-sensory area were still present after CT. Rhythmical afterdischarges could be restricted to the contralateral somato-sensory cortex even before CT.
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  • 26
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    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 164-166 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benperidolum ; Cat ; Extrapyramidal Side Effect ; EEG ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Daily doses of 1–10 mg Benperidol were given perorally to cats during 26 months. The general behaviour and the EEG were unchanged during the treatment, in particular no signs of dyskinesia were observed. After discontinuation of the administration, the behaviour and the EEG of the animals stayed normal. Thus no lasting and irreversible side effects could be observed.
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  • 27
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    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 382-391 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LSD ; Retina ; LGN ; Single Unit Activity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of LSD 25 (i. v. injection) on the spontaneous and evoked activity of the visual system was investigated in cats. 50 γ/kg did not change significantly the ERG and the visual cortical evoked potential. The spontaneous discharge rate of 14 out of 21 retinal ganglion cells showed an increase which reached its maximum within 20–30 min and which could still be present 1 hour following the injection. One third of the retinal units showed a slight depression of their spontaneous dischaRge rate with about the same time course. Single units of the LGN showed about the same behaviour. The response to light stimulation was slightly increased in some units and light induced inhibition was slightly shortened. The possible mechanism of the LSD-effect on retinal ganglion cell activity is discussed.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A quantitative electron microscopic study of the clefts of Schmidt-Lantermann in fibers of the sciatic nerves of young and adult rats showed that the clefts are formed by two conical “male” and “female” portions of the sheath. The circumference of the female cone is approximately 15% larger than the male cone. The surfaces of the cleft transect the sheath at angle of approximately 9°. The present data indicate, also, that both the configuration of the conical portions of the sheath and their position relative to each other may change prior to fixation. Calculations indicate that each cleft permits a change in axoplasmic volume by 22%, and a change in fiber length by 9% of the fiber diameter.Clefts were not observed in nerves of rats before the twelfth day of age nor in sheaths of fibers composed of less than 20 lamellae. Newly formed clefts were wider than adult clefts. Transitional forms suggest that clefts may develop from fibers with redundant loops of myelin sheath. Radioautographic data on the incorporation of H3-leucine in nerve fibers did not indicate transport of significant amounts of this isotope into the clefts.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the extracellular matrix during epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in the rabbit embryonic tooth germ is described using light and electron microscopy. Observations are restricted to the labial cervical loop region at the bell stage of development in maxillary and mandibular incisor tooth germs. Histochemical methods demonstrate a PAS-positive basement membrane between outer enamel epithelial cells and adjacent undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The metachromatic region circumscribes the dental papilla region, becoming more intense and wider in association with cells illustrative of more advanced stages of differentiation. Ultrastructural observations of the basal lamina associated with outer enamel epithelial cells, cervical proliferating epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and with inner enamel epithelial cells and pre-odontoblasts are reported. The characteristic mesenchymal filopodia appeared in close proximity to the basal lamina. Microfibrils are seen as depositions on the basal lamina and in association with filopodia. The concentration of intercellular microfibrils is increased when in association with epithelia showing advanced differentiation. Collagen fibrils are frequently noted in peripheral association with mesenchymal cells but not adherent to the basal lamina. Numerous homotypic and heterotypic cell junctions are seen. An understanding of intercellular communication between heterotypic cells may be enhanced by postulating a dual developmental origin for the microfibrils associated with the basal lamina. The under surface of the basal lamina facing the extended mesenchymal filopodia appears to be a significant factor during epithelio-mesenchymal interactions, subsequent extracellular matrix formation, and morphogenesis.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Young and senescent female hamsters were sacrificed on days 8, 10, 12, 14 and 15 of pregnancy, and the number of viable and resorbing conceptuses was determined. The ovulation rate for each group was also recorded. At each day, there was a reduction in the litter size in senescent animals as compared to the young, but the number of ovulations in each age group was equal. The results indicated that the litter size loss, in senescent hamsters, is not due to a reduction in the ovulation rate, but to a seven fold increase in preimplantation deaths and to a two fold increase in resorption.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ovaries from young and senescent hamsters were examined morphologically on days 8, 12 and 14 of pregnancy to determine if there were any differences between the two age groups. The senescent hamsters had fewer follicles present than the young on all days of gestation. The senescent females' corpora lutea experienced the greatest growth between days 8 to 12, whereas corpora lutea from young animals grew the most between days 12 and 14. Corpora lutea in senescent females did not grow at all between days 12 and 14. The lower number of follicles in senescent females was not due to the lower rate of implantation. Superovulation with PMS revealed that the senescent ovary was refractory.It was concluded that there are quantitative not qualitative differences between ovaries from young and senescent hamsters during pregnancy. The refractory ovary of senescent females could be contributing to pregnancy wastage in this species by secreting less progesterone.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Female mice of a Swiss albino stock were fed a high-fat, low-protein, hypolipotropic diet which produces rapid cardiovascular lesions in this stock of mice. Half of the animals were killed after 45 days and the others were placed back on a diet of normal laboratory chow and killed after one, two and three weeks of refeeding.In animals killed after receiving the experimental diet for 45 days small, focal deposits of hyalin in media of large coronary arteries of the right ventricle was the major change.During the first week of recovery (fed a normal diet) the incidence and severity of arterial lesions increased and within individual hearts arteries of all sizes and in both atria and both ventricles were involved. Following hyalinization an acute arteritis developed that involved all layers of the arterial wall and extended into the perivascular space.After two and three weeks recovery the coronary arteries were characterized by a periarterial fibrosis and by a decrease or absence of the leucocytic reaction. A subendothelial hyperplasia of smooth muscle, arranged longitudinally, was accompanied by an increase in reticular and collagenous fibers. Circular smooth muscle in the media was also hyperplastic.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 391-399 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Female mice of the Taconic Swiss stock were fed one of the three diets described below then injected subcutaneously with 0.035 cm3CCl4/100 gm body weight in a mineral oil solution. One group was fed an adequate commercial laboratory ration, then mice were killed 12, 24 and 48 hours after CCl4; another a cholinedeficient, high-fat, low-protein diet for 14 days, then injected with CCl4, and killed 12, 24 and 48 hours later; and another group, a choline-supplemented (2 gm choline chloride/100 gm diet), high-fat, low-protein diet for 14 days, then injected with CCl4 and killed 24 hours later.In the group fed the normal diet, the polyhalogen produced within 24 hours the expected centrolobular necrosis and glycogen depletion, involving one-third to one-half of the lobular areas. In fatty livers produced by feeding the choline-deficient diet, necrosis at 24 hours post injection was limited in a majority of instances to a zone one or two cells thick immediately surrounding the central vein. Despite this decreased necrosis in fatty livers centrolobular glycogen depletion still involved one-third to one-half of lobules and there was an infiltration of inflammatory cells immediately adjacent to the central vein. The hepatic necrosis at 12 and 48 hours paralleled that in the normal dietary group.Feeding of the choline-supplemented, high-fat, low-protein diet for two weeks produced an extremely limited parenchymal liposis. In such relatively non-fatty livers CCl4 produced hepatic necrosis comparable to that in mice receiving normal diets. The extent of protection from the necrogenic actions of CCl4 was clearly associated with extensive intracytoplasmic liposis of hepatic parenchyma.
