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  • 1965-1969  (3,481)
  • 1890-1899  (2,182)
  • Organic Chemistry  (5,311)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (352)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 207-237 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth kinetics of heterogeneous populations of sewage origin were studied in completely mixed reactors of the once-through type at a high concentration of incoming substrate, 3000 mg/l glucose, and in systems employing cell feedback or sludge recycle at an incoming substrate concentration of 1000 mg/1 glucose. The recycle flow rate employed was 25% of the incoming feed flow, and the concentration of cells in the recycle was maintained as closely as possible at 150% of the cell concentration in the reactor. Studies were made at various dilution rates. Throughout these studies, batch experiments using cells grown at the various dilution rates were made to determine ks and μm values. As in previous studios using heterogeneous populations, the relationship between specific growth rates μ and substrate concentration S was represented better by the Monod equation than by any other which was tested. The growth “constants” μm, ks, and Y were found to fall in the same general range as those determined in previous studies in once-through systems operated at 1000 mg/l glucose. It was observed that cell recycle, even at the relatively low concentration factor employed in these studies, greatly enhanced the flocculating and settling characteristics of the cells.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 263-266 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot-scale process for the isolation of an aliphatic, amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed. A constitutive, partially irrepressible mutant was employed to give a high initial enzyme concentration. An existing laboratory isolation procedure has been scaled up and modified particularly by substitution of polyethylene glycol for ammonium sulfate precipitation as the first stage in the conversion of the fractionation to continuous operation. Full recovery of activity was achieved with the modification. The recovery of enzyme from a subsequent chromatographic stage was 85% and the maximum overall purification was 28-fold.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 293-321 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies on fermentation processes were made and a general equation of production rate was newly presented applying the kinetic theory on mierobial cell growth which was reported previously by the authors.l,2 Equations for product concentration in fermentation time courses were derived by developing mathematically the general equation of production rate, and characteristic properties of fermentation processes were clarified. Some examples of fermentations were analyzed kinetically using the new kinetic theory. The calculated values of product, and cell concentrations were in good agreement with the observed values.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for measuring the rate of heat production from a fermentation has been developed. The method is based on measuring the rate of temperature rise of the fermentation broth resulting from metabolism, when the temperature controller is turned off. The heat accumulation measured in this manner is then corrected for heat losses and gains. A sensitive thermistor is used to follow the temperature rise with time. This procedure is shown to be as accurate as previous methods but much simpler in execution. Using this technique, the rate of heat production during metabolism was found to correlate with the rate of oxygen consumption. Experiments were performed using bacteria (E. coli and B. subtilis), a yeast (C. intermedia), and a mold (A. niger). The substrates investigated included glucose, molasses, and soy bean meal. The proportionality constant for the correlation is independent of the growth rate, slightly dependent on the substrate, and possibly dependent On the type of organism growth. This correlation has considerable potential for predicting heat evolution from the metabolism of microorganisms on simple or complex substrates and providing quantitative parameters necessary for heat removal calculations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 323-335 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A steam sterilizable oxygen electrode for fermentor use is described. The electrode has a silver cathode, lead anode, phosphate electrolyte, and a membrane of a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer film (FEP.).The electrode has a linear response to partial pressure of oxygen from 1.5 × 10-2 to 103 mm Hg.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 337-348 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Penicillin amidase was extracted from Escherichia coli ATCC 9637, grown on phenylacetic, acid and glutamate, and purified by fractional ion with streptomycin sulphate, ammonium sulphate and polyethylene glycol, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purification factor was 100-200 × and the overall yield was about 115%. The enzyme was chemically attached to derivatives of cellulose and the kinetics of these insolubilized penicillin amidase preparations was investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 363-380 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of β-galactosidase attached to cellulose and DEAE-cellulose sheets arc described. Those insoluble enzyme derivatives obey the Michael-Menten relationship but, the measured kinetic parameters are very dependent on the flow conditions. The results of long-term stability tests are given.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 349-362 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Amyloglucosidase (EC. 3.2.1.3), partially purified from an Aspergillus species, was chemically attached to DEAE cellulose using the bifunctional reagent 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine. The action of the insolubilized enzyme derivative on dilute maltose and dextrin solutions was studied in a packed bed. A second and deeper bed was used to demonstrate the possibility of a continuous process for raising the dextrose; equivalents of “glucose” liquors of high concentration formed by acid hydrolysis of maize starch.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 383-391 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results achieved by the cultivation of the yeast. Candida lipolytica on gas oil are referred. By using a distillation fraction of gas oil distilling between 180-400°C, containing 10-20% of n-alkanes, the optimal condition for biomass production and deparaffination were estimated for various dilution rates and various amounts of gas oil in the medium. The main factor, which influences the yield coefficient by hydrocarbon fermentation is the polyauxie of the hydrocarbon substrate. The penetration of dispersed hydrocarbons into the yeast cell is demonstrated on electron micrographs and the velocity and reversibility of this process is estimated by using tritium-traced hexadecane.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Micrococcus cerificans strain was grown on simple media with n-hexadecane or gas oil as sole carbon sources. Samples of cellular material recovered from hexadecane or gas oil fermentations do not appear to differ significantly in their composition. The protein content varied from 68 to 75%. With the exception of sulfur amino acids the amino acid distribution compares favorably with the FAO standard reference protein.The biological value of cell protein recoveered from hexadecane fermentations was 67 (cascin, 70). In the case of gas oil grown cells, the cell material recovered had to be completely purified in order to improve its protein quality. After fully extraction of undersirable fraction with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus the biological value observed was 63.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 843-851 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous phased growth produces a culture in which most of the cells in the population are in the same stage of their development. The cell, thereby amplified by the size of the synchronous population, may be examined in the phased culture at any desired growth rate. Changes taking place in the cell after the cell cycle, i.e., post-cycle changes, may be examined by a modification of the procedure. Further systematic applications of the method permit a rational approach to problems of cell growth and metabolism.The phasing technique recognizes the cells as the fundamental unit for experimental investigation, and offers a great potential in the analysis of the cell throughout its cycle, a relatively unexploited field in cell physiology and fermentation. Experiments with yeasts and bacteria illustrate some of the applications and progress made so far.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 785-804 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physiology of Aspergillus nidulans strain 224 has been studied under conditions of batch- and glucose-limited chemostat-culture and the effect of different steady state growth rates and dissolved oxygen tensions (DOT) examined. Measurements of the specific activities of selected glucose enzymes, the extent of oxygen uptake inhibition by glycolytic inhibitors, and radiorespirometric analyses were made in order to follow the variations in glucose catabolism, which occurred under these conditions. Greatly increased activity of the hexosemonophosphate (HMP) pathway was found during: (i) exponential growth of batch cultures; (ii) at near maximum specific growth rates (μ = 0.072 hr-1) (DOT = 156 mm Hg); and (iii) at low DOT levels (〈30 mm Hg) (μ = 0.050 hr-1) in chemostat cultures. These changes in glucose eatabolism have been discussed in terms of the biosynthetic demands of the fungus under the influence of changing growth pressures. Preliminary studies also have been made of transition state behavior following stepwise alteration of the DOT. A new steady state was established after 4-5 culture doublings during which period an “overshoot” in HMP pathway activity occurred; these kinetics are indicative of a derepression of certain glucose enzymes. Low molecular weight phenols are synthesized during the exponential phase in batch cultures and these are further metabliized to a major secondary metabolite, melanin, at the onset of stationary phase conditions. The kinetics of tyrosinase production in steady state chemostats differs from those that might be predicted for an enzyme associated solely with secondary metabolism. A primary physiological role for this oxidase in Aspergillus nidulans has been postulated.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 853-862 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous culture in a cascade of vessels with the addition of supplemental nutrients to any stage permits adjustment of the physiological state of the culture in each stage to best achieve a desired performance goal. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in two-stage continuous cultivation was selected as a model system. With conditions in the first stage held constant- at a selected glucose concentration in the feed stream, dilution rate for the second stage was varied. Cell numbers, dry weight, glucose concentration, respiration coefficient, and titers of several enzymes were determined. The seed rate was defined as the ratio of glucose concentration in the feeds to stage 1 and to stage 2. At low seed rates, the calculated specific growth rate in the second stage was proportional to dilution rate. At higher seed rates, the specific growth rate based on dry weight behaved differently from that based on cell numbers, and the dependence on dilution rate was not linear.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 887-907 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The primary objective of this paper was to develop a mathematical description for the food chain, Because of the interdependence of the elements in this food chain, continuous oscillations among the variables are possible. A set of three differential equations was obtained to describe the above system in a continuously fed stirred tank reactor. The differential equations obtained were examined to characterize the possible types of solutions. A limit, cycle solution was obtained for some values of the system parameters.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 863-874 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high intensity light system (HILIS) was designed and constructed to define the environmental parameters affecting production of algae. The HILIS incorporates the basic concepts of an aerobic fermenter for heterotrophic cells with high intensity illumination for photosynthetic studies. Of nine parameters considered, temperature and light intensity studies using Chlorella 71105 have been completed. Total illumination was varied from 25,000 to 300,000 lumens (30 times intensity of sunlight as measured at earth's surface) in 7.7-1, culture. The effect of illumination upon growth was measured as cell concentration and total daily algal production when operating the HILIS as a continuous system at a dilution rate of 0.91 per day.Growth may be expressed as a long function of illumination. A maximum algal concentration of 25.5g/l., dry weight basis, was attained at 300,000 lumens.