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  • 1995-1999  (1,101)
  • 1999  (1,101)
  • General Chemistry  (750)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (144)
  • Rat  (115)
  • MRI  (93)
  • Nuclear reactions
Material
Years
  • 1995-1999  (1,101)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Endoanal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Vector volume ; Manometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study compared conventional water-perfused and vector volume anal manometry in female patients with neurogenic fecal incontinence and chronic anal fissure and in healthy female volunteers. We used endoanal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to measure internal and external sphincter lengths and thicknesses and contrasted these with the manometric findings in the different anorectal conditions. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three female subjects were studied over an eight-month period, including 33 control volunteers, 83 patients with neurogenic fecal incontinence, and 17 patients with chronic anal fissure. Conventional manometry was contrasted with automated vector volume-derived parameters. Endoanal magnetic resonance images were obtained using a previously described internal coil with a 0.5 T Asset™ scanner measuring quadrantal internal sphincter thickness and averaged coronal internal and external sphincter lengths. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant relationship between parameters measured by conventional manometry and those variables derived from vector volume manometry at rest and squeeze. There was no difference in sectorial vector-derived pressures within any anorectal condition and no correlation between quadrantal internal sphincter thickness measurements and sectorial pressures at rest. Patients with chronic anal fissure and neurogenic fecal incontinence had constitutionally shorter superficial and subcutaneous external sphincters than healthy control subjects (P〈0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is no association between manometric findings and morphologic sphincter measurement; however, the shorter distal external sphincter in patients with fissure might render the lower anal canal relatively unsupported after internal sphincterotomy in the female patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Rectal cancer ; Transrectal ultrasonography ; Computerized tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The preoperative assessment of rectal cancer wall invasion and regional lymph node metastasis is essential for the planning of optimal therapy. This study was done to determine the accuracy and clinical usefulness of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging. METHODS: A total of 89 patients with rectal cancer were examined with transrectal ultrasonography (n=89), pelvic computed tomography (n=69), and magnetic resonance imaging with endorectal coil (n=73). The results obtained by these diagnostic modalities were compared with the histopathologic staging of specimens. RESULTS: In staging depth of invasion, the overall accuracy was 81.1 percent (72/89) by transrectal ultrasonography, 65.2 percent (45/69) by computed tomography, and 81 percent (59/73) by magnetic resonance imaging. Overstaging was 10 percent (9/89) by transrectal ultrasonography, 17.4 percent (12/69) by computed tomography, and 11 percent (8/73) by magnetic resonance imaging; and understaging was 8 of 89 (8.9 percent) by transrectal ultrasonography, 12 of 69 (17.4 percent) by computed tomography, and 6 of 73 (8 percent) by magnetic resonance imaging. In staging lymph node metastasis, the overall accuracy rate was 54 of 85 (63.5 percent) in transrectal ultrasonography, 39 of 69 (56.5 percent) in computed tomography, and 46 of 73 (63 percent) in magnetic resonance imaging. The sensitivity was 24 of 45 (53.3 percent) in transrectal ultrasonography, 14 of 25 (56 percent) in computed tomography, and 33 of 42 (78.5 percent) in magnetic resonance imaging; and specificity was 30 of 40 (75.0 percent) in transrectal ultrasonography, 25 of 44 (56.8 percent) in computed tomography, and 13 of 31 (41.9 percent) in magnetic resonance imaging. The accuracy in detection of positive lateral pelvic lymph nodes under magnetic resonance imaging (n=8) was 12.5 percent. The accuracy in detection of posterior vaginal wall invasion was 100 percent in transrectal ultrasonography (n=7) and 100 percent in magnetic resonance imaging (n=3), but 28.5 percent in computed tomography (n=7). CONCLUSIONS: Both transrectal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging with endorectal coil exhibited similar accuracy and were superior to conventional computed tomography in preoperative assessment of depth of invasion and adjacent organ invasion. Because transrectal ultrasonography is a safer and more cost-effective modality than