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  • 1970-1974  (617)
  • 1973  (617)
  • Physics  (480)
  • Ultrastructure  (80)
  • Rat  (66)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of brocresine (NSD-1055) on diamine oxidase activity in plasma, liver, stomach and upper small intestine of rats (1973)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 278 (1973), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Brocresine ; Diamine Oxidase ; Rat ; Plasma ; Liver ; Stomach ; Small Intestine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In male rats DAO was found to be absent in plasma and liver, very low in gastric and high in the upper small intestinal mucosa. 2. Gastric mucosal DAO was completely abolished by 10−8 M Brocresine. In the small intestine inhibition of DAO by Brocresine was dose-dependent, with a concentration of 6.2×10−6 M producing a 50% inhibition of the enzyme. 3. Pretreatment of rats with 100 mg/kg Brocresine i.p. produced a 43% inhibition of DAO after 1 h and an insignificant inhibition by 20% after 4 h. 4. The results suggest that the histidine decarboxylase inhibitor Brocresine is not a very suitable tool for studying the physiological role of histamine by inhibiting its biosynthesis since it also interferes with the histamine catabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00501484
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The contribution of solvent drag to the intestinal absorption of tritiated water and urea from the jejunum of the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 133-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Tritiated Water ; Urea ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic buffered solutions containing tritiated water or 14C-labelled urea. The blood flow of the loop was maintained constant at an intermediate rate (0.8–0.9 ml min−1 g−1 wet tissue weight). The water net flux was determined by means of polyethylene glycol as nonabsorbable marker and amounted up to ±30 μl min−1 g−1 w. w. 2. A positive water net flux (directed towards the blood) increased the absorption rates (disappearance rate from the intestinal lumen, appearance rate in the intestinal venous blood) of tritiated water and urea by maximally 22 and 41%, a negative water net flux (directed towards the gut lumen) diminished it by 12 and 32%. 3. The data were analysed by means of a kinetic model with the water net flux as independent variable. The sieving coefficient ⧫=1-δ was 1.18±0.44 for tritiated water and 0.86±0.11 for urea at pH 6.2. The water net flux influenced the absorption of solutes by interaction within the membranes (solvent drag in a restricted sense) and by changing the volume of blood flowing in the capillaries near the epithelium. This last effect is large for the absorption of the rapidly absorbable tritiated water, but small for the absorption of urea which is absorbed ten-times slower. 4. The water net flux in the intestine depended linearly on the osmotic pressure difference between lumen and blood. The hydraulic permeability was 146–180 ml2 min−1 g−1 osm−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503979
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of blood flow on the absorption of 3-O-methylglucose from the jejunum of the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 153-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; 3-O-Methylglucose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused (single pass perfusion and recirculation) with buffered solutions containing 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG) in two concentrations: below (about 30 μM) and above (about 30 mM) blood glucose concentration. The blood flow, the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) and the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen) were determined simultaneously, the accumulation in the gut wall at the end of the experiments. 2. At constant intermediate blood flow the appearance rate and disappearance rate decreased with time. A decrease of the blood flow rate from about 1.8 to about 0.3 ml min−1g−1 diminished the appearance and disappearance rate. An increase of blood flow from about 0.3 to about 1.9 ml min−1g−1 caused no increase of absorption; even a slight decrease was observed. 3. A kinetic analysis of the data showed that the different blood flow dependence of 3-OMG absorption in the experiments with increasing and decreasing blood flow can be explained sufficiently by a decrease of transport capacity with time, presumably due to an altered regional blood flow (decreased villous blood flow rate, unchanged total rate). A postischemic inhibition of 3-OMG absorption was of less importance. 4. The increase in perfusion rate from 0.1 (single pass perfusion) to 10 ml min−1 (recirculation) caused an increase of 3-OMG absorption and tissue accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503980
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of various corticoids on the augmentation of “Gomori-positive” granules in the median eminence of the rat following adrenalectomy (1973)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 280 (1973), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Corticoids ; Median Eminence ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 465 female Wistar rats the influence of an i.m. injection of various natural or synthetic corticoids on the augmentation of “Gomori-positive” granules in the outer layer of the median eminence following bilateral adrenalectomy has been investigated. While the augmentation of the granules is not impaired by progesterone it is inhibited or completely blocked, depending on the dose and the manner of application, by 11-desoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 9α-fluorocortisol, prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone and fluoroformylone. The doses necessary to suppress the augmentation of the granules correspond to those shown by other authors to be required for blocking ACTH-secretion. The inhibitory effect of the investigated corticoids on the augmentation of the granules is related to their antiphlogistic potency. The findings suggest that the amount of the “Gomori-positive” granules in the outer layer of the median eminence of the rat might be used as a parameter of the activity of the corticotropin-releasing factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505354
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of blood flow on the absorption of l- and d-phenylalanine from the jejunum of the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 277 (1973), S. 113-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; l- and d-phenylalanine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused (single pass and recirculation) with buffered solutions containing l-phenylalanine (about 30 μM and 30 mM) and d-phenylalanine (about 30 μM). The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen) and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously, the accumulation in the gut wall at the end of the experiments. 2. At a constant intermediate blood flow the absorption of l- and d-phenylalanine decreased with time. A decrease of blood flow from about 1.6 to 0.25 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished the appearance and the disappearance rate of both isomers. An increase of blood flow from 0.25 to 1.6 ml min−1g−1 caused no increase of absorption; on the contrary the appearance and disappearance rate decreased a little. The different dependence of absorption when decreasing and increasing the blood flow rate may be caused by a changed pattern of blood flow in the layers of the gut wall, i.e. the flow rate in the villi may be reduced while the flow rate in the entire wall remains unchanged. 3. In the single pass perfusion experiments the appearance rate of l-phenylalanine increased proportionally to the luminal concentration (30 μM and 30 mM), while the accumulation was relatively smaller at the high concentration. In the recirculation experiments the appearance rate and the accumulation of l-phenylalanine did not increase proportionally. 4. The increase in perfusion rate, from 0.1 (single pass perfusion) to 2–3 and 10 ml min−1 (recirculation), caused an increase of l-phenylalanine absorption and tissue accumulation. 5. At a luminal concentration of about 30 μM the appearance rates of l- and d-phenylalanine were equal, while the tissue accumulation was smaller for the d-isomer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00501154
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell kinetics and morphology of the growth plate in the normal and hypophysectomized rat (1973)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 113-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Growth ; Epiphyses ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La largeur de la métaphyse tibiale, la zone indifférenciée, la zone sériée et les cellules en dégénerescence ont été observées chez des rats Sprague-Dawley normaux et hypophysectomisés. La production cellulaire de la métaphyse est déterminée sur la base de la croissance osseuse longitudinale déterminée par l'oxytétracycline et la taille des cellules en dégénérescence. La diminution de la croissance osseuse longitudinale, en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge et après hypophysectomie, est due partiellement, à la diminution de production cellulaire et partiellement à une décroissance de la taille des cellules en dégénérescence dans la métaphyse. L'influence de la production cellulaire et de l'activité mitotique prédomine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Breite der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia, deren undifferenzierter und säulenförmiger Zone und die Größe der nahe bei der Metaphyse auftretenden degenerativen Zellen wurden in normalen und hypophysektomierten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bestimmt. Die Zellproduktion in der Wachstumsplatte wurde aus dem longitudinalen Knochenwachstum berechnet, welches mittels Oxytetracyclin und der Größe der degenerativen Zellen bestimmt wurde. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Abnahme des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums bei zunehmendem Alter und nach Hypophysektomie zum Teil einem Rückgang in der Zellproduktion, zum Teil einer Verminderung der Größe der degenerativen Zellen in der Wachstumsplatte zuzuschreiben ist. Der Einfluß der Zellproduktion, und somit der mitotischen Aktivität, herrscht vor.
    Notes: Abstract The width of the proximal growth plate of the tibia, its undifferentiated and columnar zone and the size of the degenerative cell close to the metaphysis, were determined in normal and hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell production in the growth plate was calculated from the longitudinal bone growth determined with oxytetracycline and the degenerative cell size. It was found that the decrease in longitudinal bone growth with increasing age and after hypophysectomy, is due partly to a decrease in cell production, and partly to a decrease in degenerative cell size in the growth plate. The influence of cell production and thus the mitotic activity predominates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02015402
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic visualization of proteoglycans and collagen in bovine costal cartilage (1973)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02015399
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in early rat and mouse embryos — A reappraisal (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cleavage stages ; Egg-cylinder ; Mouse ; Rat ; Hydrolytic enzymes distribution ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time of appearance and the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase was investigated in cleavage and early postimplantation stages of mouse and rat embryos. Alkaline and acid phosphatase appeared for the first time in 8-cell embryos. Activity of both enzymes grew progressively stronger to blastocyst stage. Acid phosphatase activity was revealed in the form of fine and coarse granules distributed evenly in the cytoplasm. Alkaline phosphatase was predominantly localized in plasma membranes. There was no difference in intensity of reaction between trophoblastic cells and the inner cell mass. After implantation acid phosphatase was localized in coarse granules in the apical portion of entodermal cells. With the appearance of mesoderm, the cells of embryonal entoderm became flattened and devoid of acid phosphatase activity which was restricted to cells of extraembryonic entoderm. The activity of nonspecific esterase was not detected in preimplantation stages. In postimplantation embryos it roughly corresponded to the activity of acid phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase was localized in cell membranes of ectodermal cells. The mesodermal cells of mouse embryo displayed a somewhat weaker activity than ectodermal cells, while in the rat embryo the same layer remained completely nonreactive. Our findings on the distribution of the enzymes mentioned did not reveal any kind of polarity or bilateral symmetry in preimplantation stages. In postimplantation stages acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase are probably bound to lysosomes and play an important role in embryonic nutrition. The absence of alkaline phosphatase from entodermal cells is somewhat puzzling and suggests that the process of molecular transport in those cells is most probably restricted to endocytosis. Our results suggest that all blastomeres are identical with respect to enzyme distribution and that the first signs of differentiation of enzyme content appear with the formation of germ layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00523633
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late prenatal ontogeny of central monoamine neurons in the rat: Fluorescence histochemical observations (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 281-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Central monoamine neurons ; Ontogeny ; Rat ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of all monoamine-containing neuron systems in the rat brain throughout the last seven days of gestation, i.e. from the 15th day to term, crown rump length (CRL) 16 mm to 42 mm, has been followed using the Falck-Hillarp method for fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal, horizontal and transverse sections through whole brains of fetuses from MAO-inhibited mothers have been carefully analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, and drawings of almost all sections depicting specific fluorescence have been collected from 10 of the 16 analyzed brains. Thus, all the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) neuron systems have been mapped, both regarding the cell groups, the formation of axon pathways and the development of terminal plexuses in the whole brain prenatally. Together with a previous report (Olson and Seiger, 1972a) the present data have made it possible to determine the common origin of groups A1–A3, A4–A7, A8–A10, B1–B3 and B4–B9, respectively (nomenclature according to Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964). These findings and an estimation of the number of visible fluorescent cells in all monoamine cell complexes throughout the prenatal period of development have been summarized in a flow-chart. In the full-term fetus all monoamine neurons and their axon pathways, except for the hypothalamic cell groups, are very well developed. Thus, the new neuroanatomical data presented, in all probability hold true also for the adult state. A comprehension of the innervation course of neostriatum by DA nerve terminals from the 14th day of gestation to adult hood is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525058
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A light microscope study of the cytology and organization of neurons in the simple mammalian nucleus lateralis: Columns and swirls (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 125-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Columns ; Swirls ; Interneurons ; Projection neurons ; Subdivisions ; Morphology ; Golgi ; Nissl ; Axons ; Dendrites ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral nucleus in the rat is investigated with several variants of the rapid Golgi method and in Nissl preparations. The neurons are divided into two classes according to their size and the disposition of their axons. The smaller neurons or interneurons have cross sectional areas less than 180 μm2, and short axons that ramify in the vicinity of the cell bodies. Small neurons have also been seen on rare occasions with longer axons that may leave the nucleus. The larger cells (areas greater than 180 μm2) have long axons that leave the nucleus and emit short, beaded, recurrent collaterals. In the rostral and caudal poles of the lateral nucleus, the large projection neurons as well as the small neurons are multipolar with swirled dendritic arborizations. Neurons in the dorsal rim and ventral third of the nucleus have similar dispositions of their dendrites. In the central columnar zone, the projection neurons have dendrites that are arranged in columns directed diagonally across the body of the nucleus in the 4 to 10 o'clock direction in the right lateral nucleus and the 8 to 2 o'clock direction in the left nucleus. A collection of small neurons is generally found in the medial hilus zone. In each part of the lateral nucleus, the neurons are arranged in characteristic ways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519881
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über ein transitorisches, perinatales subependymales Zellsystem der weißen Ratte (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Perinatal period ; Subependymal cells ; Rat ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gehirne von 93 Ratten (letzte Embryonalwoche bis zum 30. postnatalen Tag) wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Am Ende der zweiten Embryonalwoche treten im mittleren Teil des III. Ventrikels Zellen auf, deren Cytoplasma sich mit einer Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Methode blau anfärben läßt. Die blauen Zellen werden nach der Geburt auch an anderen Abschnitten des III. Ventrikels sowie am Aquaedukt und IV. Ventrikel ausschließlich in einer lockeren subependymalen Gliazone gefunden. Zwischen dem 14. und 17. Tag nimmt ihre Zahl ab, um den 22. postnatalen Tag sind die blauen Zellen völlig verschwunden. Gleichzeitig wird die subependymale Auflockerungszone dichter. Elektronenmikroskopisch werden die blauen Zellen als fortsatzreiche Elemente identifiziert, die viele Mitochondrien und unterschiedlich große Vacuolen und Cytosomen enthalten. Die Fortsätze umschließen subependymale Räume, die ein feinflockiges Material enthalten. Die Zellen werden als mikrogliäre Elemente angesehen, ihre Funktion mit dem Verschwinden der subependymalen Auflockerungszone in Verbindung gebracht.