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 875-885 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Homogeneous technique facilitates the cultivation of large quantities of cells, reduces the risk of contamination by eliminating many manipulations, and makes practical the control of conditions such as pH and oxygen tension. Although most animal cells will not multiply in free suspension, certain cell lines have lost the requirement of being attached to a solid surface. These cells can be subcultured indefinitely but have some resemblance to cancer cells such as their abnormal karyotype. Certain cell linen developed from human embryonic tissue maintain their diploid character after repeated subculture and would seem to be ideal for the production of vaccines. However, strict regulations exist for viral products for human injection in that only cells taken from normal tissue and subcultured but once may be used.A microcarrier method in which cells adhere to DEAE-Sephadex beads permits a suspension culture which may be termed quasihomogeneous. The attached cells may be retained by sedimentation or by screening as the medium is replaced. Cell debirs from the original tissue is difficult to remove from microcarrier cultures; modifications of the trypsinization technique have alleviated but not solved this problem.Conditions for virus replication can be less critical than those for cell growth in that oxygen tension seems to have little influence on virus production. In cases where rate of virus production increases with specific growth rate of cells, homogeneous culture would have a advantage in maintaining a high cell mogeneous culture would have a valuble advantage in maintaining a high cell growth rate for a longer time. Some virus infections destroy cells, but others cause little change in cellular mteabolism except that virus is continually produced. The latter type can be conducted with a microcarrier in continuous culture with a virus titer exceeding 107 plaque forming units per milliliter for over 50 days with Rubella-infected BHK cells.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 909-909 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 911-926 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microorganisms were continuously cultivated in multistage column consisting of ten perforated plate sections to which medium and air were supplied concurrently from the bottom.At steady state the cell concentration in the various stages was gradationally differentiated from the bottom to the top in the direction of medium flow. RNA content per unit cell concentration at each sage was determined. The cells in the lower stages were higher in RNA content than those from the upper stages. Wash out was observed to occur in the column at dilution rates which do not result in wash out in a single stage chemostat system.A study of the flow characteristics revealed that the overall performance of the plate column was equivalent to that of a multistage system, when hole diameter and hole area to column cross sectional area ratio were properly selected. This was true even in highly aerated conditions. These results indicated that the perforated plates in the column hindred intermixing through the plates, and that each stage functioned as an independent stirred vessel. Industrial and research application of this type fermentor was discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 927-943 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a continuous column fermentor with a multiple staging effect is described. The column is divided into four compartments by horizontal perforated plates and is provided with a central agitator shaft driving an impeller in each compartment. A tube at the center of each plate forms a liquid seal around the shaft and also acts as a “downcomer.”The fermentor is normally operated with counter-current flow of gas and medium. Fresh medium is added to the top stage and product is withdrawn from the bottom.The effect of plate and agitator design on fermentor performance was studied in terms of factor such as oxygen transfer rate, gas holdup, and interstage mixing. By proper choice of the design parameters, the fermentor was made to approximate a perfect four-stage cascade in terms of reactor performance.Preliminary experiments were performed with air-water systems, but a more realistic picture of fermentor performance was obtained in experience involving propagation of Escherichia coli. Data for business and substrate concentrations in each stage confirmed the staging effect of the apparatus. The fermentor operated in a stable manner for periods of more than two weeks.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 967-985 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A description is given of the design and operation of high-power magnetic drives developed to enable shaft seals and glands to be dispensed within deepculture vessels, in tissue homogenizers, and in mixing and filling processes where sterility is essential. The drives operate at speeds of 300 to 2000 rpm in volumes of 300 1. to 10 ml with clearances up to 16 mm between the pole faces of the magnets.Two types of drive are described, one in which the driving and driven magnets form an integral unit on the lid of a vessel: such vessels are used for transporting material. To intiate stirring, it is only necessary to connect a motor directly, or through a cable-drive, to the magnetic-drive assembly. In the other type of unit the driving magnet is attached permanently to the driving motor. Locating pins on the base of the motor and corresponding sockets on the lid of the vessel ensure that when the motor is in position, the driving and driven magnets are located correctly in relation to one another.The design of these drives is based on the use of multipole, ceramic magnets. The advantages of their use in such units, compared with metal magnets, are discussed. Earlier magnetic drives are also discussed and explanations offered for the difficulties formerly met in scaling up.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 945-966 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multistage tower laboratory fermentor has been constructed consisting of eight compartments separated by sieve plates. Flow of substrate and air is concurrent from the bottom to the top of the column. It, was hoped that this system could be used to reproduce, simultaneously on a continuous basis, eight distinct phases of a batch growth curve. It was believed that the extent of batch curve simulation would depend upon the character of hydraulic mean residence time of broth in the column and in the individual compartments. The expected relationship did not occur. Rather it was found that growth in the column involved residence time characteristics not only for the fluid but also for the microorganisms, and for the growth limiting substrate. Depending upon the column operation, these could be distinct and different.The purpose of this investigation was to study the residence time distribution (RTD) of the continous (fluid) and dispersed (microorganisms) phases for model systems as well as for a yeast fermentation. Various degrees of flow nonideality, i.e., fluid blackflow and dispersed phase sedimentation, were noticed. The former seems to be due to interaction of the concurrent gas and liquid flow; it is particularly dependent upon void area of the sieve plate holes. Sedimentation is probably a function of plate design as well as cell size and density. It wa concluded that for a particular plate design the gas hold-up wass controlled by superficial air velocity and was the main parameter governing the differences between dispersed and continous phase(Rt1). This conclusion was supported by a computeraided styudy utilizing a mathematical model of fluid flow to fit the growth kinetics and cell distribution observed experimentally throughout the fermentor.Some advantages of foam control in the tower fermentor by surface active compounds are mentioned. Also, suggestions are made for carrying out fermentations that have two liquid phases, such as a hydrocarbon fermentation. The possibility of closely approximating plug-flow conditions in the multistage tower fermentor, a necessary condition for batch growth simulation, is discussed from a practical point of view.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1005-1010 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A flow cell photometer is described with automatic cleaning of the photometric cell, denasimetric separation of air bubbles and precipitates, and a constant sensitivity from 0 to 10 mg/ml of bacterial dry weight.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were performed on a cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane (HF-200, ABCOR Inc., Cambridge, Mass.) to test its efficacy in concentrating and purifying a crude enzyme (trypsin) preparation. Studies were also made to determine the influence of inorganic salts, pressure, and temperature on the rate of ultrafiltration for this membrane. The results showed reductions in the rates will be encountered due to the presence of inorganic salts. However, the reduced rates were still sufficiently high to make this method extremely attractive. Operating at filtration pressures above 75 psi at, 20 to 30°C for this membrane does not show any beneficial effect in terms of ultrafiltration rates. However, at 10°C there were continual increases in the filtration rates up to 100 psi. Concentration and purification studies with trypsin yielded a concentration factor of 8.35 and a purification factor 2.35. It was shown concretely that the purification of the enzyme was due to the passage of low molecular weight proteins (below 20,000) through the membrane. Enzyme activity slightly greater than 90% was obtained: 70% was found in the concentrate and 20% in the filtrate. It is concluded that membrane ultrafiltration is an ideal simple, rapid, and economical method for the recovery of biological active substances.
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  • 27
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1027-1032 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 28
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1011-1025 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of improvements have been made in a totally-automated antibiotic bioassay machine previously described. The new machine accepts unmeasured, untreated, opaque suspensions of fermentation beers three times faster (120 samples per hour) and supplies printed potencies sooner (in just over two hours). Whereas the original machine employed a self-cleaning filter and used disposable two milliliter beakers, this version involves a batch-dialysis scheme for effecting sample purification, and provides for automated cleaning of incubation chambers.In operation, a measured, portion of thoroughly-mixed fermentation beer is automatically diluted and transferred into one side of an incubation chamber, the two halves of which are separated by a dialysis membrane. The other half is filled with inoculated media. During the two hour incubation at 37°, dialyzable antibiotic limits growth of the inoculum in proportion to its concentration. After incubation, the turbidity of the inoculum is simultaneously read by an online computer and plotted on a strip chart recorded. The computer suplies printed potency values and sample identification on site, while the recording provides the operator with an analog record of turbidity. Fiber optics are employed in the turbidmetric readout, and an electric typewrite provides the printout.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1037-1041 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1043-1054 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mixed culture of methanol oxidizing bacteria has been cultivated on simple inorganic salts medium supplemented with methanol. Optimal growth occurred at 31°C, pH 6.0-6.3, and a methanol concentration between 1 and 2 ml/1, of medium. The maximum yield was 4.5 g dw/I and the mean generation time 3.2 hr.It was estimated that 41% of methanol carbon was converted into cell-carbon, and that 73% of the inorganic nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 417-426 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Utilization of n-heptane by a Pseudomonad was studied in pilot-size butch cultures. Optimal pH and temperature were determined by a factorial design and a medium based upon mineral uptake rates was formulated. High cell yields were obtained by volatilizing heptane in the incoming air and thereby achieving good hydrocarbon dispersion. Hydrocarbon carried by effluent gases was recovered and recycled. In cultures where pH is not controlled, decrease in the electrolytic conductivity of the medium was found to be indicative of viable cells and was used in monitoring bacterial propagation. If not checked, increase in salinity in pH controlled cultures was found to affect cell production negatively. Viscosity changes were not very significant. Heptane to aqueous medium ratio was found to affect oxygen supply to the system due to higher dissolved oxygen concentrations associated with hydrocarbons.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 719-724 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 725-730 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 731-743 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fairly general model of the biochemical oxidation, which takes into account the activity of microorganisms, is presented. Parameters of the model have been determined by fitting the model to available experimental data through the use of a straightforward gradient technique.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 745-756 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A temperature-synchronized, semi-continuous culture and monitoring system is described, with results from use of the system for autotrophically growing Euglena. Outflow from the culture vessel consists of measured samples taken automatically at 2-hour intervals and fixed for later counting. Inflow is by siphon feed, which restores the culture level after each sampling. The interpretation of growth curves obtained from such cultures is discussed from the viewpoint, of division synchrony and cell cycle studies, and some general comparisons are made between batch and continuous cultures for such studies.