magnetic resonance imaging, transrectal ultrasonography is an appropriate method for preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Further efforts will be needed to provide a better staging of lymph node involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1 (1999), S. S92 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Wachstumsalter ; MRI ; Beckenfraktur ; Wirbelsäulenfraktur ; Key words Childhood ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pelvic fracture ; Spinal injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract According to the literature, from 1950 to 1995 the overall risk for children of sustaining a fracture of the spinal column or the pelvic ring doubled, the main reason being the increasing incidence of high-energy trauma caused by newly popular sporting activities such as skateboarding, inline skating and mountain biking. Nonetheless, even specialized pediatric level I trauma centers in Europe and the United States of America report an incidence of below 5% for severe spinal injuries and fractures of the pelvis. Although these specific injury patters are seen relatively infrequently, whenever present they are still highly indicative of high-velocity injury mechanisms, frequently revealing a combination of injuries – each of which would be serious in itself – involving the body cavities and the soft tissues of the trunk an extremities. In summary, spinal cord injuries and pelvic ring fractures are rare but can be serious: cervical and spinal cord injuries without radiological abnormality appear to be more frequent than in adults, and the availability of nuclear magnetic imaging technologies has helped in the diagnosis of unsuspected cord injury in children. In addition, retrospective analysis of purely nonoperative management of highly unstable C-type injuries of the spine and the pelvic ring reveal some unsatisfactory results, so that specifically for these injury morphologies the alternative of an operative strategy might be considered. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss various injury patterns in which an operative concept could be considered, particularly for a multiply injured child.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verletzungen des Rückenmarks und Sprengungen des knöchernen Beckenrings liegen im Kindesalter auch im Krankengut spezialisierter Zentren unter 5%. Besonders beachtenswert erscheint hierbei, daß Rückenmark- und besonders Halswirbelsäulenverletzungen v. a. beim Kind häufig keine ossäre Mitbeteiligung der Wirbelsäule zeigen und erst durch kernspintomographische Diagnostik erfaßt werden können. Desgleichen zeigt sich bei der retrospektiven Auswertung, daß ein pauschales, rein konservatives Management aller Verletzungstypen, d. h. v.a. der sog. C-Verletzungstypen an der Wirbelsäule und am Becken, z. T. unbefriedigende Behandlungsergebnisse zeigt und daher zunehmend bei bestimmten, im weiteren näher besprochenen Verletzungskonstellationen ein eher operatives Grundkonzept diskutiert wird. Neue Erkenntnisse zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Wirbelsäulen- und Beckenverletzung beim Kind liegen insofern vor, als 1. neuere epidemiologische Erhebungen heute eine präzisere, d. h. nicht nur empirisch gesicherte Unterscheidung der selten von eher regelmäßig anzutreffenden Verletzungstypen und Frakturmorphologien erlauben, 2. durch vergleichsweise „neue“ Sportarten wie „Scate-boarding“ und „Mountain-biking“ ganz generell eine statistisch belegte Zunahme von Hochrasanztraumen und komplexen Verletzungsmustern beim Kind beobachtet werden kann sowie 3. generell v.a. beim mehrfachverletzten Kind heute eine eher aggressivere Gangart, d. h. ein in bestimmten Einzelaspekten eher operatives Versorgungskonzept angestrebt wird. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit sind 1. eine Analyse der als besonders bedeutsam erkannten Verletzungsformen sowie 2. eine Darstellung der heute in Veränderung begriffenen Behandlungskonzepte v.a. beim mehrfachverletzten Kind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-2023
    Keywords: Key words: hip ; acetabulum ; labrum ; MRI ; radial-sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We investigated the usefulness of a radial-sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique in the visualization of the acetabular labrum, which surrounds the acetabulum. In 22 hip joints of 12 volunteers, T2-weighted images were obtained on 24 radial planes of the acetabular rim, set at 15°-intervals, using the small tip angle gradient echo method. We examined 7 planes in the weight-bearing portion. The acetabular labrum in the weight-bearing portion was depicted in good contrast to the surrounding tissues. The shape of the labrum differed among individuals and also in the anterior and posterior portions of the labrum. The signal intensity of the labrum was low or partially