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  • 34
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 411-429 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study was made of 174 eggs recovered from 58 guinea pigs killed between the first and sixth days after mating, and the cytological details from the stage of sperm penetration to the pre-implantation blastocyst described. Eighty-nine percent of the expected number of eggs were recovered, and 97% of these were fertilized. Embryonic development proceeded from pronuclear and 2-cell eggs on day 1 to pre-implantation blastocysts on day 6, the duration of each of the early cleavage stages being of approximately 24 hours. No progressive loss of embryos was found over this period, all the eggs recovered on days 4, 5 and 6 being regarded as developing normally. Passage of embryos from the Fallopian tubes to the uterus commenced on the afternoon of day 3, and the majority of embryos entered the uterus shortly after this time at the stage of 8- to 16-cells. The tail of the fertilizing spermatozoon was detected in the cytoplasm of all eggs examined on day 1, in most of those examined on day 2, and frequently persisted up to the 8-cell stage. Three dispermic eggs, each containing two distinct cytoplasmic sperm tails, were found: one of these was at the pronuclear stage, the other two being considered of 4- and 6-cells respectively. Properties of adhesiveness were shown by blastocysts recovered shortly before implantation on day 6, but the characteristic “zona processes” were not seen.
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  • 35
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 453-465 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural aspects of the chick embryo primitive erythrocytic cell series are described. There are two points of particular interest: the appearance of ferritin in erythroblast cytoplasm in 20 somite stage embryos and the behaviour of ribosomes during the red cell maturation period, both with regard to their progressive diminution and how they are grouped in polyribosomes. Ribosomes are still present in primitive series erythrocytes, although fewer than in the immature cells, and they are mainly in group form.A morphological comparison of the primitive red series erythrocytes with those of the definitive red series has also been made.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histological and ultrastructural studies on the medial meniscus in the human knee joint show that nerve fibres, both myelinated and unmyelinated, extend from the periarticular plexus into the meniscus as far as the intermediate third. These neural elements are not exclusively paravascular in position and it is reasonable to postulate a function other than vasomotor or vasosensory for them.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The entry zone of trigeminal sensory root fibers displays a “glial dome” covered by a basal lamina. This zone constitutes the “fibrous cone” of gross descriptions of the root and demarcates a sharp transition from peripheral to central nervous system. The dome consists of closely interwoven astrocyte processes, and appears to be identical to the subpial astrocyte meshwork elsewhere in the central nervous system. In the peripheral portion of the root, axons are surrounded by Schwann cells; those associated with myelin sheaths display distinctive laminar inclusions and pinocytotic vesicles lacking in Schwann cells which surround unmyelinated axons. In the peripheral region, separate and distinct endoneurial and perineurial layers of collagen could not always be identified. In the central part of the root, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and collagen are absent and from the point of transition, the axons are principally surrounded by astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are relatively rare in the transitional zone. The axonal transition from central to peripheral, occurs at nodes of Ranvier where the basal lamina of the dome is continuous with the basal lamina of the Schwann cell of the last peripheral internode. Some “islands” of glial tissue are interspersed in the root and ganglion but it was not established if these are completely discontinuous with the central “glial dome.” No ganglion cells have been found in such “islands,” nor in the glial dome.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sympathetic ganglia of six Cnemidophorus neomexicanus lizards were fixed by immersion with glutaraldehyde or a combination of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. All ganglia were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon.Neuronal somata and processes of stellate ganglia were ensheathed typically by capsular cell cytoplasm and membranes; however, parts of some processes were invested only by basement membrane. Axo-somatic, axo-dendritic and axo-axonal synapses were observed. Pre- and post-synaptic processes contained 200 Å neurotubules, 100 Å neurofilaments, 225-500 Å presumptive glycogen granules and occasional multivesicular bodies. Presynaptic endings contained 500-700 Å “clear” vesicles and a few dense-cored vesicles of 600-1100 Å.Aggregates composed of 225-500 Å granules, presumably glycogen, were frequently found in peripheral perikaryal positions in intimate association with lipid droplets. Clusters of particles within somata were also found which resembled ribosomes but were not associated with endoplasmic reticulum or vesicular membranous elements. These clusters, perhaps “areticular Nissl substance,” were associated in some instances with fibrillar material or lattice-like granular structures. Abundant and frequently large lipid droplets were observed in proximity to the ribosomal-like particulate material.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cells of the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized mice undergo differentiation in response to estrogen or progesterone injection. Estrogen causes an increase in number of cytoplasmic filaments in the basal and newly formed spinous layer and mucification of surface cells already present. The cells derived from the basal layer under estrogen influence later form a keratinized epithelium. Progesterone causes heightening and mucification of surface cells and invasion of leucocytes into the epithelium without mucification or keratinization of other cells. When estrogen is followed two days later by progesterone, spinous and more superficial cells are lost and replaced my mucous cells derived from the basal layer. Although the fine structure of basal and spinous cell cytoplasm looks identical, the spinous cells do not form mucous cells under progesterone influence. The reverse sequence of progesterone followed by estrogen produces a low epithelium which is then replaced by a keratinized epithelium. The surface mucous cells present during progesterone influence do not keratinize, however. Thus, fine structural features of basal cells typical for the influence of a given hormone do not limit or characterize the potential of daughter cells derived from that layer. Conversely, when hormones are used in sequence, cells which leave the basal layer under the influence of one hormone do not acquire the fine structural features characteristically produced by the second hormone used, even though basal cells are readily altered.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fresh-frozen, serial cross-sections of the transversus abdominis muscle of four mature chickens (98 fibers) were examined to determine structural and histochemical characteristics throughout the entire length of skeletal muscle fibers. Fiber diameter and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NAD-D) and myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were used as criteria to classify fibers as Type I or II. Measurements were made at 10 to 22 locations along the length of the fibers. An unimodal distribution of mean fiber diameters ranging from 48 μ to 86 μ was found. Fibers did not appear larger in the belly of the muscle than near the ends. Although small fluctuations in fiber diameter occurred through the length of a fiber, large and small fibers tended to remain relatively large or small at each location. NAD-D activity was either consistently high or low throughout the length of a fiber. Likewise, myosin ATPase activity was either high or low for an entire fiber. It is concluded that skeletal muscle fibers maintain rather uniform structural and histochemical characteristics along their entire length.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of acid hydrolytic activities in rat uterine epithelial cells during post-partum involution was examined by light and electron microscopic cytochemistry. Acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and E600-resistant esterase (cathepsin) increased during the period of involution and the electron cytochemical preparations revealed the lysosomal nature of the acid hydrolytic positive particles visualized by light microscopy.The newly formed particles included primary lysosomes, in the form of Golgi vesicles, vacuoles, and secondary lysosomes such as dense bodies and autophagic vacuoles. This apparent increase in lysosomal activity during uterine involution is in agreement with similar patterns observed in the course of tissue regression in general.
