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  • 1975-1979  (1,153)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1880-1889
  • Electron microscopy  (597)
  • Ultrastructure  (563)
  • 101
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    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: R-Bodies ; Kappa particles ; Free-living hydrogen bacteria ; Induction ; Electron microscopy ; Chemical composition ; Defective prophages ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract R-Bodies have been found in a recently isolated pseudomonas-like free-living hydrogen oxidizing bacterium. Their isolation, fine structure and chemical composition are described and compared with the R-bodies from the kappa particles (Caedobacter), obligate endosymbionts of Paramecium aurelia. The 2K 1 R-bodies exhibited essential characteristics of the kappa R-bodies; however, their size and some other structural aspects proved that they represent a new type of R-bodies. The presence of phage tail-like particles in cells induced with Mitomycin C is in favour of the hypothesis that the R-bodies might be coded by defective prophages, or by extrachromosomal elements.
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  • 102
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    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gliding bacteria ; CO2-requiring ; Periodontal disease ; Gram-negative ; Ultrastructure ; Capnocytophaga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gram-negative, anaerobic gliding bacteria were isolated from normal supragingival plaque and from periodontal lesions. Isolates could be divided into two size classes: small 2.4–4.2 μm×0.38–0.5 μm and large 4.8–5.8 μm×0.42–0.6 μm cells. The outer membrane was either loose-fitting and wavy, or taut, and of variable thickness. An electron-dense fuzz was discernible on several of the isolates. The periplasmic region was of variable electron-density. The genus Capnocytophaga has been proposed for these organisms based on morphological and cultural characteristics.
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  • 103
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    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis ; Cell cycle ; DNA replication ; Cell division ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacillus subtilis strain Marburg was grown exponentially with a doubling time of 65 min. To follow the time course of various cell cycle events, cells were collected by agar filtration and were then classified according to length. The DNA replication cycle was determined by a quantitative analysis of radioautograms of tritiated thymidine pulse labeled cells. The DNA replication period was found to be 45 min. This period is preceded and followed by periods without DNA synthesis of about 10 min. The morphology and segregation of nucleoplasmic bodies was studied in thin sections. B. subtilis contains two sets of genomes. DNA replication and DNA segregation seem to go hand in hand and DNA segregation is completed shortly after termination of DNA replication. Cell division and cell separation were investigated in whole mount preparations (agar filtration) and in thin sections. Cell division starts about 20 min after cell birth; cell separation starts at about 45 min and before completion of the septum.
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  • 104
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 95 (1979), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Cultured tumour cells ; Ultrastructure ; 3-D Colonies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells were studied during anchorage-independent growth in semi solid medium (Methocel). The regular occurrence of mitotic figures both at the surface and within the colonies precludes the possibility of such colonies being formed by re-aggregation. The estimated population doubling time in the three-dimensional (3-D) colonies is consistent with those two-dimensional of (2-D) colonies. Structures resembling bile canaliculi were observed between the closely opposed membranes from the well packed adjacent cells. Cell surface and ultrastructural features of the colonies and individual cells are presented and comparisons made with 2-D growth of normal and malignant liver cells in vitro. The formation of 3-D colonies may not only be an assay for transformed cells but also for predicting the type of tumors produced by re-innoculation of the in vitro transformed cells.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cloacogenic carcinomas ; Ano-rectal region ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical and pathological features of four transitional cloacogenic carcinomas (TCC) are presented with particular reference to electron microscopy. The incidence of this tumour is 1.4% of all ano-rectal neoplasms. Three cases showed a gross appearance similar to the common rectal neoplasms. One tumour presented without an intraluminal lesion, but infiltrated the bowel wall and the anal glands. TCC show a distinct histological pattern. The degree of differentiation of the basic transitional cell component determines the “grading” of the lesion. We distinguish between grade I, II and III. Grade I lesions show uniform polygonal cells with only occasional mitotic figures. There is distinct palisading of the nuclei of the peripheral tumour cell layers. Grade II lesions are characterized by partial or total loss of the peripheral palisading. Grade III lesions are extremely anaplastic (“oat cell” carcinoma). This histological classification correlates well with the prognosis. Electron microscopic investigation of TCC revealed the ultrastructural features of basal cells. The uniform tumour cells with large nuclei contain tonofibrils, desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes, free ribosomes, and relatively few other organelles. We did not find keratinocytes or keratohyalin granules in these four cases of TCC. It is emphasized that TCC of the ano-rectal region differ fundamentally from the basalcell carcinomas of the skin in their biological behaviour.
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  • 106
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    Virchows Archiv 381 (1979), S. 313-329 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bronchial carcinoids ; Different types ; Cells of origin ; Ultrastructure ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven of eleven bronchial carcinoids investigated showed cells with small granules resembling P cells which have already been described in human fetal and adult lung; two of these P cell tumours showed distinctive paraganglioid features. One tumour showed peculiar ultrastructural findings resembling closely those previously reported by Black (1969) in a so called “pulmonary oncocytoma”. Three remaining cases showed large secretory granules resembling those of type 3 cells already described by Hage (1973 b) in bronchial carcinoids; one of these tumours produced large amounts of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). It is concluded that, on cytological grounds, at least two types of tumours can be distinguished among bronchial carcinoids, i.e. P cell and type 3 cell tumours. Moreover, two varieties of P cell carcinoids have been recognized, showing either the less frequent and more distinctive paraganglioid structure or the more common trabecular structure.
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  • 107
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    Virchows Archiv 381 (1979), S. 159-178 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant cell tumor ; Ultrastructure ; Acid phosphatase ; Lysosomes ; Bone tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven benign giant cell tumors of bone were studied in the electron microscope, and the fine structural localization of acid phosphatase was elucidated. Three distinct cell types are always present in these tumors: stromal cells type 1; stromal cells type 2; and multinucleated giant cells. Small mononuclear cells may also occur, but are not likely to be actively participating in the neoplastic process. The range of variability in the fine structure of the different cell types constituting this tumor has been established. Variations in appearances include: a) presence of nuclear pseudoinclusions in stromal cells type 1 and multinucleated giant cells; b) aberrations in the structure of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the same cell types; c) occurrence of ruffled borders, ectoplasmic layers and cytoplasmic labyrinths containing acid phosphatase in the giant cells. Some giant cells show evidence of marked phagocytic activity and contain large and numerous residual bodies carrying acid phosphatase. The significance of the interrelations between the different cell types are discussed and the possible role of stromal cells type 2 in immunological mechanisms directed against the tumor cells are mentioned.
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  • 108
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    Virchows Archiv 385 (1979), S. 77-91 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Ovary ; Clear cell carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of an ovarian clear cell carcinoma in a 65 year old woman was analysed. The tumor cells were of both clear and “hobnail” types. Both were characterized by the presence of short microvilli, abundant glycogen granules, a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, scanty lysosomes and very few lipid bodies. The tubules and gland-like spaces were always separated from the stroma by a basement membrane. At ultrastructural level the tumor cells do not resemble at all those of clear cell renal carcinomas. On the other hand, their submicroscopic features are strongly similar to those of the clear cell tumors found elsewhere in the female genital tract, emphasizing therewith their very probable müllerian origin. It is recommended to eliminate the term “mesonephroma ovarii” to designate the clear cell carcinomas of the ovary.
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  • 109
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph vessels ; Testis ; Man ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, and light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and anchoring filaments of the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps measuring up to 2μm. The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymph vessels merges into collecting ducts, which together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by the lymphatic system in the spermatic cord.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid follicular cells ; Basal lamina, biosynthesis ; Cellular interaction ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Porcine thyroid cells were cultured alone or in mixed cultures with mesenchymal cells. The formation of a basal lamina in vitro was investigated ultrastructurally. Follicular reassociation of thyroid cells occurred in both types of culture; however, it was followed by formation of the basal lamina only when mesenchymal cells were present. The present findings suggest an epithelial origin of the basal lamina resulting from an interaction with mesenchymal cells.
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  • 111
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 257-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anococcygeus muscle ; Innervation ; P-type nerves ; Purinergic nerves ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the rat anococcygeus muscle has been investigated ultrastructurally following fixation with a modified chromaffin reaction for the demonstration of biogenic amines (Tranzer and Richards, 1976). Three types of nerve profiles were revealed: (1) 60–70 % of the profiles are adrenergic; (2) less than 5% of the profiles appear to be cholinergic; (3) up to 40% of the profiles are distinguished by the presence of a characteristically high proportion of electron-opaque, chromaffin-negative vesicles, 85–110nm in diameter. This third type of profile was not affected by 6-OHDA, and is considered to represent the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of this tissue. Because of the morphological similarity of this nerve type, apart from the smaller vesicle size, to classical peptidergic nerve endings, they have been termed “small p-type” (sp-type). These results are discussed in relation to a previous report describing only two types of nerve profiles in this tissue (Gillespie and Lüllmann-Rauch, 1974).
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  • 112
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germ-free mice ; Inflammation ; Macrophages ; Peritoneum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peritoneal macrophage ultrastructure was analysed stereologically in germ-free mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of sterile, pyrogen-free saline. Thus the stimulant was non-particulate, non-antigenic and inorganic, and effects of immune reactions were minimal. Macrophages were recovered 1, 6, 24 and 72 h after stimulation. A sequence of structural alterations is reported which may be fundamental to macrophage activation. The plasma membrane and nuclear envelope increased in area within only 1 h of saline injection. During the next 5 h loss of plasma membrane, probably by pinocytosis, caused cellular “rounding” and clear-cut alteration in surface configuration. At the same time lysosome-like granules enlarged but decreased in number. By 24 h most cellular structures and compartments (including the plasma membrane) were enlarged. Morphological evidence of nuclear activation accompanied a rather modest enlargement of the nucleus at this stage. The RER hypertrophied last and must, therefore, be judged sufficient in resident macrophages to support the initial growth response which results after stimulation. Thus hypertrophy was observed eventually in every structure examined. Even the minimally activated macrophages resident in the peritoneum of germ-free mice respond readily to stimulation.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Axon terminals ; Tanycytes ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study proves the existence of nerve terminals closely apposed to the plasmalemmata of tanycytes in the rat median eminence. Several of these “axo-tanycytic” endings display remarkable accumulations of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of pleomorphic vesicles which are closely apposed on either side of the plasma membrane of each cell compartment. Some of these vesicular profiles give the impression of structural continuity across both membrane systems. This phenomenon is discussed in the context of being a potential substratum for communication between both cell compartments.
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  • 114
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Excitatory synapse ; Lateral line-canal organ ; Synaptic body ; Ultrastructure ; Lota lota (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the afferent synapse in hair cells of the lateral line-canal organ was studied using different fixation and staining techniques. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue without post-osmication, contrasted by section staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, was compared with (a) osmium tetroxide-fixed tissue followed by the same staining procedure, and with (b) glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, block-impregnated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The results reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the composition of the synaptic body, reflecting regional differences in chemical affinity to the fixatives and staining agents. It is proposed that the “intracleft substance”, the synaptic structure defined by the PTA staining technique, is actually due to the glutaraldehyde fixation procedure and is apparently the outer leaflet of the postsynaptic membrane. A special technique that allows alternate sections of a series to be differentially stained for electron microscopy is proposed.