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1111-1123 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Streplomyces griscus var. X-2455 produces an antibiotic complex which is active in vitro against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and in mice against systemic infections caused by K, pneumoniae and D, pneumoniac. In view of the favorable chemotherapeutic index and the broad in vitro spectrum of crude concentrates, isolation of the pure antibiotic complex and the individual constituents was undertaken. The antibiotics referred to as Ho 5-2667, Ro 7-7730, and Ho 7-7731 can be differentiated by tle, ultraviolet light absorption spectra, and in vitro antibacterial activities. They all contain iron and may be classified as sideromycins.From antibiotic concentrates an antibacterially inactive substance was isolated and identified as N-acetyltyramine.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1125-1134 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The current knowledge concerning the biosynthesis of chloramphenicol is discussed. Cultures of Streptomyces sp. 3022a fed 14C-shikimie acid incorporated the label to the same extent into phenylalanine, tyrosine, and chloramphenicol. Of possible precursors of the phenylpropanoid nucleus of this antibiotic only p-aminophenylalanine and DL-threo-p-amino phenylserine specifically labeled chloramphenicol. On the basis of these results a pathway for the biosynthesis of chloramphenicol is presented. The lack of specific incorporation of 15N-nitrogen from a competitive feeding experiment in which both l5N-nitrate and 14N-DL-serine were fed to growing cultures suggests that both the amido- and the nitro-nitrogen atom present in this antibiotic are derived from a common pool. Studies on the enzyme, DAHP synthetase, show that in streptomyces sp. 3022a it is not subject to feed back inhibition by either phenylalanine, tyrosine, or chloramphenicol.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1247-1254 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Red kidney bean (Phascolus vulgaris) cells, derived from roof, callus, were grown in suspension culture in shake flasks and in laboratory fermentors using batch and continuous batch culture techniques. The medium contained casein hydrolysate, sucrose, inorganic salts, vitamins, and growth hormones. In continuous batch culture yields of up to 171 g wet weight, (8.5 g dry weight) per liter were obtained in 7 days. Organic nitrogen was used preferentially. Growth on nitrate was considerably slower than on organic nitrogen sources. Indole acetic and naphthalene acetic acids were not essential for good growth of the cells whereas kinetin and 2, 4-D were. The optimum pH for growth was about p11 4.5. The presence of amylase and peroxidase was detected in culture filtrates. Amylase activity was low in either the presence or the absence of starch in the medium. Peroxidase production could be related directly with growth of the culture. Maximum peroxidase yield, as measured by the guaiacol method and expressed as horse radish peroxidase, was 1.25 × 10-8 M.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1271-1284 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1255-1270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some results of our studios on transformation of steroids by mixed culture fermentation are presented in this paper. Arthrobacter simplex was paired in turn with each of the following: Streptomyces roseochromogenes, Curvularia lunata, Absidia coerulea, and Aspergillus ochraceus. The steroid substrates examined for multiple transformation were 16α-hydroxy-cortexolone, 16α-hydroxy-cortexolone 16,17-acetonide, 9α-fluorohydrocortisone, 9α-fluorohydrocortisone 21-acetate, and 9α-fluorohydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate. The effects of media, steroid substrate, and microbial interaction in a mixed culture on the induction and repression of steroid transforming enzymes were unique to each case studied. The reaction mechanism of the multiple steroid transformation was also found to vary from one mixed culture system to another. Two different reaction mechanisms were observed, namely, consecutive and parallel. In the former, one of the two enzymatic reactions always preceded the other, while in the latter, two different enzyme reactions occurred simultaneously, thereby giving rise to two different intermediates. Multiple transformation of steroids by a single step mixed culture fermentation has potential economic advantages.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1289-1290 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1285-1287 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the kinteic equations derived previously from a series of sophisticated batch and continuous alcohol fermentations by using a respiration-deficient mutant of baker's yeast is as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{dp} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{dp} {dt}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt}} = v_0 e^{ - k_2 p} \left[{{S \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {S {\left({K_s ^\prime + S} \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left({K_s ^\prime + S} \right)}}} \right]X $$\end{document} where dp/dt = ethanol production rate, v0 = specific rate of ethanol production at p = 0, k2 = empirical constant, K′s = saturation constant, S = glucose concentration, and X = cell mass concentration. The above equation was confirmed in the previous paper to fit, the brewing of “sake.”The temperature of the specific brewing is not always constant (10 to 18°C). The effect of temperature on v0 was assessed from the Arrhenius plot, assuming that k2 was independent of temperature. Values of dp/dt taken from the “sake” brewing data were rearranged, taking the temperature change into account. These datu, corrected for the temperature, were found to follow quite favorably the kinetic equation mentioned above. So far, a prediction of the ethanol production rate in practice was rectified to the extent of p = 19%.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 19-36 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic, studies were made on continuous cultivation applying the theory of microbial cell growth that was derived previously by the authors introducing the concepts of critical concentration and coefficient of consumption activity. General equations for microbial cell concentration for continuous cultivation in continuous-stirred tank and tubular type reactors were derived theoretically. Productivity of cell mass in continuous cultivation was analyzed kinetically and the behavior of mutant populations in continuous cultivation is briefly discussed.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This investigation used the glucose oxidase system to simulate oxygen transfer rate in fermentation broths. It was demonstrated that the fungal preparation contained sufficient lactonase activity so that D-glucono-δ-lactone did not accumulate and that the rate of production of gluconic acid was proportional to the oxygen uptake rate. Enzyme concentrations of 1.5-2 g/1 were found adequate to determine oxygen absorption rates in shake flasks while maintaining the dissolved oxygen concentration of low levels. The apparent Michaelis constant for oxygen, Km(O2), was found to be 27% saturation with air; this value along with experimentally determined uptake rates could be used to calculate dissolved oxygen concentration in lieu of using a dissolved oxygen probe. Enzyme concentrations of 5 g/l were sufficient to give linear acid production and low dissolved oxygen concentrations in a bench-scale fermenter with no foaming or enzyme deactivation. The method is considered more valid and easier to employ than previously utilized techniques such as sulfite oxidation. Extension of the system to evaluating aeration effectiveness and scaleup of fermentation equipment is discussed.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 37-51 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to increase the availability of the cell bound protein in Scenedesmus algae, mechanical, enzymatic, and chemical methods of degrading the cell wall structure were investigated.Mechanical treatment involved the use of a ball-mill. The algae suspension together with glass beads was milled in a water-cooled chamber equipped with rotating disks. The enzyme tested was a cellulolytic enzyme (Meicelase) and the chemical employed was hydrogen peroxide.In the ball-mill experiments a complete disintegration was achieved ina disintegrator, working with batches. Trails wwere also performed with a continuous disintegrator and the depedence of disintegration on bead size and flow rate was studied. The disintegration determined by microscropic cell count was compared to the increase of the pepsin digestibility.The meicelase treatment caused a slight increase of the pepsin digestibility, as measured after 3 hr pepsin incubation. No increase of the pepsin disgestibility could be detected with hydrogen peroxide treatment.After the ball-mill disintegration 95% of contaminating bacteria were killed and yields of extractable proteins were higher. The capacity of availble continuous ball-mills is such that they could be used on a pilot-plant scale and the energy cost of disintegration would be of the same magnitude as that of separation.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 53-65 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A synthetic waste (with glucose as carbon source) devoid of a source of nitrogen was purified in a laboratory scale pilot plant by a new modification of the activated sludge process. The process makes use of a separate carbon assimilation (oxidative assimilation) phase and an endogenous phase in which ammonia is added to a portion of the settled sludge and non-nitrogenous products stored in the cells in the assimilation phase are converted to protein. It was found that sludge so treated, when recycled to the assimilation tank, could carry out continuous oxidative assimilation of the waste. Various COD:N ratios were studied. At the highest, 70:1, 90% purificaton efficiency was achieved.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 11 (1969), S. 181-205 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous saccharification of Solka Floc (cellulose pulp) in single and four-vessel stirred-tank reactor systems has been possible employing enzymes obtained directly from submerged fermentation of Trichoderma viride QM 6a. Studies on the effect of modification of the solid substrate, enzyme stability, substrate concentration, and the influence of reducing sugar concentration on the rate of hydrolysis are reported. While susceptibility of substrate to digestion is not affected by heating alone, it is strikingly increased by heating plus grinding, or by grinding following heating. Batch and steady state continuous saccharification experiments have yielded more than 5% reducing sugar in the effluent with a dilution rate of 0.025 hr-1 at 50°C, at a substrate level of 10%. An average glucose concentration of 3.4% has been obtained in the effluent of a continuous saccharification using 5% substrate at the same dilution rate and temperature.
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  • 53
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    Liebigs Annalen 727 (1969), S. 219-221 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Diazocarbonyl Compounds, XXXI V I ). o-Quinone Diazides and o-Quinones as Dehydrobenzene InterceptorsSuitably substituted o-quinone diazides can be used to intercept arynes with simultaneous N2-elimination and formation of dibenzofuranes. o-Quinones add arynes in a Diels-Alder synthesis to form cyclic diketo compounds, which react with o-phenylenediamine to give the corresponding quinoxalines.
    Notes: Arine lassen sich mit geeignet substituierten o-Chinondiaziden unter N2-Abspaltung und Bildung von Dibenzofuranen abfangen. o-Chinone addieren nach Diels-Alder Arine zu cyclischen Diketo-Verbindungen, die mit o-Phenylendiamin zu den entsprechenden Chinoxalinen kondensieren.
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  • 54
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 231-233 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidative Degradation of 5,6-DimethylbenzimidazolePrior to carrying out tracer experiments used in the investigation of the biosynthesis of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (1) methods for its degradation had to be worked out. In order to identify all C-atoms, 1 had to be degraded by two procedures: The Kuhn-Roth degradation yields acetic acid and CO2. The acetic acid undergoes Schmidt degradation thus allowing the identification of C-5, C-6, and the methyl groups of 1. - The oxidation of 1 with K2Cr2O7 yields imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (4) which after decarboxylation gives imidazole and CO2. Thus C-2, C-8, and C-9 on the one hand and C-4 and C-7 on the other hand can be identified.
    Notes: Für Tracerversuche zur Biosynthese von 5.6-Dimethyl-benzimidazol (1) wurde 1 oxydativ abgebaut. Die Identifizierung sämtlicher C-Atome gelingt nur durch Abbau nach zwei Methoden: Der Kuhn-Roth-Abbau führt zu Essigsäure und CO2. Durch anschließenden Schmidt-Abbau der Essigsäure können C-5, C-6 und die Methyl-Gruppen von 1 identifiziert werden. - Die Oxydation mit Kaliumdichromat führt zu Imidazol-dicarbonsäure-(4.5) (4), deren Decarboxylierung zu Imidazol und CO2 die Identifizierung von C-2, C-8 und C-9 bzw. C-4 und C-7 erlaubt.
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  • 55
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    Liebigs Annalen 728 (1969), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular Structure Changes in Chemical Reactions, XXI 1 ). Deamination in the Bicyclo[2.2.l]-heptane SeriesThe deamination of bornyl- and fenchylamines is studied by gas chromatography. In contrast to norbornylamines the exo and endo compounds behave differently. A Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement is the main reaction in both cases. The resulting tertiary alcohol in the fenchane series is stereochemically mixed. Ring opening is considerable with endo amines but only slight with exo amines. The results are compared with those of the solvolysis in methanol of the corresponding tosylates.