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  • 42
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mammalian vestibular cilium is described. It is shown to be comprised of nine dense outer fibers and an intermittent central density; this stands in contradistinction to vestibular cilia of non-mammalian species that have been shown to be comprised of nine outer doublet tubules surrounding two central tubules. The possible functional meaning of these observations is discussed.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastucture of the canine placental labyrinth has been studied at 40 to 60 days of gestation. Cytotrophoblasts persist in an undifferentiated state throughout gestation, with numerous polyribosomes and little rough endoplasmic reticulum, with expanded cisterns containing flocculent precipitate. Fetal capillaries progressively invade the syncytium, without, however, penetrating the basal lamina. Maternal decidual cells are reported here for the first time in this species. The maternal endothelium is considerably hypertrophied, with many profiles of membranous organelles; but there is consideriable thinning of this endothelium between 50 and 60 days. The interstitial membrane intervenes between trophoblast and maternal endothelium, often forming the thickest part of te barrier at 60 days. the definitive endotheliochorial condition is confirmed; and the thinnest barrier is about 1 μ.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities of the developing taste buds were observed histochemically in the rat circumvallate papilla.Adenosine triphosphatase activity was already demonstrable in a cluster of cells in the epithelium of the papilla on the first day of birth, when taste buds could not yet be morphologically identified. The cells with the activity are certainly considered as the differentiating taste bud cells. These cells took the form of a bud similar to the adult one about the fourth day of life.Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated first on the superficial cell layers of the epithelium of its apical surface as well as on that of the epithelium in the gutter of circumvallate papilla just after birth. The activity in the gutter then rapidly increased, while the activity of the apical surface abruptly decreased and disappeared on the second day of life.Acid phosphatase was demonstrable only in some cells of the taste bud on the fourth day of life. The final pattern of the activity, which is found in the supranuclear cytoplasm of taste bud cells, was established after the eighth day of life.
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  • 45
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 373-387 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pregnant mice were hypophysectomized on day 6 and injected subcutaneously with various hormones from days 6 to 9 to establish the minimal requirements for the maintenance of functional corpora lutea. Luteal activity was assessed by the maintenance of pregnancy, weight of embryonic swellings, mean diameter and morphology of corpora lutea, and vaginal histology.Treatment with 2 mg progesterone maintained pregnancy but not corpora lutea in three of five animals. However, the embryonic swellings were significantly (P 〈 0.0005) smaller than those of pregnant control animals. Pregnancy was maintained in all animals when progesterone was combined with 1 μg of estrone. The weights of embryonic swellings and the degree of vaginal mucification in the combined steroid group were similar to those of intact control animals.Treatment with either ovine prolactin, bovine LH, ovine FSH or estrone failed to maintain corpora lutea or pregnancy. Combined injection of prolactin with LH or estrone did not maintain pregnancy or corpora lutea. On the other hand, treatment with 500 μg of prolactin and 200 μg of FSH maintained pregnancy in 12 of 14 animals. All of the aforementioned parameters of luteal activity were comparable to values in intact, control animals.The data indicate that luteal function in the mouse during the early post-implantation period requires a luteotropic complex rather than a single hormone. Prolactin and FSH constitute the minimal luteotropic complex in the pregnant mouse. The luteotropic activity of FSH was not due to its contamination with LH and the effect of FSH was apparently not mediated through estrogen secretion, since pregnancy was not maintained by prolactin and estrone.
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  • 46
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 503-513 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the vasa recta and associated nerves has been studied in the rabbit. Vasa recta were first identified in groups of two or three and were accompanied by small groups of axons. A number of these axons contained granulated, agranular and dense-cored vesicles. As the vasa recta subdivided, the muscle coat consisted of a single layer of smooth muscle cells. Additional large axon bundles were observed accompanying this segment of the vasa recta. Some of these axons also contained granulated, agranular and dense-cored vesicles in varying proportions. Further towards the medulla, smooth muscle cells were replaced by others which had irregular collections of filaments within their cytoplasm. These in turn were replaced by cells having a characteristic band of filaments on their luminal aspects. Nerves were only identified adjacent to those parts of the vasa recta which included smooth muscle cells.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of anoxia on protein synthesis of developing connective tissue cells was studied by radioautography. Neonatal rats were subjected to anoxia for 20 minutes and were immediately injected with 3 μc/gm body weight of leucine-H3intraperitoneally. They were sacrificed at different intervals after injection. Control animals were handled identically, except that atmospheric air was made available. The heads of the animals were prepared for radioautography in the standard manner. The number of grains was counted over individual fibrobalsts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes of histologically comparable regions, and the data were statistically evaluated.The number of grains per cell was significantly lower in experimental animals sacrificed at one hour after the anoxic treatment and leucine-H3administration. At this time, the average grain number per cell in the experimental animal was less than 50% of the control. The difference was about 20% by four hours and was negligible after 24 hours. The result is interpreted to indicate that the overall protein synthesis in connective tissues is immediately but temporarily suppressed by anoxia and that such suppression might lead to a later functional disturbance among these cells.
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  • 48
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The technique of organ culture was used to test the effects of various pituitary hormones and norepinephrine on the size of brown and white adipose cells of mice. The hormonal effects were measured by means of histologic analysis and cell width measurements. A concentration of 10 μg/ml of somatotropin (STH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) or lipotropin (LPH) was sufficient to reduce the size and content of intracellular lipid in white fat cells while a concentration of 100 μg/ml was required for similar effects on brown fat cells. Norepinephrine, at concentrations of 0.1 μg/ml or 1.0 μg/ml, was sufficient to reduce markedly the size and lipid content of both types of adipose cells. On a molar basis, these hormones acted in a similar range of concentration. The reduction in size and amount of intracellular lipid in brown and white adipose cells by STH, ACTH, and LPH were prevented when combined with 10 μg/ml of insulin. Insulin prevented the lipid depletion effect of norepinephrine in brown but not white adipose cells.
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  • 49
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Onset, frequency and characteristics of the spontaneous calcification which occurs in hearts of mice of the DBA strain have been studied. Calcified myocardial lesions developed as early as 25 days of age. A limited inflammatory response was associated with the fine mineral granules of early lesions. With age, sites of calcium deposition became larger and agranular. There was no evidence of inflammation at such loci and adjacent connective tissue did not increase significantly. In the oldest animals (older than 90 days), fibrous encapsulation of calcified sites was typical. Calcareous epicarditis appeared by 30 days; was minimal (8%) through 90 days, and then rose sharply in incidence (50%) in older animals. Epicardial calcification was restricted to the right ventricle. In general the calcified lesions increased with age and were not related to sex. Incidence of all lesions was 17% by 30 days of age, 80% within 90 days, and 94% in mice older than 90 days.