moderate. There was a high signal intensity band on the base of the acetabular labrum in several portions, which should be carefully interpreted to avoid confusion with abnormality. We concluded that radial-sequence MRI could be a useful technique for evaluation of the condition of the acetabular labrum in the weight-bearing portion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 20 (1999), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Penis ; Ligaments ; MRI ; Erection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The suspensory system of the penis acquires clinical importance in reparative surgery, traumatology and through its role in erection. The aim of this study was to identify the different anatomic structures constituting the suspensory ligament by dissection and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten unembalmed male subjects were used for dissection of the region of the base of the penis. Ten volunteer patients underwent MRI of the penis before and after the injection of prostaglandin (PGE1). The suspensory apparatus consisted of separate ligamentous structures: the fundiform ligament, which is lateral, superficial and not adherent to the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa; the suspensory ligament properly so-called, further back, stretching between the pubis and the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa and consisting of two lateral, circumferential, and one median bundles, which circumscribed the dorsal vein of the penis. These structures were identifiable in MRI and their supporting role was evidenced during tests of erection. The suspensory ligament seemed to maintain the base of the penis in front of the pubis and to behave as a major point of support for the mobile portion of the penis during erection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 247-249 
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system ; MRI ; Anticoagulant therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a rare condition characterized by deposition of haemosiderin in the leptomeninges and in the subpial layers of the brain and spinal cord. With the widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging, an increasing number of cases of superficial siderosis are being discovered, secondary forms being more frequent than idiopathic ones. We report a 78-year-old man in oral anticoagulant therapy, who presented neurosensory hearing loss, gait ataxia and spastic paraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested the diagnosis of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system, without an evident bleeding source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Lyme disease ; Chronic neuroborreliosis ; Children ; MRI ; Demyelinating disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lyme disease is a polymorphic and multisystemic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Neurological manifestations are found in 10%–50% of cases. We present 2 cases followed for 5 and 6 years of chronic relapsing-remitting neuroborreliosis. Diagnosis of neuroborreliosis in these cases was based on serum and cerebrospinal fluid findings. We discuss clinical, neurophysiological, laboratory and instrumental aspects regarding the difficulties of reaching a correct diagnosis. Further studies, especially in the field of immunology, should help identify the mechanisms responsible for the disease becoming chronic. With this knowledge, it may be possible to design immunological therapies for relapses, and to prevent the evolution of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Rhombencephalopathy ; Radionecrosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Hyperbaric oxygen ; Heparin ; Buspirone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the case of a patient who underwent radiotherapy of the neck because of an epidermoid carcinoma in Rosenmüller's fossa. Eleven months later, T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a bulbo-pontine lesion, and the clinical course and sequential MRI results led to a diagnosis of radionecrosis-induced rhombencephalopathy. At a distance of more than three years, the lesion is no longer visible on MRI images but the severe neurological deficits remain. The clinical picture has not been improved by treatment with prednisone, hyperbaric oxygen, symptomatic therapies or anticoagulants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Hepatolenticular degeneration ; Affective disorders ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Antidepressive agents ; Interpersonal psychotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of Wilson's disease with late psychiatric onset. Major depressive disorder was the first clinical manifestation at the age of 38 years. After pharmacotherapy with antidepressive agents, a manic episode was oberseved. Extrapyramidal hand tremor and micrography were the first neurological signs. Emotional lability occurred during worsening of extrapyramidal signs. Diagnosis was based on urinary and serum copper levels, ceruloplasmin serum level, Kayser-Fleischer ring, and liver biopsy that detected cirrhosis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed basal ganglia hyperintensity on T1-weighted images, and hypodensity in the central part and hyperintensity in the peripheral part of the lentiform nucleus on 72-weighted images. Hyperintensity on T2-weighted images was also observed in the dorsal part of the midbrain. 