    Notes: Die Desaminierung der Bornyl- und Fenchylamine wird gaschromatographisch untersucht; die im Gegensatz zu den Norbornylaminen bestehenden Verschiedenheiten von exo- und endo- Form werden festgelegt. Die Hauptreaktion ist allerdings in beiden Fällen eine Wagner-Meerwein-Umlagerung. Der entstehende tertiäre Alkohol in der Fenchan-Reihe ist sterisch nicht einheitlich. Eine Ringspaltung tritt bei den endo-Aminen erheblich, bei den exo-Aminen minimal ein. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen der Methanolyse der entsprechenden Tosylate verglichen.
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  • 56
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Azobarbituric Acid arid Alloxan AzineAzobarbituric acid (2) is formed as a by-product of the reaction between barbituric acid and carbamoylazide (H2NCON3), the main product being 5-aminocarbonylbarbituric acid. It is easily dehydrogenated by bromine water to give alloxan azine (3) which readily undergoes disproportionation yielding 2, diazobarbituric acid (1), and alloxan (5). 2 can be prepared in good yield by coupling diazobarbituric acid with barbituric acid in alkaline medium.
    Notes: Azobarbitursäure (2) tritt als Nebenprodukt der Reaktion zwischen Barbitursäure und Carbamoylazid (H2NCON3) zu 5-Aminocarbonyl-barbitursäure auf. 2 wird durch Bromwasser zu Aloxanazin (3) oxydiert, das leicht disproportioniert, wobei 2, Diazobarbitursäure (1) und Alloxan (5) entstehen. 2 wird in guter Ausbeute durch Kupplung von Diazobarbitursäure mit Barbitursäure in alkalischem Medium dargestellt.
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  • 57
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyanacetaldehyde Derivatives and Reaction ProductsThe reaction of malondialdehydedioxim (2) with aromatic diazonium salts or nitrous acid leads to derivatives 5 of cyanoacetaldehyde in a quite simple way. The hydrazones of these compounds can be converted into 1-substituted 5-aminopyrazoles 6.
    Notes: Ausgehend vom Malondialdehyddioxim (2) erschließt sich über die Umsetzung mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen oder salpetriger Säure ein einfacher Zugang zu Cyanacetaldehyd-Derivaten 5, von denen sich die Hydrazone in 1-substituierte 5-Amino-pyrazole 6 überführen lassen.
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  • 58
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 124-138 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Triazolylbenzoic Acids and Acylaminoquinazolones from Benzoxazinones and Curbohydrazideso(4-s-Triazolyl)benzoic acids 2 can easily be prepared in good yields from so-called acylanthranils with carbohydrazides in boiling ethanol. In hot benzene, the isomeric 3-acyl-amino-4-quinazolones 1 are formed from the same components. Both reactions proceed via amidrazones 11, which are formed by the reaction of the terminal hydrazide nitrogen atom with the oxazinone nucleus at C-2. - 3,4,5-Trisubstituted s-triazoles can also be made from N-substituted imidoyl chlorides with hydrazides. - s-Triazolo[4,3-a]quinolines of the type 18c are available by intramolecular condensation of certain triazolylbenzoic acids.
    Notes: o-[s-Triazolyl-(4)]-benzoesäuren 2 können präparativ einfach aus [Acylanthranilen] und Carbonsäurehydraziden in siedendem absolutem äthanol gewonnen werden. Aus den gleichen Komponenten bilden sich in Benzol die isomeren 3-Acylamino-chinazolone-(4) 1. Beide Reaktionen verlaufen über Amidrazone 11, gebildet bei der Reaktion des endständigen Hydrazid-Stickstoffs mit dem Kohlenstoff-Atom 2 des Oxazinon-Ringes. - Eine weitere Synthese für den 3.4.5-trisubstituierten s-Triazol-Ring ist mit N-substituierten Imidchloriden 7 und Hydraziden ausführbar. Bestimmte Triazolylbenzosäuren lassen sich zu s-Triazolo[4.3-a]chinolinen vom Typ 18c kondensieren.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 59
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 198-204 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Frog Venoms.Isolation and Structure of Pumiliotoxin CPumiliotoxin C, a base of the composition C13H25N, is isolated as the crystalline hydrochloride from the skin extracts of Dendrobates pumilio, a strikingly colored Panamanian frog. Complete X-ray analysis of this new venom by the so-called symbolic addition procedure establishes the structure as 2-n-propyl-5-methyl-cis-decahydroquinoline, a type of base, though related to coniine, is here reported for the first time as a natural product. The relative configurations of the four asymmetric centers are elucidated. In addition to this venom there are the congeners pumiliotoxins A and B, as well as further homologs and analogs which have also been isolated from the related frog Dendrobates auratus, and characterized by mass spectra.
    Notes: Aus dem Hautextrakt des in Panama vorkommenden, auffallend gefärbten Froschs Dendrobates pumilio läβt sich das gut kristallisierende Hydrochlorid einer Base Pumiliotoxin C der Formel C13H25N isolieren. Durch Röntgen-Strukturanalyse dieser Base nach dem „symbolischen Additionsverfahren“ (symbolic addition procedure) läβt sich zeigen, daβ es sich um einen zum ersten Mal in der Natur beobachteten, dem Coniin weitläufig verwandten Giftstofftyp handelt, nämlich um ein 2-n-Propyl-5-methyl-cis-decahydrochinolin, dessen vier asymmetrische Zentren in ihrer relativen stereochemischen Bezeichnung aufgeklärt werden. Neben Pumiliotoxin C leiten sich auf Grund der Massenspektren die Pumiliotoxine A und B sowie noch weitere aus dem verwandten Frosch Dendrobates auratus isolierte Basen von einem ähnlichen cis-Deca- oder Octahydrochinolin-System ab.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Constituents of the Horse Chestnut, VII 1). O-Isopropylidene Derivatives of Protoescigenin, Barringtogenol C,and their 21-Angelic (Tiglic) Acid and 28-Angelic (Tiglic) Acid EstersThe O-isopropylidene derivatives of protoescigenin barringtogenol C, and their 21-angelic (tiglic) acid and 28-angelic(tiglic) acid esters have been prepared by reaction with acetone/p-toluenesulfonic acid. The substances were isolated by column chromatography and their structures have been determined.
    Notes: O-Isopropyliden-Derivate von Protoäscigenin, Barringtogenol C und von deren 21- bzw. 28-Angelika(Tiglin)säureestern werden durch Umsetzung mit Aceton/p-Toluolsulfonsäure hergestellt, durch Säulenchromatographie isoliert und in ihrer Struktur bestimmt.
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  • 61
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 237-239 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses and Properties of Dithioamino Acid EstersFrom the previously unknown class of dithioamino acid esters three members have been synthesized: N-benzoyl dithioglycine ethyl ester, ∊-amino-dithiocaproic acid ethyl ester p-toluenesulfonate, and N-acetyl dithiophenylalanine ethyl ester. The syntheses have been carried out via the nitriles. The absorption bands of the C=S-group are at approximately 3100 Å and approximately 4500 Å (table 1). The proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the prototypic N-benzoyl dithioglycine ethyl ester (page 238) is consistent with its proposed structure.
    Notes: Aus der bisher unbekannten Gruppe der Dithioaminosäureester werden drei Vertreter dargestellt: N-Benzoyl-dithioglycinäthylester, ∊-Aminodithiocapronsäureäthylester-p-toluolsulfonat und N-Acetyl-dithiophenylalaninäthylester. Die Darstellung erfolgt über die Nitrile. Die Absorptionsbanden der C=S-Gruppe liegen bei ca. 3100 Å und ca. 4500 Å (Tab. 1). Das Protonenresonanzspektrum von N-Benzoyl-dithioglycinäthylester (S. 238) entspricht seiner Struktur.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 62
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    Liebigs Annalen 725 (1969), S. 238-240 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3H-DesmethylphalloinA radioactive desmethylphalloin (2) is obtained by reduction of the CO-group of ketophalloidin (1) with 3H-containing NaBH4. It has almost the same toxicity as phalloidin (LD50=2.2 mg/kg body weight of the white mouse). As a consequence of the relatively high radioactivity (220 μCi/mg) 2 gives during storing a degradation product, which can be separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 or LH-20 using water as eluent, and whose UV-spectrum indicates a sulfoxide structure.
    Notes: Durch Reduktion der Ketogruppe des Ketophalloidins (1) mit 3H-haltigen NaBH4 wird ein radioaktives Desmethylphalloin (2) erhalten, das etwa dieselbe Toxizität wie Phalloidin besitzt. Infolge der hohen spezif. Aktivität (220 μCi/mg) entsteht beim Lagern aus 2 ein chromatographisch an Sephadex G-25 oder LH-20 in Wasser abtrennbares Zersetzungsprodukt, dessen UV-Absorptionskurve auf das Vorliegen einer Sulfoxid-Struktur hindeutet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Liebigs Annalen 726 (1969), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphorus Pentafluoride and Boron Trifluoride in Liquid TrifluoromethanePhosphorus pentafluoride and boron trifluoride form conducting solutions in liquid trifluoromethane. The adducts (CH3)3N·PF5 and (CH3)3N·BF3 and also the salts [(CH3)3NH] [PF6] and [(CH3)3NH][BF4], respectively, may be obtained from these solutions by addition of trimethylamine. Complex anions containing trifluoromethyl ligands are not formed.
    Notes: Phosphor(V)-fluorid bzw. Bor(III)-fluorid zeigen in flüssigem Trifluormethan elektrisches Leitvermögen. Aus den Lösungen lassen sich mit Trimethylamin die Addukte (CH3)3N· PF5 bzw. (CH3)3N·BF3 und die Salze [(CH3)3NH][PF6] bzw. [(CH3)3NH][BF4] gewinnen. Trifluormethylhaltige Komplex-Anionen werden nicht gebildet.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Liebigs Annalen 726 (1969), S. 36-41 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbenes Derived from Bicyclo[3.3.0]octaneBicyclo[3.3.o]octane derivatives with divalent carbon in position 2 show little tendency to undergo intramolecular insertion with formation of tricyclo[3.2.1.02,8]octane derivatives. The tosylhydrazone of 2-bicyclo[3.3.0]octanone (1) yields predominantly 2-bicyclo[3.3.0]octene (2). the tosylhydrazone 7 of 10 bicyclo[3.3.0]octene-4-one prefer intermolecular reactions 9formation of ether) and affords less than 10% fo 4-tricyclo[3.2.1.02,8] octene (8).