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  • 50
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Certain members of the extinct reptilian group from which mammals evolved possessed both a dens and an atlas body. Available paleontologic evidence supports the conclusion that the dens evolved as an addition to the atlas body. There-fore, the dens is not homologous with the atlas body as is generally claimed on the basis of supposed developmental evidence. The atlas body is large in the most primitive of living mammals, the monotremes, which also possess a dens of typical mammalian proportions. In metatherian and most eutherian mammals, both a dens and an atlas body remnant of variable size are present. The development of the dens in the Virginia opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, confirms the fact that the dens arises from, but does not replace, the atlas body anlage. The dens evolved as a functional replacement of the atlanto-axial articular processes which were lost when the mammalian atlanto-axial joint became specialized for rotational movement.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to verify the concept that growth hormone and prolactin are contained in two different populations of acidophils, sections of Bouin-fixed rat hypophyses were stained immunochemically. For this purpose the histochemical demonstration of peroxidase was utilized after sequential application to the tissue section of rabbit antiserum to human growth hormone (or antiserum to rat prolactin) followed by application of peroxidase-labeled sheep antiserum to rabbit gamma-globulin. It was found that growth hormone cells and prolactin cells, when revealed immunochemically, corresponded structurally to cell types that could be differentiated with reasonable certainty in sections stained with the Masson trichrome procedure. When delineated immunochemically, growth hormone cells were larger and more densely arranged in the adult male than in the intact female; they exhibited little change in the female after ovariectomy. In contrast, prolactin cells were large and frequent in the female hypophysis but were small and less frequent in the male and in the female after ovariectomy. By double-staining, growth hormone and prolactin cells were differentiated in the same section. It was concluded that (a) growth hormone and prolactin are contained in, and presumably secreted by, two different populations of acidophils; and (b) the Masson procedure permits a reasonably accurate differentiation of the two cell types.
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  • 52
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of the crura of the diaphragm and their innervation from the phrenic nerve was made in 22 fresh specimens and four embalmed specimens. The arrangement of the musculature was found to be essentially the same as that described by Low in 1907. The portions of the crural musculature passing to the right and left of the esophagus did not decussate anterior to the esophagus as these fibers insert into the central tendon. The right and left phrenic nerves divided into three to five divisions at the pericardiodiaphragmatic angle. Most commonly, these divisions are: anterior, posterior and lateral. If there are more than three divisions involved, there is usually a medial division present and/or a subdivision of one of the other divisions. It is the posterior division or its posteromedial branch which contributes to the innervation of the crura. None of the other divisions contributes to the innervation of the crura. Secondary branches of either the posterior division or the posteromedial branch do not cross to the contralateral side.
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  • 53
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 291-303 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pregnancy was maintained in Long-Evans rats hypophysectomized on day 1 and injected with ovine pituitary gonadotrophins from day 1 through day 11; and also in rats hypophysectomized on day 6 and injected from day 6 through day 11. For successful maintenance until term, no further injections were necessary after day 11. The combination of hormones considered close to optimal was; mammotrophin 2.5 mg; follicle-stimulating hormone 25 μg; and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone 5 μg injected daily, subcutaneously. Histological examination of ovaries after this regimen (on day 12) revealed interstitial and luteal tissue that was considered normal for this stage; and follicles that were in some cases larger than expected and occasionally with theca luteinization. The ovaries of the rats allowed to go to term and untreated after day 11 showed follicular and interstitial tissue that had regressed and well-stimulated corpora lutea. These findings showed no evidence of placental FSH or ICSH-like hormones; but confirmed earlier reports of a rat placental luteotrophic hormone.
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  • 54
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using rat's circumvallate papillae, ATPase, alk. Pase and acid Pase of taste buds were observed after the transection of the glossopharyngeal nerve.The taste buds began to disappear after the nerve was cut and were completely lost after ten days. Following the regeneration of the glossopharyngeal nerve, taste buds reappeared from the bottom of the gutters of circumvallate papillae about 25 days after the operation.ATPase was strongly present on the cell membrane of taste bud cells as far as they existed during degeneration and regeneration. Alk. Pase, which is normally localized on the superficial layers of the epithelium overlying the gutters of circumvallate papilla, gradually diminished as the taste buds degenerated and reappeared as the taste buds regenerated; that is, the activity began to diminish three days after the operation, became feeble after ten days and reappeared after 25 days. It is concluded that taste bud cells secrete alk. Pase in the gutters of circumvallate papillae. Acid Pase activity, usually found in the supranuclear portion of taste bud cells, was intensely reactive during degeneration but did not reappear at the early stage of regeneration of taste bud cells.
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  • 55
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 55-57 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Red blood cell count and haemoglobin content for blood of normal adult salamanders, Taricha granulosa, are presented. The RBC count is some 4 × 104/mm3 blood and the haemoglobin level some 4.5 gm/100 ml blood. Some evidence suggesting transient changes in these levels for a brief period immediately following hibernation is discussed.
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  • 56
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the human fetal spinal cord, enzymatic activity is demonstrated in neurons of the anterior horn a few weeks before it appears in neurons of the posterior horn. This enzymatic activity is present first in the lumbar segment of the spinal cord and with advancing time gradually ascends cephalad. The presence of acetyl-cholinesterase activity in neuronal cytoplasm in the lumbar segment of the spinal cord coincides with the earliest detectable movement in the lower limbs.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Attention is directed toward the occurrence of fenestrations or pores in Golgi cisternae of rat and mouse epididymis. There is a gradation in the degree of cisternal fenestration within a Golgi complex. Cisternae at the convex pole are highly flattened and contain few pores, but those near the concave side are distended and exhibit a large number of roughly circular fenestrations 300-600 Å in diameter. Cisternae in the middle of a stack often have an unperforated central portion that is surrounded by a fenestrated and expanded peripheral region. The structure of these Golgi complexes is compared with previous descriptions of Golgi cisternae, particularly the fenestrated cisternae reported in plant cells.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The endosteal and periosteal diameters of the second metacarpal were measured at the midshaft on radiographs of 62 normal girls at 11.0 ± 0.5 years (pre-menarche) and again at 16.0 × 0.5 (post-menarche). There was an average increase in the periosteal diameter of 10% and an average decrease in the endosteal diameter of 16%, both changes significant at p 〈 0.01. Individual variability was greater for the endosteal than the periosteal surface changes (p 〈 0.01).
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  • 59
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The capillary network of the papillary layer of the enamel organ was studied with the electron microscope. Mandibular incisor teeth of ten-day old Swiss albino mice were fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and prestained with 0.5% uranyl acetate prior to being embedded in Epon. Examination of ultrathin sections revealed the presence of fenestrations approximately 500 Å to 700 Å in diameter within the most attenuated regions of the capillary walls. In most instances the fenestrations appeared to be closed by diaphragms usually consisting of a thin membrane with a thicker centrally located button of electron opaque material.The presence of fenestrated capillaries within the papillary region of the enamel organ lends further support to the concept that papillary cells are engaged in transport functions during the maturation of enamel.
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  • 60
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of intrarenal nervous tissue in a number of species has been examined using a cholinesterase technique. Particular attention has been paid to the relationships between the renal vessels and their nerves. Nerves were detected alongside the major intrinsic renal vessels and formed nerve networks on the external aspects of the arterial tunicae mediae. In all specimens, afferent arterioles were accompanied by nerves the majority of which terminated near the entrance of cortical afferent arterioles into their respective glomeruli; nerves along juxtamedullary afferent arterioles continued across glomerular hila. Relatively few nerves were demonstrated near cortical efferent arterioles while juxtamedullary efferent vessels possessed a rich innervation. Intramural smooth muscle was identified in juxtamedullary efferent arterioles, aglomerular vessels and arteriolae rectae and these vascular segments were accompanied by nervous tissue. Cholinesterase positive nerves could not be detected in the renal medulla.