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  • 115
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomerulo-tubular feedback ; Tight junctions ; Macula densa ; Distal tubule ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze fracture ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study the tight junctions at the macula densa were compared to those of the adjacent straight and convoluted segments of the distal tubule using freeze fracturing and thin sectioning techniques. Only insignificant differences were found in the number of strands and the apico-basal depth of the tight junctions in the three distal tubular segments of rat, dog and tree shrew. In experiments with horseradish peroxidase on mice and tree shrews, the tracer did not penetrate the apical junctions in any of the distal tubular segments. Our findings do not support the concept of considerably higher permeability of the tight junctions at the macula densa, as previously reported. Gap junctions were never observed in the distal nephron. The present results suggest that the glomerulo-tubular feedback is more likely to be mediated by transcellular resorption of solutes than by passive diffusion through a leaky paracellular shunt pathway.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: T-lymphocytes ; Blast cells ; Lymph node ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in the volumes and surfaces of subcellular compartments of unstimulated small lymphocytes and immunoblasts in mouse axillary lymph nodes have been established using stereological techniques. Blast transformation was induced in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Cell samples were obtained by random sampling regimes applied at light and electron microscopic levels. From electron micrographs the volume densities of euchromatin, heterochromatin, nucleoli, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum were determined. Cell surface/volume ratios were also computed. By estimating mean nuclear volumes using light microscopy, it was possible to calculate absolute compartmental volumes and to evaluate the plasma membrane surface areas of average cells. Transformation in this model was characterized by a considerable cellular hypertrophy and a substantial increase in plasmalemma surface. Hypertrophy was the consequence of increases in the volumes of all measured intracellular compartments, notably euchromatin and “residual cytoplasm” (including ground cytoplasm and free ribosomes). These changes are discussed in the context of the altered metabolic status of cells.
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  • 117
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mosquitoes ; Midgut ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Morphometrische Untersuchungen des Magenepithels von A. aegypti weisen darauf hin, daß die Verdauung des ersten Blutmahls in eine Reihe von Phasen gegliedert werden kann, die sich mit physiologischen Daten aus der Literatur korrelieren lassen. In einer Phase Ia (0–10 h nach Blutmahl [BM]) entfalten sich die “whorls” des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums, die Golgi-Zonen werden größer, und das basale Labyrinth wird erweitert. Dies stimmt mit Synthese- und Sekretionsprozessen (z.B. peritrophische Membran, Esterasen, Lipasen) und mit Transportvorgängen durch das Magenepithel überein. In Phase Ib (10–20 h nach BM) nehmen die gemessenen zellulären Parameter weiter zu und weisen damit auf hohe Synthese- und Sekretionsaktivitäten (z.B. Verdauungsenzyme) hin. In Phase Ic (20–30 h nach BM) zeigen die an Synthese und Sekretion beteiligten Zellstrukturen, in Übereinstimmung mit der maximalen Proteasenaktivität im Darm, immer noch hohe Werte. Vergrößerte Mikrovillioberfläche, auffallende Lipideinschlüsse und Auftreten von Glykogendepots im Magenepithel deuten auf erhöhte Resorptions-, Speicher- und Transportfunktionen der Zellen hin. In Phase II (30–36 h nach BM) läßt sich anhand der strukturellen Veränderungen der Wechsel von Synthese- und Sekretionvorgängen zu Resorption, teilweiser Speicherung und Transport von Verdauungsprodukten erkennen. In Phase III (36–72 h nach BM) wird der Zellapparat in Übereinstimmung mit dem Ende der Verdauung reduziert. Lipid- und Glykogendepots werden mobilisiert und verschwinden fast vollständig aus den Magenepithelzellen.
    Notes: Summary Morphometric analysis of the epithelial lining of the stomach of A. aegypti suggests that digestion of the first blood meal in the stomach of this species can be viewed as a series of phases that can be correlated with physiological data from the literature. In phase Ia (0–10 h after blood meal [abm]) the whorls of the rough endoplasmic reticulum unfold, the Golgi zones increase, and the basal labyrinth is enlarged. This coincides with processes of synthesis and secretion (e.g., peritrophic membrane, esterases and lipases) and transport by the stomach epithelium. In phase Ib (10–20 habm) the cellular parameters measured further increase, indicating high synthetic and secretory activities (e.g., digestive enzymes). In phase Ic (20–30 habm) cell structures involved in synthesis and secretion still exhibit high values coinciding with maximal activity of proteases in the gut. Enhanced surface area of microvilli, prominent lipid inclusions, and appearance of glycogen deposits in the gut epithelium suggest increased absorption, storage, and transport functions of the stomach cells. In phase II (30–36 habm) structural alteration points to a gradual shift from synthesis and secretion to absorption, partial storage, and transport of nutrients. In phase III (36–72 habm) the cellular apparatus is reduced concomitant with the ending of the digestive cycle. Lipid inclusions and glycogen deposits disappear from the stomach epithelum.
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  • 118
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 435-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fat body ; Calliphora ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry ; Ecdysterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the larval fat body of Calliphora erythrocephala, protein accumulation and autophagic activity occur prior to the onset of puparium formation. The involvement of the lysosomal system in the degradation of sequestered protein and cell organelles can be demonstrated by the electron microscopical cytochemical localization of the lysosomal marker enzyme acid phosphatase in so-called protein granules. These granules contain not only newly synthetized or absorbed protein but also remnants of cell organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Ligation of the larvae behind the brain-ring gland complex prevents the appearance of these acid phosphatase positive granules. They can be induced in ligated larvae by the injection of 20 hydroxyecdysone into the abdomen. These findings are briefly discussed in relation to the role of moulting hormones in normal development, especially with regard to the induction of autophagic activity.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipid absorption ; Pyloric caeca ; Electron microscopy ; Feeding experiment ; Rainbow trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rainbow trout were killed 4 and 18 h after being fed wax ester-rich marine Zooplankton and the absorptive epithelium of the pyloric caeca examined by electron microscopy. Numerous osmiophilic drops were seen in the lamina propria underlying the epithelium of fish killed at both times, but these drops were only abundant within columnar epithelial cells of fish killed 4 h after feeding. Pinocytotic profiles were not common at the luminal plasma membranes, nor were osmiophilic droplets seen in the terminal web area between the luminal plasma membrane and the extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous osmiophilic droplets, 30–100 nm in diameter, were present in the cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum with up to five separate droplets per individual cisterna. Columnar epithelial cells also contained up to 100 large osmiophilic drops (“conglomerates”) which tended to be concentrated in the supranuclear (Golgi) regions. The conglomerates were 250–1200 nm in diameter and were themselves made up of smaller droplets 30–400 nm in diameter. Conglomerates were present both within intracellular membranes and free in the cytoplasm. Osmiophilic droplets in the intercellular spaces and lamina propria were similar in size to individual droplets within conglomerates. We conclude that triacylglycerols are elaborated in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, transferred to and processed in the Golgi region and finally discharged serosally as chylomicron-like particles of not greater than 400 nm diameter.
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  • 120
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 373-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral cochlear nucleus ; Calyceal processes ; Flattened synaptic vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometric study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this paper we report the appearance of flat vesicle-containing endings in aldehyde-fixed ventral cochlear nucleus of rats with qualitative and quantitative properties suggesting they should be identified as calyceal processes. Their synaptic vesicles are elongate and significantly smaller than the vesicles in the calyces of Lenn and Reese (1966). Therefore these endings are flat vesicular calyceal processes, possibly of inhibitory function.
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  • 121
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 411-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intermediate lobe ; Hypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Colour change ; Control mechanisms ; Anolis carolinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis was studied in Anolis carolinensis with the use of a threefold aldehyde fixative. Lizards with a brown skin were selected. The possibility of two types of secretory cells is discussed; neither cell type is innervated. Type I cells are rarely found and contain dense granules approximately 0.3 μm in diameter; Type II cells vary widely in secretory activity. Most of the Type II cells contain a large number of dense secretory granules (up to about 1.3 μm in diameter) almost filling the cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are poorly developed. Only some of these cells show signs suggesting a high secretory activity, namely a well developed RER, Golgi apparatus and numerous mitochondria. In these cells the RER sometimes forms large intracisternal droplets (up to 7 μm in diameter). Two of the animals exhibited a more uniform, high secretory activity. Large (about 2 μm in diameter), pale vacuoles, probably of extracellular character, were found mostly in the vicinity of the perivascular septum. Their role in the release of MSH is discussed. The present data, which are discussed with reference to earlier findings (Forbes, 1972), form the morphological basis for an experimental study on regulation of MSH release (Larsson et al., 1979).
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  • 122
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 477-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic heart ; Myogenesis ; Sarcomere ; Crustacea (Homarus americanus) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiomyoblasts in the myocardium of embryonic lobsters at 3–4 weeks and 6 months of development were examined with the transmission electron microscope in order to describe the events in the formation of sarcomeres in a neurogenic cardiac system. Thick and thin myofilaments appear first in the cell periphery near the sarcolemma. They align in parallel in a sequential fashion to form consecutive sarcomeric units. Well-defined A and I bands appear before any semblance of a Z line is present. The initial sarcomere is anchored to the sarcolemma by the insertion of thin myofilaments into a region of electron dense material associated intimately with the sarcolemma. Myofibrils grow outward in several planes away from the electron-dense regions of membrane that serve as focal points for myofibril formation.
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  • 123
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 455-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular synapses ; Presynaptic density ; Ultrastructure ; Serial sections ; Crustaceans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Representative examples of lowand high-output neuromuscular synapses between motoneuron and distal accessory flexor muscle of the lobster were selected on the basis of their mean quantal content, and subsequently analysed by serial section electron microscopy. The high-output terminal has twice as many synapses as the low-output terminal. However, since the mean surface area of synapses is significantly smaller in the high-output terminal than in the low-output one, the total synaptic surface area between the two types of terminals is similar. Also, though the high-output terminal possesses a greater number of presynaptic dense bodies than its low-output counterpart, the mean number per synapse is similar for the two terminals. The terminals, however, differ significantly in the size of their dense bodies. Thus both the mean and total surface area of these bodies is greater in the high-output terminal than in the low-output one. Moreover, the mean ratio of dense body area to synaptic area is significantly greater for the high-output terminal than for its low-output counterpart. This difference in dense body area parallels the difference in quantal content of synaptic transmission between the lowand high-output terminals and supports the hypothesis that presynaptic densities represent the ultrastructural correlates of transmitter mobilization and/or release.