    Notes: Summary The brains of 93 rats (of between the last week of pregnancy up to the 30th postnatal day) were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. At the end of the second week of pregnancy, subependymal cells, the cytoplasm of which is blue after staining with a periodic-acid-bisulfit-aldehydethionine-method, begin to appear in the middle part of the IIIrd ventricle. After birth, the blue cells can also be demonstrated in other parts of the IIIrd ventricle as well as in the wall of aquaeduct and the IVth ventricle. The cells are exclusively found in a loosely textured subependymal tissue. Between the 14th and the 17th day the number of the blue cells decreases and around the 22nd postnatal day they disappear completely. Simultaneously, the texture of the subependymal tissue becomes more compact. The blue cells can be identified by electron microscopy. They are characterized by the presence of several processes and contain many mitochondria, different sized vacuoles and cytosomes. The cell processes enclose subependymal cavities containing a loose flocculose material. The cells are considered as microglia cells. Their function is considered in relation to the disappearance of the loose texture of the subependymal zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519048
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cytology of neurons and their dendrites in the simple mammalian nucleus lateralis an electron microscope study (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 289-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Synapses ; Rat ; Interneuron ; Axons ; Perikarya ; Neuroglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Profiles of large neurons in the lateral nucleus range from 16 μm to 35 μm in diameter with dimpled nuclei, large Nissl bodies, and well developed Golgi apparatus. Two types of perikarya are distinguished, those that are smooth and those with irregular somatic and dendritic protuberances. About 86% of all large neuronal somata are covered with axosomatic synapses, predominantly with terminals of Purkinje axons and a few belonging to axons of the small neurons. The remaining 14% have no axosomatic synapses. The thick, fleshy dendrites of these cells are covered with terminals, the majority of which synapse directly upon the dendritic shaft. A few are present on spines. The initial segment of the large neuron is thick and robust and receives synapses upon its shaft or upon a spinous projection. The small neurons measure less than 12 μm in diameter and have very lobulated nuclei in a sparse cytoplasm characterized by small Nissl bodies and a poorly elaborated Golgi apparatus. About 52% of all small neuronal somata bear no synapses whereas the remaining 48% are covered with axosomatic synapses, mainly from the axons of Purkinje cells and a few axons of other small cells. The slender long dendrites of both large and small cells bear synapses with six classes of axons in the neuropil. Synaptic protuberances of two varieties occur on the surfaces of both perikarya and dendrites, (a) dome-shaped ones capped with a pronounced asymmetrical synaptic junction and (b) ones with thin long necks and bulbous heads having synapses on both parts. Frond-like dendritic excrescences are borne on the processes of some small and large neurons and they are postsynaptic to many axon terminals clustered around them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519049
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural aspects of the preattached pig embryo: Cleavage and early blastocyst stages (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1973), S. 95-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cleavage stages ; Blastocyst ; Pig ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observations of morphological changes in nuclei and cytoplasm of pig embryos during cleavage and early blastocyst stages are presented. Compact nuclear bodies (nucleosphaeridies) are demonstrable in the cleavage stages, and occasionally in the inner cell mass of blastocysts. The transformation of nucleosphaeridies leading to the formation of a peripheral network are usually found at the eight-cell stage. In morula, nucleoli make their first appearance as clearly distinguishable morphological entities. A marked disorganization of nuclear envelope is observed near to the cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (CAL) indicating a possible process of transformation of the former to the latter. During premorula stages cytoplasmic organelles (Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, and CAL) are predominantly concentrated around the nucleus. CAL associated with fibrillogranular material similar to the material of the nucleoplasm occur in juxtanuclear positions. In the two-cell stage, degenerating paternal mitochondria are observed. In the morula the number of spherical mitochondria fell while that of elongated mitochondria increase. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst stage contain cytoplasmic microfilaments which are closely associated with cell organelles, particularly the desmonsomes. Structurally changed mitochondria near the yolk globules and inclusion bodies of various morphology are found. A basal lamina is discernible parallel to the trophoblast layer facing the blastocoel. The observations are discussed in relation to physiological phenomena known to occur during embryogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519913
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uterine stromal morphology of the spayed, virgin rat when prepared with progesterone and oestrogen for implantation (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Stroma ; Ultrastructure ; Sex steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of progesterone and oestrogen on the central uterine stroma has been examined in order to analyze what changes occur when the uterus is hormonally prepared for implantation. Both progesterone and oestrogen, when given separately, cause nucleolar enlargement and growth of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. However, after progesterone treatment the nuclei are large and spherical whereas they are spindle-shaped after oestrogen treatment. When oestrogen is administered to the progesterone-treated rat little change occurs in the stromal morphology. There is little morphological support to the view that oestrogen acts on the stroma to increase endometrial sensitivity. Further, progesterone seems to stimulate the synthesis of RNA and of cellular protein only in the stromal cell while oestrogen has a similar effect in all cell types of the uterus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519883
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den peritubulären Zellen des Schweinehodens während der postnatalen Entwicklung (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1973), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Testicular peritubular cells ; Boar ; Postnatal development ; Ultrastructure ; Contractility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Membrana propria der Hodentubuli des Schweines zeigt einen deutlichen Schichtenbau: Auf die Basalmembran des Tubulusepithels (a) folgen eine nicht-celluläre Lage mit Kollagenfibrillen (b), die von einer inneren (c) und einer äußeren (e) Basalmembran umhüllten peritubulären Zellen (d) und dann das intertubuläre lockere Bindegewebe (f). Die ausdifferenzierten peritubulären Zellen haben viele morphologische Merkmale mit glatten Muskelzellen gemeinsam. So besitzen sie Plasmalemmeinbuchtungen in Form pinocytotischer Bläschen sowie eine große Anzahl von Filamenten mit einem Durchmesser von 60–70 Å, welche über elektronendichte Strukturen an der Innenseite des Plasmalemms befestigt sind. Ein Golgi-Apparat, rauhes endoplasmatisches Reticulum, Mitochondrien und Mikrotubuli bevorzugen eine kernnahe Position. Im Gegensatz zu den Verhältnissen bei anderen Species sind viele charakteristische Eigenschaften der peritubulären Zellen schon vor der Pubertät ausgebildet. Die Filamente können bereits am 4. Tag als feines Netzwerk beobachtet werden, sie erfahren am 25. Tag eine starke Vermehrung und sind von nun an regelmäßig orientiert. Auch andere Befunde sprechen dafür, daß die peritubulären Zellen um den 25. Tag eine gesteigerte Aktivität entfalten. Die histochemisch nachgewiesenen Konzentrationen von alkalischer Phosphatase, Adenosintriphosphatase und Glucose-6-phosphatase erreichen zu diesem Zeitpunkt die hohen Werte, die auch für die weitere Entwicklungsphase und die ausdifferenzierten peritubulären Zellen typisch sind. Pinocytotische Bläschen erscheinen in größerer Anzahl ab dem 97. Tag. Mit dem 140. Tag sind die peritubulären Zellen morphologisch ausdiffrenziert.
    Notes: Summary The boundary tissue of the porcine testicular seminiferous tubule (membrana propria) exhibits a distinct stratification: the basement lamina of the tubular epithelium (a) is followed by a non-cellular layer with collagen fibrils (b), the peritubular cells (d) with an inner (c) and outer (e) basement lamina and finally the intertubular loose connective tissue (f). Fully developed peritubular cells have many morphological features in common with smooth muscle cells, for instance inpocketings of the plasmalemma (pinocytotic vesicles) and a great number of filaments measuring 60–70 Å in diameter. These filaments are fixed at the inner side of the plasmalemma by means of electron-dense structures. The Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and microtubules prefer a juxtanuclear position. In contrast that is seen in other species the porcine peritubular cells develop many of their characteristic features before puberty. In samples of the 4th day a fine network of filaments is already visible within the cytoplasm. These filaments are strongly augmented at the 25th day, and from now on they are arranged in a regular fashion. Other findings, also, underline an increased activity of the peritubular cells around day 25. At that time the concentrations of histochemically demonstrated alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase reach the high levels typical for the stages of further development and the fully differentiated cells. Pinocytotic vesicles appear in great numbers from day 97. At the 140th day the morphology of the porcine peritubular cell is completely developed.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    The early development of the median thyroid gland of the mouse (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 319-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Fetal thyroid ; Microfilaments ; Lysosomes ; Acid phosphatase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mesobranchial area and the median thyroid anlage of embryonic albino mice were investigated from the somite stage 4 to 40 (81/2–10 days of gestation). In stage I (5–25 somites), there is an unequal growth and differentiation of the epithelium in the floor of the pharynx, whereby a mesobranchial area with a stratified or pseudostratified epithelium is formed. This area is distinct from the remaining pharyngeal epithelium, among other things by an apical microfilament system in the superficial epithelial cells. It is found just basal to a row of plump cytoplasmic protrusions, which extend into the lumen of the pharynx. In stage II (26–40 somites), the cranial part (median thyroid anlage) of the mesobranchial area thickens in relation to the caudal part and grows down into the underlying mesenchyme. The filament system is concentrated in the superficial cell layer of the median thyroid anlage at the beginning of stage II and disappears during downgrowth. In both stages, but most pronounced in stage II, there is a population of 0.1–5 μ intracellular bodies, which occasionally contain the remains of organelles. The larger bodies, which often contain the remains of nuclei, are usually found peripherally while the smaller ones are more evenly distributed. Acid phosphatase can often be demonstrated histochemically in small bodies, while larger bodies are usually without reaction. Cells with pycnotic nuclei and/or degenerated cytoplasmic components are regularly found. Acid phosphatase can also be demonstrated in Golgi complexes and surrounding vesicles. Basal to the epithelium, bodies are occasionally found which may possibly have been extruded from that tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519971
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Die Entwicklung des Bewegungsapparates der Rattenzunge im Licht- und Elektronenmikroskop (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 153-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Tongue ; Myogenesis ; Neurogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die Entwicklung des Bewegungsapparates der Rattenzunge im Verhältnis zu morphogenetischen Vorgängen im Gesichtsbereich, besonders zur Gaumenentwicklung, beurteilen zu können, wurde die Zungenanlage des Rattenembryos ab Tag 13 p.c. bis Tag 6 p.p. lichtmikroskopisch, histochemisch und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In einem Blastem von embryonalen Mesenchymzellen, Capillaren und Neuritenbündeln differenzieren sich ab Tag 15 p.c. Myoblasten, die miteinander zu mehrkernigen Muskelfasern verschmelzen. In deren Cytoplasma bilden sich an Ribosomenketten Myofilamente, die zu Myofibrillen mit Z-Streifen organisiert werden. Ab Tag 19 p.c. ordnet sich die Querstreifung zu Registern, das Transversolongitudinalsystem lagert sich an. Neuritenbündel legen sich quer zur Längsachse an die Muskelfasern an und ab Tag 17 p.c. finden sich myoneuronale Kontakte. Typische motorische Endplatten wurden bis Tag 6 p.p. nicht gefunden. Zum Zeitpunkt des Gaumenschlusses am Tag 17 p.c. sind geordnete Muskelfasersysteme, primitive myoneuronale Kontakte mit Acetylcholinvesikeln und ein typisches Enzymmuster der Acetylcholinesterase ausgebildet. Damit bestehen vor Schluß des harten Gaumens die strukturellen und enzymatischen Voraussetzungen für eine gerichtete Bewegung der Zunge. Die Hypothese, daß motorische Aktivität zum Gaumenschluß notwendig sei, wird mit Beschreibungen embryonaler Bewegungen, mit der Literatur klinisch-pathologischer Befunde der Gaumenspalte und teratologischen Experimenten verglichen. Danach scheint ein direkter kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen Bewegungen im Kopfbereich und Gaumenschluß nicht vorzuliegen.
    Notes: Summary In order to be able to evaluate the development of the motor system of the rat tongue with respect to the morphogenetic processes in the region of the face, especially palate development, we studied the tongue anlage of the rat embryo from day 13 p.c. to day 6 p.p. histochemically and under the light and electron microscope. From day 15 p.c. onwards myoblasts differentiated out of a blastema consisting of embryonic mesenchymal cells, capillaries and neurite bundles. The myoblasts then fused together to form multinuclear muscle fibres. On the ribosome chains in the cytoplasm myofilaments were formed, which were then organized to myofibrils with Z-lines. From day 19 p.c. onwards the cross-striations came to lie next to each other and the transversolongitudinal system was added. Neurite bundles were added at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fibres, and from day 17 p.c. myoneural contacts were found. No typical motor endplates were found up to day 6 p.p. At the time of palate closure on day 17 p.c. regular muscle-fibre systems, primitive myoneural contacts with acetylcholine vesicles and a typical acetylcholine-esterase enzyme pattern had been developed. Therefore before closure of the hard palate the structural and enzymatic preconditions existed for a coordinated movement of the tongue. The hypothesis that motor activity is necessary for palate closure is compared with descriptions of embryonic movements, with clinical-pathological results in papers on the cleft palate and with teratogenic experiments. In this respect there does not seem to be any direct causal connection between movements in the head region and palate closure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520328
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    The cortical plate and molecular layer of the late rat fetus (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 3-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: CNS ; Cortical plate ; Neuroblasts ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the cortical plate of the late prenatal rat fetus the neuroblasts can be considered to be of three types: mature neuroblasts which are prominent in the lower levels of the cortical plate and have some of the cytoplasmic and nuclear features of neurons, immature neuroblasts that have recently completed their migrations into the cortical plate, and migrating neuroblasts that are still in the process of moving to their definitive positions. Both of these latter types have darker cytoplasm than the mature neuroblasts. All of the neuroblasts have an apical process that extends directly towards the pial surface of the cortical plate and a basal process that is directed towards the intermediate zone of the developing hemisphere. In Golgi preparations some of these basal processes, particularly those of neuroblasts situated in the lower levels of the cortical plate, seem to have formed axons that pass through the intermediate zone to enter the developing white matter, in which they turn at right angles away from, and rarely toward, the midline. Other elements traversing the cortical plate are the ascending processes of spongioblasts that branch in the molecular layer and form expansions at the surface of the hemisphere. In the molecular layer the spongioblast terminal branches intertwine with the apical tufts of the ascending neuroblast processes and with thin processes that have the features of axons, to form a loose neuropil. In the cortical plate the spongioblast processes are usually closely and preferentially surrounded by the dark migrating neuroblasts and by the immature neuroblasts. Both of these latter may partially encompass spongioblast processes. Hence it is concluded that the spongioblast processes act as guides along which the migrating neuroblasts ascend through the cortical plate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00523363
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative Beziehungen zwischen der Verzweigungsdichte und Länge von Capillaren im Neocortex der Ratte während der postnatalen Entwicklung (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 207-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Endothelial cell ; Ontogenesis ; Morphometry ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der postnatalen Entwicklung wurde die Capillarlänge im Einheitsvolumen (CL), die Verzweigungsdichte (N⊥) und die mittlere Länge der Capillarendothelzellen (LE) in der Lamina IV des senso-motorischen Cortex von insgesamt 64 Rattengehirnen bestimmt. Als Capillaren wurden alle Gefäße unter 8 μm Durchmesser akzeptiert. Die CL bestimmten wir in 1–2 μm dicken Epon-Schnitten nach der Methode von Saltikov. Die Verzweigungen wurden durch Tusche-Gelatine-Injektion dargestellt und in Kryostat-Schnitten visuell gezählt. Im Verlauf des postnatalen Capillarwachstums, das die Bildung von Verzweigungen durch Sprossung und die Verlängerung der bestehenden Geäße umfaßt, nimmt die CL von ca. 200 mm auf 1100 mm pro mm3 Gewebe zu. Die Verzweigungszahl im gleichen Volumen steigt von 1200 kurz nach der Geburt auf ein Maximum von 11500 am Tag 20 und fällt dann allmählich auf den adulten Wert von 9500 ab. Am Ende der ersten Woche p.n. bewirkt die intensive Capillarsprossung eine starke Erhöhung der N⊥. Darauf folgt in der zweiten Woche p.n. die schnelle Zunahme der CL. Die Veränderungen der N⊥ laufen parallel mit Veränderungen im oxidativen Metabolismus. Aus dem Verhältnis N⊥ zu CL läßt sich der Vernetzungsgrad der Capillaren, d.h. die Verzweigungszahl pro mm Capillarlänge, berechnen. Dieser erreicht zwischen Tag 10 und 20 p.n. ein Maximum und sinkt danach bis zum erwachsenen Tier wieder beträchtlich ab. 1 Monat p.n. sind das Wachstum und die Reifung der Hirnrinde bei der Ratte weitgehend abgeschlossen. Die Bildung neuer Sprosse hört auf, und das weitere Kapillarwachstum erfolgt weniger durch Zellteilung als vielmehr durch Verlängerung des Endothels. Die Phase der intensiven Capillarsprossung entspricht zeitlich der vulnerablen Periode der Hirnentwicklung (“brain-growth-spurt”, nach Dobbing). Unsere Befunde lassen die Vermutung zu, daß in dieser Periode Störungen der Capillarsprossung indirekt das weitere Hirnwachstum beeinflussen können.