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  • 61
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Administration of x-rays (4000 r) to lumbar spinal cords of three-day-old rats caused a loss of neuroglia with an inhibition of myelinogenesis, neuronal damage and necrosis. In contrast, the loss of neuroglia following administration of 2000 r is temporary, with myelinogenesis occurring later than normal. Preliminary observations suggested that differences in vascular responses to these two amounts of x-rays might account for these differing fates of the spinal cords; therefore, this investigation was designed to study further the reactions of the intramedullary vessels.Rats, irradiated when three days of age, were killed 1 to 27 days later. Some were killed by perfusion with Monolite Fast Blue BNVSA Paste, a substance retained in the vessels and readily visualized on microscopic examination. The remaining rats were decapitated, and spinal cords were stained by Gomori's method for alkaline phosphatase. The earliest consistent alteration, a decreased number of vessels, was noted seven days following irradiation with either dose. Rats receiving 4000 r had marked losses of blood vessels, vasodilatation and necrosis by 15 days post-irradiation; whereas, a decreased number of vessels was the only change noted in rats irradiated with 2000 r. Alterations in rats receiving 4000 r remained the same or became more severe throughout the study; spinal cords in rats receiving 2000 r returned to normal. These vascular alterations correlate well with the changes in other spinal cord components described previously by this investigator.
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  • 62
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 133-133 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 63
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of satellite cells surrounding neurons in the superior cervical ganglia of the rabbit is described. These observations form a basis for the interpretation of fine structural changes which occur in the satellite cells after post-ganglionic section. Early changes consist of an increased number of micropinocytotic vesicles indicating an enhanced uptake of extracellular materials. The mitochondria increase in length and lie close to the plasma membranes, reflecting the increased energy requirement of these cells. Many develop intramitochondrial granules which may be concerned with the transport of water or ions. Later, at the height of chromatolysis, the satellite cells increase their quantity of granular reticulum and many possess agranular sub-surface cisternae whose function may be to direct material synthesised in the satellite cells to the nerve cell surface. Individual layers of satellite cell cytoplasm may slide over one another to accommodate the increased size of the neurons during chromatolysis. The satellite cell processes appear thickened and contain large numbers of fine filaments which may be formed by the breakdown of microtubules.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Counts of differentiating motor cells over the length of the brachial lateral motor column (LMC) indicate that a large decrease in cell number takes place during the larval period. During the same period an increase in nuclear size of the motor cells occurs with a maximum size attained just following forelimb emergence. Comparison between development of the LMC at the brachial and lumbo-sacral levels indicates a slight lag in brachial LMC development. Cell number remains greater in the brachial LMC than in the lumbo-sacral LMC, but nuclear size is consistently less in the brachial column. Probably no significant change in cell number occurs after metamorphosis, though there is an increase in cell size.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural effect of progesterone, alone and in combination with estrogen, on smooth muscle cells of the rat uterus was studied. Adult, bilaterally ovariectomized rats were untreated (controls) or treated with either progesterone (1 mg), estrogen (1 μg) or both on three consecutive days.Uterine muscle cells appeared larger and myofilaments more abundant in the progesterone-treated rats than in the other groups of animals. Many micropinocytotic vesicles and several dense bodies were present in muscle cells of control, progesterone and estrogen-progesterone-treated rats. In the progestrone-treated group, smooth muscle cells contained little granular endoplasmic reticulum and few ribosomes and glycogen particles, similar to the controls. Mitochondria were more numerous than in the control animals but similar to those seen in the estrogen or estrogen-progesterone-treated rats. Although an accumulation of granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, glycogen particles and extensive Golgi complexes occurred in both estrogen and estrogen-progesterone-treated rats, they were more extensive in the former group.The observations indicate that progesterone alters the ultrastructure of the smooth muscle cells but not to the degree observed following estrogen stimulation. It does not markedly inhibit the effect of estrogen on the fine structure of the uterine smooth muscle cells. These observations support previous biochemical studies on glycogen concentration, RNA and protein synthesis in the rat uterus.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 67
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 69
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 359-372 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Various parameters of ovarian activity were determined for the intact or hypophysectomized pregnant mouse, as a baseline to establish the nature of luteotropic hormones in this species.Seventeen per cent of White Swiss mice with a vaginal plug were not pregnant at subsequent stages of gestation. The greatest number of failures occurred between days 12 and 15 of pregnancy, coinciding with the temporary absence of antral follicles and regressive changes in the vaginal epithelium. This suggests that there is a period of transient hormonal imbalance before full placental function is established, which is responsible at this time for the peak in embryonic mortality.Two periods of luteal growth were apparent between days 1 and 4 and 10 to 14 of pregnancy. The first histologic evidence of luteal regression occurred at day 16, correlating with renewed squamous cell proliferation of the vaginal mucosa.There were no significant differences in the number of ova shed on day 1 of pregnancy (11.0 ∓ 0.5 ova) and the subsequent number of embryonic swellings at any stage. Gestation in intact pregnant mice lasted 18 days (n = 2) or 19 days (n = 36). The number of young counted late on day 1 post partum (9.1 ± 0.5) was significantly less than the number of embryonic swellings as a result of maternal cannibalism.Hypophysectomy on day 1 of pregnancy led to rapid histologic degeneration of the corpus luteum. In this feature, the mouse resembled the hamster rather than the rat. Day 10 of pregnancy represented the earliest time at which, at least in some animals the pituitary could be removed and pregnancy continue. Following hypophysectomy from day 11 on, luteal activity, continuation of pregnancy, fetal and placental weight and vaginal histology were comparable to intact, pregnant mice. This is similar to the hypophysectomized rat in the latter half of pregnancy but differs from the situation in the hamster.On the basis of the present findings and results in the following paper, it appears likely that the mouse placenta, in addition to secreting a prolactin-like hormone, also produces other gonadotropins.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to evaluate pathological alterations of the inclusion bodies of Type II cells in the mammalian lung, normal morphology of inclusions has been studied in rabbit, sheep, rat, mouse, dog, hamster and guinea pig. In rabbit, and sheep the fetal development of the inclusions has also been investigated.After a standard method of fixation, three different types of inclusions have been found in the species studied. The first type of inclusion is seen in the fetal rabbit, fetal sheep, dog, rat and mouse. In these species the inclusions contain heavily osmiophilic, coarsely lamellar material. In all of these species, the inclusions seem to form from an interaction between tubulo-vesicular bodies, located near the Golgi apparatus, and multivesicular bodies. These are certain variations in the appearance of the inclusions among these species.The second type of inclusion is seen in the hamster and guinea pig, in which lightly osmiophilic material accumulates during the maturation of the inclusions. In these species, a granular dense body seems to occupy an important role in the formation of the inclusion bodies.In the third group, the postnatal rabbit and sheep, the inclusions appear vacuolated.It is postulated that the seemingly inconsistent results of the acid phosphatase activity of inclusions in several species may indeed be a reflection of species differences in the mode of formation of inclusion bodies.