123I-iodobenzamide single photon emission computed tomography (IBZM-SPECT) detected a normal distribution of the drug in the brain, with better signal in the right side and deficit of D2-dopaminergic receptors in the basal ganglia, Abnormal manganese erythrocyte level was observed. Treatment was based on penicillamine, zinc salts, low-copper diet, antidepressant agents, interpersonal psychotherapy and neurorehabilitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Emergency radiology 6 (1999), S. 282-289 
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Key words Radiology ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Soft-tissue sign ; Arm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract More modern imaging techniques allow us to supplement the information available on soft-tissue signs seen on radiographs. This improves our diagnostic capability, as demonstrated here in the upper extremity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Amino acids 17 (1999), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Polyamine oxidase ; Polyamines ; Gender ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Variations in level of polyamines and their related enzymes are frequently observed in response to some treatments which affect in a different way male and female. The possibility of a gender-related difference in the oxidation of polyamines was investigated in rats by measuring the activity of polyamine oxidase, a ubiquitous enzyme of vertebrate tissues, which transforms spermine into spermidine and spermidine into putrescine. The study was carried out on thymus, spleen, kidney and liver of young rats of both sexes, and female rats showed a lower polyamine oxidase activity than male rats in all the tissues. We also found higher values of spermidine acetylation in female than male rats in thymus and liver. Owing to these gender-related differences, a higher spermidine N-acetyltransferase/ polyamine oxidase ratio was found in female than in male rats. A second gender-related difference was a higher spermidine/spermine ratio in female than in male, the only exception being the thymus. These basal differences possibly account for the gender-related differences of polyamine metabolic enzyme activities in response to some treatments, including drugs or hormones.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Taurine ; Osmoregulation ; Rat ; Osmolarity sensor protein ENVZ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although the involvement of taurine in osmoregulation is well-documented and widely accepted, no detailed mechanism for this function has been reported so far. We used subtractive hybridization to study mRNA steady state levels of genes up- or downregulated by taurine. Rats were fed taurine 100mg/kg body weight per day for a period of three days and hearts (total ventricular tissue) of experimental animals and controls were pooled and used for mRNA extraction. mRNAs from two groups were used for subtractive hybridization. Clones of the subtractive library were sequenced and the obtained sequences were identified by gen bank assignment. Two clones were found to contain sequences which could be assigned to the osmolarity sensor protein envZ, showing homologies of 61 and 65%. EnvZ is an inner membrane protein in bacteria, important for osmosensing and required for porine gene regulation. It undergoes autophosphorylation and subsequently phosphorylates OmpR, which in turn binds to the porin (outer membrane protein) promoters to regulate the expression of OmpF and OmpC, major outer membrane porines. This is the first report of an osmosensing mechanism in the mammalian system, which was described in bacteria only. Furthermore, we are assigning a tentative role for taurine in the osmoregulatory process by modifying the expression of the osmoregulatory sensor protein ENVZ.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; Birth injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the acute MR findings in an infant with a complicated traumatic delivery, asphyxia, spinal cord injury, and a radiographically apparent cervical spine fracture-dislocation. MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging allowed early characterization and localization of the extent of spinal cord injury.