    Notes: Summary The average length of the capillary endothelial cells (L E ), the capillary length (CL) and the number of vascular ramifications (N⊥) per unit volume in layer IV of the sensorymortor cortex from the brains of 64 Sprague Dawley rats were determined during postnatal development. All vessels less than 8 μm in diameter were accepted as capillaries. The CL was calculated according to the method of Saltikov, by counting capillary profiles in 1–2μm Epon sections. The number of ramifications per test volume were counted in 30 μm frozen sections of India-ink injected brains. Capillary growth involves both the formation of ramifications by sprouting, and the elongation of the existing vessels. During the postnatal period CL increases from 200 to 1100 mm per cubic mm tissue, the extent of branching per unit volume rises from 1200 at birth to a peak of 11500 per cubic mm at day 20 after birth, and then declines to 9500 in adults. Intensive capillary sprouting results in a marked increase in N⊥ at the end of the first week, followed by a rapid increase in CL in the second week. The changes in the ramification density run parallel with the changes in aerobic metabolism during postnatal development. The ratio N⊥/CL, i. e. the number of ramifications per mm capillary length, corresponds to the degree of arborization of the capillary net. This value rises to a maximum level between days 10 and 20 after birth and declines until maturity is attained. After 1 month the growth of rat brain is almost accomplished and the cortical structure has attained its adult characteristics. The formation of new ramifications ceases and further capillary growth occurs to a larger extent by elongation of endothelial cells and not by cell division. The phase of extensive capillary sprouting corresponds to the vulnerable period of brain development (called “brain-growth-spurt” by Dobbing). Our findings lead to the assumption that disturbances during the period of capillary proliferation can indirectly influence further brain development
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519886
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies on dentinogenesis in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 142 (1973), S. 103-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Dentinal globules ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Calcification ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At the submicroscopic level, extracellular globular membrane-delimited structures have been observed in the matrix in early dentin formation in the rat. Within these “dentinal globules”, needle-like crystallites are found before apatite crystals appear in the filamentous-amorphous ground substance. In sections incubated for alkaline phosphatase, reaction products are closely associated with these globules. The possible role of the globules in initial dentin formation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519879
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic study of the muscle changes in diabetic amyotrophy (1973)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Diabetic Amyotrophy ; Muscle Biopsy ; Ultrastructure ; Type II Fibre Atrophy ; Partial Denervation ; Neurogenic Atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven cases of diabetic amyotrophy were investigated by histochemistry and electron microscopy of biopsied muscles. Type II fibre atrophy of various grades was observed in the proximal atrophic muscles. Various changes of Z-band were observed in type II atrophic muscle fibres. In addition, mitochondrial changes, accumulation of glycogen, thickening of the capillary basement membrane and changes in the intramuscular nerves were also observed, both in the proximal and distal muscles. Some impaired motoneuron innervation of proximal muscles as well as distal muscles in a poorly controlled diabetic condition is suspected in “diabetic amyotrophy”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685588
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    S-100 protein in methyl- and ethylnitrosourea induced tumors of the rat nervous system (1973)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 287-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: S-100 Protein ; Experimental Neurogenic Tumors ; Nitrosourea ; Rat ; Complement Fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-100 protein, a soluble protein restricted to the nervous system, was measured by complement fixation in 51 neurogenic and non-neurogenic tumors produced by either methylnitrosourea or ethylnitrosourea in three different strains of rats. Nineteen of the 51 neurogenic tumors were neoplasms of the central nervous system (18 of the brain, 1 of the spinal cord). They were diagnosed morphologically as 5 mixed gliomas, 4 anaplastic gliomas, 4 glioependymomas, 1 ependymoma, 3 gliosarcomas, and 2 unclassified tumors. With the exception of one anaplastic glioma and one gliosarcoma, all other central nervous system tumors contained S-100 protein, ranging from 0.005–0.13% of the total 35000 g supernatant protein. S-100 protein was also demonstrated in 21 of the 22 tumors of the peripheral nervous system, originating from the trigeminal nerves, the spinal roots, and from peripheral nerves. The average S-100 protein content of these tumors was 0.2% (range 0.02–1.6%). A possible correlation between S-100 protein content and tumor differentiation must be evaluated. S-100 protein was detected in only one of 10 neoplasms morphologically classified as non-neurogenic (7 sarcomas, 2 carcinomas, and 1 hemangioendothelioma). On the basis of its S-100 protein content, one tumor was reclassified as a neurosarcoma. The sensitivity and the high degree of specificity of the S-100 protein assay makes it a useful biochemical tool for the identification of neurogenic tumors. The presence of S-100 protein must be considered as a definitive indication for neural cell participation in neoplastic growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685585
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of a sacrococcygeal chordoma (1973)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chordoma ; Sacrococcygeal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of a sacrococcygeal chordoma is presented. The cells vary in their size and electron density but are thought to have a common origin. The nuclei presented prominent nucleoli and intranuclear bodies. Centrioles were seen in some of the cells. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was prominent and in most cells was very distended and corresponded to the intracellular vacuoles of light microscopy. The contents of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the abundant extracellular substance were similar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686855
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Arzneimittelbedingte Hyposiderämie bei ratten (1973)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 30 (1973), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Plasma Iron Level ; Side Effect of Drugs ; Rat ; Amphetamine ; Chlorpromazin ; Haloperidolum ; Guanethidin ; Reserpine ; α-Methyltyrosine. ; Plasmaeisenspiegel ; Arzneimittelnebenwirkungen ; Ratte ; Amphetamin ; Chlorpromazin ; Raloperidol ; Guanethidin ; Reserpin ; α-Methyltyrosin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 4 Std nach einmaliger Gabe von 24 mg/kg d,l-Amphetamin i.p. kommt es bei Ratten zu einem Abfall des Eisens im Plasma um 40 bis 60 %. Die Reaktion ist nicht mit dem amphetaminbedingten Anstieg von Körpertemperatur und Skeletmuskelarbeit zu erklären, da sie durch Vorbehandlung mit α-Methyltyrosin, Chlorpromazin, Haloperidol, Guanethidin und Reserpin nicht unterdrückt werden kann. Jedes der zur Vorbehandlung verwandten Medikamente löst selbst bei entsprechend hoher Dosierung eine Hyposiderämie aus. 4 Std nach einmaliger Gabe von 200 mg/kg α-Methyltyrosin vermindert sich der Eisenspiegel im Plasma um 55 %, nach 10 mg/kg Chlorpromazin um 11 %, nach 5 mg/kg Haloperidol um 28 % und nach 20 mg/kg Guanethidin um 50 %. Dieser Effekt ist am ausgeprägtesten mit einer Plasmaeisenverminderung um 69 % 20 Std nach Gabe von 20 mg/kg Reserpin. Als möglicher Pathomechanismus der arzneimittelbedingten Hyposiderämie wird die Wirkung der untersuchten sämtlich zentralnervös aktiven Medikamente als “non-specific stressfull agents” sowie der durch ihre toxische Konzentration in Gang gesetzte Entgiftungsmechanismus im RES diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Four hours following a single dose of 25 mg/kg of d, 1-Amphetamine in rats, a 40 to 60 % drop of plasma iron level occurred. This reaction cannot be explained by the Amphetamine-induced rise in body temperature and motor activity, since when pretreated with α-Methyltyrosine, Chlorpromazin, Haloperidolum, Guanethidin and Reserpin this was not observable. All the drugs applied for pretreatment in adequately high doses also induced hyposideremia. Four hours following a single dose of 200 mg/kg of α-Methyltyrosine, plasma iron level was reduced by 55 %, after 10 mg/kg of Chlorpromazin by 11 %, after 5 mg/kg of Haloperidolum by 28 % and after 20 mg/kg of Guanethidin by 50 %. The most pronounced effect (69 % fall) was obtained by 20 hour pretreatment with 20 mg/kg of Reserpin. As possible pathomechanism of the drug induced hyposideremia the applied drugs may be regarded as “non-specific stressfull agents”, or as another possibility, the detoxifying mechanism in RES induced by toxic concentrations of the applied drugs can be considered as responsible for this phenomena.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426042
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
    Maturation postnatale du tractus optique chez le Rat: Identification et quantification de la névroglie sur radio-autographies (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 466-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neuroglia ; Radio-autography ; Myelination ; Optic tract ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une étude, basée sur l'identification et la quantification histologique des cellules névrogliques, a été entreprise dans le tractus optique du Rat sur radio-autographies après injection de thymidine tritiée. Ce bilan a été effectué entre 2 jours et demi et 20 jours après la naissance. D'un point de vue qualitatif, trois catégories cellulaires peuvent être distinguées: les oligodendrocytes, euxmêmes subdivisés en trois classes (grands, moyens, petits), les astrocytes et d'autres varieties cellulaires parmi lesquelles la microglie. D'un point de vue quantitatif, les oligodendrocytes, en particulier les petits, sont largement majoritaires. En effet, sur toute la période examinée les oligodendrocytes représentent près de 81% de la population totale. Sur le plan radio-autographique, l'index de marquage prédomine dans la classe des moyens oligodendrocytes. Ces résultats sont discutés, notamment par rapport aux processus de myélinisation dont les phénomènes de gliose constituent le préambule direct.
    Notes: Summary A study based on the histological identification and quantifying of the neuroglia cells, was carried out in the optic tract of the Rat on radioautographs after injection of tritiated thymidine. The assessment was made two and a half days and twenty days after birth. Qualitatively speaking, three cellular categories can be distinguished: the oligodendrocytes, themselves divided into three sorts (big, medium., small) the astrocytes and other cellular varieties including the microglia. Quantitatively speaking the oligodendrocytes, in particular the small ones, are decidedly more numerous. In fact, over the whole period under consideration the oligodendrocytes represent nearly 81% of the total population. From the point of view of the radio-autography the labeling index predominates in the medium oligodendrocyte group. These results are discussed with reference in particular to the myelination process which is preceded directly by the phenomena of gliosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234473
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Electrotonic coupling between neurons in the rat lateral vestibular nucleus (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 255-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Lateral vestibular nucleus ; Giant cells ; Gap junctions ; Electrotonic coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Correlation of morphological and electrophysiological data strongly suggest that in rat, the giant cells of the lateral vestibular nucleus (L.V.N.) are electrotonically coupled. 1. in addition to “active zones” large terminals synapsing on the perikaryon and/or the main dendritic trunk of the cells bear “gap” junctions which are interpreted as low electrical resistance pathways between neurons. 2. electrical activity of the giant cells was recorded intracellularly as the vestibulo-spinal tract was stimulated. Graded antidromic stimulation produced graded antidromic depolarizations (G.A.Ds) in 69% of cells with high threshold axons. 3. the latency of the G.A.Ds was too short to allow for chemical transmission through afferents or recurrent collaterals. 4. collision experiments demonstrated that directly evoked spikes blocked the antidromic spikes but did not block the G.A.Ds which thus were accounted for by activation of cells others than the impaled ones. 5. lesion experiments indicated that afferent fibers from the spinal cord terminate exclusively in the dorsal part of the L.V.N. Since G.A.Ds were recorded all throughout the nucleus, they were not excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) from spinal afferents. 6. when the strength of the spinal cord stimulation was increased EPSPs were also generated but they were distinct from the G.A.Ds by their latencies, time course and maximum amplitude. 7. since no direct contact is observed between neurons it is inferred that, as in other documented cases, coupling between giant cells is mediated by way of presynaptic fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233330
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of nigro-neostriatal tract by degeneration silver method (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nigro-neostriatal tract ; Rat ; Survival time ; Fink-Heimer method ; Terminal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the morphological demonstration of the nigro-neostriatal tract, there might be some discrepancies between the results by the histofluorescence method and by the degeneration silver method. The present investigation was undertaken to fill the gap by using the modified Nauta Method (Fink-Heimer) to rats surviving for varying periods after unilateral destruction of the substantia nigra. With survival time of 2–3 days, the Fink-Heimer method could demonstrate evenly and densely distributed argyrophilic spheroidal granules in the ipsilateral caudate putamen. These degenerating granules might represent the terminal degeneration of the nigro-neostriatal tract and probably correspond to the result by the histofluorescence method. From 4 days on the terminal degeneration rapidly decreased in amounts or disappeared, leaving a moderate number of beaded coarse fibers, which remained till 2 weeks. The result indicates the possibilities that the degeneration silver method could also be applicable to the demonstration of amine fibers by choosing staining condition and survival time optimal to each animal species and fiber tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235022
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    Ultrastructural analysis of phospholipase a induced changes in membranes of synaptic regions in rat motor cortex (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 400-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Synapses ; Brain cortex ; Phospholipase A ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of purified Naja nigricollis phospholipase A on slices from motor cortex from rat brain was analysed at an ultrastructural level. Samples stabilized directly with glutaraldehyde were compared with samples incubated in buffer with or without enzyme. Plasma membranes of nerve terminals, synaptic contact regions and synaptic vesicles were the main parameters studied. As judged by the electron microscopic technique the synaptic areas show a high resistance to the enzyme treatment. The intercellular space of the synaptic cleft seems unaltered. At the highest concentrations of the enzyme an increased density is noticed at the presynaptic part of the membrane. The extracellular space widens and nerve terminals and mitochondria become distended with increasing enzyme concentrations. The membranes all through the tissue appear ruptured to small pieces and at the highest enzyme concentrations used, altered in their structural organization. Quantitative analysis shows that the number of synaptic vesicles per unit surface area decreases, while ruptures of the plasma membranes of nerve terminals increase in number with increasing enzyme concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233431
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  • 29
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    Normal plasma growth hormone levels in growth-retarded weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 18 (1973), S. 374-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Growth retardation ; Hypothalamus ; Dorsomedial lesions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions destroying the areas of the ventromedial (VMN) and dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic nuclei, respectively. Trunk blood was collected at sacrifice (Experiment 1 and 2∶ 31 days, Experiment 3∶ 14 days) for the determination of plasma growth hormone (GH) by radioimmunoassay. Rats with DMN lesions showed consistently normal to slightly elevated plasma GH levels while animals with VMN lesions showed significantly reduced plasma GH levels. Linear growth was reduced by both types of hypothalamic lesions but body weight gains and food intake were reduced only in the DMN lesioned rats. Carcass fat was greatly elevated in VMN lesioned rats, moderately elevated in one experiment in the DMN animals and normal in another experiment. These data confirm a previous hypothesis that growth retardation in DMN rats is not due to low circulating GH level but rather represents a hypocaloric-type dwarfism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239106
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  • 30
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    Differentiation of principal cells of the rat lateral geniculate body into two groups; fast and slow cells (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 242-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Past and slow principal cells ; Recurrent inhibition ; Lateral geniculate body ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In urethane-anesthetized albino rats studies were made on mass potentials and/or unit activities of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) in response to single shock stimulation of optic tract (OT) and visual cortex (VC). The previous finding that LGB mass responses to stimulation of the optic nerve comprise at least two postsynaptic waves (r1 and r2) with different peak times was confirmed by OT stimulation. It was found that the r1 wave had a lower threshold and a more rapid recovery process than the r2 wave. Unit responses of principal (P) cells to maximal OT stimulation consisted of short-latency, single spikes (initial spike, IS), followed by long-latency, grouped discharges (late discharge, LD) repeated more than twice (LD1, LDr2 and so forth). Spontaneous discharges were almost completely suppressed after IS and each LD, suggesting that following these evoked discharges P cells underwent a phase of depressed excitability. The latency histogram of IS based upon 212 P cells had two peaks well-corresponding in time to the peaks of the r1 and r2 waves of the mass response, respectively. P cells were divided into the fast and slow groups according to whether their ISs occurred earlier or later than the trough separating the r1 and r2 waves. Typically, the fast cells had lower thresholds than the slow cells. The duration of the post-excitatory depression following IS and LD1 were shorter in the fast cells than in the slow cells. This same was found true with regard to the duration of depressed excitability following the antidromic firing. Examining the response patterns to OT stimulation of weak intensities, one characteristic difference between the two groups of P cells was found; the fast cells showed the IS without the succeeding LDs whereas the slow cells showed the LDs without the preceding IS. A discussion was made on functional significance of the differentiation of P cells into two types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234664
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    Ultrastructural study of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions produced by hypocholesterolemic Drug, AY 9944 (1973)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 185-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal Inclusions ; Cerebrum ; Cholesterol Inhibitor ; Rat ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneal injections of a hypocholesterolemic drug, AY9944 produced neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the brain of Wistar strain of rats. The inclusions were numerous and larger in size in the younger age groups but gradually decreased in number and size after 30 days of age. Only a few small inclusions were seen in rats of 35 days of age or older, in spite of continuous injection of the drug. Inclusions gradually decreased in number after discontinuation of the drug in a relatively younger age group. Injection of the drug in adult rats produced only a few small neuronal inclusions. Ultrastructurally, concentrical lamellar structures were the predominant ones in younger age groups but other types of inclusions were seen in older animals and those receiving lesser amounts of the drug or those which were examined after discontinuation of the drug. This observation suggests that morphologically different inclusions can be formed by basically the same treatment if there is any difference in the metabolic activity of the target cell or the amounts of the drug. Biochemical analysis of the sterols revealed a consistently high level of 7-dehydrocholesterol up to 69 days of age, when AY9944 was administered continuously, despite the fact that there was a decrease in the number and size of the abnormal neuronal inclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684428
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  • 32