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  • 71
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    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the course of ultrastructural studies on the cerebellar cortex of young rats a cilium was found in some Purkinje cells. The shaft, which is 1800 to 2000 ÅR thick, has an internal portion inside the cell body and an external one projecting into the neuropile. The basal body is consistently located near the Golgi apparatus. Rootlets with periodic cross-striations (interperiod distance of 525 ÅR) are attached to the basal body. The size and characteristics of the Purkinje cell cilium and its constituent parts compare with similar structures in the cilia of other cell types of the cerebellar cortex. Whether all or only some of the Purkinje cells have a cilium has not yet been determined. Possible functional roles of these organoids are considered.
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  • 72
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    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 73
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    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Myoid cells of the thymus of hibernating frogs were examined by electron microscopy. This cell type is represented by immature, fully-developed and degenerating cell forms. The immature forms are mainly located at the surface, whereas the developed ones are found in the inside of the thymus. A peculiar type of immature cell containing no thick filaments, but possessing a rich sarcoplasmic reticulum among the thin filaments is described. The developed myoid cells have a myofibrillar apparatus showing regular cross-striations. The myofibrils are arranged in concentric layers around the nucleus. The proposed role and origin of myoid cells and their probable connection with myasthenia gravis are discussed.
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  • 74
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of testicular interstitial cells of lion and three-toed sloth showed an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets. Mitochondria were usually small and rod to rounded in shape, but large bizarre forms, such as triangular, oval and rounded with tubular and lamellar cristae were also observed. Mitochondria with lamellar cristae occurred in lion, but not in three-toed sloth. These cristae were highly developed and appeared unique for the testicular interstitial cells. Both small and large mitochondria closely adhered to lipid droplets which were found singly or in clusters. The stored lipid droplets probably serve as a major source of substrate in androgen biosynthesis. The possible role of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in androgen biosynthesis is suggested.
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  • 75
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 47-65 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thymic rudiments from mouse embryos varying in gestational from 10-13 days were examined by light and electron microscopy in an effort to learn the origin of thymic lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were recognized and distinguished from mesenchymal cells and thymic epithelial cells by their round shape, larger nucleoli, and high concentration of cytoplasmic ribosomes and dearth of endoplasmic reticulum. No lymphocytes could be found at the earliest stage of development of the third pharyngeal pouch  -  at approximately ten days' gestational age. They first appeared in the mesenchyme surrounding the third pouch at a later stage, (approximately 11 days' gestation), but in most cases did not appear in the thymic epithelium until the parathyroid and thymus began to differentiate at approximately 12 days' gestation. No cells were seen that appeared to be transitional between lymphocytes and epithelial or mesenchymal cells and it was concluded that these observations support the hypothesis that lymphocytes first reach the thymic parenchyma by immigration from the surrounding mesenchyme. Most of the lymphoctyes found in the region of the thymus at these stages of development were large lymphocytes. The origin of these early lymphocytes remains unknown.
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  • 76
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 67-77 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eruption of permanent premolars in puppies was studied by implanting stainless steel wires through the mandible to stop eruptive movement well before the teeth were to appear in the oral cavity. Histologic and radiologic comparisons of operated with normal (unoperated) sides disclosed that the eruptive pathway forms for the impacted teeth although their eruptive movements were effectively prevented. This clearly shows that the mechanism of eruption pathway formation is not dependent upon direct and continual pressure on the bone from the erupting teeth. The genesis of pathway formation appeared to be the same for the impacted teeth as for the controls i.e., through continued ostetoclasis in the margin of the stalk of the dental follicle.
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  • 77
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 79-99 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Globule leucocytes (GL) first noted by Weill ('19) in the intestinal tract of certain mammals, have been described, since, in many species. The classification and function of these cells, however, is still under discussion. We have studied GL in the cat using histochemistry at light and electron microscopic levels. In this species, GL are concentrated in the intestinal mucosa; they are found less frequently in the gallbladder and only rarely in other organs. GL are usually located between the epithelial cells of the gut, seldom in the underlying lamina propria. They appear to be migratory cells of mesenchymal origin, representing an independent cell population. GL are characterized by large eosinophilic globules in their cytoplasm. The globules contain strongly basic proteins associated with phospholipids and neutral mucosubstances which, in the colon, are encased in a capsule of sulfated mucosubstances. At the ultrastructural level the typical globules consist of a dense, homogeneous matrix enclosed by a single membrane; they show, however, great variation in their morphologic appearance, reflecting, possibly, different stages in the process of accretion and utilization of their content.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The repair of hemopoietic bone marrow following evacuation of the tibial or femoral cavity of the rat was sequentially studied with the light microscope. A stereotyped train of histologic events occurred. These were capillary invasion of the cavity, appearance of primitive mesenchymal cells, osteoblastic proliferation, cancellous bone formation, development of sinusoids, reappearance of hemopoietic tissue and resorption of cancellous bone. The studies suggest that restoration of marrow sinusoids takes place only in the interstices of cancellous bone. Mechanical disruption of the sinusoidal system is one method of triggering cancellous bone formation. The cancellous bone which appeared after injury was thought to be produced by endosteal osteoblasts and osteoblasts derived from cells residing in normal hemopoietic tissue. Localized radiation of the tibia followed by mechanical disruption of hemopoietic tissue demonstrated that cancellous bone production and the repair process were unimpaired by 1,000 r but were completely blocked by 4,000 r. This would imply that the cell which can differentiate into an osteoblast is resistant to 1,000 r.
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  • 79
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Calcium-deprivation of three weeks duration causes marked degenerative changes in the shell gland mucosa of the laying hen. The height of the columnar epithelium decreases, but the secretory granules in the columnar epithelial cells and the cilia on the apical cells of the columnar epithelium are preserved. The tubular glands decrease in size and number. The microvilli surrounding the tubular gland lumen disappear. The cytoplasm of the tubular gland cell contains autophagic vacuoles (cytolysomes) and large pigment accumulations, presumably lipofuscin. The changes are due to dietary calcium deficiency, apparently mediated by decreased sex steroid secretion and decreased stimulation of the oviduct. These changes are totally reversible, since the fine structure of the shell gland mucosa of calcium-deprived hens returned to a normal laying diet does not show any signs of degeneration and is identical with the fine structure of the shell gland mucosa of the laying control birds.
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  • 80
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histological preparations from skin of the Australian black snake, Pseudechis Porthyriacus have revealed myelinated nerve fibers terminating in several structures. The commonest of these, the simple “End Button,” was seen in the epidermis from all regions of the body. An end organ, the “touch corpuscle” occurred in the epidermis of the upper and lower lip, while in the dermis of the upper and lower jaw an encapsulated structure, the “club corpuscle” was frequently encountered. These more complex structures could not be revealed in skin of the trunk where only “end buttons” were seen.
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  • 81
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of fluoride on the physical properties of bone was investigated with the aid of an Instron materials tester. Two groups of weanling female rats, one on an adequate (0.6%) calcium diet and the other on a low (0.1%) diet were given the following dosage levels of fluoride (as NaF) in their deionized drinking water over a fifteen and one-half week period: 3.4 ppm, 10.0 ppm and 45.0 ppm. In the adequate calcium group a significant increase in flexibility in the rat femur was found only at the 45.0 ppm dosage level. This was not offset by a significant decrease in strength. In the low calcium group a similar significant increase in flexibility appeared at the 10.0 ppm dosage level as well as the 45.0 ppm, but a significant decrease in strength at the two dosage levels was observed. These were in direct relation to the amount of fluoride given.