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Amino acids 17 (1999), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Taurine ; Transporter ; Rat ; Brain ; Heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In pro- and eucaryotic life, cellular and subcellular compartments are separated by membranes and the regulated and selective passage of specific molecules across these membranes is a basic and highly conserved principle. We were interested whether taurine, a naturally occuring amino acid, would be able to induce or suppress expression of transporters with the Rationale that taurine was shown to detoxify a series of endogenous toxins and xenobiotics of various chemically non-related structures. For this purpose we used a gene hunting technique, subtractive hybridization, subtracting mRNAs of taurine-treated rat brain and heart from untreated controls. Subtracted mRNAs were then converted to cDNAs, amplified, sequenced and identified by gene bank data. We found five transporter transcripts, the phosphonate transport ATPase PHNC, multidrug transporter homolog MTH104, protein-exportmembrane protein SECD, oligopeptide transporters oppA and oppD, in the brain and two: ABC-transporter BRAF-2 and cation-transport ATPase PACS, in the heart. Homologies of the sequences found were in any case 〉50% thus permitting the identification of transporters with high probability. The biological meaning could be that a naturally occuring amino acid, taurine, modulates complex transport systems. The most prominent finding is the upregulation of a multidrug transporter transcript, explaining a mechanism for the nonselective detoxifying action of taurine.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurosurgical review 22 (1999), S. 112-116 
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Ganglioma ; Brain tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors present the case of a 33-year-old patient with a bifocal ganglioglioma located in the right superior temporal gyrus. He had a history of tonic–clonic seizures and developed intermittent nausea and vertigo later on. Magnetic resonance imaging showed two distinct, small lesions in the right temporal lobe. Both tumors were removed microsurgically with ultrasound guidance. Intraoperatively, two distinct tumors were found. Histological diagnosis of both tumors was of ganglioglioma WHO II. Postoperatively, the patient was free of symptoms. Bifocal occurrence or the coincidence of two distinct gangliogliomas is a very uncommon finding. So far, it has not yet been reported in benign gangliogliomas.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Cerebellopontine angle ; Constructive interference in steady-state imaging ; Diffusion-weighted imaging ; Epidermoid tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Surgical treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the usefulness of three-dimen-sional Fourier transformation-constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intracranial epidermoid tumors. Two surgically proven epidermoid tumors in the cerebellopontine (CP) angle were not identified in conventional T1- and T2-weighted images because of a signal intensity similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CISS images clearly demonstrated displacement of the cranial nerves and a shift caused by a lesion in the cistern, but the signal intensity of the tumor by CISS was not sufficiently different from that of CSF to demonstrate the tumor directly. Using DWI, the tumor in the cistern was shown clearly by its increased signal intensity. Together, CISS and DWI compensated for each other's disadvantages, and this combination was useful in guiding surgical treatment of epidermoid tumors in the CP cistern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Brain tumor ; Cerebral hydatidosis ; Chitinoma ; Echinococcosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Solitary brain affection is rare in echinococcosis. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman presenting with symptomatic grand-mal epilepsy due to a right frontal, partially cystic space-occupying lesion. Pre-operative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested a cystic astrocytoma. However, histological examination yielded the diagnosis of a `chitinoma', a rare subtype of solid cerebral hydatid disease (echinococcosis). It mimicked a primary brain tumor and, therefore, posed a diagnostic problem. We present the – to our knowledge – first MRI scans in a case of a histologically proven chitinoma.