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  • 124
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Electron microscopy ; L-DOPA ; Lysosomes ; Chinese quail, Excalfactoria chinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneally injected L-DOPA was found to stimulate strongly the lysosomal system of all of the cell types of the adenohypophysis. We suggest that this amine may play a role in the regulation of the secretory activity of the gland by mediating the lysosomal activity, this role being of variable importance according to the fluctuations in hormonal activity. Ultrastructural changes occur in some cell types following injection of L-DOPA. The question as to whether these changes are induced directly by L-DOPA or via the monoaminergic system of the hypothalamus and its hypophysiotropic hormones is discussed.
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  • 125
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Luteotroph cells ; Pimozide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor-blocking agent, were studied in the pars distalis of the rat. The animals received 100μg/100 g pimozide daily for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Pimozide induces striking ultrastructural changes after 5 days of treatment. The number of luteotroph (LTH) cells is significantly increased; they display characteristics of stimulation. The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed. The intercellular spaces are highly dilated, forming a lacunar system filled with an amorphous material, erythrocytes and involuted LTH cells. Transitional stages in the process of involution are observed in LTH cells. Luteotroph cells also form a syncytium. Twenty days after treatment the abovedescribed changes decrease in magnitude. The present findings suggest that pimozide stimulates the mechanism of synthesis and release in the luteotroph cells, an effect that is less evident with longer treatment.
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  • 126
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 509-517 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory bulb ; Giant cells ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Labyrinth fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The giant cells in the olfactory bulb of labyrinth fish, most likely belonging to the nervus terminalis, show ultrastructural features of active synthesis of secretory material. Dense core vesicles (70–100 nm in diameter), found in the perikaryon as well as in the axon, are the possible storage sites of the secretory substance. Its chemical nature is unknown. In some of these vesicles acid phosphatase is demonstrable. Large membrane-bound bodies (up to 2000 nm in diameter), either containing an electron dense matrix or debris of cytoplasmic organelles, are also acid phosphatase-positive, suggesting their lysosomal nature. Some other ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are also described.
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  • 127
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Filum terminale ; Spinal cord ; Glial cells ; Ultrastructure ; Frog (Rana pipiens)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The filum terminale, or terminal portion of the spinal cord, was studied in normal adult frogs (Rana pipiens) by means of light and electron microscopy. Astroglial cells are the predominant elements in this region. The rostral portion of the filum terminale consists mainly of (1) a peripheral dense ring of myelinated and some unmyelinated nerve fibers, and processes of astrocytes terminating at the subpial space; (2) an intermediate zone, in which astrocytes are the main cellular elements in addition to a few degenerated neurons; and (3) a central region where the central canal is lined by dark and light ependymal cells. In the caudal portion of the filum terminale, the amount of neuropil is greatly reduced. This region is formed mainly by astrocytic glial cells and very few neuronal elements. The central canal in the caudal portion is located ventrally and contains a lining consisting almost exclusively of dark ependymal cells.
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  • 128
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    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
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  • 129
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Secretory granules ; Endosalpinx ; Sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of granules in the secretory cells of the endosalpinx of 20 Merino ewes was examined on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 post coitum. Based on the different frequency of granules of different size and structure on days one to four post coitum, one can assume that the ovoid, membrane bounded secretory granules mature in five successive stages. In stage I small, electron-lucent vesicles with a finely granulated and filamentous content become apparent, initially in the neighbourhood of the Golgi complex. In stage II the granules become larger and progressively more eletron-dense by an increase of the granulated material. In stage III, the primarily granulated content forms membranes, that lie in characteristic stacks at different angles to one another, separated by electron-dense areas. This structure fragments when the granule comes to lie beneath the surface of the cell (stage IV) and opens into the lumen of the oviduct, where its content is discharged in membrane fragments or vesicles (stage V). This discharge is mainly observed shortly before the egg is transported into the uterus.
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  • 130
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insulin secretion ; Acid-base changes ; Electron microscopy ; Pancreas perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes in pancreatic β cells were studied following glucose-induced insulin secretion in vitro, at two different extracellular pH (7.4 and 7.8). The pancreata perfused at pH 7.4 exhibited a biphasic insulin response to glucose challenge together with signs of increased emiocytotic activity and numerous microtubules in the β cells. Conversely, the pancreata perfused at pH 7.8 showed a significant decrease in insulin secretion, and their β cells revealed scarce emiocytotic images and a marked increase of intracellular granulolysis. These results represent the ultrastructural correlate of the reduced insulin secretion produced by metabolic alkalosis in the perfused rat pancreas.
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  • 131
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    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Steroid release ; Rabbit ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the rabbit adrenal cortex was investigated. The parenchymal cells display the ultrastructural features of steroid-producing cells, and also contain numerous electron-dense bodies frequently located near intercellular canaliculi, which open into the subendothelial space. Short-term ACTH-administration induced a noticeable decrease in the volume of the lipid compartment in the cells of all three cortical zones and a significant increase in the volume of dense bodies in the cells of zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. The hypothesis that these dense bodies are secretory granules is discussed in the light of biochemical evidence showing that ACTH increases the concentration of both corticosterone and cortisol in the decapsulated-enucleated adrenal homogenate and does not affect the activity of two lysosome-marker enzymes (i.e., acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase).
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  • 132
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 479-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Ultrastructure ; Posterior tela choroidea ; Rhombencephalon ; Rana catesbeiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior rhombencephalic tela choroidea of the bullfrog was examined by electron microscopy. This membrane, the pia-ependymal roof of the caudal hindbrain, contains a large central region characterized by cuboidal ependymal cells which surround sizable microscopic apertures — the interependymal pores. Ultrastructurally ependymal cells of this area are characterized by infrequent apical microvilli and cilia. They contain irregularly shaped nuclei and few cytoplasmic organelles that are largely apical in position. The most striking feature is an abundance of cytoplasmic filaments forming an extensive cytoskeleton. Laterally these cells are joined by numerous elaborate desmosomes. The majority of the ependymal cells have a basal lamina consisting of single, double, or triple laminae lying parallel to the basal plasma membrane. Several unusual specializations are seen at the margins of the interependymal pores. The ependymal cells have lateral cytoplasmic processes that form the actual border of each pore. These processes originate from the apical surface of the cell and partially enclose an elaborate network of basal lamina associated with the interependymal pores. These findings demonstrate microscopic apertures in the roof of the fourth ventricle in the bullfrog that are associated with an unusual form of supportive ependyma.
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  • 133
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuro-intermediate lobe ; Hypophysis ; Disconnection ; Ultrastructure ; Colour change ; Control mechanisms ; Anolis carolinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in the disconnected neuro-intermediate lobe were studied in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis from the 2nd to the 14th post-operative day using a threefold aldehyde fixative (Rodríguez, 1969). Two phases of colour change capacity were exhibited: Phase I started immediately after the transection, lasted for 6 days (mean) and was characterised by an excessive MSH release (brown skin). This phase proceeded gradually into Phase II, designated by an interruption of the MSH release (green skin). The degenerative processes and final elimination of neurons in the disconnected neural lobe propagate in a rostro-caudal direction from the transected area. The aminergic fibres (Type II) disappear within 2 days postoperatively, whereas the degeneration continues for more than 10 days in the peptidergic fibres (Type III, IV and V). The glia cells (ependyma and pituicytes) serve as very active macrophages, engulfing fragments of axons already affected by autolysis and transferring them into glial lysosomes. No apparent morphological changes occur in the shift from Phase I to II. The great majority of the secretory cells of the intermediate lobe are not affected by degenerative processes and appear to be markedly activated by the stalk transection. They exhibit numerous mitochondria, well-developed Golgi complexes forming numerous Golgi vesicles and extensive parallel cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, sometimes forming large intracisternal droplets (7 μm in diameter). Numerous pale vacuoles are seen, especially toward the intact capillaries, suggesting their coupling to the MSH release by extension of the active membrane area toward the perivascular septum. The number of these vacuoles is very markedly reduced in Phase II (no release), whereas the formation of new granules seems to proceed in early stages. The interruption of the MSH release implies a successive refilling of gradually growing secretory granules and a concomitant reduction in the development of the synthetic apparatus. Mechanisms probably involved in the control of the synthesis and release of MSH are discussed.
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  • 134
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 37-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian thymus ; Ultrastructure ; Erythropoiesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymus lobes from three species of birds, Quelea quelea, Passer domesticus and Sturnus vulgaris, have been examined ultrastructurally. The component cell types are compared with their counterparts in mammalian thymus glands, and found to be similar. Greater differences exist between small, intermediate and enlarged lobes of one species than exist between species. Developing erythroid cells are present in most enlarging and some enlarged glands. They appear to be developing at the expense of lymphoid cells in some birds. The origin of these cells is discussed. Cells that are possible candidates for the production of some thymic hormones are also described.
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  • 135
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    Keywords: Haemocytes ; Phagocytosis ; Lysosomes ; Acid phosphatase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasmatocytes are the major phagocytic blood-cell type in the haemolymph of the wax-moth, Galleria mellonella. In the present study, these cells were allowed to attach to tissue culture dishes for 1 h, rinsed and then incubated with latex beads for up to 72 h. These cells were then fixed for routine transmission electron microscopy and acid phosphatase cytochemistry. Intracellular latex particles were found in tight, ill-defined phagosomes, which were often clearly associated with the Golgi complexes of the plasmatocytes. Fusion of both primary lysosomes and multivesicular bodies with the phagosomes occasionally occurred and this resulted in the accumulation of an acid phosphatase positive reaction product around the test particles. Subsequent experiments showed that this acid phosphatase activity was mainly associated with the primary lysosomes. The results of the lysosome/latex interactions are compared with those obtained from similar studies on the digestive mechanisms in other phagocytes.
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  • 136
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustaceans ; Neuromuscular synapse ; Multiterminal innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve terminals from a single excitatory motor axon has been followed along a fiber from the proximal accessory flexor muscle of the lobster by thin serial sectioning at periodic intervals. The excitatory motor axon provides small axonal branches (diameter 5–12 μm) of varying lengths that travel along the surface of the muscle fiber. Each of these branches gives rise to discrete synaptic terminals which are not uniformly distributed. Individual terminals vary in length from 10–60 μm and the majority possess neuromuscular synapses. The greatest distance between synapses is slightly over 1 mm which is well within the length constant (2.6 mm) of this muscle fiber. Thus the spatial distribution of synapses is such as to ensure adequate depolarization along the entire length of the muscle fiber.
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  • 137
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Bile duct ligation ; Tight junctions ; Gap junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphometric analysis of the alterations in interhepatocyte junctions induced by bile duct ligation revealed that after 48 h, during which time the serum bilirubin increased 6 to 8 fold, the membrane area occupied by gap junctions on the apico-lateral and medio-lateral sides decreased from 3.6% in controls to 0.02% in the ligated group. The strands of the zonulae occludentes were reduced in number and showed increased discontinuities. Within 45 min of recanalization of the common bile duct, clusters of particles appeared within and adjacent to the tight junctional areas or in the lateral hepatocyte membrane. Subsequently, the particle aggregations localized in the apico-lateral membrane areas increased in number and size becoming finally indistinguishable from those of controls within 96 h after the onset of recanalization. The zonulae occludentes also rearranged and reestablished their original structure during this period. The serum bilirubin fell to normal within 24 h of recanalization. It is concluded that metabolic and ultrastructural restitution associated with the recanalization of the ligated bile duct have no strict temporal correlation to one another. These studies provide further evidence that alterations in gap and tight junctions induced by pathological processes, e.g. during bile duct ligation, are completely reversible when regeneration occurs.