    Notes: Carbene der Bicyclo[33.30]octan-Reihe mit zweibindigem Kohlenstoff in 2-Stellung zeigen geringe Neigung zu intramolekularer Einschiebung unter Bildung von Tricyclo[3.2.1.02.8]-octan-Derivaten. Aus Bicyclo[3.3.0]octanon-(2)-tosylhydrazon (1) entsteht bei alkalisch thermischer Spaltung vorwiegend Bicyclo[3.3.0]octen-(2) (2). Bicyclo[3.3.0]octen-(1)-on(4) tosylhydrazon (7) weicht auf intermolekulare Reaktionen (äther-Bildung) aus und liefert maximal 10% Tricyclo[3.2.1.02.8]octen-(4) (8).
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  • 65
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    Liebigs Annalen 726 (1969), S. 77-80 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Preparation of AziridinesAddition of chlorine and acetonitrile to olefins yields dichloroimines 1. By methanolysis of 1, followed by acid hydrolysis, we obtained via the iminoesters 4 the β-chloroamines 5, which are easily converted into aziridines 3. It is not necessary to isolate the intermediate products.
    Notes: Eie Addition von Chlor und Acetonitril an Olefine ergibt Dichlorimine 1. Durch Methanolyse von 1 und anschließende saure Hydrolyse erhielten wir über die Iminoester 4 die β-Chloramine 5, die sich leicht in Aziridine 3 überführen lassen. Die Isolierung der Zwischenprodukte ist nicht erforderlich.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 66
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    Liebigs Annalen 727 (1969), S. 106-109 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses with Quinones in situ, VII 1). Preparation of 7-Dimethylamino-2-hydroxyphenothiazin-3-one7-Dimethylamino-2-hydroxyphenothiazin-3-one (4) is obtained for the first time by using 2-amino-5-dimethylanilin-thiosulfuric acid (1) as starting material. There are two different procedures, the second procedure allows the isolation of the intermediate indophenol.
    Notes: 7-Dimethylamino-2-hydroxy-phenothiazinon-(3) (4) wird auf zwei Wegen aus 2-Amino-5-dimethyl-anilin-thioschwefelsäure (1) erstmalig dargestellt. Bei dem zweiten Reaktionsweg läßt sich die Indophenol-Zwischenstufe isolieren.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Liebigs Annalen 727 (1969), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Novel Synthesis of AntamanidBy cyclization of the linear decapeptide phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-prolyl -prolyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-prolyl-prolyl-alanine (position 5 → 4 in formula 1,) with the help of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N-hydroxy-succinimide (DCC/HOSu) antamanid (1,) is obtained in a 36.5% yield.
    Notes: Durch Ringschluß des linearen Decapeptids Phe-Phe-Pro-Pro-Phe-Phe-Val-Pro-Pro-Ala (Stellung 5 → 4 in Formel 1) mittels Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid/N-Hydroxy-succinimid wird das cyclische Decapeptid Antamanid in 36.5 proz. Ausbeute erhalten.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Catalytic Conversion of Olefins, I If'). Synthesis of cis,trans-l.5-Cyclodecadiene and I,trans-4.9-Decatriene. Co-oligomerization of Butadiene with EthyleneButadiene and ethylene can react together in the presence of “naked nickel” or nickel ligand catalytic systems to give cis,trans-1,5-cyclodecadiene (4; in yields of up to 80%). The intermediate 1 rearranges thermally to cis-1,2-divinylcyclohexane (6). 1, trans-4.9-Decatriene (5) is formed preferentially from butadiene and ethylene at 100°. Other unsaturated systems may also be included in the co-oligomerization reaction.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von “nacktem Nickel” bzw. von Ligand/Ni-Katalysatoren können Butadien und äthylen zum cis.trans-Cyclodecadien-(1.5) (4) zusammengelagert werden (Ausbeute bis zu 80%). 4 lagert sich thermisch in cis-1.2-Divinyl-cyclohexan (6) um. Bei 100° entsteht aus Butadien und äthylen bevorzugt Decatrien-(1.trans-4.9) (5). In die Mischoligomerisation können auch andere ungesättigte Systeme einbezogen werden.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Diazocarbonyl Compounds, XXXIII1). Reaction of o-Quinone Diazides with Ethyl p-Nitrophenylacetate and p-Nitrobenzylcyanideo-Quinone diazides react with p-NO2-C6H4-Ch2-CO2C2H5 and p-NO2-C6H4-CH2-CN to 2-hydroxyphenylhydrazones of the related keto compounds (table 1). The substances 1-9 are indicators. The cyano compound 8 shows solvatochromy reaching over the whole visible spectrum. The colour of the solution is related to the ability of the solvent to solvatise protons.
    Notes: o-Chinondiazide reagieren mit p-Nitrophenyl-essigsäureäthylester sowie mit p-Nitrobenzylcyanid zu 2-Hydroxy-arylhydrazonen der entsprechenden Keto-Verbindungen (Tab. 1). Die Substanzen 1-9 sind Indikatoren. Die Cyan-Verbindung 8 zeigt eine über das ganze sichtbare Spektrum gehende Solvatochromie, wobei ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Lösungsfarbe und der Fähigkeit des Lösungsmittels, Protonen zu solvatisieren, besteht.
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  • 70
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    Liebigs Annalen 727 (1969), S. 228-230 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mesomeric Kations, I. Synthesis of S-Aryl-thiuronium SaltsS-Aryl-tetramethyl-thiuronium perchlorates (3) are synthesized by reaction of tetramethylthiourea with activated aromatic halogen compounds (2) or with substituted diazonium salts. The reaction of tetramethylchloroformamidinium chloride (4) with thiophenols also gives the compounds 3 in high yields.
    Notes: Zur Synthese von S-Aryl-tetramethylthiuroniumperchloraten (3) läßt sich Tetramethylthioharnstoff mit aktivierten Halogenbenzolen (2) oder mit Diazoniumsalzen arylieren. Außerdem führt die Umsetzung von Tetramethyl-chlorformamidiniumchlorid (4) mit Thiophenolen ebenfalls glatt zu den Verbindungen 3.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 71
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    Liebigs Annalen 728 (1969), S. 12-16 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Iodosobenzene dichloride with Symmetrical EthersIodosobenzene dichloride (1) reacts with symmetrical ethers 2 under exposure to light, yielding monochloroethers 3. The formation of 1,2-dichloroethers 9, which are formed by interaction of chlorine with ethers 2, is not observed. The reaction of 1 with 2 can be explained by means of a chain reaction of C6H5-I -Cl radicals.
    Notes: Phenyljodidchlorid (1) reagiert mit symmetrischen äthern 2 bei Lichteinwirkung zu Monochloräthern 3. Das Auftreten von 1.2-Dichloräthern 9, die bei der Einwirkung von Chlor auf äther 2 entstehen, wird nicht beobachtet. Mit einer Kettenreaktion über C6H5-J.-Cl-Radikale läßt sich die Umsetzung von 1 mit 2 zu Monochloräthern 3 erklären.
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  • 72
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    Liebigs Annalen 728 (1969), S. 36-43 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: I,2-Dithia-cyclopentenes, X V1). 3-Halogeno-I,2-dithiolium-compounds and Compounds with Positive Halogen3, 5, 9, 10 have been prepared from 3-halogeno-1,2-dithiolium-compounds and compounds with positive halogen. The 3-halogeno-5-amino-1,2-dithiolium-compound 13 does not react; that is interpreted by resonance structures of 13.
    Notes: 3-Halogen-1.2-dithiolium-Verbindungen mit Chlor oder dem Phenyl-Rest in 5-Stellung reagieren mit Substanzen, die „positives Halogen“ enthalten, unter Eliminierung von elementarem Halogen zu Verbindungen vom Typ 3, 5, 9, 10. Die 3-Halogen-5-amino-1.2-dithiolium-Verbindung 13 reagiert nicht; Mesomeriebetrachtungen erklären den Befund.
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  • 73
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    Liebigs Annalen 728 (1969), S. 64-87 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on Cyclohexenes, I. Synthesis and Reactions of 3-Amino-4-phenyl-cyclohexenes-(l), a Novel Class of AnalgesicsEthyl atropate (1a) and related alkenes (1b-e) undergo diene-(1.4)-cycloaddition reactions with the electron-rich 1-amino-butadienes-(1,3) 2a-e to give the stable, stereoisomeric 3-amino-4-phenyl-cyclohexenes-(1) 3a-i and 4a-i. The ratio of the isomers does not depend on the dielectric constant of the solvent used in case of 3r-dimethylamino-4c-ethoxycarbonyl-4t-phenyl-cyclohexene-(1) (3a) and 3r-dimethylamino-4t-ethoxycarbonyl-4c-phenyl-cyclohexene-(1) (4a). It however depends on the spatial requirements of the substituents of the alkene and diene (table 1). Structure of 3a and 4a have been established by NMR, mass and infrared spectra analysis and by degradation. - Assigned conformational preferences to 3a-i and 4a-i are confirmed by the hydrogenation rate of the cyclohexene double bond, by supra-annular effects and by the basicity constants of the hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated compounds. - All cyclohexenes 3a-i and 4a, e, g, i are active analgesics. The cyclohexanes 7-10, 17, and 22-25 have no or only weak analgesic properties.