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    Ultrastructure of herpes simplex virus infection of the nervous system of mice (1973)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex Virus ; Ultrastructure ; Viral Infection ; Virus-Host Interaction ; Nervous System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nervous system and small intestine of mice infected with herpes simplex virus were examined by electron microscopy from the viewpoint of virus-host interaction. The host cells examined included the neuron, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and Schwann cell. The susceptibility of the latter was not less than that of the neuron. The endothelial cell, perineural fibrocyte and smooth muscle cell were also host cells. Replication of herpes virus in the nervous system was proven to be identical to that occurringin vitro; initial reproduction of nucleocapsids in the nucleus and subsequent maturation at the nuclear membrane with envelope formation, followed by discharge into the cytoplasmic reticular cavities and finally release from the host cell. Inconsistency in the distribution of virus particles and viral antigen was chiefly concerned with the host cell nucleus and the glial cytoplasm. Herpes virions, though few, were identified in the axons of peripheral nerves, and in the periaxonal space of myelinated fibres in the brain and the nerve ganglia. Virions were present in tiny vesicles in the perikarya or as naked particles. In the distal parts of peripheral nerve, there was marked dissociation in the amount of virions between Schwann cells and the axon. The significance of the endoneural space and the axon in the neural speread of infection is discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688077
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    Conditioned aversion to a preferred solution following methamphetamine injections (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Rat ; Conditioned Aversion ; Saccharin Solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Holtzman (Sprague-Dawley) rats which were injected in amounts ranging from 0.50–3.0 mg/kg i.p. of methamphetamine avoided a 0.1% saccharin solution which had been paired temporally with the injection, and drank water in a subsequent two-bottle choice situation under non-drug conditions. The aversion persisted for the duration of the experiment, which lasted and obtained whether the animals were fluid-deprived or fluid-satiated. Saline-injected controls, on the other hand, exhibited a 90% saccharin solution preference. Rats which received 0.25 mg/kg contiguous with the drug, or animals given 3.0 mg/kg paired with water, exhibited as extreme a preference for the saccharin solution as did the saline controls. It was concluded that neither a drugmediated taste quality change nor physiological cues associated with thirst were adequate axplanations for the avoidance behavior exhibited, but that the drug was perceived as a noxious stimulus at levels above 0.50 mg/kg under the conditions described above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414040
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  • 34
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    Acute effects of two tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC) on water intake in water deprived rats: Implications for behavioral studies on marijuana compounds (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ 9-THC and Δ 8-THC ; Water Intake ; Food Intake ; Body Weight ; Vocalization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Water intake was studied in water deprived albino rats at various time intervals after injections of two tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ 9-THC and Δ 8-THC) and solvents. The dose levels used were: 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg of Δ 9-THC and 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg of Δ 8-THC. The results show a clear, dose dependent inhibitory effect on water intake as compared to the controls. Reduced intake of food was seen at 1 day post injection. This effect was, however, significant only for the groups treated with 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of Δ 8-THC. A decreased body weight was also recorded after the drug treatment, especially with Δ 8-THC. With respect to cannabis-induced vocalization the data suggest an increased possibility of its appearance with increasing dosages of THC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429190
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  • 35
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    Behavioural effects of yohimbine administered intraventricularly in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 33 (1973), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Yohimbine ; Intraventricular Administration ; Rat ; Locomotor Activity ; Temperature ; Narcosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of yohimbine injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle on the behaviour of white Wistar rats was investigated. Yohimbine in low doses (1–5 Μg) produced excitatory effects but in high doses (20–100 Μg) it induced central depression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423061
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  • 36
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    The role of catecholamines in behavioral arousal during ontogenesis (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 253-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor Activity ; α-Methyl-Para-Tyrosine ; Reserpine ; l-Dopa ; Ontogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effect of catecholamine depletion on normal hyperactivity in the neonatal rat was examined. Both α-methyl-para-tyrosine and reserpine significantly depressed behavioral arousal at 15 days postpartum, the age of greatest excitability. Heightened activity could be restored in drug-treated animals by administration of l-Dopa. These results indicate that the ontogenetic hyperactivity effect is a result of accelerated catecholamine function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422515
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  • 37
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    Effects of lithium chloride on the activity of rats tested alone or in pairs (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Social Isolation ; Spontaneous Activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Group-housed rats, injected with an acute dosage of 3 meq/kg lithium chloride, were tested on an activity platform either alone or in pairs 20 min or 3 h after drug administration. Contrary to previous findings, rats administered lithium were less active than those treated with saline after both post-injection periods. However the activity of the saline control animals tested alone after 3 h was considerably less than that exhibited by the same group after 20 min. This activity difference, which could be interpreted as a lithium-social or lithium-time interaction, is more simply explained in terms of the effects of the social isolation occuring between drug administration and testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421214
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  • 38
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    Nonlinear changes in activity and emotional reactivity scores following central noradrenergic lesions in rats (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 313-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Catecholamine Hypothesis of Depression ; Animal Model ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two levels of permanent central norepinephrine depletion were obtained in rats by lesioning these neurons with small quantities of intraventricularly-applied 6-hydroxydopamine, and the effects of these lesions on a variety of standard tests of activity and emotional reactivity were studied. Both lesioned groups showed altered emotional reactivity; however, only the animals with less extensive lesions were hyperactive in running wheels, showed heightened shock-elicited aggression, were hyper-responsive to handling, and had a potentiated amphetamine-activation effect. It is suggested that these exaggerated behaviors reflected the sensitization and regeneration of partially lesioned noradrenergic circuits. These data are discussed in terms of the catecholamine hypothesis of depression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429467
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  • 39
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    Drinking behaviour and brain dopamine: Antagonistic effect of two neuroleptic drugs (Pimozide and Spiramide) upon amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced hypodipsia (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 33 (1973), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Neuroleptics ; Dopamine ; Drinking Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hypodipsia produced by injection of d-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.8 mg/kg) in rats, was partially antagonized by two DA-specific neuroleptic drugs, Pimozide and Spiramide, respectively. Pimozide revealed a maximal amphetamine-antagonistic effect at dose levels between 0.1–0.4 mg/kg. Hypodipsia could also be produced by Pimozide alone in doses greater than 1.0 mg/kg. Pretreatment of the apomorphine-induced hypodipsia with 0.05 mg/kg Spiramide also reliably counteracted drinking deficits. The interaction of water deprivation combined with the presence or absence of food in the test situation was also examined, but no effect was found. The possibility that perseverative rearing on the hind legs under d-amphetamine might interfere with drinking was tested with high vs. low drinking-tubes in the Pimozide-amphetamine experiments. There was evidence for a slight initial effect of drinking position, but the general form of the dose-response curve was not greatly altered. It was concluded that dopamine effects cannot easily be excluded from a role in the control of drinking, and that the primary role often accorded norepinephrine in relation to amphetamine effects should be re-examined with respect to the specific behavioural functions which are altered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437507
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  • 40
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    Dissociation de deux composantes du comportement chez le rat sous l'effet de psychotropes (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 77-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rearing ; Locomotion ; Exploratory Behaviour ; Psychotropic Drugs ; Anxiolytics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The “staircase” is a simple and rapid test and was used to study two components of exploratory behaviour in the rat. The scores of rearing and the number of steps climbed during three minutes were recorded. Various psychotropic drugs were tested, which modified these two parameters. Neuroleptic induced a parallel decrease of both, while benzodiazepines, meprobamate, amobarbitone and ethanol decreased the rearing at doses which left the steps climbed unchanged. At high doses, there was a parallel decrease of both parameters. Amphetamine, at lower doses, increased the rearing score alone. The comparison of the studied psychotropic drug effects with those of two muscle relaxants (by a comparison of the slopes of regression lines) suggests that either the observed benzodiazepine effects were only partly due to their myorelaxant action, or, that both myorelaxants have some anxiolytic action. The effect of amphetamine at low doses can be viewed as a demonstration of increased anxiety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429300
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  • 41
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    Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol induced inhibition of predatory aggression in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ; Predatory Aggression ; Rat ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits predatory aggression in rats. Increases in the degree of inhibition are obtained with increasing dosages of the drug. Although sex and strain of the subjects varied nonsystematically, inhibition of predatory aggression uniformly was found to be dose related. Readministration of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol did not effect motor activity measures at dose levels which inhibit aggression. Administration of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases whole brain serotonin, while norepinepherine is largely unaffected, indicating that the anti-aggressive effect may be mediated, in part, by serotonergic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419815
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  • 42
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    Effects of Δ1(2)-tetrahydrocannabinol on copulation in the male rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: δ 1-THC ; Copulation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mating behavior of 15 male rats was measured after treatment with δ 1(2)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and propylene glycol (vehicle). Administration of either 2 mg per kg or 3 mg per kg body weight of THC was followed by significant increases in latency to the first mount, latency to ejaculation, and latency to the first mount following ejaculation. No significant changes were found in the number of intromissions or mounts. The deterioration in sexual performance is interpreted as reflecting a decreased motivation to copulate under the influence of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429304
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  • 43
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    The effects of fenfluramine on fixed ratio responding (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; FR Responding ; Behavioural Tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments on the effects of fenfluramine on FR responding are reported. In Experiment 1 two rats were trained on an FR 10 schedule of reinforcement. After more than 30 h training, intraperitoneal injection of saline, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg fenfluramine were given. Disruption of the initial stages of responding was noted after 2 and 4 mg/kg, with complete disruption of responding in 1 animal after 8 mg/kg administration. In Experiment 2, 2 rats trained on an FR 30 schedule of reinforcement received chronic 15 days administration of 4 mg/kg fenfluramine. Disruption of responding was noted after the first administration. The degree of disruption lessened by the fifteenth day of administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429471
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  • 44
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    Intragastric self-administration of medazepam in rats (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Intragastric ; Self-Administration ; Benzodiazepines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A technique for intragastric self-administration in rats is presented. Intravenous self-administration of morphine was compared with intragstric self-administration during 6 consecutive days. There was no difference between the two routes in the total rate of injections. Medazepam was given for intragastric self-administration at three different doses (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/injection respectively) and compared with saline. There was an increased response rate at the dose 10 mg/kg/injection. Medazepam placebo solution (solvent alone) was also compared with medazepam 10 mg/kg/injection. Among the seven experimental rats, six responded higher on medazepam than on the solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413960
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  • 45
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    Effects of methamphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on schedule-controlled and adjunctive licking in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schedule-Controlled Behavior ; Adjunctive Behavior ; Licking ; Drinking ; Methamphetamine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of methamphetamine (0.03–1.7 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (3.0–30.0 mg/kg) were studied in a situation in which the same motor response, licking a water-filled tube, served as a schedule-controlled and as an adjunctive behavior. Rats responded under a 3-min fixed-interval (FI) schedule of food presentation in which the required response was a lick on the tube (schedule-controlled); licking also occurred following every food presentation (adjunctive). Adjunctive licking occurred at a high, steady rate, but schedule-controlled licking was emitted at a changing rate over time, characteristic of FI schedules. Both drugs had little effect on overall adjunctive licking, except for decreases at the highest doses, but there were changes in the pattern of adjunctive licking. Methamphetamine produced only decreases in schedule-controlled licking, but chlordiazepoxide produced dose-dependent increases. In general, the magnitude of drug effect on local rates of responding within the FI was related to control rates of responding within the same periods, but there were instances in which the magnitude of effect depended also on whether licking was adjunctive or schedule-controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429197
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  • 46
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    Effects of a gastro-secretory substance from hog pancreas (GSP) and gastrin on bile secretion of the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 345 (1973), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Gastrosecretagogue ; Gastrin ; Rat ; Bile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of GSP, a gastrosecretagogue fraction extracted from hog pancreas, on bile secretion has been studied in rats provided with a bile duct canula and compared with the effect of antral gastrin. GSP showed no effect on bile secretion, concentration and output of bilirubin and electrolytes in the bile. On the other hand gastrin is significantly increasing bile output, bilirubin concentration and output in the bile. No effect of gastrin on the excretion rate of sodium and potassium in the bile has been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587063
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  • 47
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    Hypoxic pulmonary steady-state diffusing capacity for CO and cardiac output in rats born at a simulated altitude of 3500 m (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 340 (1973), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity for CO ; Cardiac Output ; Oxygen Dissociation Curve ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats born in the low pressure chamber from sea level parents a higher hypoxic steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO was found as compared with controls of similar body weight. This difference could be explained by a difference in age or by an increase of blood O2 capacity. There was no difference in alveolar ventilation and alveolar-arterial O2 pressure differences, a lower cardiac output, no difference in arterial O2 tension, no difference in arterial O2 content but a decreased mixed-venous O2 content as compared with control rats measured at hypoxia. A shift of the standard blood O2 dissociation curve to the right was found in the simulated high altitude exposed rats. Calculated mixed-venous O2 pressure was not altered in these rats; since arterial O2 pressure was the same no difference in mean tissue capillary O2 pressure may be presumed as compared with control animals. The results suggest that the first generation of rats exposed to simulated high altitude for their whole life is not only less adapted than animals exposed in their youth (as described in previous work) but that the ability to promote the O2 transport in time of need in rats born in the low pressure chamber is probably even inferior to that of the controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592193
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  • 48
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    Myoglobin distribution in the heart of growing rats exposed to a simulated altitude of 3500 m in their youth or born in the low pressure chamber (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 340 (1973), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Myoglobin ; Heart ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reynafarje's (1963) spectrophotometric method was modified for the study of myoglobin concentration in rat hearts. The influence of age and body weight was evaluated and the age was found to be better correlated with myoglobin concentration than the weight. The influence of simulated altitude of 3500 m was studied in animals exposed to hypoxia at the age of about 34 days and in animals born in the low pressure chamber. In the first group a higher myoglobin concentration was found but only in the right ventricle, together with unilateral hypertrophy, as compared with control animals. In the group of animals born at simulated altitude a severe cardiomegaly developed which was most pronounced in the right ventricle. The myoglobin concentration in the hearts from this group was unchanged in the right ventricle and was lower in the left ventricle and septum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592192
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    Electronic Resource
    Morphologie und Funktion isoperistaltischer, ausgeschalteter Jejunalschlingen nach Rückverlegung in die Dünndarmpassage (1973)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 161 (1973), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Self-emptying loop ; Mucosal atrophy ; Small intestine ; Luminal nutrition ; Morphology ; Glucose-absorption ; Rat ; Selbstentleerende Blindschlingen des Jejunums ; Schleimhautatrophie ; Topische Ernährung ; Morphologie ; Glucoseresorption ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Möglichkeit und Ausmaß der Reversibilität einer Dünndarmschleimhautatrophie zu prüfen, wurden operativ ausgeschaltete, atrophische Jejunalschlingen nach Rückverlegung in die Dünndarmpassage morphologisch und funktionell untersucht. Ergebnisse: 1 Monat nach Rückverlegung hatte sich die Schleimhautatrophie zurückgebildet. Morphometrisch fand sich darüber hinaus eine Hypertrophie aller Wandschichten. Der Schleimhauthypertrophie entsprach eine Steigerung der Glucoseresorption.