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  • 82
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 317-332 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the adrenal medulla of Macaca mulata monkey was studied after double fixation with paraformaldehyde and OsO4; other fixations were employed for comparison. Only one cell type was seen. The cytoplasm contained an uneven distribution of chromaffin vesicles which were either spherical or elongated and 0.1-0.3 μ in diameter. There were two principle vesicle categories: dark and compact forms which comprised the majority (about 80%) and lighter, mostly larger, vesicles with a finely granulated appearance. The Golgi apparatus was often seen in relatively clear areas where few other organelles were present. Vesicles, 0.1-0.2 μ in diameter, which stained heterogeneously were also observed. They were few in number and always associated with the Golgi apparatus. The chromaffin cells lay in close proximity, but in no specific relationship, to thin-walled blood vessels. Nerve endings which were partially embraced by Schwann cells were in synaptic relation to the chromaffin cells.These findings are compared with previous observations in other mammals and the nature of the dark and light vesicles is discussed.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin fragments implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic mice remained viable and showed cyclic hair growth over a period of months. Embryonic skin differentiated into the various layers of epidermis and corium, producing sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Implants from both embryos and newborn displayed normal hair pigmentation with appearance in metanagen of the yellow bands characteristic of the agouti hair for that genotype. Follicles were observed to pass through the various hair growth stages into a resting period and then later to re-enter the growth cycle. There were departures from normal hair growth, however, with some follicular disorganization, especially in the newborn implants, and with areas showing mixed growth stages instead of the follicular synchronization characteristic of the intact mouse.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ligatures were placed unilaterally on the ductus deferens (experiment 1), on the ductus deferens and the middle of the corpus epididymidis (experiment 2) and on the ductus deferens, corpus epididymidis and ductuli efferentes (experiment 3) in 39 rabbits. The untreated contralateral side served as a control. Vasectomy alone appeared to have no effect upon the testes, or upon spermatozoa accumulated during a period of 12 weeks proximal to the ligature. In experiment 2 severe disruption of spermatogenesis occurred. Diameter of the seminiferous tubules decreased, testes atrophied, and the stages of the seminiferous epithelium were abnormal and often not classifiable. Some regeneration was observed after 12 weeks.In experiment 3 there was only a moderate and more transient disturbance of spermatogenesis. This occurred in spite of an accumulation of fluid in the testis due to the ligature on the ductuli efferentes, which prevented testicular effluent from reaching the caput epididymidis. These results suggest that when testicular effluent is allowed to reach the caput, but nonresorbed residues are prevented from further transport (experiment 2), a feedback to the testis occurs which is more harmful than that produced by preventing tubular contents from leaving the testes.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 85
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 359-377 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Autonomic nerves in the rat, mouse, guinea-pig and cat were vitally stained with methylene blue and examined electron-microscopically after fixation in potassium permanganate. Dense patches in the axoplasm and swelling of mitochondria were found in the stained axons. By controlling the pH and saturating with oxygen, only cholinergic axons were stained at pH 6.5-7.0 whereas at pH 5.0-5.3 both cholinergic and adrenergic axons stained. Similar results were obtained by immersion in a bath at controlled temperature as with close arterial perfusion of dye into pelvic viscera. The intermediate pH at which adrenergic axons begin to stain could not be determined. However, as a means of identifying cholinergic axons, particularly those sectioned at a level where no agranular vesicles occur, M B staining is unreliable because not all cholinergic axons respond. In sympathectomized rat iris lacking adrenergic axons altogether, some of the persisting cholinergic axons remained unstained. Experiments with M B thiocyanate and M B chloride in phosphate-citrate or succinate-HCl buffer indicated that purity of dyestuff was less important than pH control. Methods for electron-microscopical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase are more useful for distinguishing cholinergic axons especially if adrenergic nerve vesicles are I reserved in the same preparation by the initial fixation.
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  • 86
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 379-390 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intramuscular nerve branches are covered by a complex of epithelial sheaths which decrease in thickness and complexity as the nerves branch to reach ultimate termination of neuromuscular junctions. The outermost layer (epineurium) of intramuscular nerves is composed of thin processes of fibrocytes lacking basement lamina and associated with parallel bundles of collagen. Internal to this layer are two or three layers of interdigitating perineural cells covered with basement lamina. The innermost layer is frequently incompletely covered by basement lamina within the perineural sheath. Schwann cells covered with basement lamina enclose myelinated and unmyelinated axons.In the region of neuromuscular junctions, the basement lamina of Schwann cell processes merge with the myofiber basement lamina. Thin perineural cell processes form a bell-shaped covering which does not reach the muscle basement lamina. The relationships of myelin to the axon as the terminal axon emerges from the Schwann cell closely resembles the relationships of these structures in nodes of Ranvier.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 389-401 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this experiment actinomycin D was used to explore the action of the wound epidermis on underlying tissues during limb regeneration. In axolotl forelimbs the skin was removed from the elbow to the shoulder. Skin from the right limbs was soaked for three hours in actinomycin D (5.0 or 10.0 μg/ml 0.6% NaCl). For controls, skin from left limbs was soaked in 0.6% NaCl for the same period of time. Each piece of skin was orthotopically replanted, and both limbs were amputated through the treated skin, proximal to the elbow. After an initial healing period, the control limbs regenerated normally. Except for a slightly paler color, limbs bearing actinomycin-treated skin were indistinguishable from the controls, both grossly and histologically, during the first week following amputation. While the control limbs formed early blastemas, no grossly visible evidence of regeneration was apparent in the experimental limbs, but histologically some dedifferentiation was occurring. Normally three to four digits were seen in the control regenerates before blastemas appeared on the experimental limbs. By 35-40 days blastemas had appeared on most experimental limbs. These developed very rapidly, and within a short time many of them had attained levels of development close to the controls. Actinomycin D temporarily suppresses formation of the apical epidermal cap and the subsequent aggregation of dedifferentiated cells into a blastema. When the effect wears off, an apical cap forms and the dedifferentiated cells quickly organize into a blastema and begin to differentiate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 89
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 403-425 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Developing myotubes in skeletal muscle tissue from the limbs of larval newts have been examined with respect to the ultrastructure and sequence of events accompanying myofibril formation. A population of filaments having a diameter of 100 Å is found to occur throughout and beyond the period of myofibrillogenesis. This population is in addition to developing actin and myosin filaments and probably does not contribute directly to myofibril formation. Rather it may represent a cytoskeletal network which ultimately becomes principally disposed around and at right angles to older myofibrils at the level of their Z-bands.Assembly of thick and thin filaments into myofibrils seems to occur, in this muscle, predominantly near the periphery of the cell with registration of these components into A-, I-, and Z-bands being accomplished as they assume progressively more internal locations. Z-bands appear to develop by coalescence of Z-bodies which in turn are earlier related to skeins of fine filamentous material which commonly occupy the most peripheral cytoplasm of these and other mesenchymally derived cells. Fine structural details of these skeins, Z-bodies, and Z-bands have been analyzed with regard to the several prevailing concepts of Z-band architecture. An hypothetical sequence for myofibril formation and Z-band differentiation is presented which takes into account several observations and relates them to the looping filament configuration previously proposed for mature Z-band structure.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of differentiating heterophils and eosinophils of the slender salamander, Batrachoseps attenuatus, was studied with electron microscopy. Enzymes of the granules of both cell types appear to arise from the Golgi cisternae. An agranular stem cell was not observed and the least differentiated cell type encountered was an “early” promyelocyte having small granules which are morphologically distinct from mature granules of either the heterophil or eosinophil series. Heterophil myelocytes and later stages contain only one population of granule which is fibrous in content. Eosinophils likewise possess but one type of granule; the granules are larger than those of heterophils, have a homogeneous content, and lack the crystallin core so characteristic of mammalian eosinophils.