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Asphyxia ; Nitric oxide ; Electron spin ; resonance ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Resuscitation ; S-Methylisothiourea ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anaesthetized rats, endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated with room air, were subjected to a 5-min period of asphyxia by turning off the ventilator. The ventilator was then turned back on and, simultaneously, the animals were treated with either the adrenocorticotropin fragment 1–24 [ACTH-(1–24), 160 µg/kg in a volume of 1 ml/kg i.v.] or an equivalent volume of saline. Nitric oxide (NO)-haemoglobin formation was detected ex vivo in arterial blood by electron spin resonance spectrometry; arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored for a 60-min observation period, or until prior death. During asphyxia, there was massive formation of NO (red cell concentrations 40–80 µM), associated with a dramatic fall in mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure, marked bradycardia and ECG signs of ischaemic damage, as well as an isoelectric EEG. Treatment with ACTH-(1–24) produced a prompt (within 15 min) and long-lasting drop in NO blood levels, associated with an almost immediate (within 1 min) restoration of cardiovascular function and with a more gradual recovery of EEG, which became normal after 30–40 min; all parameters remained stable throughout the 60-min observation period. In saline-treated rats, on the other hand, there was a further increase in NO blood levels, as detected 3 min after treatment, and all died within 5–8 min. Moreover, pretreatment and treatment with S-methylisothiourea sulphate (SMT, 3 mg/kg i.v.), a relatively specific inhibitor of inducible NO synthase, inhibited NO formation, but did not affect the mortality rate (100% within 5–8 min). The present results provide the first evidence that prolonged asphyxia is associated with high blood concentrations of NO, and that the life-saving effect of melanocortin peptides in severe hypoxic conditions is associated with a complete normalization of NO blood levels. However, the lack of SMT protection in this experimental model seems to rule out the possibility that the ACTH-(1–24)-induced resuscitation is due to an effect on NO overproduction.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 359 (1999), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Restraint stress ; NMDA receptor complex ; Memantine ; Drug discrimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is a large body of experimental evidence that both stress and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists may alter acute behavioural effects of ethanol. Notably, an uncompetitive, low-affinity NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, has been recently claimed to possess anti-craving properties in rats with a long-term history of ethanol consumption. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of restraint stress and memantine on the dose-response curve of ethanol discrimination. Rats were trained to discriminate 1 g/kg ethanol from saline in the two-lever drug discrimination procedure. When ethanol discrimination was acquired, the subjects were exposed to 30-min sessions of acute restraint stress, and different doses of ethanol (0.25, 0.5 or 1 g/kg) or saline were administered. In subsequent experiments the effects of memantine (2.25 or 4.5 mg/kg) on the cueing effects of ethanol were tested. Neither the stress sessions nor memantine influenced the ethanol discrimination dose-response curve. Moreover, the stress did not alter the rate of responding. However, both doses of memantine tended to increase the rate of responding when given in combination with lower doses of ethanol (0.25–0.5 g/kg). In contrast, 4.5 mg/kg memantine decreased the response rate when combined with 1 g/kg ethanol. These results suggest that: (1) pre-exposure to acute restraint stress or memantine does not affect the dose-response curve of ethanol discrimination; (2) memantine given in combination with low doses of ethanol may stimulate operant behaviour in the food-reinforced drug discrimination procedure.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hallervorden-Spatz-Krankheit (HSD) ; präsenile Demenz ; MRT ; paramagnetische Substanzen ; Globus pallidus ; Key words Hallervorden-Spatz-Disease (HSD) ; Early onset dementia ; MRI ; Paramagnetic substances ; Globus pallidus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We report the history of a 38 year old patient who began to develop mental deterioration at the age of 26. After a time of 7 years neurological signs like writing dystonia occured. Hallervorden-Spatz-Desease (HSD) was diagnosed at the age of 36 in vivo with the clinical presentation of severe dystonia, rigidity, dementia, and typical signal loss in the globus-pallidus the reticular part of the substantia nigra, and the nucleus ruber in the T-2 weighted MRI. The „eye-of-the-tiger”-sign, a bilateral hyperintensity in the rostral globus pallidus, was not observed in follow-up examinations. HSD is a rare autosomal-recessive or sporadic disease of unknown etiology. In one third of the patients a dementing process is the first clinical sign of the disorder, and