    Notes: Summary Self-emptying blind loops of the small intestine in the rat were restored to functioning intestine in order to investigate the reversibility of mucosal atrophy. Results: 1 month after restoration of normal anatomical conditions atrophy was no longer demonstrable. In addition, the morphometric data indicated mucosal hypertrophy and increase in thickness of all layers of the intestinal wall. These changes were associated with a significant increase of glucose-absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855105
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Bildung gemischter Disulfide zwischen D-Penicillamin und Serumproteinen (1973)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 161 (1973), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: D-penicillamine ; L-cysteine ; Serum proteins ; Rat ; D-Penicillamin ; L-Cystein ; Serumproteine ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vitro-Untersuchungen zeigten, daß D-Penicillamin durch Serumproteine, in erster Linie durch Albumin, gebunden wird. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ist die Bildung gemischter Disulfide hierfür verantwortlich. Cystin, L-Cystein und andere Thiole sowie N-Äthylmaleinimid hemmen die Proteinbindung von D-Penicillamin. Verabfolgt man Ratten vor Injektion des D-Penicillamins L-Cystein, resultiert eine vorübergehende Erhöhung des Gehalts an freiem D-Penicillamin in Serum und in einigen Geweben, während die Ausscheidung mit dem Urin verzögert wird. Die theoretische und praktische Bedeutung der Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Studiesin vitro show that D-penicillamine is bound by serum proteins, mainly albumin; the formation of a mixed disulfide is the most likely explanation. Cystine, L-cysteine and other thiols as well as N-ethylmaleinimide were found to inhibit the protein binding of D-penicillamine. Administration of L-cysteine to rats prior to D-penicillamine brings about a transient increase of the amount of free D-penicillamine in serum and in some tissues as well as a delay in its urinary excretion. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01851452
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    Experimentelles Anastomosencarcinom (1973)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 333 (1973), S. 211-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Anastomosis ; Experimental Carcinoma ; Gastric Stump ; Nitrosoguanidine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das für die Magenkrebsforsehung bedeutsame Ergebnis unserer an insgesamt 100 Wistarratten durchgeführten Untersuchungen ist die Feststellung, daß im resezierten Magen der Versuchstiere nach oraler Gabe des unterschwellig dosierten Carcinogens Nitrosoguanidin in hoher Ausbeute (65,1%) Carcinome (Adenocarcinome) und Präcancerosen entstehen. Die malignen Veränderungen weisen im Hinblick auf Lokalisation und Wachstumsrichtung formale Ähnlichkeiten mit dem Magenstumpfcarcinom des Menschen auf: sie sind nahezu ausschließlich auf den Bereich der gastroenteralen Anastomose beschränkt und verschonen beim infiltrierend-destruierenden Wachstum den Dünndarm. Dieses experimentelle Carcinom im operierten Magen wird als Anastomosencarcinom bezeichnet; es erscheint als Versuchsmodell zum Studium des Magenstumpfcarcinom geeignet. Der Vergleich der cancerösen und präcancerösen Veränderungen der magenresezierten Tiere mit den nicht operierten Kontrolltieren zeigt einen hochsignifikanten Unterschied: Bei nicht operierten, jedoch mit einem Carcinogen behandelten Kontrolltieren trat ebenso wie bei operierten, nicht mit einem Carcinogen exponierten Tieren in keinem Fall ein Anastomosencarcinom und nur in einem Fall eine Präcancerose auf. Die Befunde beweisen, daß weder die Exposition durch das unterschwellig dosierte Carcinogen noch die Disposition durch Anlage einer gastroenteralen Anastomose als Einzelfaktoren für sich betrachtet ausreichend sind, um innerhalb der gewählten Versuchszeit ein Anastomosencarcinom zu erzeugen. Treffen beide Faktoren jedoch zusammen, so wird das Krebswachstum im Sinne einer Syncarcinogenese induziert. Die Art der gewählten gastroenteralen Anastomose (Billroth I oder Billroth II) ist ohne Bedeutung für die Häufigkeit des Anastomosencarcinoms. Im Hinblick auf die Pathogenese des Magenstumpfcarcinoms ergeben sich aus unseren Befunden, unter Respektierung der Prämissen des Analogieschlußverfahrens, folgende Feststellungen: 1. Der resezierte Magen ist im Bereich der Anastomose zur Carcinomentstehung disponiert. 2. Wenn zur Disposition die Exposition durch äußere Carcinogene tritt, so wird an dieser Stelle das Krebswachstum induziert.
    Notes: Summary 66 male Wistar rats, subjected to gastric resection according to Billroth I or Billroth II and subsequently exposed to Nitrosoguanidine as oral carcinogen, developed carcinomas and precancerous lesions at a rate of 65,1%. The tumours were characterized histologically as adenocarcinomas; they were almost exclusively localized in the region of the gastroduodenal or gastrojejunal anastomosis. The process of cancer development was completed within 17 to 31 weeks on continous administration of 120 mg/l of Nitrosoguanidine in the drinking water. 34 control animals either with intact stomachs subjected to the carcinogen or operated and kept under normal drinking water showed no cancer formation. Only one precancerous lesion (adenomatous hyperplasia) could be observed in the control group with intact stomachs. Trying to relate the present findings to the occurrence of gastric stump carcinoma in man the following conclusions can be made: 1. The operated stomach is predilected for cancer development. 2. Exposure of the operated stomach to an oral carcinogen induces carcinogenesis prevalent in the anastomosic region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01251063
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    The ultrastructural arrangement of thrombosthenin in glycerol extracted thrombocytes (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 557-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thrombocytes ; Thrombosthenin ; ATP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of glycerol extracted thrombocyte models was studied before and after incubation with ATP and under the influence of Salyrgan as inhibitor of contraction. The contractile system of the thrombocytes—thrombosthenin—consists of a spatial network of 50 Å wide thrombosthenin A and 100–120 Å wide thrombosthenin M filaments. At rest, the contractile system is arranged in a marginal zone. The ATP-induced contraction led to a concentric condensation of the network which resulted in a central cluster of cell organelles and at a later stage, disruption of the plasma membrane and release of the thrombocyte granules. All these changes which also occur during the formation of the hemostatic plug in vivo are therefore attributed to the reaction of the contractile protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572296
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  • 53
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    Corticotrophic cells in the rostral zone of the pars intermedia and in the adjacent neurohypophysis of the rat and mouse (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Mouse, rat ; Pars intermedia, rostral zone ; Corticotrophic cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the mouse, the rostral zone of the pars intermedia is almost exclusively composed of typical corticotrophic cells. They are located around and even within the neural stalk, at the level of transition between stalk and neural lobe. In the rat, the corticotrophic cells of the rostral zone are found in scattered islets among the MSH producing cells, and also in the neural lobe. In both the rat and mouse, these cells are in direct contact with various types of nerve terminals. Synaptoid contacts with aminergic and neurosecretory nerve fibers are observed. Furthermore they are also closely related to the hypophysial portal vessels. Following adrenalectomy, the cells located in the neurohypophysis always react more intensely than tose in the rostral zone. The functional significance of these corticotrophic cells which are subject to both humoral and neural regulation remains as yet hypothetical. Their participation in neurogenic stress response seems probable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307682
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    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative data on the fine structural organization of the palisade zone of the median eminence (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Granular vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to characterize different sub-zones in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence, quantitative ultrastructural parameters were applied to brains fixed in aldehyde-osmium tetroxide. The palisade zone has been subdivided in 4 successive sub-zones. Increasing numbers of granular vesicles (GV), especially those smaller than 110 nm, are observed from dorsal to ventral sub-zones. There also are more GV per unit area of nervous tissue in the perivascular than in the more dorsal sub-zones. The individual nerve profiles exhibit a larger size in the perivascular layer than in the more dorsal areas, whereas the number and size of nerve profiles devoid of vesicles diminish from dorsal to ventral. As a consequence more GV occur in the perivascular nerve profiles. In the GV containing nerve profiles the concentration of GV is, however, constant in the different sub-zones. A fluctuating size of the preterminal and terminal parts of the nerve fibres is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307683
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur funktionellen Morphologie des Tubero-hypophysären Systems der Ratte (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes in rat epididymis after vasectomy (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Epididymis ; Effect of vasectomy ; Spermatozoa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epididymal biopsies from rats that had undergone unilateral or bilateral vasectomies from one to eight months previously were compared with biopsies from their contralateral side or from normal controls to ascertain what ultrastructural changes had occurred. After vasectomy, spermatozoa appeared to dissolve in the lumen of the caput epididymidis and to be absorbed by the principal cells. About 5 weeks after vasectomy, numerous lamellar accumulations became apparent in the supernuclear region. Their resemblance to lysosomes or residual bodies was confirmed by an acid phosphatase reaction. After 10 weeks, similar lamellar and polymorphic accumulations on the contralateral side of animals with unilateral vasectomies indicated that resorption had also increased on the unligated side.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307438
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the fine structure of the protozoan Cyclidium, with special reference to the mitochondria, pellicle and surface-associated bacteria (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protozoa ; Bacteria ; Association ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Cyclidium, including the cilia, kinetosomes, pellicle, microtubules and kinetodesmal fibers is similar to that recorded for other ciliates. Of special interest is the attachment of rod-shaped bacteria within the longitudinally directed shallow surface folds of the protozoan. Both the bacteria and the surface of Cyclidium seem to possess an outer coating of a sticky substance which upon contact holds the bacteria to the protozoan. The bacteria appear to be attached by only a relatively small area of their surfaces. A dense substance appears within the alveolus of the pellicle at the regions of the attachment of the bacteria. The association of the organisms is probably a temporary one, and it is unknown whether either organism is benefited or harmed by the association. The position of the mitochondria in Cyclidium is unusual in that they all lie flattened against the inner membrane of the pellicle, usually in a position directly opposite to that of the attachment of the bacteria to the surface, thus being separated from the bacteria by only the outer cell membrane and the pellicle. Whether or not this close topographical relationship is of significance is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306587
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  • 58
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    The effect of salinity acclimation on the ultrastructure of the gills of Gammarus oceanicus (Segerstråle, 1947) (Crustacea: Amphipoda) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gill ; Gammarus oceanicus ; Salinity acclimation ; Ultrastructure ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acclimation to low salinity induces changes in the ultrastructure of the gill cells of the marine euryhaline amphipod, Gammarus oceanicus. The gills are composed of a single cell type. In 100% artificial sea water, these cells contain moderate numbers of mitochondria which are randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. The plasma membrane is extensively invaginated at the apical, lateral, and basal surfaces. Acclimation to 20% artificial sea water induces a further invagination at the apical cell membrane to form an elaborate apical labyrinth. The extracellular spaces between the folds in the basal cell membrane dilate to 1500 Å or more. Mitochondria are more abundant and in many cells they undergo a change in conformation. The mitochondria are crowded into thin leaflets of cytoplasm between the dilated basal invaginations or into the narrow space between apical and basal cell membranes. Consequently, they lie in close contact with the plasma membrane over much of their surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306588
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  • 59
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    Zur Feinstruktur des dorsalen Riesenfasersystems im Bauchmark des Regenwurms (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 351-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral giant cells ; Dorsal giant fibres ; Earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der segmental angeordneten Somata der dorsalen Riesenfasern im Bauchmark des Regenwurms Lumbricus terrestris L. (Günther, 1969) wird beschrieben und mit der Struktur anderer Neuronen von Vertebraten und Evertebraten verglichen. Die paarigen lateralen Riesenzellen (LRZ) sind im Gegensatz zu der unpaaren medianen Riesenzelle (MRZ) häufig multipolare Neuronen, die bis zu vier Faserfortsätze aufweisen können. Das perikaryale Cytoplasma zeigt helle und dunkle Areale. Organellen und andere Zelleinschlüsse finden sich ganz überwiegend in den dunklen osmiophilen Zonen und lassen regelmäßig eine bestimmte Anordnung erkennen. So ist häufig eine ringförmige Verteilung von Golgi-Feldern um den gelappten Kern vorhanden. Mitochondrien sind häufig in einem typischen „Axonhügel-Komplex“ angeordnet. Freie Ribosomen dominieren gegenüber membrangebundenen. Diese Neuronen sind reich an Glykogen, das oftmals ausgedehnte Felder einnimmt. Vereinzelt weisen die LRZ Faser-Soma-Synapsen auf.