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  • 91
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Anatomists and gynecologists have debated the existence of a rectovaginal septum in the human female. In this investigation the connective tissue between the vagina and rectum has been reexamined by both dissection and light microscopy in four specimen types. Specimens studied and compared totaled 143 and represent an age range of from eight fetal weeks to 100 years. Included were specimens from patients with different degrees of parity and both normal and abnormal pelvic visceral support.It has been shown that a definite rectovaginal septum exists in the human female and it is probably the homologue of the male rectovesical septum. The septum is well formed by the fourteenth fetal week and consists of a thin vertical sheet of dense connective tissue which is translucent in the fresh state. In the coronal plane the septum parallels the sacral curvature. It also curves posterolaterally to become fused with the parietal endopelvic fascia. The septum extends inferiorly from the rectouterine peritoneal pouch to the perineal body. It is usually adherent to the posterior aspect of the vaginal connective tissue, capsule. This adherence, together with the difficulty in identifying it histologically may explain why the existence of the rectovaginal septum has been denied.
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  • 92
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 453-471 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The heads of three-day old rats were irradiated with a single dose of 200 r x-ray and the animals were killed afterwards at intervals ranging from ten minutes to five days. Necrosis in the external granular layer of the cerebellum was evident by the fourth hour and the pyknotic cells increased in number up to 12 hours after irradiation. Between 24 to 48 hours all the pyknotic cells disappeared and the width of the layer was drastically reduced. By the third day after irradiation the external granular layer began to increase in width, and by the fourth day it was indistinguishable from normal. In adults of this group the cerebellum appeared structurally normal. In another experiment the cerebellum of rats was exposed from birth onward to 200 r on five successive days. In the animals killed immediately or one day after the last radiation session the external granular layer was totally or subtotally eradicated. In the animals surviving for four days the external granular layer reappeared over many regions of the cerebellum, and by the sixth day after irradiation it was present over its entire surface. In the latter group in animals that survived to 30 and 90 days of age the cerebellum contained a large, though subnormal, population of granule cells, indicating that the reconstituted cells were able to differentiate. These results suggested that the proliferative matrix of the postnatally developing cerebellum may be endowed with regenerative capacity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 93
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 473-482 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of aging on alkaline phosphomonoesterase (Alk Pase) activity in the adrenals of a highly inbred strain of C57BL/10 male mice. A total of 140 male mice were assigned to seven main groups and sacrificed at 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 months of age for biochemical and morphologic evaluations of adrenal Alk Pase activity. The biochemical findings indicated that while aging may result in a decrease of serum and liver Alk Pase activity, enzyme activity in the adrenals of male mice increases to a maximum level at approximately eight months of age and subsequently decreases at each successive age level. The histochemical findings revealed that the highest concentrations of enzyme activity occurred in the fascicular and reticular zones of sexually mature male mice. There were no major variations in zonal distribution with advancing age. Electron microscopy showed Alk Pase activity along membranes of cortical cells and within the subendothelial space.The progressive increase in Alk Pase enzyme activity up to eight months of age, and the subsequent fall in activity during senescence as well as its absence in the adrenals of female mice provides further support for a role of androgen in mobilizing cortical alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of Kupffer cells of canine liver has been studied and described. Kupffer cell nuclei were elongated and irregular in shape having a prominent double nuclear envelope containing scattered ribosomes on the outer membrane. Mitochondria were small, relatively scarce, and contained few mitochondrial granules. Elements of endoplasmic reticulum were scarce and highly irregular in form. In general, the cytoplasm was less dense than hepatocytes and contained fewer organelles which were less compactly arranged than in hepatocytes. Microbodies were not observed in any of the Kupffer cells studied. The cytoplasm contained various numbers of large phagosomes but consistently contained numerous dense cytosomes of various sizes. The most striking finding was that many cytosomes and phagosomes contained large numbers of short microtubules approximately 350 Å in diameter which were arranged in clusters and were associated with membanes.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Endobronchial lavage was performed on eight smokers and eight nonsmokers. Centrifugation of lavage fluid produces a sediment consisting of two layers, a lower compact brown layer containing cells and an upper flocculent white layer. The brown layers from the smokers were greater in volume than those from the nonsmokers. Macrophages constituted about 93% of the cells from the smokers and about 63% of the cells from the nonsmokers. These data suggest that more free macrophages occur in the lungs of smokers than nonsmokers. In addition, many of the macrophages obtained from the smokers were filled with cytoplasmic inclusions. The volumes of white layers from the smokers were smaller than those from the non-smokers. One white layer obtained from a nonsmoker was examined in a Wilhelmy balance and proved to be surface-active. This may suggest that surface-active material, pulmonary surfactant, is reduced in lavage fluids from smokers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of platelets fixed in acetaldehyde and postfixed in osmium tetroxide was compared with that of platelets fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Many platelets became rounded after acetaldhyde fixation. Membranes, granules and mitochondria were well preserved and cytoplasmic microfilaments became apparent. Very dense granules were obvious after acetaldehyde fixation alone and after acetaldehyde/glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide triple fixation, but not after acetaldehyde/osmium tetroxide double fixation. Microtubules were never seen. Intracytoplasmic vacuoles assumed exaggerated prominence. The authors relate the alterations in the vacuolar system and changes in platelet shape to a loss of cytoplasmic microtubules. They suggest that the changes are induced, in part by the low temperature of fixation, and in part by the weak fixative action of the aldehyde.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The vascular supply to the skin of pigs was studied in animals perfused with the dye, monastral fast blue. The arrangement of the blood vessels in control animals was in three plexuses, similar to that in other mammals but with the middle plexus poorly developed.A litter of pigs was divided into two groups at the age of 12 days and one group was raised in a warm room and the other in a cold room. The pigs were killed at age three months when the warm room was 35°C and the cold room 5°C. A quantitative evaluation of the blood supply to the skin of the experimental animals revealed that the pigs from the warm room had more blood vessels in the skin than those raised in the cold; the difference was statistically significant (P 〈 0.01). In the case of pigs from a second litter reared at 35°C and 20°C, no significant difference in the number of blood vessels was detected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 107-108 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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