is a rare differential diagnosis of early onset dementia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten von einem 38jährigen Patienten, der im Alter von 26 Jahren eine progressive Demenz entwickelte. Erst nach einem Krankheitsverlauf von 7 Jahren kam es zur Manifestation eines rasch progredienten, dystonen Syndroms bis hin zur Immobilität im Alter von 36 Jahren. Die Diagnose der Hallervorden-Spatz-Erkrankung (HSD) wurde aufgrund des klinischen Bildes im Spätstadium der Erkrankung mit schwerster Demenz, Dystonie und Rigidität in Zusammenschau mit den typischen Signalauslöschungen in der T2-gewichteten MRT im Globus pallidus, dem Nucleus ruber und dem retikulären Anteil der Substantia nigra gestellt. Das „Eye-of-the-tiger”-Zeichen, eine bilaterale Signalhyperintensität im rostralen Anteil des Globus pallidus, wurde, auch bei Verlaufsuntersuchungen, nicht gefunden. Die Hallervorden-Spatz-Erkrankung ist ein autosomal-rezessiv oder sporadisch auftretendes Krankheitsbild ungeklärter Ätiologie. Da sich bei einem Drittel der Patienten mnestische Störungen im Kurz- und Langzeitgedächnis als Erstsymptom manifestieren, stellt die HSD eine seltene Differentialdiagnose eines präsenilen Demenzsyndroms dar. In der diagnostischen Beurteilung kommt der Magnetresonanztomographie eine wesentliche Bedeutung zu.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Hämosiderin ; Key words Intracerebral hematome ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Hemosiderin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Increased use of gradient echo T2*- weighted gradient echo sequences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients suffering from primary ICH called attention to foci of signal loss which were suggested to represent remnants of cerebral microbleeds. In a post mortem correlative MR and histopathological study we provide support for this notion. We found areas of signal loss on gradient echo T2*-weighted sequences in 7 out of 11 brains of patients who had died of intracerebral hematoma. Histopathologically, these areas represented hemosiderin deposits indicating previous extravasation of blood. To provide data about the prevalence of these MRI findings in a healthy elderly population a subgroup of participants of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study was analyzed. We detected foci of signal loss on gradient echo T2*-weighted sequences in 18 out of 280 volunteers (6,4%). MR-based evidence of previous microbleeds may indicate a potentially higher risk of suffering from intracerebral bleeding which could have therapeutic implications for the treatment of acute stroke and for secondary prevention. This hypothesis will have to be tested in future prospective trials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vermehrte Anwendung T2*-gewichteter Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen bei Magnetresonanztomographie- (MRT-) Untersuchungen von Patienten nach einem intrazerebralen Hämatom machte auf kleine, hypointense Areale aufmerksam, von denen bisher nur angenommen wurde, daß sie abgelaufene Mikroblutungen darstellen. In einer Post-mortem-Studie mit MRT und vergleichenden histopathologischen Untersuchungen zeigen wir Daten, die diese Hypothese stützen. Bei 7 von 11 Patienten, die an primärem intrazerebralem Hämatom verstorben waren, fanden sich hypointense Areale in T2*-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen. Histopathologisch zeigten diese Areale Hämosiderin-Ablagerungen, welche auf abgelaufene Blutungen hinweisen. Um Aussagen über die Prävalenz dieser MRT-Befunde in einem Kollektiv klinisch unauffälliger Probanden mittleren Alters machen zu können, wurden Teilnehmer derÖsterreichischen Schlaganfall-Vorsorge-Studie untersucht. Bei 18 von 280 Probanden (6,4%) fanden sich Signalhypointensitäten in T2*-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen. Der MR-tomographische Nachweis abgelaufener Mikroblutungen könnte ein Hinweis auf ein erhöhtes zerebrales Blutungsrisiko sein, was therapeutische Konsequenzen für die primäre Therapie und Sekundärprophylaxe beim Schlaganfall haben könnte. Hierzu sind noch weitere prospektive Studien notwendig.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Metachromatische Leukodystrophie ; Totschlag ; Hebephrenie ; MRT ; Diagnose ; Key words Metachromatic leukodystrophy ; Homicide ; Hebephrenia ; MRI ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We report a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) with a first manifestation of homicide. On admission the patient showed a hebephrenia-like syndrom with inappropriate affect, thought disorder and behavioral changes. Magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) findings suggested a diagnosis of MLD, which was confirmed by a decreased activity of leucocyte arylsulfatase A and an excessive urinary sulfatide excretion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten von einem Patienten mit metachromatischer Leukodystrophie (MLD), der im Alter von 16 Jahren ein Kind tötete. Bei der klinischen Untersuchung zeigte er ein hebephrenes Syndrom mit veränderter Affektivität, formalen Denkstörungen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten. Bei der neuropsychologischen Testung wurde eine starke Beeinträchtigung von Planen und Problemlösen bei insgesamt überdurchschnittlicher Intelligenz nachgewiesen. Die neurologischen und internistischen Befunde waren unauffällig. Anhaltspunkte für eine MLD fanden sich im Magnetresonanztomogramm (MRT) und wurden biochemisch bestätigt.