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  • 138
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 281-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annular microtubules ; Nodes of Ranvier ; Nerve ; Axon ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a special albumin technique, nodes of Ranvier have been examined within frog skeletal muscle, sciatic nerve and rat and frog cerebrum. Initial segments have been examined in cerebrum of frog and rat. Microtubules usually run longitudinally through these regions, but within the bare area of the intramuscular node of Ranvier, annular or helical bundles of microtubules run in a marginal band at right angles to the more centrally placed longitudinal microtubules. These nodal bare areas show a pronounced convexity and it is suggested that the annular microtubules serve to maintain this convexity during muscle contraction.
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  • 139
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 373-386 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypogastric ganglion (rat) ; Vacuolated neurons ; Catecholamine fluorophore ; Ultrastructure ; Testosterone ; Castration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vacuolated neurons (VN) of the main hypogastric ganglion of the male rat were studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method for the histochemical demonstration of catecholamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was performed to identify the fluorophores and to quantify the FIF. The thiocholine method (Koelle-Gomori) was used to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity. The fine structure of the VN was studied using glutaraldehyde/OsO4 fixation. (1) In the untreated adult male rat VN represent only a small population of the total number of hypogastric neurons (0.8–1.2%). The vacuoles are similar to those of the VN from the corresponding female ganglion. (2) The VN are considered to be adrenergic due to the nature of their fluorophore, indicating a primary catecholamine. (3) The first VN appear in the hypogastric ganglia at the age of 7 weeks. After testosterone administration to young rats, VN are found at the age of 4 weeks. (4) The basic fine structure of the VN is similar to that of other ordinary neurons of the hypogastric ganglia. (5) The content of the vacuoles could not be identified. (6) Indications of degeneration were not observed in the VN. (7) The VN are interpreted as being a functional stage of the “short” adrenergic neurons, which are under the control of steroid hormones. (8) Fifteen months after castration, no VN could be found in the hypogastric ganglia, while their number was normal in the corresponding control animals.
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  • 140
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cell ; Receptor ; Lateral microvilli ; Gallbladder ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brush cells of the gallbladder epithelium of the mouse have microvilli not only at their luminal border but also on their lateral surface, from the level of the nucleus to the junctional complex. The lateral microvilli radiate from the brush cell in all directions, contain a core of filaments, and penetrate up to 3 μm into the adjacent cells. The microvilli in these locations display small desmosomes at their base.
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  • 141
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cockroach ; Muscle heterogeneity ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies have been performed upon the posterior coxal depressor muscle (136) and a coxal branch of the main depressor group (135d′) from the mesocoxa of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The quantitative stereometric analyses performed have shown the latter muscle to consist of a dorsal band of fibers having 25.5% mitochondria and 13.6% sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and T-tubules (TTS), and a ventral group of fibers with only 4.4% mitochondria and 26.6% SR/TTS. The volume fractions characteristic of the ventral fibers of muscle 135 d′ are also typical of muscle 136.
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  • 142
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Filaments ; Golden hamster ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A unique cytoplasmic structure has been observed in Leydig cells of the golden hamster. It consists of a laminar core made up of electron dense material surrounded by a filamentous matrix of lower density, and is tentatively called a dense-cored filamentous body (DCFB). DCFBs vary in overall size and in configuration of the centrally disposed dense lamina. They are typically located in the vicinity of the centrosome and the Golgi complex. The body has no limiting membrane, and may be in contact with virtually every type of organelle. The DCFB is well developed in active Leydig cells, whereas it is small in the quiescent stage of the secretory cell. It is likely that the DCFB is a constant organelle in the hamster Leydig cell and may be involved in the physiological function of the Leydig cell, which remains to be specified.
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  • 143
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 451-458 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Male reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of the monkey epididymis was studied by means of freeze-fracture techniques and conventional electron microscopy. For the study of transepithelial permeability lanthanum hydroxide was used as an intercellular tracer. The epididymal epithelium consists mainly of tall columnar cells. The long stereocilia at the apical surface, similarly to microvilli, exhibit after freeze-fracture, two distinct faces: the E face, concave and with fewer membrane-associated particles, and the complementary convex P face. In the lumen unusual groups of smooth-surfaced vacuoles are present. A tight junctional network, which shows some permeability to the lanthanum tracer, is located at the apical end of the cells. Supranuclear cross-fractures clearly show the well developed Golgi cisternae and numerous vacuole profiles. The highly infolded, centrally located nucleus exhibits, after freeze-fracture, an even distribution of nuclear pores. In the perinuclear region the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which also presents pores, displays a sheet-like organization. The basal cytoplasm is filled by numerous globular profiles of membrane-bounded granules. Freeze-cleave exposes large cytoplasmic areas where the types and amount of organelles indicate an intense metabolic activity.
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  • 144
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 467-477 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Hormone synthesis ; Morphometry ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to compare the functional state of the anterior pituitary of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with that of normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKR), the anterior pituitary was examined by morphometry and autoradiography at the level of electron microscopy. The relative number and the relative volume of thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary were significantly greater in SHR compared with age-matched WKR at 0, 7, 30–33 days, and 10 months of age, while the relative number of somatotrophs in SHR was significantly smaller at 1 and 10 months of age. Electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of uptake of 3H-lysine by thyrotrophs of both strains at the age of approximately one month showed that 3H-lysine was incorporated into protein and transported finally to secretory granules which migrated to near the cell membrane to be discharged. Silver grains were significantly more numerous over the thyrotrophs of SHR than over those of WKR at 30 min, 1 h, and 4h after the injection of 3H-lysine. The present study has ascertained morphologically that a congenital hypersynthesis of TSH by the anterior pituitary occurs in SHR.
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  • 145
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophage ; Osteoclast ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observations on macrophage-mediated resorption of calcified tissue of killed fetal long bones are described and correlated with increased 45Ca release into the medium. Macrophages disrupt calcified tissue extracellularly and appear to engulf large fragments of mineralized matrix. Ruffled borders, which are common features of osteoclasts at sites of resorption of bone, do not develop in macrophages. However, clear zones are seen in macrophages as well as osteoclasts. These findings provide additional evidence for non-osteoclast-mediated resorption of calcified tissue.
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  • 146
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mineralization processes ; Scales ; Teleost fish ; Matrix vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Teleost fish scales, growth and mineralization are continuous. Different mineralization processes can be distinguished. The external layer of the scale is the first to be mineralized and may be classified as the initial calcifying structure of the scale. The initial calcification loci are matrix vesicles of cellular origin always observed during the formation of this layer. This mineralization process takes place progressively, closely following the elaboration of the organic matrix in the scale periphery. The outer limiting and internal layers of the scale are developed after the external layer has been formed. A mineral substance is deposited without the mediation of matrix vesicles, but in contact with the previously mineralized external layer. This type of mineralization is called subsequential. However, the mineralization of the outer limiting layer closely follows the secretion of a collagen-free organic matrix and is thus different from the mineralization of the internal layer in which the calcification front remains remote from the collagen matrix surface and corresponds to a delayed mineralization process. The isolated calcifications (Mandl's corpuscles) which develop in the unmineralized laminae of the internal layer are mineralized in the absence of matrix vesicles and without making contact with a pre-existing calcified tissue, probably by a heterogeneous nucleation of the collagen fibrils.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Enteroendocrine cells ; Ultrastructure ; Cyprinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic endocrine cells of Barbus conchonius are concentrated in a large (principal) islet, located near the gall bladder, and in a number of smaller islets. Five types of endocrine cells can be distinguished in these pancreatic islets: B cells, A1 (or D cells), 2 types of A2 cells (A2r cells with round granules; and A2fl cells with flocculent granules) and a scarce 5th cell type. The hormones produced by B and A2fl cells are probably insulin and glucagon respectively. The A2r cell contains granules with the same diameter as the granules of the enteroendocrine type III cell of the gut. Both cell types may resemble the enteroglucagon-producing EG cell of mammals. The function of the A1 cells, which are frequently found without secretory granules, and of the 5th cell type, will be discussed. The pancreatic islets of B. conchonius are strongly innervated, which suggests the presence of a direct nervous control system. Some intermediate or mixed cells containing exocrine and endocrine A2r granules are found contiguous with the principal islet. The origin of pancreatic endocrine cells is also the subject of discussion.
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  • 148
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Birds ; Ultrastructure ; Estrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Administration of estradiol-17-β induces the synthesis of vitellogenin in primary cultures of chick embryo liver. The ultrastructural changes accompanying steroid induced vitellogenin synthesis were investigated in hepatocytes cultures incubated for 0, 12 and 24 h following hormonal treatment. Both electron microscopy and immuno-chemical techniques were used. The immuno-fluorescence data indicate that the cultures contain a cell population of 90–95% hepatocytes, both in control and estradiol-treated groups. Ultrastructurally, cultured hepatocytes are similar to in vivo ones, except for a reduced accumulation of storage materials, glycogen and lipids. In the estradiol-treated cultures hepatocytes show an accumulation of free ribosomes, enlargement of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and development of the Golgi apparatus. The data are discussed in relation to previous biochemical findings.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 101-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: T-lymphocytes ; Cell activation ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereological data of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human T-lymphocytes were recorded at intervals (12 to 72 h) together with biochemical (isotope-uptake, lymphotoxin-release) and morphological measurements. About 98 % of the cells were activated 12 h after PHA-stimulation. The activation phase lasted less than 48 h, i.e., cells entering the activation phase within 12 h were at their activation maximum by 48 h. The activated cell increased in size. The nuclear/cytoplasmic-ratio decreased. Most of the cytoplasmic organelles developed in phase with the increase of cytoplasmic volume. After 48 h, mitotic figures were frequently seen. Due to the increasing number of secondary, activated daughter cells, parameters of most cytoplasmic components declined between 48 and 72 h. Structural changes in the nucleus preceded the 3H-leucine uptake, which had not reached its maximum after 72 h of incubation. The 3H-leucine uptake started as early as 12 h after culture initiation, and its increase was proportional to the increasing polyribosome density. No maximum uptake was reached up to 72 h, but the development of structural components related to this uptake was at its maximum at the end of the activation phase (48 h). The formation of bound ribosomes occurred subsequent to the enlargement of the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Initial polysome formation occurred at the expense of existing free ribosomes.
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  • 150
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 459-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Collagen ; Cuticle ; Lumbricus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method has been developed to isolate and purify cuticular fibrils of Lumbricus. Polarizing microscopy confirms the collagenous nature of the isolated fibrils. Study in the electron microscope of isolated fibrils, negatively or positively stained, shows that they are cylindrical, unbranching and without periodic structure. Enzymatic treatment of cuticles with alpha-amylase and trypsin results in a more or less complete dissociation of the fibrils which appear clearly to be made up of helically wound bundles of filaments (30–40 Å). The structure of the cuticular fibrils is discussed in relation to biochemical and biophysical data and compared to the ultrastructural organization of other periodically cross-banded fibrils.