    Notes: Summary The structure of the segmentally arranged somata of the dorsal giant fibres Günther, 1969) in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris L., is described. These neurones are compared with other neurones of invertebrates and vertebrates. The paired lateral giant cells (LGC) are often multipolar in contrast to the single unipolar median giant cell (MGC). Up to four fibres originate from each LGC. The dotted appearance of both these neurones (clear and dark perikaryal areas) is due to the regular distribution of osmiophilic strands of cytoplasm containing the majority of organells and other inclusions (e.g. endoplasmatic reticulum and ribosomes). The majority of ribosomes are not associated with membranes but are found scattered freely in the cytoplasm. A typical “axon hillock” with an accumulation of mitochondria is often found. The cells show large deposits of glycogen. Some of the LGC-somata have synaptic contacts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306591
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  • 60
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    Die Anordnung der Ommatidien in der Retina der Biene (Apis mellifica L.) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 567-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound Eye ; Apis mellifica ; Polarized light ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Ausrichtung der Rhabdome ist in der Bienenretina nicht konstant. 2. Die Anordnung der exzentrischen Zellen in der Bienenretina ist ebenfalls nicht konstant, und es läßt sich keine symmetrische Verteilung dieser Zellen nachweisen. 3. Die Morphologie der Retina wird im Hinblick auf die Orientierung der Honigbiene nach dem Polarisationsmuster des vom blauen Himmel reflektierten Lichtes diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. The orientation of the rhabdoms shows no regularity within the retina of the honeybee. 2. The arrangement of the eccentric cells is also irregular within the retina of the honeybee. 3. The morphology of the retina is discussed regarding the ability of the honeybees to orient according to the pattern of the polarization of light reflected from the blue sky.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02028393
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    Le Système Nerveux des Cténaires (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 223-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Nerve-net, Nervous concentration ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A subectodermal nerve-net is demonstrated in ten species of Ctenophores by means of either Methylene Blue vital staining or silver impregnation. There is no evidence of subendodermal nerve-net. The ectodermal nerve-net displays a characteristic polygonal pattern which is thought to result from morphogenetic events. Both bipolar and tripolar neurones occur. Three types of concentrations of nervous tissue are described: a) a high accumulation of nervous perikarya at the aboral sensory pole; b) a noticeable densification of the net along the eight meridional ciliary strands of every species, and around the lips of Beroidea; c) in the Cydippids Pleurobrachia and Hormiphora two thick strands of fibers and neurones interconnecting the aboral organ and the tentacles: the tentacular nerves. Ultrastructural evidence is given for the presence of nervous elements under and amidst ectodermal epithelial cells. Three features allow the recognition and characterization of neurites and neurones: a) numerous clear and/or granulated vesicles; b) microtubules in variable amounts; c) frequent and highly differentiated synaptic contacts. The very peculiar arrangement of the presynaptic elements is observed in all the species of Ctenophores so far studied. These synaptic contacts suggest chemical transmission in the nerve-net. On the basis of ultrastructural evidence the author refutes the nervous nature previously attributed to the ciliated cells of the meridional grooves. A parallel is drawn between nervous systems of Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307432
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  • 62
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    Electron microscopy of dental enamel: Analysis of crystal lattice images (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental enamel ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Crystallography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thin sections of rat incisor enamel were studied with the electron microscope. Fringe patterns having repeat periods in the range 3.1–8.2 Å were seen in individual enamel crystals. These images were interpreted as representing the resolution of corresponding planes in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice. The lattice spacings and interplanar angles were identified by comparing the observations with available data derived from X-ray diffraction analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307434
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    Ultrastructure of the pars distalis of the lizard Anolis carolinensis with special reference to the identification of the gonadotropic cell (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 293-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Pars distalis ; Lizard ; Gonadotropic cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five categories of granulated cells were distinguished by their ultrastructural features, and quantitative analyses were made of the pars distalis cells in normal and castrated lizards. The gonadotropin-producing cell was identified on the basis of its uniform distribution in the gland as well as from cytological changes resulting from castration. The secretory granules of the gonadotropic cell vary in size (100–500 mμ) and density, and lipid bodies are commonly present. Following castration, the endoplasmic reticulum proliferates, forming many small, rough-surfaced, dilated cisternae which do not coalesce greatly as in other vertebrate species. Degranulation is accompanied by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mitochondria and by the appearance in the cytoplasm of conspicuous clusters of microfilaments. The designated gonadotropic cell was the only class of secretory cell showing consistent changes following three weeks of castration. In addition to the uniformly distributed gonadotrope cell, two secretory cells occur mainly in the rostral half of the gland, and two in the caudal half. Tentative identification of the cell types is discussed in the light of available information on the localization of the hormones in the pars distalis of this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307205
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    Smooth muscle-like cells in ovaries of the hamster and gerbil (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Smooth muscle ; Hamster ; Gerbil ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle-like cells are present in thecae externae, corpora lutea, and interstitial tissue of hamsters and gerbils. The smooth muscle-like cells, as examined by electron microscopy, are fusiform with central nuclei; the cytoplasm contains numerous myofilaments, dense bodies, micropinocytotic vesicles, and dense accumulations of glycogen-like particles. In addition to the smooth muscle-like cells, fibroblasts and cells that have characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle are located in the thecae externae of both species. There is no ultrastructural evidence of innervation in the theca folliculi, corpora lutea, or interstitial tissue of either species. A possible function for the smooth muscle-like cells is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307055
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  • 65
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    Associations jonctions-organites cellulaires dans le foie néo-natal de souris (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 77-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intercellular junctions ; Neonatal liver ; Mouse ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours du passage de la vie foetale à la vie postnatale, on note, dans le foie de souris, l'apparition d'associations jonctions-organites cellulaires. Celles-ci cont de deux types: associations desmosomes-organites et associations nexus-organites. 1.Associations nexus-organites. Le long de la «gap junction» sont étroitement accolés, uni ou bilatéralement, divers organites: mitochondrie(s), subsurface cisterna(e), peroxysome(s) ou lysosome. Ces associations n'apparaissent qu'entre le 21ème jour de la gestation et le ler jour post-natal, période à partir de laquelle ils disparaissent au profit d'associations desmosomes-organites cellulaires. Un nouveau type de structure s'associe dans le foie aux membranes plasmatiques: il s'agit des saccules ergastoplasmatiques ou subsurface cisternae. 2.Associations desmosomes-organites. Dans ces complexes, les tonofilaments desmosomiques entrent étroitement en contact avec la paroi des organites cellulaires associés: mitochondrie ou peroxysome. Déjà présents au 13ème jour de la gestation, ces structures s'observent plus fréquemment à partir du ler jour post-natal. La signification de ces associations reste à déterminer, d'autant plus que leur présence a déjà été signalée dans de trés nombreux tissus. Quelques hypothèses sont présentées.
    Notes: Summary During the transition between the fetal and postnatal periods associations between cell junctions and cell organelles appear in the liver of the mouse. These associations are of two types: desmosome-organelle and nexus-organelle. 1.Nexus-Organelles Association. Unilaterally or bilaterally, various organelles — mitochondria, cysternae, microbodies or lysosomes — adhere tightly along the gap. These associations appear only between the 21st day of gestation and the first postnatal day. Thereafter they gradually disappear and are replaced by desmosome-organelle associations. Another type of structure — ergastoplasmic saccules or cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum — become associated with the cell membrane. 2.Desmosome-Organelle Associations. In these complexes the desmosomal microfilaments are in close contact with membranes of the associated organelles — mitochondria or peroxysomes. The associations, which exist as early as the 13th day of gestation increase after the first postnatal day. The significance of these associations remains to be ascertained, especially since they occur in many other tissues. A few hypotheses are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307059
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    Fine structural alterations with age in the fat body of the adult male housefly, Musca domestica (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fat body ; Housefly ; Aging ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fat body of the adult housefly is composed of two types of cells, the lipid-and glycogen-rich fat body cells and the oenocytes. A comparison of the fine structure of the abdominal fat body in 4-day old and 31–35 day old male houseflies indicated an increase in lipid and a decrease in glycogen content in the fat body cells of old flies. Oenocytes of old flies exhibit deteriorative alterations with an accumulation of secondary lysosomes. Both fat body cells and oenocytes in senile flies are ingested by hemocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306692
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    L'innervation du lophophore chez le Bryozoaire chilostome Electra pilosa (L.) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 217-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Electra pilosa ; Nerves ; Bielschowsky technique ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le trajet des grands nerfs de la couronne tentaculaire et la structure du collier nerveux péripharyngien dont ils se détachent, ont été précisés chez Electra pilosa par des imprégnations argentiques in toto selon la technique de Bielschowsky et par une étude d'ultrastructure. Chaque tentacule est innervé par quatre faisceaux nerveux, dépourvus d'envelope gliale, qui courent entre l'épithélium et l'assise collagène qui délimite le canal tentaculaire interne; trois sont rassemblés sous les trois rangées cellulaires épithéliales de l'arête orale du tentacule et le quatrième est médian-dorsal. Les cellules épithéliales orales-latérales, par leur forme pédonculée, par la densité de leur cytoplasme, par leur cil unique et par leur relation topographique et cytologique avec les nerfs tentaculaires sous-jacents, présentent des adaptations structurales telles qu'il parait probable qu'elles assurent une fonction tactile. L'examen du collier péripharyngien montre son caractère organisé et la complexité des connexions qui coordonnent l'ensemble des tentacules et relient le lophophore à d'autres secteurs de l'innervation.
    Notes: Summary The pathway of the tentacle nerves and the organisation of the peripharyngial nervous belt from which they arise, have been studied in Electra pilosa by silver stained whole mounts (Bielschowsky technique), and by ultrastructural investigation. Each tentacle is innervated by four nervous fascicles without any differentiated glial sheath, running between the epithelium and the collagen layer which surrounds the muscles and the peritoneal cells in the internal tentacle canal. Three nerves are gathered underneath the three rows of epithelial cells forming the oral edge of the tentacle. The fourth nerve is in medio-dorsal location. The oral epithelial cells show such ultrastructural adaptations in their general shape, in the density of their cytoplasm, in their ciliary apparatus reduced to a single cilium and in their close topographical and cytological relationship with the underlying tentacle nerves that it seems most probable they have a tactile function. The analysis of the pattern of the peripharyngial nervous belt shows a precise organisation and the intrication of the connections which coordinate the tentacles and link the lophophore set to other pathways of general innervation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306696
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    Suppression of somatotrophs in growth hormone injected rats (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 309-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary Gland ; Rat ; Somatotropin ; Cellular Response ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of somatotrophs to large doses of purified bovine growth hormone was examined in uninephrectomized rats drinking 1% sodium chloride in an attempt to prolong the action of the hormone. Growth hormone produced a triphasic response in the ultrastructure of somatotrophs. Uninephrectomy and salt alone induced no changes in somatotrophs as compared to unoperated animals consuming tap water. In the first phase (3 days) the cross sectional area of the cell increased, the size of the largest granule per cell as well as the number of granules per cell increased significantly. All these parameters then reached control level after 7 days of injections during a second phase. Suppression of somatotrophs by exogenous growth hormone was evident by 16 days (third phase) when the area of the cell, the size of the largest secretory granule as well as the number of granules per cell all decreased significantly. Somatotrophs apparently did not react to suppression by a lysosomal mechanism inasmuch as no increase in the number of lysosome-derived structures was seen even at 16 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307020
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    Ultrastructural aspects of mouse cecal epithelium (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 445-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cecum, Colon ; Mouse ; Glycocalyx ; Intestinal microorganisms ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the cecal epithelium of the mouse resembles that of more distal parts of the colon. A brief discussion is presented of the possible significance of apical cytoplasmic granules to the glycocalyx and of the close association of microorganisms with the lining epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306671
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    Fine structure of the adenohypophysis in immature sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 459-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Sockeye salmon ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis of juvenile sockeye salmon was investigated. Pituitary glands were collected from immature fish transferred experimentally to sea water and subsequently returned to fresh water. The rostral pars distalis contained three cell types: ACTH cells, prolactin cells, and non-secretory cells. The prolactin and non-secretory cells were joined together in the form of follicles by desmosomes and they both had cilia and microvilli projecting into the follicle lumen. Various follicular structures such as lumen, multivesicular structures, and peripheral basement membrane are discussed as possible sites of prolactin cell granule release. The columnar ACTH cells were found at the junction of the rostral pars distalis and the neurohypophysis. The cytoplasmic granules in these cells were characteristically separated from their limiting membrane by a clear space. Multivesicular structures were also found in association with this cell type. The caudal pars distalis also contained three cell types: one acidophil (putative somatotrop) and two basophils (putative thyrotrops and gonadotrops), all of which were similar to those described in adult fish. The pars intermedia contained only one cell type. They appeared to be active cells and were characterized by containing membrane-bounded granules similar to those found in the ACTH cells. Changes in ambient salinity had no apparent effect on any cell type described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306673
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    Fine structure of eyespots in tornarian larvae (Phylum: Hemichordata) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 89-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Larva ; Hemichordate ; Ultrastructure ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eyespots of tornariae of enteropneusts (Ptychodera flava from Hawaiian waters and an unknown species from southern California) were studied by electron microscopy. An ocellus is composed of two types of cells: sensory and supportive. The former is characterized by a bulbous cilium (with 9+2 axoneme) at its distal end, one or sometimes two arrays of microvilli from its sides below the cilium, and a basal axon. The latter features large, clear vesicles which presumably contained the reddish-orange pigment seen in the ocellus of a living larva. Five-day old tornariae of P. flava are positively phototactic. Both cilium and microvilli may function as photoreceptors. The tornarian ocellus studied is compared with eyespots of other invertebrates, and the evolutionary significance of its putative photoreceptors is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306706
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    La spermiogenèse d'Albula vulpes (L. 1758) (Poisson Albulidae) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 171-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Teleost ; Albula vulpes ; Flagella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La jeune spermatide possède un noyau arrondi, un diplosome proche de la membrane cellulaire auquel sont associées des formations paracentriolaires; une mitochondrie unique est disposée entre le diplosome et le noyau. Au cours de l'évolution de la spermatide, le noyau s'allonge latéralement, son grand axe étant perpendiculaire à l'axe flagellaire; la mitochondrie migre à l'extrémité latérale du noyau; le centriole distal donne un flagelle de type 9+0; le centriole proximal se prolonge le long du noyau puis sort de la cellule sous la forme d'un pseudo-flagelle. Le prolongement centriolaire est constitué de triplets classiques et de doublets d'un type particulier que nous avons appelés «doublets A–C». Les auteurs signalent la similitude des spermatozoïdes de cet Elopiforme avec les spermatozoïdes d'Anguilliformes ce qui serait en faveur de la proposition de Greenwood et al. de rassembler ces téléostéens dans le super-ordre des Elopomorphes.