    Notes: Atropasäureäthylester (1a) und verwandte Alkene (1b-e) gehen mit den Elektronen-reichen 1-Amino-butadienen-(1.3) 2a-e Dien-(1.4)-Cycloadditionen ein, die zu stabilen, stereoisomeren 4-Phenyl-3-amino-cyclohexenen-(1) 3a-i und 4a-i führen. Das Verhältnis der Isomeren ist beim 3r-Dimethylamino-4t(bzw. 4c)-phenyl-4c(bzw. 4t)-äthoxycarbonyl-cyclohexen-(1) (3a bzw. 4a) unabhängig von der Dielektrizitätskonstanten des bei der Addition verwendeten Lösungsmittels, jedoch abhängig von der Raumerfüllung der Liganden am En und Dien (Tab. 1). Die Struktur von 3a und 4a wird durch Massen-, NMR und IR-spetroskopische Untersuchungen sowie durch Abbau bewiesen. Mittels Konformationsbetrachtungen gewonnene Aussagen über den räumlichen Bau von 3a-i und 4a-i werden bestätigt vom Geschwindigkeitsverlauf der Hydrierung der Ring-Doppelbindung, von supra-annularen Effekten und den Basizitätskonstanten der hydrierten bzw. nicht-hydrierten Verbindungen. - Alle Cyclohexene 3a-i und 4a,e,g,i besitzen analgetische Aktivität; die Cyclohexane 7-10, 17 und 22-25 besitzen keine oder nur schwache analgetische Eigenschaften.
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  • 74
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    Liebigs Annalen 728 (1969), S. 115-143 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes of PorphyrinsThe preparation of a series of porphyrin metal complexes is described, and the widely varying spectra of porphyrin complexes are interpreted in terms of known and newly discovered facts. The salts of ms-tetrasubstituted porphins have recently been recognized as derivatives of alloporphins (6); similarly, the porphyrins of the hemin and chlorophyll series form olivegreen or brown allo-complexes. The constitution 8 hitherto assigned to all porphin complexes actually only applies to the red-normal complexes including oxyhemoglobin. Valence-tautomeric chromophores such as 11, 15, and others are to be considered for allo-complexes including hemin.
    Notes: Die Darstellung einer Reihe von Porphyrin-Metall-Komplexen wird beschrieben. Unter Berücksichtigung von bekanntem und neuem Tatsachenmaterial wird eine Deutung der unterschiedlichen Elektronenspektren der Porphyrinkomplexe gegeben. Ausgehend von Salzen ms-tetrasubstituierter Porphine, die als Alloporphin-Derivate (6) erkannt wurden, werden olivgrüne bis braune Metallchelate von Porphyrinen der Hämin- und Chlorophyll-Reihe als Allokomplexe aufgefaßt. Die bisher den Porphyrin-Komplexen allgemein zuerteilte Konstitution 8 gilt nur für die roten Normalkomplexe, denen auch Oxyhämoglobin zuzurechnen ist. Für die Allokomplexe, zu denen Hämin gehört, werden Valenz-tautomere Chromophore wie 11, 15 und andere angenommen.
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    Liebigs Annalen 728 (1969), S. 184-192 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N-Substituted Derivatives of Dehydroubietylamine and DehydroabietylguanidineThe following derivatives of dehydroabietylamine have been synthesized in order to investigate their antimicrobial activity: N-monoalkyl- and N.N-dialkyl-dehydroabietylamines; dehydroabietylguanidines, which are substituted at the N- or N′-atom by an alkyl-, substituted alkyl-, acyl-, amino- or nitro-group; dehydroabietylurea, -thiourea, salts of dehydroabietylisourea and -isothiourea, quaternary dehydroabietylammonium salts and 2-dehydroabietylamino-pyrimidine.
    Notes: Zur Untersuchung ihrer antimikrobiellen Wirkung werden aus Dehydroabietylamin dargestellt: N-Monoalkyl- und N.N-Dialkyl-dehydroabietylamine, am N- oder N'-Atom durch eine Alkyl-, substit. Alkyl-, Acyl-, Amino- oder Nitro-Gruppe substituierte Dehydroabietylguanidine, Dehydroabietylharnstoff, -thioharnstoff, Salze des Dehydroabietylisoharnstoffs und -isothioharnstoffs, quaternäre Dehydroabietylammoniumsalze und 2-Dehydroabietyl-amino-pyrimidin.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 76
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Compounds of the Groups IVa and Va, I. Alkoxytriphenylursine- and Alkoxytriphenylantimony HalidesThe reactions of tert.-butylhypohalities (2a and b) with triphenylarsine (1c) and triphenyl-antimony (1a) have been investigated an dht eproperties of the triphenyl-tert.-butoxyarsine-and - antimony halides (3a-d) formed have been examined.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von tert.-Butylhypohalogeniten (2a und b) mit Triphenylarsin (1c) un d-stibin (1a) und die Eigenschaften der dabei entstehenden Triphenyl-tert.-butyloxy-arsen - und -antimonhalogenide (3a-d) werden untersucht.
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  • 77
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 8-20 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Wagner- Meerwein Rearrangements in the Bicyclo[3.2.2rsqb;nonane Series I )Deamination of the epimeric 6-aminobicyclo[3.2.2]non-8-enes (6 and 7) and 6-aminobicyclo-[3.2.2]nonanes (8, X = NH2 and 9) mainly proceeds via a stereospecific rearrangement to yield exo-alcohols of hte bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane or bicyclo[4.2.1]nonane series with high stereospecifity. In addition, tricyclo[4.2.1.02.8]nonan-7-ol (10) was produced from the endo-amin 7. - In the presence of silver bromide 2-bromobicyclo[3.2.2]nonane (8, X = Br) rearranges to 2-bromobicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (2, Y = Br). - Both the dehydration of bicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-6-ol (1, X = OH) with phosphoric acid and the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of bicyclo-[3.2.2]non-6-ene (12) give rise to bicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-2ne (11, X = H). The reaction of 12 with an excess of monoperphthalic acid yields syn- and anti-bicyclo[3.3.1.13.9]decane (17). -The deamination of 2e-aminomethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octane (18 gives a mixture of alcohols consisting of bicyclo-[4.2.,1]nonan-3-ol (36), bicyclo[4.2.1]nonan-2-ol (3, Y = OH), bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-2-ol (2, Y = OH), and 2a-and 2e-methylbicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2e- and 2a-ols (20 and 19).
    Notes: Die Desaminierungen der epimeren 6-Amino-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonene-(8) (6 und 7) und 6-Aminobicyclo[3.2.2]nonane (8, X = NH2, und 9) führen stereospezifisch zu exo-Alkoholen der Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- oder Bicyclo[4.2.1]nonan-Reihe. Das endo-Amin 7 liefert daneben Tricyclo[4.2.1.02.8]nonanol-(7) (10). - 6-Brom-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonan (8, X = Br) lagert sich in Gegenwart von AgBr in 2-Brom-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan (2, Y = Br) um. -Die Dehydratisierung von Bicyclo[3.2.2]nonanol-(6) (1, X = OH) mit Phosphorsäure und die säurekatalysierte Umlagerung von Bicyclo[3.2.2]nonanol-(6) (1, X = OH) mit Phosphorsäure und die säurekatalysierte Umlagerung von Bicyclo[3.2.2]nonen-(6) (12) führen zu Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonen-(2) (11, X = H). - Aus 12 bilden sich mit überschüss. Monoperphthalsäure syn- und anti- Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonen-(2)-ol-(9) (14 und 15) sowie vermutlich 10-Oxatricyclo[3.3.1.13.9]decan (17). - Bei der Desaminierung des 2e-Aminomethyl-bicyclo[3.2.1]octans (18) entstehen Bicyclo[4.2.1]nonanol-(3) (36), Bicyclo[4.2.1]nonanol-(2) (3), Y = OH), Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanol-(2) (2, Y = OH) sowie 2a und 2e-Methyl-bicycol[3.2.1]octanol-2c und 2a) (20 und 19).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 78
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 52-63 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Ally1 Alcohols with Active Methine and Methylene Compoundsγ.δ-Unsaturated ketones 4 are intermediates in several syntheses of natural products. They may be obtained from allyl alcohols and β-keto esters. Novel synthetic approaches to γ.δ-unsaturated ketones 4 and the related compounds 12, 14, 16, and 18 are described (tables 7-10). The investigations lead to a new synthetic route for the preparation of the juvenile hormone (10).
    Notes: γ.δ-Ungesättigte Ketone 4, herstellbar aus Allylalkoholen und β-Ketoestern, sind Zwischenprodukte verschiedener Naturstoff-Synthesen. Es werden neue Synthesemöglichkeiten von 4 und den damit verwandten Verbindungen 12, 14, 16 und 18 (Tabb. 7 - 10) beschrieben. Die Arbeiten führen zu einem Herstellungsverfahren des Juvenilhormons (10).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Cyclopentadienones, XVII).1,4-Cycloaddition of Dibenzoyldiimide to CyclopentadienonesThe cyclopentadienones 2-7 and dibenzoyldiimide (1) give the corresponding 1,4-compounds 8-12. By heating in xylene the product 8 rearranges to the lactone 13. Reaction mechanisms are discussed.
    Notes: Die Cyclopentadienone 2-7 werden mit Dibenzoyldiimid (1) zu den entsprechenden 1.4-Addukten 8-12 umgesetzt. Erhitzen von 8 in Xylol liefert das Lacton 13. Die Reaktionsmechanismen werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 80
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 106-118 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese of Phosphinimine CompoundsA number of new phosphinimine compounds of s-triazines is obtained by the reaction of triamino-s-triazine (9) with triphenylphosphine and halogenes (table 1) or of trichloromelamine (17, table 2) or hexachloromelamine (26, table 3) with tertiary phosphines. The components react in the absence of dehydrohalogenating compounds. Only one reaction step is necessary for the formation of the products. All these methods give pure products in good yields.
    Notes: Eine Reihe neuer Phosphinimin-Derivate von s-Triazinen (Tab. 1) wird in einer Stufe mit groβer Reinheit und hohen Ausbeuten aus Triamino-s-triazinen (9), Triphenylphosphin und Halogenen in Abwesenheit von Halogenwasserstoff bindenden Verbindungen sowie aus Trichlormelamin (17, Tab. 2) oder Hexachlormelamin (26, Tab. 3) und tertiären Phosphinen erhalten.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 81
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 146-151 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Synthesis of 1,2-BenzisothiazolesA new method has been found for the preparation of 1,2-benzisothiazoles (1). The compounds are formed by reaction of dihalomethyl-2,6-dihalobenzenes with elementary sulfur and ammonia in a solvent.