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  • 151
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 479-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cercaria ; Striated tail muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of the tail of Cercaria chackai reveals that it contains four sets of striated muscle bundles located central to the nonstriated circular and longitudinal muscles. The striated muscle consists of longitudinally oriented lamellar myofibres. Each myofibre contains a single “U” shaped myofibril. The banding pattern is analogous to that of vertebrate striated muscle. The sarcolemma is a simple surface membrane. There are no transverse tubular extensions of sarcolemma. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is very well developed with cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. SR cisternae form dyadic couplings with the sarcolemma. There is a set of flattened tubules of SR origin traversing the myofibril exactly at the Z region. These tubules are unique to the striated muscle of the cercarian tail and may have functional significance. A diagrammatic reconstruction of the myofibre is presented.
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  • 152
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Yolk formation ; Nurse cells ; Ultrastructure ; Diplura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The egg chamber of Campodea consists of a group of nurse cells and an oocyte, and is surrounded by a simple, markedly flattened follicular epithelium. Three types of yolk occur in the oocytes: type I appears within elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; type II is produced by specific complexes of endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes; type III is incorporated by micropinocytosis. Histochemical tests show that mature yolk spheres contain proteins and polysaccharides. The main function of the nurse cells is to synthesize RNA, but they also produce small amounts of type I yolk. Phylogenetic conclusions are drawn from this and other studies of oogenesis in apterygote insects.
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  • 153
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Yolk formation ; Ultrastructure ; Symphyla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paired ovaries of Symphyla are sac-shaped. Their interior is filled with synchronously developing oocytes surrounded by a simple follicular epithelium. Previtellogenic oocytes have spherical or oval nuclei, the latter containing a large number of small nucleoli. Part of the nuclear surface is covered by a thick “coat” made up of a granular substance of medium electron density. The “coat” is penetrated by cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Micropinocytosis is the principal source of yolk in Symphyla; a small amount of yolk material arises within the mitochondrial cristae. Vitellogenic oocytes are characterized by a highly active rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizing a material, probably lipoprotein in nature, which is incorporated into lipid droplets.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph (pig) ; Langerhans cells ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Large mononuclear cells with long, actively moving cytoplasmic veils were observed in lymph coming from the skin. The enzyme histochemistry and ultrastructure of these cells suggested that they are related to epidermal Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells in the lymph node. It has been reported that Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells play a role in contact hypersensitivity by taking up antigen and presenting it to thymus-dependent lymphocytes, and it is likely that the veiled cells in the lymph are also involved. After skin-painting with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB), the veiled cells in lymph coming from the site of painting became more active and were observed contacting other cells present in the lymph; many large cellular aggregates were found. Since neutrophilic leucocytes and mononuclear phagocytes were the predominating cell types in this lymph, there was no evidence for a massive recruitment of immunocompetent lymphocytes at the site of painting. Neonatally thymectomized pigs do not develop allergic reactivity to DNFB. It is of interest that the number of veiled cells and their ability to form large cellular aggregates was not affected in these animals. Therefore, it is unlikely that the defect in responsiveness can be attributed to a failure in the function of veiled cells.
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  • 155
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sturgeon ; Heart ; Ultrastructure ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of atrial and ventricular myocardial cells from Acipenser stellatus is described. The cells of the atrium are more loosely connected than those of the ventricle. Cell contact is by simple intercalated discs and by desmosomes. The cells are flattened, with peripheral myofibrils and a central region of mitochondria and the nucleus. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of subsarcolemmal tubules, that frequently extend towards the central mitochondria. Dyads are small and positioned at any sarcomeric level. No T-tubules are present. Specific granules are restricted to the atrial cell, and are sometimes present within the SR tubules.
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  • 156
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 453-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Nerves ; Ganglia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerves and ganglia from a variety of fish, amphibian, reptilian and mammalian species were studied by optical and electron microscopy. Observations using the Picrosirius-polarization method strongly suggest that two different types of collagen fibers are present in the connective tissues of nerves and ganglia. Electron microscopy of nerves and ganglia showed the presence of two different collagen fibril populations, distinguishable on the basis of diameter, located in different compartments of these structures. Thicker fibrils are present in nerve and ganglionic epineurium. Thinner fibrils are present in the endoneurium, surrounding nerve fibers and ganglionic cells, and between the concentric layers of perineurial cells. These results were consistently observed in all species studied and very probably represent a general phenomenon in vertebrates.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Zona fasciculata ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology ; β 1–24-corticotropin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult rats were given 15 daily subcutaneous injections either of synthetic β 1–24-corticotropin or of the corresponding placebo (controls) and were sacrificed 1 h after the final injection. In stimulated animals, the adrenal glands were increased in weight as compared to those of controls. Stereological analysis at light microscopic level of the outer zona fasciculata cells showed moderate volumetric increases of nuclei, cytoplasm and capillaries and a marked volumetric increase of lipid droplets in stimulated animals. Stereologic analysis of electron micrographs confirmed the marked increase in relative volume and surface density of lipid droplets, while volume fractions alone were increased for the Golgi apparatus and decreased for the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Biochemical analysis of the whole adrenal gland showed that the corticotropin injections produced a moderate increase in protein concentration, a marked increase in triglycerides and no appreciable changes in either phospholipid or cholesterol concentrations. The synthetic polypeptide therefore appears to have stimulating trophic effects on adrenal cortical cells, as shown by the increase in protein and cell size. However, it depresses the activity of the two types of organelle, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, which have a major functional role in steroid synthesis. The increase of lipid droplets was interpreted as being primarily due to neutral fat accumulation, and secondarily to a diminished utilization of cholesterol for steroid synthesis. These findings suggest that, using this regime of administration, synthetic β 1–24 corticotropin, unlike native ACTH, inhibits steroid synthesis.
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  • 158
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    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Number and volume ; Lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors ask the question whether the parameters “number” and “volume” are suitable for the morphometric analysis of mitochondria. In several types of cell, irregularity of mitochondrial shape makes it technically difficult, if not impossible, to obtain reliable stereological estimates of mean organelle volume or number per unit volume. Of more fundamental concern is whether number of mitochondria per cell is of any real value as a structural correlate of respiratory potential and hence as a measure of cell function. Alternative parameters might serve better for this purpose. Though the problem is illustrated by reference to quantitative studies of lymphocytes, it is also pertinent to the investigation of many other cell types.
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  • 159
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    Keywords: HRP injection ; Lymnaea Stagnalis ; Neurohaemal areas ; Neurosecretory cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paired, electrotonically coupled neurosecretory Canopy Cells (CC) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were microiontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Whole mount preparations and ultrathin sections of injected CC were studied to describe in detail the morphology of the CC, their axon tracts and neurohaemal areas. The CC release their secretory product at three different sites, viz. from the soma and from axon terminals in the intercerebral commissure and in the median lip nerve. Neural control over the CC occurs by few synapses found exclusively on the CC axon, not on the cell body. One type of “en passant” synapse was identified. Two morphologically distinct types of synapselike structures (SLS) are numerous. The site of electrotonic coupling between the two CC is most probably located in the cerebral commissure. Serial sectioning showed that the axons contact each other over more than 130 μm. The contact is very intimate and the axon membranes interdigitate in a complex manner. Gap junctions, which are often described as the sites of electrotonic coupling, were not found.
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  • 160
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gregarina ; Ultrastructure ; Gram negative bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An investigation of bacteria-like structures, which are found in large numbers in the endoplasm of the eugregarine, Gregarina garnhami, was carried out using light and electron microscopy. Gram staining indicates that these structures are gram negative; they show orange fluorescence when stained with acridine orange. Ultrastructural observations show that they resemble the endosymbiotic bacteria found in other protozoan species. Some of these structures appear to be dividing, and the possibility that these structures are in fact bacteria is discussed.
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  • 161
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 63-73 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Silkworm testis ; Cyst cell ; Junctions ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cell junctions of the cyst envelope in the testes of Bombyx mori were examined by electron microscopy utilizing a thin-sectioning technique following conventional fixation, tannic acid fixation and lanthanum tracer study, and also using a freeze-fracture technique. There are three kinds of junctions; septate junctions, gap junctions and tight junctions. Septate junctions are of the pleated type. Gap junctions are characterized by four electron-dense lines and three electronlucent lines in the reduced intercellular spaces seen by thin-sectioning. They are of the “E” type, having clusters of intramembraneous particles on the E-fracture face. The most striking finding is the frequent presence of tight junctions on the fracture planes, while focally fused outer leaflets of the junctional unit membranes are rarely detected on thin-sectioned preparations. Tight junctions are characterized by branching zigzag ridges on the P-fracture face and complementary grooves on the E-fracture face. It is proposed that tight junctions are new morphological evidence of blood-germ cell barrier in an insect.
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  • 162
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral prostate ; Epithelial cells ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Older rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral prostatic secretory epithelial cells in older rats were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cells vary in height in different parts of the same organ, and ultrastructurally they show the presence of a developed secretory apparatus such as well-developed Golgi body and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. They also show signs of a depressed secretory activity, involving occasional emiocytosis of apical secretory vacuoles and a paucity of condensing vacuoles in the Golgi region and above it. Further, they are characterized by the frequent occurrence of supra and paranuclear pleomorphic lysosomes.
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  • 163
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    Protoplasma 100 (1979), S. 73-83 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bivalve ; Fertilization ; Laternula limicola ; Sperm-egg interaction ; Temporary-acrosome ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies on sperm-egg interaction at the time of fertilization inLaternula limicola were performed. The “temporary-acrosome” did not change morphologically while the sperm passed through the egg investments. At the onset of sperm entrance into the egg, however, the temporary-acrosome and mitochondria were eliminated from the sperm. Afterwards the sperm was engulfed by the egg surface without membrane fusion of the gametes. After entry the sperm nucleus was surrounded by four membranes: the plasma membranes of the egg and of the sperm, and the membranes of the sperm nuclear envelope. As the sperm nucleus differentiated into the male pronucleus, the plasma membranes of both the sperm and egg were initially vesiculated, then dispersed into the egg cytoplasm. Finally, the sperm nuclear envelope changed into the male pronuclear membrane accompanying sperm chromatin dispersion.