    Notes: Summary The early spermatid possesses a round nucleus and a diplosome which is close to the cellular membrane and with which paracentriolar formations are associated; a sole mitochondrion is located between the diplosome and the nucleus. During the spermatid evolution, the nucleus is laterally elongated, its main axis being perpendicular to the flagellar axis; the mitochondrion migrates towards the lateral end of the nucleus; the distal centriole is extended along the nucleus, then leaves the cell as a pseudoflagellum. This centriolar extension is made up of regular triplets and of a particular type of doublets that we have called “A–C doublets“. The authors call attention to the similarity between the spermatozoa of this Elopiforme and the spermatozoa of the Anguilliformes. This observation favours Greenwood et al.'s proposition, to place these teleost into the super-order of Elopomorpha.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307031
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    Feinstruktur der Luteinzellen des Meerschweincheneierstocks während der Schwangerschaft und des Zyklus (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 525-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lutein cells ; Guinea pig ; Sexual cycle ; Pregnancy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstructur der Luteinzellen des Meerschweinchens während Schwangerschaft (15., 35., 45., 50., 55., 63. und 2 Tage nach der Geburt) und Zyklus (9, 14, 16, 20 Tage nach der Ovulation) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den aktiven Luteinzellen kann man konzentrisch um die Lipoidtropfen angeordnete Strukturen des agranulären endoplasmatischen Retikulum beobachten, die später durch Membranstrukturen des granulären endoplasmatischen Retikulum ersetzt werden. Die Mitochondrien sind rund und enthalten tubuläre Innenstrukturen, die Lipoidtropfen sind elektronenoptisch dicht. Während der Rückbildung des Corpus luteum setzt sich das endoplasmatische Retikulum aus ungeordneten Vesikeln und Tubuli zusammen, die Mitochondrien sind länglich oder verzweigt, die Lipoidtropfen elektronenoptisch hell. Die Bedeutung dieser feinstrukturellen Veränderungen in der Luteinzelle wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the lutein cells in guinea pigs corpora lutea of pregnancy (15th, 35th, 45th, 50th, 55th, 63th day and 2 days after birth) and during oestrous cycle (9, 14, 16, 20 days after ovulation) is described. During the active phase of the corpus luteum the formation of concentric whorls of agranular endoplasmic reticulum around lipid droplets is observed, but later the granular endoplasmic reticulum increases. In this stadium the mitochondria are round with tubulous cristae and the lipid droplets are increased in density. During the involution of the corpus luteum the endoplasmic reticulum does not form concentric whorls, the mitochondria are elongated, polymorphic, the lipid droplets have lower electron density. These ultrastructural changes in the lutein cells are discussed concerning the role of the cell organelles in the steroid synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306713
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    Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den Leydigzellen des Schweines während der postnatalen Entwicklung (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 207-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis interstitial cells ; Boar ; Postnatal development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Ontogenese der Hodenzwischenzellen des Schweins nimmt einen wellenförmigen Verlauf und läßt sich in 4 Phasen unterteilen. In der frühpostnatalen Proliferationsphase wandeln sich spindelförmige Zellen in polygonale Leydigzellen um. Dabei beginnt an einem Zellpol die Ausbildung des glatten endoplasmatischen Retikulums. Dieses Organell nimmt in der weiteren Entwicklung einen großen Teil des Zelleibes ein und bildet unregelmäßige Vesikel und konzentrisch geschichtete Zisternen. Es erfolgt eine Vermehrung der Mitochondrien, in ihnen entwickeln sich Tubuli. In der Phase der präpubertären Hypertrophie erreichen die Leydigzellen ihre größten Durchmesser (ca. 30 μm) und sind möglicherweise zu einer Steroidhormonproduktion befähigt. Da das glatte endoplasmatische Retikulum vornehmlich in der Zellperipherie, die übrigen Organellen bevorzugt im Zentrum liegen, sind die Zwischenzellen deutlich zoniert. Die Phase der präpubertären Regression ist durch ausgeprägte Zelldegeneration und Größenabnahme der überlebenden Zellen gekennzeichnet. In der Phase der pubertären Proliferation nehmen die Zwischenzellen erneut an Größe zu. Parallel hierzu vermehren sich Mitochondrien und glattes endoplasmatisches Retikulum. Beide Proliferationsphasen innerhalb der postnatalen Ontogenese werden durch das Auftreten zahlreicher Cytoplasmafilamente eingeleitet, deren Menge sich danach wieder verringert. Unabhängig von dem wellenförmigen Verlauf der Zwischenzellentwicklung ist die Ausbildung von Lysosomen, Microbodies, Mikrovilli, typischen Zellhaften und in der Zellperipherie gelegenen Polyribosomen. Die Leydigzellen sind von einer basalmembranähnlichen Struktur umgeben. Die Mitochondrien enthalten zu allen Zeiten durch elektronendichtes Material verkittete Tubuli.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of porcine testicular interstitial cells proceeds in a wave-like manner and may be divided into four periods. In the period of early postnatal proliferation fusiform intertubular cells change into polygonal Leydig cells. This process starts with formation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in one of the cell poles. Later the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant and consists of irregular vesicles and concentrically arranged cisterns. Mitochondria increase in number and develop tubular cristae. In the period of prepubertal hypertrophy Leydig cells reach maximal size (approx. 30 μm) and possibly may be capable of androgen biosynthesis. The cells of this period exhibit two different zones, since the smooth endoplasmic reticulum prefers the periphery, the other organelles, however, occupy the central region of the cells. The period of prepubertal regression is characterized by cellular degeneration and diminuation of the surviving interstitial cells. In the period of pubertal proliferation an increase of Leydig cell size is accompanied by multiplication of mitochondria and development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Both periods of proliferation are initiated by appearance of numerous cytoplasmic filaments which subsequently decrease in number. Interstitial cells of all periods studied exhibit the following features: They possess lysosomes, microbodies, polyribosomes, microvilli and are surrounded by a kind of basement membrane. Cell connections appear as tight junctions and desmosome-like structures. The mitochondria contain closely packed tubules joined by electron dense material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307479
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    An ultrastructural study of the synaptic densities, nematosomes, neurotubules, neurofilaments and of a further three-dimensional filamentous network as disclosed by the E-PTA staining procedure (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 239-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous tissue ; Specific structures ; Nematosomes ; Neurofilaments ; Neurotubules ; Three-dimensional filamentous network ; E-PTA Stain ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After the staining of nervous tissue with phosphotungstic acid in absolute ethanol (E-PTA), a selective opacification occurs at certain specific sites, while other structures, especially the plasma and intra-cellular membranes, remain electron-lucent. Among those selectively stained sites, our studies have been focussed on: (1) The dense synaptic material consisting of several presynaptic clumps, termed projections, an intrasynaptic dense line and a subsynaptic web from which fine fibrillar wisps extend into the surrounding ground substance; (2) Neurofilaments and neurotubules, the surface of which is bristled by numerous side-arms; (3) A microfilamentous network intertwines the neurotubules, the neurofilaments and the mitochondria in the dendrites and axon, and is also connected to the E-PTA dense undercoating delineating the inner aspect of the plasma membrane and to the fine wisps emanating from the subsynaptic web. A three-dimensional microfilamentous latticework is thus formed in the nerve cell processes; (4) Dense cytoplasmic inclusions, termed nematosomes, which are usually located in the ground substance of the perikaryon among or in the vicinity of clusters of ribosomes. Tiny microfilaments emanate from the peripheral strands of these bodies. The presence of basic residues in the chains of structural proteins of which consist the subsynaptic web and the nematosome is plausible, since the specificity of the E-PTA staining procedure for the detection of basic residues has previously been put forth. The occurrence of a three-dimensional microfilamentous network in the nerve cell processes led us to hypothesize that it plays a role in translocation of materials. It may provide the motive force for the axoplasmic transport, for instance, with the neurotubules, as well as, plausibly, with the neurofilaments, serving as attachment sites and guideways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307481
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    Ultrastructural studies of oogenesis in some european amphibians (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 387-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Urodela ; Yolk-formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oogenesis was studied in adult Triturus vulgaris (Urodela) with the electron microscope. The oocytes investigated ranged between 50 μm and 1600 μm in diameter. Two types of yolk platelet formation were found. Since both types involve the incorporation of high numbers of pinocytotic vesicles they are believed to be of an extraoocytic origin. On the basis of the order of their appearance they were named primary and secondary yolk. Five different types of vesicles were found, which participate in a variety of activities, such as yolk formation and the formation of the Golgi apparatus. They originate from four different sources, namely the nuclear membrane, the cytoplasm in connection with ribosome-like particles, the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane through pinocytosis. The results obtained were discussed especially with respect to differences found between the anura and the urodela, such as the presence or absence of cortical granules or equivalent structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307423
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    New types of endoplasmic reticulum in neurons of the paracervical ganglion of the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 505-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Paracervical ganglion (Rat) ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two new types of structure of the cytoplasm of an autonomic neuron were described: (1) Inclusions of the rough ergastoplasmic reticulum, which were named “ergastosomes”, contain finely granular material with moderately electron opaque staining with both glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and KMnO4 fixations. A short comment was made on the nature of the contents of the ergastosomes. (2) Tubular formations of endoplasmic reticulum were found in the axons and/or dendrites of the paracervical ganglion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306769
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  • 78
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    Electron microscopic study on the larval and adult corpus allatum of Oncopeltus fasciatus dallas (insecta, heteroptera) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 447-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus allatum ; Oncopeltus fasciatus ; Larvae ; Imagines ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The ultrastructure of the corpora allata of last larval instars and adults of Oncopeltus was studied. The unpaired gland undergoes submicroscopic alterations and shows signs of degradation in old animals. The organ is partly covered and penetrated by corpus cardiacum tissue. Axons with different types of neurosecretory granules form synaptoid contacts with the corpus allatum cells. 2. “Dark” and “light” gland cells can be differentiated on account of the degree of electron density. The former predominate during the last larval stage and in the young imago, the latter in mature males and females. It is highly probable that the “light” cells are the active (i.e. hormone producing) ones and the “dark” cells the inactive ones. 3. The active cells are characterized by rough endoplasmatic reticulum (often in whorls), small amounts of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and many multivesicular bodies. Abundant free ribosomes, a not particularly well developed Golgi apparatus, dense bodies, and cytolysomes are present in active and inactive cells. 4. The nuclei contain one to four prominent and variously shaped nucleoli, which show differences between adult males and females with respect to their location in the nucleus. 5. The corpus allatum cells of Oncopeltus are obviously engaged in extensive protein synthesis. Tangible structural indications for the manufacture of juvenile hormone were not observed. Possible sites of hormone release are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306717
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  • 79
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    Electron microscopic study of the substantia nigra and the strio-nigral projection in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 207-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Six bouton types ; Strio-nigral projection ; Bouton degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The normal ultrastructure of rat substantia nigra was investigated. Special attention was paid to the different types of boutons, and the mode of termination of the striatonigral connection was examined. Two different types of nigra neurons with deep nuclear membrane indentations were observed. The synaptic organization of rat substantia nigra is very complex. Six types of boutons, with many characteristics, could be differentiated: pleomorphicvesicle boutons (40%), elongated-vesicle boutons (10%), small-round-vesicle boutons (10%), large-round-vesicle boutons (20%), “clear-terminal” (15%) and dense-core-vesicle boutons (about 5%). Vesicle-containing dendrites were observed entering dendro-dendritic synapses. One to four days after large unilateral striatal lesions were made, a great number of degenerating boutons were seen in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, while the contra-lateral substantia nigra was entirely free of degeneration. The newly defined pleomorphic-vesicle boutons were found almost exclusively in the process of degeneration. The neuronal origin of the other bouton types is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307347
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of capillaries in the pecten oculi of the sparrow, Passer domesticus (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Bird ; Pecten oculi ; Capillaries ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pecten oculi of the sparrow consists of capillaries, pigment cells and a superficial membrane. Because of the loose structure of the first two components broad intercellular spaces occur in the pecten. The capillary wall consists of endothelial cells and a perivascular membrane. The bodies of the endothelial cells are flattened, while the plasmalemma of both their surfaces (basal and luminal) is strongly folded and forms numerous microfolds with an average thickness of 700 Å. The height of the inner microfolds is 1.4–1.8 μm, the outer microfolds measure 1.3–1.6 μm. They lie densely packed side by side and are separated by recesses of the capillary lumen ca. 500 Å wide. Due to this the surface of the endothelial cell is increased by approximately 20-fold. The adjoining endothelial cells abut or overlap with margins, and are joined by the zonulae adherentes. Pigment cells form numerous processes and microvilli. Some rest on the capillary walls, while others penetrate the superficial membrane of the pecten or fill the intercellular spaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307352
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  • 81
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    Electronic Resource
    Axon retraction following guanethidine treatment (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 439-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic neurons ; Axon retraction ; Guanethidine ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasa deferentia of rats chronically treated with high doses of guanethidine sulphate (30 or 60 mg/Kg/day i.p.) were examined using electron microscopic, fluorescence histochemical and pharmacological techniques. Counts of the axon population in segments of the proximal (urethral) end of the vas deferens showed a reduction to approximately 55% and 35% in the number of axon profiles after treatment for one week with the two dose levels respectively. In the same period only a few cell bodies in the hypogastric ganglion (from which most of the adrenergic innervation of the vas deferens arises) reached the stage of terminal degeneration. Although many axons showed some abnormalities, the number of axons observed in terminal stages of degeneration in treated tissue did not exceed, at any stage examined, the very small numbers observed in control tissue. Organ bath studies showed that the contractile response to transmural stimulation was lost fastest at the distal (epididymal) end of the treated vas deferens. These results have led to the conclusion that, in contrast to the degeneration of adrenergic axons produced by surgery or 6-hydroxydopamine, the sympathectomy produced by guanethidinein vivo involves theretraction of adrenergic axons prior to complete degeneration of the cell bodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347174
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  • 82
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of nerve terminals and muscle fibers in denervated crayfish muscle (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Crayfish ; Synapse ; Degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuromuscular junctions, muscle fibers, and intramuscular nerve branches in crayfish opener muscles denervated for periods up to 368 days were examined with the electron microscope. The majority of the denervated muscles responded to stimulation of the isolated distal part of the motor axon with electrical activity and contractions. The neuromuscular junctions and muscle fibers appeared normal in such preparations: synapses and synaptic vesicles were present in the nerve terminals, and the organization of filaments and tubules in the muscle fibers was not distinguishable from that in normal muscles. In some preparations denervated for a long time, and in others denervated by tying the motor axon close to the muscle, the motor axons showed physiological and morphological evidence of degeneration. Synapses, when present in such preparations, showed few synaptic vesicles, which were often clumped. Muscle fibers showed signs of degeneration. These observations suggest that isolated distal motor axon segments can remain alive for at least a year, retaining normal structure. As long as the motor axon is viable, the muscle remains normal in appearance, but if the axon degenerates, the muscle becomes abnormal. A trophic interdependence between nerve and muscle is probably involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307344
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  • 83
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural modifications of frog urinary bladder epithelium under the influence of hypertonic media (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder (frog) ; Epithelial cells ; Osmotic pressure ; Oxytocin ; Water permeability ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frog urinary bladder undergoes a marked increase in its water permeability when incubated in hypertonic media. Many similarities are found between this effect and the hydrosmotic action of antidiuretic hormone. The ultrastructural modifications of the epithelium observed under the influence of serosal hypertonicity (the intercellular spaces are dilated while the tight junctions remain closed) lead us to assume that the pathways of water movement across the epithelium could be the same in this case and in hydrosmotic response to the hormone. In contrast, when the mucosal medium is made hypertonic, the ultrastructure is differently altered: the intercellular spaces are closed, the tight junctions show small vesicles and numerous large vacuoles appearing in the cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307046
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  • 84
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    Electronic Resource
    A radioautographic study of the transport of 125I-labeled serum lipoproteins in rat aorta (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 223-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aorta, endothelium ; Rat ; Transport of serum lipoproteins ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transport of 125I-labeled serum lipoproteins through the aortic endothelium was studied by radioautography. Rat aorta and heart was perfused in vitro with a medium containing human very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), delipidated HDL apolipoprotein or rat HDL. In all lipoproteins more than 95% of the radioactivity was TCA precipitable and lipid radioactivity was from 2–4% in HDL, 4–6% in LDL, 7–15% in VLDL. After 18–60 min of perfusion and wash with unlabeled medium, most of the aortic radioactivity was TCA precipitable and the percent of lipid counts was similar to that in the original lipoprotein. Following perfusion with VLDL, LDL, or HDL the radioautographic reaction was seen over the endothelium, the subendothelial space and the inner media, and was separated by an unlabeled zone from the reaction present over the adventitia. Uniform labeling of the entire wall was found after perfusion with HDL apolipoprotein. The presence of silver grains over endothelial cells in regions rich in plasmalemmal vesicles suggested that these organelles participate in the transport of the labeled lipoprotein, as was shown for lactoperoxidase (Stein and Stein, 1972). The present data indicate that cholesterol may enter the aortic wall as a constituent of lipoprotein particles. Since an HDL particle carries less than 1/20 of the cholesterol present in a LDL particle, it seems that the lower susceptibility of the female to atheromatosis might be related to the higher ratio of HDL to LDL particles in the female serum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306609
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  • 85
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    Electronic Resource
    Extrinsic innervation of olfactory epithelium (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 315-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Frog ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory mucosa of frog has been studied at an ultrastructural level to confirm previous light microscope observations in regard to the presence, in the sensory epithelium, of nerve fibres not belonging to the first cranial nerve proper. It has been observed that both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres are present in the lamina propria and that eventually these fibres terminate inside the epithelium. Unmyelinated fibres usually contain dark core vesicles and similar content is seen in their intraepithelium terminals. Terminals containing only clear vesicles are also observed in the epithelium and they are believed to represent the terminals of the myelinated fibres. The significance of these ultrastructural findings is discussed in view of their functional meaning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307095
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural aspects of the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis in the caudal hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 513-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis dorsalis ; Hypothalamus ; Xenopus laevis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) of the toad Xenopus laevis is described. The nucleus is paired and located in the caudal hypothalamus, dorso-laterally of the caudal end of the paraventricular organ (PVO), and bordering the dorsal wall of the recessus mamillaris. Two cell types can be identified. They are both bipolar and contain dense-core vesicles. Their apical processes protrude into the lumen of the recessus mamillaris, and therefore they are considered liquor-contacting neurons. Because of the Falck-positivity of these cells (Terlou and Ploemacher, 1973) it is assumed that the densecore vesicles contain monoamines. Both cell types probably are sensory cells, although the possibility of their being secretory active as well, cannot be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307227
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  • 87
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    Elektronenmikroskopische Studien über eine extrazellulär auftretende Substanz in der Muskulatur des Insekts Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 541-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Insects ; Extracellular substance ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Stroma von Aorta und Retrocerebralkomplex sowie von verschiedenen Muskeln (Oberschenkel-, Mitteldarm-, Speicheldrüsen-, Samenleiter- und Eileitermuskeln), jedoch nicht im Stroma der Flugmuskulatur und des Herzschlauches, kommt eine fibrillär strukturierte Substanz (X-Substanz) von außerordentlich hoher Elektronendichte vor. In der Aorta, wo die größten Mengen an X-Substanz gefunden wurden, tritt besonders in den Muskelzellen älterer Tiere im Sarcoplasma und an der Plasmamembran eine körnige Substanz mittlerer Elektronendichte auf, welche auf Grund morphologischer Ähnlichkeit als Z-Material gedeutet wurde. Offenbar entsteht die X-Substanz, die in ihrer typischen Erscheinungsform nur extrazellulär beobachtet wurde, aus diesem Material. Da alte Tiere mehr X-Substanz aufweisen als jüngere, scheint es sich um die Abscheidung eines Altersprodukts zu handeln. Herkunft und Aussehen lassen ein langkettiges Protein vermuten. Muskeln, in denen X-Substanz vorkommt, enthalten auch viele Axone mit Neurosekreten; jedoch lassen sich bislang keine näheren Beziehungen zwischen diesen beiden Faktoren herstellen. Die X-Substanz wird offensichtlich vom Stroma weitertransportiert und wahrscheinlich von Blutzellen aufgenommen.