    Notes: Es wurde eine neue Herstellungsweise für 1.2-Benzisothiazole (1) gefunden. Die Verbindungen entstehen durch Umsetzen von 2.6-Dihalogen-benzylidenhalogeniden mit elementarem Schwefel und Ammoniak in einem Lösungsmittel.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 82
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 184-192 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ubiquinones and Related Compounds, XV. Photochemical Reaction of Ubiquinone-7trans-Ubiquinone-7 (1) is converted to several compounds by irradiation of its ethanolic solution with sunlight. One of them, 2a, had been reported previously by us to be an isomer in which the β,γ-double bond of 1 has migrated to the α,β-position. 2a is reinvestigated and its correct structure found to be trans-γ-ethoxy-isoubiquinone-7 (chart 1). In methanol 1 gives the γ-methoxy compund 2b in the same manner. The configurations of α,β-double bond in isoubiquinone groups, 2a, 2b, 2c, and 8 were deduced from the n.m.r. spectra of the corresponding hydroquinone diacetates 3a, 3b, 3c, 9 (figure 1). The mechanism of the photochemical reaction is discussed (chart 2).
    Notes: trans-Ubichinon-7 (1) geht in äthanol durch Sonnenbestrahlung in mehrere Substanzen über. Eine davon, 2a, wurde früher von uns als Isomeres von 1 angesehen, in welchem die β-γ-Doppelbindung in die α.β-Position verschoben ist. Die Struktur von 2a lieβ sich jetzt als trans-γ-äthoxy-isoubichinon-7 richtigstellen (Schema 1). 1 ergibt in Methanol analog das Methoxy-Derivat 2b. Die Konfiguration der α.β-Doppelbindung in der Isoubichinon-Gruppe 2a-c und 8 kann durch die NMR-Spektren ihrer Diacetylhydrochinone 3a-c und 9 festgestellt werden (Abb. 1). Der Mechanismus dieser Photoreaktion wird diskutiert (Schema 2).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Natural Tannins, XLIII). (-)-Chebulic Acid from AlgarobillaChebulic acid (1, R = H) is prepared by acid hydrolysis of Algarobilla extracts. It has been shown to be the optical antipode of the acid obtained from Myrobalanes.
    Notes: Aus Algarobilla-Extrakten wird durch Hydrolyse Chebulsäure (1, R = H) abgespalten, die sich als das Spiegelbild der aus Myrobalanen erhaltenen Säure erweist.
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  • 84
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 246-248 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enol Ethers, VIII. Reactions of Aldehydes with Electron-rich Alkenes1-Dimethylamino-1-ethoxyethylene (1) and 1,1-dipiperidinoethylene (2) react with aromatic aldehydes 3 to give cinnamamides. Coumarines are obtained on reaction with salicylic aldehydes.
    Notes: 1-Dimethylamino-1-äthoxy-äthylen (1) und 1.1-Dipiperidino-äthylen (2) reagieren mit aromatischen Aldehyden 3 zu Zimtsäureamiden. Mit Salicylaldehyden erhält man in glatter Reaktion Cumarine.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of CH-Active Compounds with Azides, XXVII ). Syntheses of a-Diazo-imines und Isomeric 1,2,3-Triazoles and Their Conversion into a-Diazo-immonium Salts1-Anilino-3-oxo-indenes 6a-f are converted into 1-oxo-3-arylimino-2-diazo-indanes 8a-c or 1-oxo-3-aryl-3H,8H-indeno [1,2-d]triazoles 9d-f by diazo group transfer with p-toluenesulfonyl azide in ethanol/potassium ethoxide. Both classes of substances add mineral acids to form 1-oxo-3-arylimmonium-2-diazo-indane-salts 10a-f. Treatment of the immonium salts with potassium hydroxide yields the α-diazo-imines 8a, b, e and f. 8c hydrolyses to give 1,3-dioxo-2-diazo-indane; 8d, which changes largely to 9d by cyclisation, is accessible by thermal ringopening of the latter. 1-Anilino-3-oxo-cyclohexenes-(1) 12a-f are transformed into 4-oxo-1-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzotriazoles (14a-f) by diazo group transfer with high yields.
    Notes: 1-Anilino-3-oxo-indene 6a-f liefern bei der Diazogruppen-übertragung mit p-Toluolsulfonsäure-azid in äthanol/Kaliumäthylat 1-Oxo-3-arylimino-2-diazo-indane 8a-c bzw. 1-Oxo-3-aryl-3H.8H-indeno[1.2-d]triazole 9d-f. 8 und 9 addieren Mineralsäuren - 9 unter Ringöffnung - zu 1-Oxo-3-arylimmonium-2-diazo-indan-Salzen 10a-f. Mit Kaliumhydroxid erhält man daraus die α-Diazo-imine 8a, b, e und f. 8c hydrolysiert weiter zu 1.3-Dioxo-2-diazo-indan; 8d cyclisiert größtenteils zum Triazol 9d, ist aber durch dessen direkte thermische Isomerisierung zugänglich. 1-Anilino-3-oxo-cyclohexene-(1) 12a-f werden durch Diazogruppen-übertragung mit hohen Ausbeuten in 4-Oxo-1-aryl-4.5.6.7-tetrahydrobenzotriazole 14a-f umgewandelt.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Absolute Configuration of Optically Active, Naturally Occurring Dihydroisocoumarins, IIIs2).Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Agrimonolide and MelleineBy degradation with ozone and performic acid (S)-3-hydroxy-adipic acid is obtained from both agrimonolide (1) and (-)-β-tetralol (4), which is characterized as di-hydrazide 3. Therefore 1 and 4 have S-configuration at position 3 and 2 respectively. The positive CD at 260 mμ of 1 and phyllodulcine (7) is a proof of configurative identity. In contrast, melleine (8) shows at 257 mμ negative CD and therefore has R-configuration.
    Notes: Durch Abbau mit Ozon und Perameisensäure wird aus Agrimonolid (1) und (-)-β-Tetralol (4) die gleiche (S)-3-Hydroxy-adipinsäure erhalten und als Dihydrazid 3 charakterisiert. Damit geht für 1 und 4 die S-Konfiguration and C-3 bzw. C-2 hervor. Der positive CD von 1 und Phyllodulcin (7) bei 260 mμ beweist deren konfigurative übereinstimmung. Da der CD des Melleins (8) - wie 7 ein Salicylsäure-Derivat - bei 257 mü negativ ist, muß hier auf R-Konfiguration am C-3 geschlossen werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 88
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 21-26 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Protonated Methylbenzene Tetrachloroaluminate ComplexesWell defined complexes from methyl substituted benzenes and aligated by proton magnetic resonance (figure 1, table 1). A few of these compounds can be characterized as σ-complexes. Under the conditions used σ-protonation requires a benzene ring with at least three methyl substituents and a 1,3,5-type of substitution. In all other cases complexes are formed, in which π-bonding is likely.
    Notes: Definierte Komplexe aus Methyl-substituierten Benzolen und Aluminiumchlorid/Chlorwasserstoff wurden erhalten und auf ihre NMR-Signale untersucht (Abb. 1, Tab. 1) Nur ein Teil dieser Verbindungen kann als σ-Komplex charakterisiert werden. Unter den angewandten Bedingungen ist für die σ-Protonierung Substitution mit wenigstens drei Methyl-Gruppen in 1.3.5-Stellung erforderlich. In allen anderen Fällen ist π-Komplex-Bildung wahrscheinlich.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 40-51 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Production and Reactions of N- MonoalkylamidosulfonylchloridesN-Monosubstituted amidosulfonylchlorides (1) may optimally be obtained by reaction between N-monosubstituted ammonium chlorides and sulfuryl chloride in acetonitrile. N-Monosubstituted amidosulfonylchlorides are very active intermediates, which react especially with reactive H containing compounds to give the free acids 2 (R = H), the esters or thioester 2,5, and 6, and the amides 7 and 8. The hydrogen of the amino group can also be substituted. In this way new compounds are accessible and other already known compounds can be produced more easily.
    Notes: Unter den Methoden zur Herstellung N-monosubstituierter Amidosulfonylchloride (1) erweist sich die Umsetzung von N-monosubstituierten Ammoniumchloriden mit Sulfurylchlorid in Acetonitril als am besten geeignet. N-Monosubstituierte Amidosulfonylchloride sind sehr reaktive Zwischenprodukte, die mit reaktionsfähigen, H-enthaltenden Verbindungen zu den freien Säuren 2 (R = H), den Estern bzw. Thioestern 2, 5 und 6 sowie den Amiden 7 und 8 reagieren können; außerdem besitzen sie einen leicht substituierbaren Wasserstoff an der Amino-Gruppe. Mit ihnen sind Verbindungen präparative leicht zugänglich, die bisher nicht oder nur umständlich gewonnen werden konnten.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 90
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    Liebigs Annalen 729 (1969), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Catalytic Hydrogenation of PurinesHydrogenation of purines over platinum or palladium occurs initially, if at all, in the 1,6 positions (e. g. 1 → 4). The 1,6-dihydropurines, which can still be acetylated in the 7 or 9 position, can be hydrogenated further to hexahydro- and perhydropurines (20 and 13, respectively).
    Notes: Purine werden an Platin oder Palladium, wenn überhaupt, zuerst in 1.6-Stellung hydriert (z. B. 1 → 4); die 1.6-Dihydro-purine, die noch in 7- bzw. 9-Stellung acetylierbar sind, können dann weiter zu Hexahydro- bzw. Perhydro-purinen (20 bzw. 13) hydriert werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 91
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    Liebigs Annalen 722 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 92
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    Liebigs Annalen 722 (1969), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: a-Hydrazonocarboxylic Acid Azides, I. Aliphatic α-Hydrazonocarboxylic Acid AzidesThe title compounds 2, 5a-c, 6a-e are prepared by reaction of the analogous α-hydrazonocarboxylic acid hydrazides (1, 7a-c, 8a-e) with nitrous acid. Both classes form Z- and E-isomers. The α-hydrazonocarboxylic acid hydrazides (1, 8e), that are unsubstituted in the hydrazono group, prefer the Z-form, whereas those (7a-c, 8a- d), that are substituted in the hydrazono group, prefer the E-form. The Z-azides, prepared from the Z-hydrazides, are unstable and lose hydrazoic acid. The E-azides, prepared from the E-hydrazides, are stable, but change into the unstable Z-isomers on standing at room temperature when exposed to light. On boiling in toluene the E-isomers lose nitrogen to form substituted 1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (15a-c, 16a-d).