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  • 164
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ciliata ; Crystals ; Euplotes ; Lithosomes ; Microanalysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the cytoplasm of the marine ciliateEuplotes vannus, there exist two conspicuous types of membrane bound inclusions: 1. irregularly shaped crystals which are highly anisotropic; 2. globular lithosomes characterized by concentrically arranged layers of deposits which exhibit only faint birefringence. Normally, both structures form distinct accumulations. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of these accumulations reveals a high content of calcium and phosphorus, besides magnesium, sulphur and chlorine. Analysis of cell areas devoid of the inclusions show significantly lower calcium- and phosphorus-peaks.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Mating ; Sporidia ; Tilletia ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat bunt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Primary sporidia ofTilletia caries (DC.) Tul. are borne on denticles at the tips of promycelia. The promycelia contain many small vacuoles and mitochondria and numerous lipid bodies. As the primary sporidia develop, the promycelial cytoplasm passes into the nascent cells. Septa develop between the bases of mature sporidia and the tips of the denticles. Sporidia that abscise from the denticles commonly have prominent birth scars at their bases. The sporidia have very thin walls, few vacuoles, attenuated mitochondria, and numerous lipid bodies. Conjugation pegs are generally produced by both members of a conjugating pair of sporidia and there are bud scars where they emerge from the sporidia. The sporidial walls are apparently hydrolyzed during emergence of the pegs. Vesicles are sometimes present at the tips of the conjugation pegs and, before fusion, electron-dense accumulations are sometimes observed between the tips of adjacent pegs. The approaching conjugation pegs are precisely aligned prior to fusion, suggesting polar communication. The walls of the conjugation pegs fuse and then are hydrolyzed. Fused sporidia are relatively homogeneous in content. The nucleus in a sporidum is often close to the conjugation tube and occasionally is partly within the fusion tube.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amoeba proteus ; Anaerobiosis ; Metabolic inhibitors ; Mitochondria ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anaerobiosis or exposure to the metabolic inhibitors potassium cyanide and Antimycin A produced changes in the form of living amoebae. These were accompanied by mitochondrial changes in fixed cells. Increasing the anaerobic period increased the percentage of mitochondria affected and resulted in a gradual reduction and eventual loss of the condensed Type I mitochondria ofAmoeba proteus. The rounder Type II mitochondria were not lost but underwent varying degrees of disruption, vesiculation of the cristae being evident after 5 hours exposures and matrical inclusions after 18 hours exposures. Similar cristal vesiculation was seen after 30 minutes treatments with potassium cyanide. Providing treatments were terminated before cell viability was lost, all mitochondrial abnormalities were reversible on return to normal culturing conditions. The longer the period of anaerobiosis the longer was the recovery time required for the return of normal mitochondrial structure and the re-equilibration of control Type I to Type II mitochondrial frequencies. The relationship between mitochondrial conformation and functional integrity is discussed in the light of these findings.
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  • 167
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 222 (1979), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Dünnschnittmethode ; Gefrierbruchmethode ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Zellverbindungskomplexe ; Perilymphatisches Gewebe ; Thin-section method ; Freeze-fracture method ; Electron microscopy ; Junctional complexes ; Perilymphatic tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The perilymphatic tissue covering the bony labyrinthine capsule was studied in chinchillas by help of the thin-section and the freeze-fracture methods. Among the extremely flat and extended cells there were demonstrated fasciae occludentes and maculae communicantes. It is supposed that the perilymphatic tissue is arachnoidal tissue, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Dünnschnitt- und Gefrierbruchmethode wurde das perilymphatische Gewebe, das die knöcherne Labyrinthkapsel deckt, an Chinchillas untersucht. Zwischen den extrem flachen, ausgedehnten Zellen fanden sich Fasciae occludentes und Maculae communicantes. Es wird vermutet, daß das perilymphatische als arachnoidales Gewebe anzusehen ist.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 225 (1979), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Lymphatics ; Larynx ; Lymphangioscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Lymphgefäße ; Kehlkopf ; Lymphangioskopie ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Lymphdrainage des menschlichen Kehlkopfes wurde an autoptischem und in vivo Material lymphangioskopisch registriert. Auf ultrastruktureller Ebene erfolgte die Untersuchung des morphologischen Aufbaus von Lymphkapillaren und Lymphsammelgefäßen. Im Elektronenmikroskop zeigt der Wandaufbau der Lymphgefäße des Kehlkopfes nur geringgradige Unterschiede zum Lymphgefäßsystem anderer Körperregionen. Diese Unterschiede finden sich vor allem im Wandklappenaufbau der Lymphsammelgefäße. Eine strenge Kompartmentierung einzelner Kehlkopfregionen läßt sich nicht nachweisen. Ausnahme bilden die Lymphkapillaren des freien Randes der Stimmlippe. Anastomosen der Lymphkapillaren und -sammelgefäße erlauben Mittelinien- und Kehlkopfetagen-überschreitende Lymphdrainagen. Diese bestehenden Kollateralabflüsse sind bei Behinderung der physiologischen Lymphdrainage von klinischer Bedeutung.
    Notes: Summary From post mortem and in vivo tissues, the lymphatic drainage of the human larynx has been evaluated by means of lymphangioscopy. The fine structure of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels was examined in an electron microscope study. At the ultrastructural level, the structural components of the laryngeal lymphatic vascular wall showed only minor differences when compared to other lymphatic tissues. These differences concerned the valvular morphology of the lymphatic collecting vessels. There was no evidence of specific lymphatic drainage for distinct laryngeal areas, with the exception of the lymphatic capillaries of the free margin of the vocal cords. On account of anastomoses of lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels lymphatic drainage could cross over both the laryngeal midline and other laryngeal levels. In pathological conditions with impediment of lymphatic flow, these collateral communications are of clinical significance.
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chick embryo ; Muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary New Hampshire chickens, homozygous for inherited muscular dystrophy, display clinical manifestations at an early age. A fine structural examination of embryos from this strain shows marked degenerative changes four days prior to hatching. The Z bands appear to dissolve progressively to the point where finally the myofibrils become uniformly dense with no detectable banding patterns.
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  • 170
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 113-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Domestic fowl ; Ultimobranchial gland ; Parathyroid gland ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the polymorphic vesicular component of the ultimobranchial gland of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) has been described in detail, together with the structure of the cell strands interconnecting the vesicles and the parathyroid nodules lying within the ultimobranchial stroma. The vesicles frequently appear to arise from the nodules by way of the cell strands. The strands show a structure of their component cells intermediate between that of the parathyroid and the vesicular cells, although the position at which the strand changes from an essentially parathyroid structure to an essentially vesicular structure is very variable. The degree and kind of secretory activity within different cell types has been described. A review of the structure of ultimobranchial glands throughout the vertebrates shows that similar tissue with a similar secretory potential has been observed in all vertebrate classes, suggesting a functional significance for this part of the gland.
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  • 171
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Male hamster ; Harderian gland ; Castration ; Sexual dimorphism ; Porphyrin ; Testosterone ; Tubular clusters ; Membranous structures ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A sexual dimorphism of the hamster Harderian gland at the ultrastructural level has been reported. The effect of testosterone on the fine structure of the gland from castrated male golden hamsters is reported here. Harderian glands from the following three groups of animals were examined at regular intervals up to 60 days after castration: (1) castrated; (2) castratedsham-injected, receiving 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (3) castrated-testosterone injected, receiving 2mg testosterone propionate in 0.1 ml sesame oil per day. In groups 1 and 2, clusters of cylindrical tubules, typical of the male gland, decreased in number and disappeared almost completely 2 weeks after castration. Membranous structures, typical of the female gland, prevailed in these two groups throughout the remaining period of experiment. On the other hand, these changes were prevented in the group of castrated animals maintained on testosterone propionate. It is concluded that castration modified the ultrastructure of the male hamster Harderian gland toward the female type and that daily administration of testosterone propionate prevented this change.
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  • 172
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 531-539 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fiber types ; Red muscle ; Semitendinosus muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The semitendinosus muscle of the rabbit is composed of a homogeneous fiber population. Fiber typing was carried out by means of light and electron microscopy according to which this muscle exhibits structural features that are either characteristic for both ‘red’ and ‘white’ fibers, or that do not allow for any classification according to the A-, B-, C-fiber system. Hence the long-held assumption that the semitendinosus muscle of the rabbit represents a classical paradigm of a ‘red’ muscle should be revised in light of the present results.
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  • 173
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 541-543 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatophores ; Pigment organelles ; Organelle development ; Electron microscopy ; Phalangium opilio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Observations of a number of vertebrate chromatophores have revealed the presence of more than one type of pigment organelles, suggesting that the different types are all derived from an equipotential organelle able to differentiate into any of the major pigment-containing organelles (Bagnara, 1972). Observations are presented concerning the occurrence of hybrid pigment inclusions, i.e., all kinds of intergrades between melanosomes, pterinosomes, and reflecting platelets in pigment cells of the daddy-long-legs. It therefore seems possible that pigment organelles in some invertebrates may also be derived from a common pluripotential primordial organelle.
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 39-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lamina ganglionaris ; First, second order neurons ; Neuroanatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Hemipterans (Notonecta glauca, Corixa punctata, Gerris lacustris)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal elements, i.e. first and second order neurons, of the first optic ganglion of three waterbugs, N. glauca, C. punctata and G. lacustris, are analyzed on the basis of light and electron microscopy. Eight retinula cell axons, leaving each ommatidium, disperse to different cartridges as they enter the laminar outer plexiform layer. Such a pattern of divergence is one of the conditions for neuronal superposition; it is observed for all three species of waterbugs. The manner in which the receptors of a single bundle of ommatidia split of within the lamina, whereby information from receptors up to three or five horizontal rows away can converge upon the same cartridge, differs among the species. Six of the eight axons of retinula cells R1-6, the short visual fibers end at different levels within the bilayered lamina, whereas the central pair of retinula cells R7/8, the long visual fibers, run directly through the lamina to a corresponding unit of the medulla. Four types of monopolar cells L1–L4 are classified; their branching patterns seem to be correlated to the splitting and termination of retinula cell axons. The topographical relationship and synaptic organization between retinula cell terminals and monopolar cells in the two laminar layers are identified by examination of serial ultrathin sections of single Golgi-stained neurons. An attempt is made to correlate some anatomical findings, especially the neuronal superposition, to results from physiological investigations on the hemipteran retina.
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  • 175
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 79-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythrophagocytosis ; Lysosomes ; Placenta (sheep) ; Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The breakdown of erythrocytes within the lysosomal apparatus of trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta was studied at the ultrastructural level. Acid phosphatase activity could be demonstrated in the interspace between the erythrocyte membrane and the lysosomal membrane, but not inside ingested erythrocytes. The erythrocyte plasma membrane remained observable until the final stage of the breakdown process. Together with a peripheral layer of indigestible hemoglobin it might form a barrier for further penetration of lysosomal enzymes into the ingested erythrocyte. The hemoglobin of the erythrocyte is suggested to diffuse through the erythrocyte plasma membrane into the interspace between this membrane and the lysosomal membrane. Subsequently, the hemoglobin is digested in the interspace or in fragments pinched off from erythrocyte-containing lysosomes (=erythrolysosomes). The fragmentation of erythrolysosomes is considered to be the most efficient mechanism for the breakdown of red blood cells in the trophoblastic epithelium of the sheep placenta. The method of entry of hydrolytic enzymes into erythrocyte-containing phagosomes is discussed.