    Notes: Summary A fibrous substance (X substance) of exceptionally high electron density is found in the stroma of aorta, retrocerebral complex, and several muscles (leg, midgut, salivary glands, vas deferens and oviduct), but not in the stroma of flight muscles and heart. The aorta, where the largest amount of X substance occurs, shows within the muscle cells, especially of older animals, a granular substance of moderate electron density in the sarcoplasm and adjacent to the plasma membrane. On account of its morphological similarity this material is considered as Z material. The X substance, which in its typical appearance was seen only extracellularly, seems to be derived from this granular Z material. Since old animals show more X substance than younger ones, it appears to be an aging product. Its origin and appearance point to a protein with long chain structure. Muscles containing much X substance show many neurosecretory fibers. However, no tangible relationship between these two parameters has been established. The X substance is evidently transported by the stroma and probably taken up by hemocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307229
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  • 88
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    The ultrastructure of the sinuatrial ring bundle and of the caudal extension of the sinus node in the right atrium of the rabbit heart (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Rabbit ; Sinuatrial node ; Sinuatrial ring bundle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the sinuatrial ring bundle are smaller than the ordinary myocardial cells; they have a regular outline and a large content of myofibrils exhibiting distinct H-bands and M-lines. Rudimentary T-tubules are found. The cells are connected by frequent nexus junctions, desmosomes and regions of interfibrillar contact, both on the well developed intercalated discs and at the periphery of the cells. The cells in the cauda of the sinus node, which extends alongside the crista terminalis together with the right branch of the sinuatrial ring bundle, are irregularly outlined and have a highly variable diameter (1–10 μm). They occur in clusters of closely packed cells. The content of myofibrils is sparse and the fibrils exhibit no M-lines and only weak H-bands. No T-tubules are found. The cells are not connected by intercalated discs and no nexus junctions are found. Both tissues contain unmyelinated nerves and nerve fibres. Varicosities with mitochondria and vesicles are found in close apposition to the muscle cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307081
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  • 89
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    Electronic Resource
    The adrenergic innervation of the renal artery and vein of the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306611
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    The hypothalamo-hypophysial system in acipenseridae (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 461-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Acipenseridae ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophysis of sexually mature male and female Acipenser güldenstädti Brandt and Acipenser stellatus Pallas was studied light and electron microscopically. The recessus hypophysei lined with ependymal cells of two main types, “narrow” and “wide”, are in the center of the neurohypophysial “roots”. Processes from both cell types run radially to the basement membrane of the connective tissue layers abutting on the hypophysial intermediate lobe. Protrusions penetrating deep into the recessus hypophyseus are found in the apical parts of the “wide” cells. Pituicytes are rare in the neurohypophysis. The ultrastructure of both ependymal cell types and of the pituicytes is described. Nonmyelinated “Gomori-positive” (peptidergic) neurosecretory A1 and A2 type fibres and their terminals containing elementary neurosecretory granules (1400–1800 Å and 1000–1400 Å respectively) are the main structural elements of the neurohypophysis. Some “dark” and single myelinated neurosecretory fibres have been found. The adrenergic fibres (type B) were described earlier (Polenov et al., 1972a). The structural peculiarities of the neurohypophysis are discussed in functional and comparative-morphological terms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307364
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Unique sensory endings in rat muscle spindles (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 511-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Sensory ending ; Rat ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fine structural study of sternothyroid muscle spindles of young adult rat demonstrates the rare occurrence of unique nerve endings. These endings are situated in the juxta-equatorial region of nuclear-bag fibers, adjacent to the annulo-spiral sensory endings. They consist of a bundle of terminal axons less than 0.3 μ in diameter and appear to be disposed nearly longitudinally to the axis of the intrafusal fibers. Whereas, the annulo-spiral endings consist of a single axon, coiling around the intrafusal fibers. Transverse sections of these muscle spindles reveal these unique endings scattered around the muscle fibers, fitting into depressions on their surface. The innermost axons directly face the muscle surface and are separated by a narrow gap less than 200 Å in width. No Schwann cell process appears to be associated with these endings. From their unique multi-axonal composition, these endings are termed “bundled endings”. Investigations of developing muscle spindles show the occasional presence of a similar multi-axonal composition of sensory endings in perinatal rats. It is suggested that “bundled endings” are sensory in nature, carrying an immature feature over to adult life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307367
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Tagesrhythmische Veränderungen im Granulationsindex der juxtaglomerulären Zellen der Rattenniere (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 141-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular cells ; Rat ; Granulation index ; Diurnal rhythm ; Statistical evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Granulations-Index der juxtaglomerulären epitheloiden Zellen der Rattenniere unterliegt tagesrhythmischen Schwankungen, wobei die berechneten Werte in den Nachtstunden significant höher sind als in den Tagesstunden.
    Notes: Summary Marked diurnal changes occur in the granulation index of the juxtaglomerular cells in the rat kidney. According to the results the night values are significantly higher than those obtained in daytime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307054
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Scanning and transmission electron microscope studies on the sensory sucker papillae of the fish parasite Entobdella soleae (monogenea) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 471-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Touch receptors ; Sense organs ; Monogenean ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral surface of the posterior sucker of Entobdella soleae, a monogenean skin parasite of the sole Solea solea, is covered with more than 800 papillae ranging in size from 2.5–19 μm in diameter. The papillae are penetrated by nerves which double over themselves to form a stack-like array of lamellae running parallel to the surface of the haptor. No cilia or associated structures are present within these presumed sense organs and the papillae have no opening to the exterior. The much larger sucker papillae of a related species, E. hippoglossi, have been shown to have a similar ultrastructure. The possibility that the papillae may be contact receptors or strain receptors, providing proprioceptive information assisting the coordination of the attachment organ, is discussed and the papillae are compared with vertebrate touch receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307224
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural observations on the germ line of Xenopus laevis (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 41-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germ cells ; Xenopus ; Spermatogenesis ; Chromatoid body ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the male germ line in Xenopus laevis has been examined by electron microscopy. Findings have been compared to the parallel process in the female. Three structures unique to the germ line were found in both male and female cells: a fibrillar nuclear region free of DNA; largely proteinaceous masses of nuage material; and a chromatoid body. “Germ plasm” bodies of the egg and early embryo appear to represent a form of nuage material. The finding of a structure which can be identified as a chromatoid body in the female germ line is unique, as is its presence in sexually undifferentiated primordial germ cells. The chromatoid body in Xenopus, unlike that in mammals, does not persist in the spermatozoon. Instead, it dissociates into a series of coated vesicles during spermatogenesis. The chromosomal ultrastructure of meiotic prophase stages in Xenopus is similar in both sexes until diplotene, when male bivalents condense and enter meiotic metaphase instead of entering the extended lampbrush stage characteristic of the female. The multiple nucleoli present in gonia are lost at the onset of meiotic prophase, but no obvious mechanism for this process was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307077
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Modifications des cellules gonadotropes de la préhypophyse chez la ratte injectée de testostérone au cours du cycle oestral (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 63-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Gonadotrophic cells ; Cycle, influence of testosterone ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4-day cyclic adult female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate on diestrus 1 at 16:00 and on diestrus 2 at 10:00 respectively. Non-injected females served as controls. Autopsy was performed on diestrus 2 at 23:00, and on proestrus at 14:00 and 17:00 respectively. The blue Alcian-PAS staining was used to evidence FSH (β) and LH (γ) pituitary cells. In control animals and in diestrus 2 injected females only a small number of FSH cells could be detected on diestrus 2 at 23:00. This number increased markedly on proestrus at 14:00 and decreased on proestrus at 17:00. A similar evolution was observed in diestrus 1 testosterone injected females, but the number of FSH cells appeared higher at any stage of autopsy in these females than in diestrus 2 injected females and in control rats. In control females, numerous LH cells were observed on diestrus 2 at 23:00. The number of these cells was diminished on proestrus at 14:00 and still more at 17:00. On the contrary few LH cells were detected in testosterone injected females on the evening of diestrus 2. An increase of these cells occurred on proestrus at 14:00, followed at 17:00 by only a weak diminution as established by comparison with control animals. An inhibition of FSH release and a suppression of the proestrus surge of LH were therefore supposed to cause, on one hand, the slowing up of follicular growth observed in diestrus 1 injected females and, on the other hand, the blockage of ovulation noted in both diestrus 1 and diestrus 2 treated animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307078
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the pseudohermaphrodite rat testis (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testicular feminization ; Rat ; Leydig cells ; Sterility ; Androgens, Steroids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells of the pseudohermaphrodite rat testis are both hypertrophic and hyperplastic. The cytoplasm is characterized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is abundant and variable in form. Mitochondria are numerous and large with tubular cristae and occasional inclusions. Structural features of the Leydig cells indicate potential for increased steroid synthesis. The presence of large numbers of mast cells in the intertubular area is confirmed. Small seminiferous tubules lack advanced germinal elements. Additional connective tissue and myoepithelial layers produce a thickening of the limiting membrane. Some myoepithelial cells are atypical with an electron translucent cytoplasm and nuclei with dense peripheral chromatin. No spermatogenic cells beyond the cap phase of the spermatid are observed. The cytoplasm of Sertoli cells contains large lipid droplets and degenerating germ cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306674
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of pig tubal ova (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 103-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tubal ova ; Pig ; Mitochondria ; Annulate lamellae ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unfertilized ova of the pig are characterized by the first polar body situated in the perivitelline space. The metaphase chromosomes of the ova are found free in a cortical area, predominantly inhabited by the spindle fibers. Mitochondria show morphological changes in the form of swelling of their matrices. Frequently, the membranes of the individual cristae mitochondriales meet each other, forming meeting points, at regular intervals. The endoplasmic reticulum increases in quantity when compared with that of the pig follicular oocytes (Norberg, 1972b). The Golgi complexes are sparse and scattered. Occasionally, remnants of the end bulbs of the corona radiata cell processes occur below the surface membrane of the ova. Usually, the sperm-penetrated ova contain the first and the second polar body within the perivitelline space. Intranuclear annulate lamellae are observed within the male and female pronucleoplasm, and of particular interest are extended linear structures in one of the pronuclei. These structures may be considered as precursor stage in the formation of the intranuclear annulate lamellae. The parapronuclear cytoplasm is rich in organelles, especially the cytoplasmic annulate lamellae. In contrast to the scarcity of Golgi complexes in the unfertilized ova, many newly formed Golgi vesicles and lamellae reappear in the pronuclear stage. The zona pellucida displays ultrastructural changes following sperm penetration of the ova.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307399
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland of the freshwater and marine alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 145-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Alewife ; Salinity ; Release of hormones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the alewife the orohypophyseal duct, a remnant of Rathke's pouch, persists in adults as a tube passing from the rostral pars distalis to the pharyngeal region. Its lumen is not open to the buccal cavity. The prolactin cells are situated around the bifurcations of this duct in the rostral pars distalis. Contents from prolactin cells, such as granules, nuclei, mitochondria and Golgi structures were found in these bifurcations. These contents were indistinguishable from those of intact prolactin cells. Evidence of actual release into the duct was often noted. At the presumptive point of release, the cells lining the lumen separate and the contents, probably of an entire prolactin cell, are extruded. The cilia usually found at the point of extrusion arise from prolactin cells. The prolactin cells of freshwater fish were more heavily granulated than those from a marine environment. Prolactin cells of fish entering freshwater streams were not heavily granulated but showed evidence of increased activity. Granule size was not affected by salinity. The ACTH cells are arranged in bands along branches of the neurohypophysis in the rostral pars distalis. No differences in ACTH cells from fish of different salinities were noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311351
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the gonadal wall of the sea cucumber, Leptosynapta clarki (echinodermata: holothuroidea) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadal wall ; Holothuroidea (Leptosynapta clarki) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The holothurian testes (as well as ovary) consists of three layers arranged concentrically around a central lumen which contains developing germ cells. The outer coelomic layer measuring 6 μ in thickness contains ciliated squamous epithelial cells, smooth muscle processes, nerve tracts, and occasional pigment cells. Interior to the outer layer is a haemal sinus measuring about 3 μ and consisting of haemal fluid composed of collagenous fibers and electron dense particles. Coelomocytes are embedded in this extracellular fluid matrix. The inner germinal layer, measuring 9 μ at the thickest regions consists of germinal cells, squamous epithelial cells, and coelomocytes. Occasional coelomocytes within the haemal sinus and germinal layer of the testicular wall contain spermatids enclosed within cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting phagocytosis as one of their cellular functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307409
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The granule-containing cell somata in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat, as studied by a serial sampling method for electron microscopy (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 331-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Granule-containing cells ; Synapses ; Three-dimensional analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of 4 granule-containing cells, in a cluster within the rat superior cervical ganglion, was studied by a serial sampling technique for electron microscopy. The result shows that all the 4 cells receive one, or three afferent synaptic boutons from the preganglionic fibers impinging upon their somata, and a somatic efferent synapse exists at two locations on each soma of the 2 of these cells. The postsynaptic element of the efferent synapse is observed to be represented by non-vesiculated and vesiculated segments of dendrites, soma and a possible axon collateral of the adrenergic principal neuron of the ganglion. There is a remarkably constant development of the attachment plaque between the granule-containing cells themselves, representing 1.7–2.3% of surface area for each cell. The surface area exposed to the extracellular space (covered only by a basal lamina) varies from 0.1 to 2.3% of the total perikaryal surface of the 4 cells. A tendency is noted that those cells without efferent synapses possess a more extensive area exposed to extracellular space than those forming somatic efferent synapse to the postganglionic elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307410
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