    Notes: Die Titelverbindungen 2, 5a-c, 6a-e entstehen aus den entsprechenden α-Hydrazonocarbonsäurehydraziden (1, 7a-c, 8a-e) durch Reaktion mit salpetriger Säure. Beide Substanzklassen treten in Z- und E-Form auf. Die in der Hydrazono-Gruppe unsubstituierten α-Hydrazonocarbonsäurehydrazide (1, 8e) liegen bevorzugt in der Z-Form, die entsprechend substituierten Hydrazide (7a-c, 8a-d) überwiegend in der E-Form vor. Die aus den Z-Hydraziden entstehenden Z-Azide sind instabil und spalten Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure ab. Die aus den E-Hydraziden entstehenden E-Azide sind stabil, wandeln sich jedoch bei längerem Stehenlassen und gleichzeitiger Lichteinwirkung in die instabilen Z-Azide um. Beim Kochen der E-Azide in Toluol wird Stickstoff abgespalten und es bilden sich substituierte 1.2.4-Triazolone-(5) (15a-c, 16a- d).
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Intramolecular Rearrangements of Bicyclo[2,2, heptanes, XI1). Rearrangement of 1- Methyl-7,2-norbornanecarbolactone in Sulfuric AcidIn the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid 1-methyl-7,2-norbornanecarbolactone (1) rearranges to 3exo-methyl- and 1-methyl-2,6-norbornanecarbolactones (2 and 5). The structure of the hitherto unknown lactone 5 is established.
    Notes: 1-Methyl-norbornan-carbolacton-(7.2) (1) lagert sich unter dem Einfluß konzentrierter Schwefelsäure in 3 exo-Methyl- und 1-Methyl-norbornan-carbolacton-(2.6) (2 und 5) um. Die Struktur des bislang unbekannten Lactons 5 wird bewiesen.
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    Liebigs Annalen 722 (1969), S. 232-233 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition of Dichloroketene to 2-ButyneDichloroketene generated in situ, gives with 2-butyne the 1,2-cycloaddition product 2,3-dimethyl-4,4-dichlorocyclo-2-buten-1-on (1).
    Notes: In situ erzeugtes Dichlorketen addiert sich an Butin-(2) zum 2.3-Dimethyl-4.4-dichlor-cyclobuten-(2)-on-(1) (1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Occurence of Hydrogen Transfer, 191). Specific Reductive Cleavage of Some Acyl Groups from Nitrogen at the Mercury CathodeElectron donators in the aromatic acyl group and in the amine component shift the reduction potentials of sulfonamides and of carbonamides to more negative values, and hinder the cathodic cleavage. Electron acceptors have the opposite effect. Aromatic ligands on the nitrogen atom change the reduction potentials to more positive values. The influence of the substituents on the reduction potentials follows the Hammett relationship. - If a potential difference of at least 0.2 V exists between acyl groups (which may be in the same molecule, or in different molecules), then selective cleavage of the acyl group having the more positive potentials is possible.
    Notes: In Sulfon und Carbonamiden mit aromatischem Acyl-Rest werden die Reduktionspotentiale durch Elektronen-Donatoren im Acyl-Rest und in der Amin-Komponente zu negativeren Werten verschoben; dabei wird die kathodische Spaltung erschwert. Elektronen-Acceptoren wirken umgekehrt. Aromatische Liganden am Stickstoff verlagern das Reduktionspotential zu positiveren Werten. Die Abhängigkeit der Reduktionspotentiale vom Substituenten gehorcht der Hammett-Beziehung. - Besteht zwischen den Acylamino-Gruppen, die im gleichen Molekül oder auch in verschiedenen Molekülen gebunden sein können, ein Potentialunterschied von wenigstens 0.2 V, so ist eine selektive Abspaltung der Acyl-Gruppe mit dem positiveren Potential möglich.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 723 (1969), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tertiary and Quaternary Salts of Hexahydro-pyrimidinesThe mono- and bis-tertiary salts 7, 11, 12 may be obtained by reaction of 1.3-dialkylhexahydro-pyrimidines and hydrogen chloride in suitable solvents. - The mono-quaternary salts 8-10 are formed from 1.3-dialkyl-hexahydro-pyrimidines and alkyl halides in ether. The bis-quaternary salts 5, 6 and 13-17 result by alkylation of 1.3-dialkyl-hexahydro-pyrimidines with methyl bromide, methyl iodide or trialkyloxonium fluoroborates in polar aprotic solvents or by reaction of α-halogen amines with γ-chloropropyl amines.
    Notes: Aus 1.3-Dialkyl-hexahydro-pyrimidinen und Chlorwasserstoff sind in geeigneten Lösungsmitteln die mono-sowie bis-tertiären Salze 7, 11, 12 zu gewinnen. - Die monoquartären Salze 8-10 entstehen aus 1.3-Dialkyl-hexahydro-pyrimidinen und Alkylhalogeniden in Äther. Die bis-quartären Salze 5, 6 und 13-17 sind durch Alkylierung von 1.3-Dialkyl-hexahydropyrimidinen mit Methylbromid oder -jodid sowie Trialkyl-oxoniumfluoroboraten in polaren, aprotischen Lösungsmitteln oder durch Umsetzung α-halogenierter Amine mit γ-Chlorpropylaminen zugänglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 723 (1969), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Concerning the Mechanism of Catalytic Proton-Transfer by Diazomethane, IIMethyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (8) gives with 1 mole phenyl isocyanate in the presence of 1 mole deuterodiazomethane (1.6 g-atom D/mole) an adduct 9-d0 free from deuterium; the same reaction carried out with deuterated 8 and non-deuterated diazomethane gives 9-d1. These results are in accordance with a proton-transfer by proton-bridge complexes, whereas they exclude the proton-transfer by methyldiazonium cations.
    Notes: 3-Hydroxy-naphthoesäure-(2)-methylester (8) bildet mit 1 Mol. Phenylisocyanat in Gegenwart von 1 Mol. Deuterodiazomethan (1.6 g-Atom D/Mol) das D-freie Addukt 9-d0; bei der Reaktion mit deuteriertem 8 und undeuteriertem Diazomethan entsteht dagegen 9-d1. Die Befunde lassen sich durch Protonen-Übertragung über Protonbrückenkomplexe erklären und schließen die Protonen-Übertragung durch Methyldiazonium-Kationen aus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 724 (1969), S. 24-29 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Conjugation in Macrocyclic Bond Systems, XIII1). Further Compounds of the Hexa-m-phenylene TypeThe preparation of the sterically overcrowded hexamethyl hexa-m-phenylene 2 is reported. Spectroscopic properties (u. v., 1H-n.m.r.) and mass spectra of 2 are discussed with regard to the strong deviation from coplanarity present in this system. Synthesis and properties of 8,2′;8′,2″;8″,2-tris(dibenzothiophenylene) (10), a coplanar a coplanar derivative of 1, are reported.
    Notes: Das sterisch stark behinderte Hexamethyl-hexa-m-phenylen 2 wird hergestellt. Die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften (UV, 1H-NMR) und das Massenspektrum von 2 werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt der hier vorliegenden starken Abweichung von der Komplanarität diskutiert. Über Synthese und Eigenschaften des 8.2′;8′.2″;8″.2-Tris-dibenzothiophenylens (10), eines ebenen Derivats von 1, wird berichtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 724 (1969), S. 66-70 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemical and Thermal 1,4-Cycloaddition of Enamides to 1,2- Dicarbonyl CompoundsThe enamides 2 and 6 can be added to benzil and o-chinones photochemically and thermally to give the 1,4-dioxen derivatives 3 and 7. The thermal addition follows a two-step mechanism, as is shown by the formation of the same 1,4-dioxen compound 7b from the addition of cis- and trans-enamide to 5.
    Notes: Die Enamide 2 und 6 addieren sich photochemisch wie thermisch an Benzil und o-Chinone zu den 1.4-Dioxen-Derivaten 3 und 7. Der Verlauf der thermischen Addition ist zweistufig, wie bei der Reaktion von cis- und trans-Enamid (6b bzw. 2b) mit 5 gezeigt wird, die zu demselben 1.4-Dioxen-Derivat 7b führt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitromethane Condensation with Dialdehydes, XVI1) S-Benzyl Substituted Nitrodithiols by cyclizing Bismercaptoalkylation of Nitromethane2-Nitrocyclohexanedithiols with trans-, chiro-, and cis-configuration (5-7) are formed by nitromethane-cyclization of glutaraldehyde in the presence of α-toluenethiol or by reaction of 2-nitrocyclohexane-1,3-diol (11) with α-toluenethiol, the product distribution being dependent on the reaction conditions. - Analogously, a 1,4-dinitrocyclohexanetetrathiol (15) is formed from 1,4-dinitro-1,4-dideoxy-neo-inositol (13), whereas its tetraacetate 16 gives 2-nitro-5-benzylmercaptophenol (17), as a result of aromatization followed by nucleophilic displacement of one nitro group by a mercapto moiety. - Configuration and conformation of the nitro dithiols and of the sulfones 8-10 obtained on oxidation are deduced from n.m.r. spectra.
    Notes: Nitromethan-Cyclisierung von Glutardialdehyd in Gegenwart von Benzylmercaptan oder Umsetzung von 2-Nitro-cyclohexandiol-(1.3) (11) mit Benzylmercaptan führt zu 2-Nitro-cyclohexan-dithiolen mit trans-, chiro- und cis-Konfiguration (5-7), deren Mengenverhältnis von den Reaktionsbedingungen abhängt. - Aus 1.4-Dinitro-1.4-Dinitro-1.4-didesoxy-neo-inosit (13) erhält man analog ein 1.4-Dinitro-cyclohexantetrathiol (15), aus dem Dinitrotetraacetat 16 dagegen, infolge Aromatisierung und nucleophiler Verdrängung einer Nitro- durch eine Mercapto-Gruppe, 2-Nitro-5-benzylmercapto-phenol (17). - Konfiguration und Konformation der Nitrodithiole sowie der durch Oxydation erhaltenen Sulfone 8-10 ergeben sich aus den NMR-Spektren.
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