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  • 176
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Myoid cells ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical and ultrastructural properties of myoid cells in the thymus of the frog were investigated and compared with properties of skeletal muscle fibres. The histochemical reactions of phospholipids, phosphorylase, succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities in myoid cells were characterized by considerable variability. Individual myoid cells apparently possess different enzyme activities which correspond to different stages of development, maturity and degeneration of these cells. The mature mononucleated myoid cells have similar enzymatic properties to the fast muscle fibres of the frog. This finding has been extended by ultrastructural observations. Features, typical of fast muscle fibres of the frog, e.g. the presence of the M-line, straight and narrow Z-line and well developed triads were found in the majority of mature myoid cells.
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  • 177
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 175-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Synapses ; Transmitter ; Electron microscopy ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The recently discovered indoleamine-accumulating retinal neurons were studied electron microscopically after destruction of the dopaminergic retinal neurons and subsequent labeling with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. These observations confirm earlier fluorescence microscopical studies on the distribution of the indoleamine-accumulating neurons in the rabbit retina. Their perikarya are known to be located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) among the amacrine cell bodies. Their processes are found only in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), most of them in the innermost third part of that layer. The indoleamine-accumulating terminals are pre- and postsynaptic to bipolar neurons in the innermost sublayer of the IPL. Reciprocal synapses are probably the rule. The synaptic vesicles of indoleamine-accumulating synapses onto bipolar cells are arranged in “globular” clusters around a central electron dense, round body. A number of synapses formed by unlabeled amacrine neurons with postsynaptic indoleamine-accumulating elements were also detected. These synapses were mainly found in the outermost third of the IPL. Synaptic contacts between presynaptic indoleamine-accumulating neurons and postsynaptic unlabeled processes of amacrine cells are very rare.
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  • 178
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Gastric mucosa ; Reptilia ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gastric mucosa of a reptile, the lizard Tiliqua scincoides, has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The gastric pits lead into glands that are extensively coiled in the proximal stomach but become progressively shorter and straighter in the distal stomach. The following epithelial cell types have been identified: (i) Surface mucous cells (SMC) line the entire lumenal surface as well as the pits. They contain mucus granules that stain with periodic acid-Schiff and, like the granules of mammalian SMC, commonly contain an electron dense core that appears not to be mucus (periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine nonreactive). (ii) Glandular mucous cells are present in glands throughout the mucosa. They are probably homologous with the mucous neck and antral gland cells of mammals; like SMC their mucus granules contain nonglycoprotein cores. (iii) Oxynticopeptic cells (OPC) are the predominant cell type in the proximal glands but become infrequent distally. Their fine structure resembles that of OPC in other nonmammalian vertebrates, with features like those of both parietal cells and zymogen cells of mammals, (iv) Endocrine cells of three different types have been identified. Two of these show close similarities to the EC and ECL cells of mammals.
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  • 179
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tissue culture ; Cardiac myocyte ; Heart ; T-tubes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary T-tubes are among the last structural elements of the mammalian myocyte to develop in vivo. We were able to identify T-tubes in early cultures of neonatal rat myocytes. Ventricles were excised from 3- to 4-day-old neonatal rats, incubated overnight in cold trypsin, and treated with sequential changes of collagenase-hyaluronidase. Fractions of cells isolated in this manner were pooled and cultured in plastic petri dishes. In cells prepared for transmission electron microscopy, T-tubes were observed at the cell periphery of cultured myocytes, but were more difficult to identify as the cultures aged and became overgrown by fibroblasts. T-tubes were identified by virtue of their continuity with the sarcolemma, their relatively large diameter, and their regular entry at the level of the Z line. Even at optimal culture ages, T-tubes were not present in every myocyte. At the times T-tubes could be located, myocytes were beating and had begun to establish intercalated discs and gap junctions. The de novo formation of T-tubes in cultured myocytes of neonatal rat heart reflects a duplication of in vivo differentiation by the cultured myocyte. The appropriateness of cultured myocytes in the study of the development and physiology of the heart is emphasized by the in vitro formation of T-tubes.
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  • 180
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 209-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythrophagocytosis ; Lysosomes ; Placenta (sheep) ; Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta the breakdown of erythrocytes within complex erythrolysosomes was studied at the ultrastructural level. It was found that the formation of complex erythrolysosomes containing from two to several erythrocytes as a result of fusion of erythrolysosomes within the epithelial cells was a common occurrence when the epithelial cells engulfed a large number of erythrocytes. The erythrocytes enclosed in complex erythrolysosomes appear to be either in the same or in different stages of hemolysis. In the process of breakdown of erythrocytes within complex erythrolysosomes five successive stages of hemolysis could be distinguished. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the complex erythrolysosomes and appeared to be located in the angular interspaces between the erythrocytes and the lysosomal membrane. The fragmentation of complex erythrolysosomes with formation of small hemoglobin-containing lysosomes also occurred. The fusion of erythrolysosomes with formation of complex erythrolysosomes can be considered as an additional mechanism in the process of erythrocyte breakdown in the epithelial cells of the sheep placenta.
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  • 181
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    Keywords: Fat body ; Morphometry ; Metamorphosis ; Transplantation ; Calliphora ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transplantation of fragments of the anterior fat body lobe of 4 day old feeding stage larvae into one day older hosts, which are at the end of feeding, leads to precocious induction of ultrastructural changes in the transplanted cells of the fat body. These changes include alterations in the mean relative and absolute areas of mitochondria, protein granules, lipid droplets and vacuoles. The extent of intracellular changes induced in the transplants depends on the physiological condition of the host. This confirms that alterations in the internal environment at termination of feeding induce premetamorphic changes in cells of the fat body.
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  • 182
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine cells ; Calcitonin ; Ascidian (Styela clava) ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A small group of granulated endocrine cells have been described in the endostylar region of the pharynx in Styela. These cells are argyrophilic and exhibit calcitonin-like immunofluorescence. Tests with antisera to other peptides all proved negative. Cells from animals exposed to elevated calcium levels showed a degree of degranulation. The possibility that these cells may represent ancestral ultimobranchial “C” cells is discussed.
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  • 183
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Acipenseridae ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative analysis ; Spawning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The percentage of peptidergic (A1 and A2) and adrenergic (B) neurosecretory terminals was studied in the neurohypophysis of sexually mature female sturgeons. Neurosecretory terminals of the A2 type prevail in the neurohypophysis, whereas A1 and B terminals are rare. The activity of these types of terminals was established (1) during upstream migration, (2) shortly after spawning, and (3) three to six weeks after spawning. Terminals of B type are the most active elements during all the periods studied. These elements become strongly activated in sturgeons during upstream migration, i.e., earlier than the peptidergic neurosecretory terminals. Peptidergic terminals, especially elements of type A2, become synchronously and strongly activated in fish shortly after spawning. In the late postspawning period neurosecretory terminals of all three types become synchronously inactive, persisting in a quiescent state in comparison to the two previous periods. The appearance of neurosecretory material discharged into the intercellular clefts by exocytosis correlates on the whole with the activity level of the A1 and A2 terminals in each individual studied. A functional correlation exists between the activity of the peptidergic and adrenergic neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis. The data obtained are discussed with reference to a concept regarding spawning in some fish species as a physiological stress (Polenov et al., 1976). A possible dual control (peptide and monoamine neurohormones) over the function of visceral organs and glandular cells of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis is also suggested (Polenov, 1970, 1975, 1978; Polenov and Belenky, 1973).
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  • 184
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 393-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Guinea pig ; Hypothalamus ; Differentiation ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of neurophysin-oxytocin and neurophysinvasopressin containing neurons of the guinea pig was studied in vitro. Supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) nuclei were explanted from guinea pig foetuses at the 40th day of gestation and cultured in Maximov slides for nearly fifty days. The cultures were observed daily under a phase-contrast microscope. Explants were fixed every five days for observation with the electron microscope. At the time of explantation, magnocellular neurons were still immature. They acquired the morphologic characteristics of mature neurons, with axosomatic synapses, after about 10 days in vitro. After 15–20 days in vitro, they contained in addition neurosecretory granules (NSG), first in the Golgi region, then also dispersed in the cytoplasm. In the oldest culture (45–50 days), signs of granulolysis were regularly found. It appears that magnocellular neurosecretory neurons are able to differentiate in vitro from a primitive state in the absence of specific stimulation.
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  • 185
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    Keywords: Neurohemal organ ; Neurosecretion ; Moulting gland ; Ultrastructure ; Crustaceans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez Sphaeroma serratum, la mue de puberté est suivie d'une dégénérescence de l'organe Y (glands de mue). Le plexus nerveux céphalique latéral, organe neurohémal accolé à cette glande a été l'objet de la présente étude ultrastructurale. Cet organe représente un centre de stockage de neurosécrétions qui proviennent d'une part, de deux cellules autochtones (cellules plexales) situées au sein même de ce plexus, d'autre part, de cellules neurosécrétrices situées dans le “ganglion mandibulaire” (cellules de type A). Chez les individus pubères, les cellules plexales et les cellules A du ganglion sous-oesophagien synthétisent des granules de neurosécrétion dont la taille est respectivement 1550±50Å et 1570±40Å. Il a été reconnu au sein du plexus 5 catégories de terminaisons dont les granules proviendraient pour deux d'entre elles des cellules plexales et des cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. Chez les animaux pubères on observe un arrêt de la synthèse des granules de neurosécrétion au sein des cellules plexales et des cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. Simultanément on enregistre dans le plexus la raréfaction puis la disparition des divers types de granules. Ce processus atteint en premier les terminaisons correspondant aux cellules plexales et aux cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. La dégénérescence de la glande de mue chez les mâles pourrait être en relation avec l'arrêt de synthèse de ces cellules.
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study deals with the lateral cephalic nerve plexus of Sphaeroma serratum, a neurohemal organ joined to the Y organ (ecdysial gland). This plexus acts as a storage centre for neurosecretory products from two sources: the two autochtonous cells (plexus cells) within the plexus itself, and the neurosecretory cells in various parts of the central nervous system, particulary the “mandibular ganglion” (A-cells). In prepuberal animals, plexus cells and subesophageal A-cells produce neurosecretory granules of two types measuring 1550±50Å and 1570±40Å respectively. Five categories of axon terminals were distinguished in the plexus. The granules found in two of these terminal types are believed to come from the plexus cells and from the “mandibular ganglion” A-cells. Cessation of production of neurosecretory granules in these A cells and plexus cells was observed in puberal animals, in the plexus with concomitant depletion and disappearance of different granule categories. The first axon terminals affected by this process are the two categories containing granules originating in the plexus and “mandibular ganglion” A-cells. Degeneration of the ecdysial gland in male Sphaeroma serratum might be connected with the cessation of granule formation in these two types of cell.
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  • 186
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 427-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aphids ; Sensilla ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopical study was made of the coeloconic and placoid sensilla on the antennae of the aphids Aphis pomi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, and Pemphigus bursarius. Scanning electron microscopy revealed some variation in morphology which may be functionally important but is more likely to reflect the evolution of these species. The placoid sensilla were shown by transmission electron microscopy to have the same basic structural pattern. Each group of two or three neurons is surrounded by two ensheathing cells. The ciliary regions of the dendrites pass through a vacuole into a cavity between an outer and an inner cuticle where they may be connected to the dendritic branches although such connections were not seen. Small pores (8 nm diameter) partially penetrate the cuticle implying that these sensilla have an olfactory function. They are suggested to be important in host selection by alate aphids. The coeloconic sensilla are poreless pegs with nonsensory cuticular projections at their tips. The distal portions of their dendrites contain densely packed microtubules and the cellular arrangement of the sensilla is similar to that of the placoid sensilla. It is suggested that they may function as thermoreceptors.
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  • 187
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 487-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Endothelium ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological relationship between the osteoclasts at the endosteal surface of two-week-old rabbit femurs and the endothelium of vascular channels of the bone marrow was examined. Light microscopy revealed that 85% of the osteoclasts make direct contact with the endothelial cells. The ultrastructure of this osteoclast-endothelium interface shows that the osteoclast has specialized processes which reach out towards the endothelial cells coming into close proximity with them. On rare occasions, specialized junctions between these processes and the endothelial cells are noted.
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  • 188
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 503-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Disuse atrophy ; Insects ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes which occur in the ultrastructure of the mesothoracic retractor unguis muscle of the cockroach Periplaneta americana as a result of disuse are described. Breakdown of myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are all marked, this degeneration only being apparent 9 weeks after the operation.
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  • 189
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Special vesicles ; Membrane transport ; Gastropoda ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adventitial cells surrounding the spermatheca of the reproductive system of Sonorella santaritana (Mollusca: Gastropoda) appear to have an unusual system of vesicles. Electron micrographs of the membranes forming these vesicles show that they have multiple openings to the cell's exterior and that each opening has a “pore complex”. In addition, secondary vesicles appear to be generated by the primary vesicles. Evidence is presented suggesting that these vesicles represent a previously unreported membrane transport system.
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  • 190
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    Keywords: Median eminence ; Hypophysis ; Rana temporaria ; Vasotocinergic fibres ; Mesotocinergic fibres ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was shown that both the internal and the external regions of the median eminence of the frog contain separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. This observation confirms the results of previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level. The mean size of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the external region of the median eminence is significantly smaller than that of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the internal region of the median eminence. No significant difference could be found between the mean granule size of the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of either the internal or the external region of the frog median eminence.
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 95-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Gerbil ; Pinealocytes ; Morphometric analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of morphometric analytical procedures, a diurnal rhythm in the cellular volume of gerbil pinealocytes was determined. This rhythm has been attributed primarily to a change in the cytoplasmic volume of the pinealocytes which is low during the daylight hours and increases to reach a peak during the middle of the dark period. At the ultrastructural level, six cytoplasmic components of the pinealocytes were found to exhibit a rhythm: free cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria. The presumptive secretory vesicles and the microtubules reached a peak in volume one hour before lights-off. It is suggested that lights-on and lights-off both signal a decrease in size and/or number of the secretory vesicles. The SER and RER/ribosomes reached their peak volume one hour after lights-off which is interpreted as indicating a peak in indoleamine synthesis and protein synthesis, respectively. The volume of free cytoplasm exhibits two peaks; one occurs one hour before lights-off while the second peak occurs in the middle of the dark phase. It is suggested that, although part of the secretory product of the pinealocyte may be present in dense-cored vesicles, other locations could include the free cytoplasm and clear secretory vesicles.
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  • 192
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervus connectivus ; Periplaneta ; Synaptic contacts ; Iontophoresis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The course of the Nervus connectivus (N.c.), its branches, and synaptic connections within the frontal ganglion (FG) were investigated electron microscopically after cobalt iontophoresis of the N.c. The subsequent treatment of ultrathin sections with Timm's method was found to be very suitable for identifying the smallest branches. In the neuropil, fibers of the N.c. form Gray-I-type synapses, but also dyads are abundant, whereby the N.c. fibers occur exclusively in postsynaptic position with neurosecretory fibers. The possible role of these relationships is discussed.
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  • 193
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cell ; Sensory receptors ; Epidermis ; Frog tadpoles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of larval tentacles of Xenopus laevis tadpoles revealed that they are richly innervated structures containing a high concentration of neurite complexes with epidermal Merkel cells. Myelinated sensory nerve fibres supplying each tentacle are abundant. Prior to penetrating the epidermis, they gradually shed their myelin sheaths and Schwann-cell coverings, and subsequently end as naked axon terminals within the epidermis. Many of these intra-epidermal neurites terminate in intimate synaptic contact with granulated Merkel cells. Groups of dense-cored vesicles characterize the Merkel cell, while clusters of clear synaptic vesicles occupy the adjacent sensory nerve terminals. At sites of synaptic contact, the two cells often exhibit an increased thickening of their apposing membranes. Such Merkel cell — sensory neurite complexes occur as isolated units and are profusely scattered throughout the extent of each tentacle. Their ultrastructure is, in most respects, similar to that described previously in specialized regions of other vertebrate and amphibian species. It is suggested that they represent the morphological basis for tactile sensitivity and impart a mechanoreceptive function to the larval tentacle prior to metamorphosis. The larval tentacle in this anuran species may represent a new and convenient research model for future developmental and experimental studies of trophic interactions between sensory nerve fibres and Merkel cells.
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  • 194
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 319-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Lamprey ; Regulation of pars distalis ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The proximal neurosecretory contact region (PNCR) of the lamprey, a homologue of the median eminence of tetrapods, was studied by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Paraldehyde fuchsin-positive neurosecretory fibers are seen mainly in the central part of the rostral subdivision of the PNCR. The Falck-Hillarp technique reveals a weak, mainly diffuse yellow-green fluorescence in the PNCR. The ultrastructure of the tanycyte layer of the PNCR is very similar to that in the neurohypophysis of the same species, although the funnel-shaped protrusions of the third ventricle in the rostral part of the PNCR are more frequent than in the neurohypophysis. Peptidergic A1 and A2 neurosecretory fibers are characterized by neurosecretory granules of 120– 200 nm and 100–150 nm in diameter, respectively. Monoaminergic B type fibers contain granules 80–100 nm in diameter. Neurosecretory terminals and the vascular endfeet of tanycytes make contact with the basement membrane of the avascular connective tissue layer separating the PNCR from the hypophysial pars distalis. It is suggested that both peptide and monoamine neurohormones diffuse through the thick connective tissue septa into the underlying blood vessels which supply the pars distalis and thus affect the function of its glandular cells.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Ultrastructure ; Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fine structural features of pinealocytes of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were examined. Golgi complexes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes are usual organelles seen in the perikaryonal cytoplasm of pinealocytes. Many non-granulated vesicles (40 to 80 nm in diameter) and a few granulated vesicles (about 100 nm in diameter) are associated with the Golgi cisternae. Occasionally, the cisternae contain granular materials. The perikaryonal cytoplasm of pinealocytes is characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies. These bodies are usually round in shape, not bounded by a limiting membrane and composed of fine granular or filamentous materials of high electron-opacity, which are similar in appearance to the substance seen in the nucleolonema. Pinealocyte processes, filled with abundant non-granulated vesicles and some granulated vesicles, are mainly found within the parenchyma and occasionally in perivascular spaces.
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  • 196
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 449-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric epithelium (Rat) ; Phagocytosis ; Cell loss ; Aspirin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastric surface epithelial cells (SEC) from fed rats, from rats fasted for 16 h and from mucosae exposed in an ex-vivo chamber to 16 mM aspirin for 5 min were examined by transmission electron microscopy. SEC have the capability to phagocytose adjacent epithelial cells and parietal cells. Phagocytosis is rare in mucosae from fasted animals but common in fed animals or after brief exposure to aspirin. Phagocytic capabilities are not restricted to the progenitor zone but exist throughout the surface epithelium. Phagocytosis may provide a mechanism for the removal of damaged or senescent cells from the surface epithelium.
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  • 197
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    Keywords: Interrenal tissue (birds) ; Ultrastructure ; Corticotropin ; Adenohypophysectomy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal glands from ACTH-treated intact ducks and chronically adenohypophysectomized ducks showed clear zonation into a subcapsular zone (SCZ) and an inner zone (IZ). Adenohypophysectomy caused ultrastructural changes in the IZ but not in the SCZ cells. These included increases in lipid droplets, changes in mitochondrial cristae from tubular to shelf-like, and changes in the shape of the nuclei from spherical to crenated. These changes were reversed by treatment with ACTH. Also, cells of the IZ, but not the SCZ, of adrenals from intact birds given ACTH showed more SER, more dense bodies, fewer lipid droplets and more prominent Golgi complexes. IZ cells incubated in buffer containing no ACTH developed mitochondria with shelf-like cristae and numerous opaque granules in the matrix. Exposure to buffer containing ACTH caused the mitochondrial cristae to become tubular and the matrix granules either decreased in number or disappeared. The granules could be extracted by incubating sections with chelating agents. The mitochondria in SCZ cells did not respond structurally to the presence of ACTH in the incubation medium but the matrix granules, like those in IZ cells, responded to the presence of chelating agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Aortic body ; Chemoreceptors ; Stereology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chief cells of the aortic body (subclavian body) of adult New Zealand white rabbits were examined by ultrastructural stereological analysis. The chief cell nuclei occupy 26.5% of the total volume. Dense-core vesicles account for 16.5% of the cytoplasmic volume, followed by mitochondria (11.6%), endoplasmic reticulum (3.3%), and Golgi apparatus (0.6%). The dense-core vesicles measure approximately 131.6nm in diameter (corrected) and exhibit a heterogeneous size distribution. Both perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals and presumptive afferent terminals presynaptic to the chief cells are observed. The mean synaptic vesicle size of the terminals adjacent to chief cells is 54 nm. The heterogeneous size distribution of the dense-core vesicles of chief cells may indicate the storage of different biogenic amines and/or different secretion or maturation states within the chief cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory granules (Insects) ; Ionophores ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antibiotic ionophores Br-X-537A and A-23187 alter the ultrastructure of neurohaemal tissue on the transverse nerve of the stick insect, Carausius morosus. Br-X-537A induces dramatic changes in the ultrastructural appearance of all three types of neurosecretory fibres present in the neurohaemal tissue. The neurosecretory granules become more electron-lucent and the mitochondria become more electron-opaque. The bounding membrane of the granules is frequently ruptured. A-23187, on the other hand, has no effect on two of the three types of fibres, but does produce an increase in the number of exocytotic profiles in the third. The two ionophores therefore have different effects on the same tissue. The results are discussed in the light of previous work with the use of these ionophores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Centrifugal fibers ; Olfactory bulb ; Goldfish ; Degenerating synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The terminals of centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbs of goldfish were studied by electron microscopy after transection of the medial, lateral or entire olfactory tract. The centrifugal fibers originate in the telencephalic hemisphere, pass through both the medial and the lateral olfactory tract, and form synaptic contacts with dendrites in the granule cell layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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