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Septum pellucidum ; Entwicklungs- störungen ; Zerebrale Fehlbildungen ; Schizophrenie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Septum pellucidum ; Developmental disorder ; Cerebral malformations ; Schizophrenia ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Absence of the septum pellucidum is a rare developmental disorder of the human brain. Previous reports focused on the association with other cerebral anomalies. We present MRI scans showing an isolated absence of the septum pellucidum. The patient was suffering from a schizophrenic psychosis. Mental retardation or epileptic seizures, which are often found in more complex developmental brain disorders, were not observed. The septal area is part of the limbic system and aplasia of the septum pellucidum could indicate developmental anomalies of the limbic system. The concept of cerebral maldevelopment and the limbic system in schizophrenic psychosis is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die isolierte Aplasie des Septum pellucidum gehört zu den seltenen dysplastischen Fehlbildungen des Gehirns. Während in älteren Arbeiten das Fehlen des Septum pellucidum meistens im Zusammenhang mit weiteren zerebralen Fehlbildungen berichtet wird, so zeigen neuere Untersuchungen doch häufiger auch isolierte Aplasien ohne weitere Fehlbildungen des Gehirns. Dabei scheint ein breites Spektrum der Fehlbildungen von komplexen Hirnfehlbildungen bis hin zur einfachen Aplasie des Septum pellucidum zu reichen. Kasuistisch wird über die Aplasie des Septum pellucidum bei einem Patienten berichtet, welche kernspintomographisch im Rahmen der routinemäßig durchgeführten bildgebenden Diagnostik gefunden wurde. Klinisch wurde bei dem Patienten eine hebephrene Psychose diagnostiziert. In der Ätiologie der schizophrenen Psychosen werden dysontongenetische Mechanismen diskutiert, v.a. Migrationsstörungen in limbischen Strukturen. Eine erhöhte Inzidenz von Anomalien des Septum pellucidum, v.a. Septum-pellucidum-Zysten ist von mehreren Autoren bei schizophrenen Patienten berichtet worden. Die Bedeutung des Septum pellucidum und des Septum verum als Bestandteile des limbischen Systems werden erörtert und eine mögliche Relevanz für das Konzept der dysontogenetischen Ätiologie schizophrener Psychosen wird diskutiert.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädelbasis ; Innerer Gehörgang ; Tumor ; Hämangiom ; Kernspintomographie ; Computertomographie ; Key words Skull-base tumors ; Internal auditory meatus ; Hemangiomas ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Hemangiomas of the skull base are rare neoplasms and are easily misdiagnosed as acoustic neuromas when occurring in the internal auditory canal. Among these tumors, ossifying hemangiomas are characterized histologically be newly formed bone tissue within their substance. We describe a 26-year old female patient who presented with left-sided sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a bright space-occupying lesion of the internal auditory canal with extension to the geniculate ganglion. Bony erosions of the internal auditory canal were proved by high-resolution computed tomography. A hemangioma was suspected preoperatively and was resected via a middle cranial fossa approach. Histologically, new bone formations were found in a cavernous hemangioma. In general, radiologic findings can suggest a hemangioma of the internal auditory canal and help to differentiate it from acoustic neuroma. Based on the histological findings of intratumoral bone formation, the hemangioma in our patient was classified as an ossifying hemangioma. However, reactive bone formation at the borders of a tumor in the internal auditory canal can also be mistaken as new intratumoral bone formation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hämangiome der Schädelbasis sind insgesamt seltene Tumoren, die im Bereich des inneren Gehörgangs insbesondere mit dem wesentlich häufigeren Akustikusneurinom verwechselt werden können. Das ossifizierende Hämangiom repräsentiert eine Sonderform in der Gruppe der Hämangiome und ist histopathologisch durch intratumorale Knochenneubildungen gekennzeichnet. Es wird von einem kavernösen Hämangiom des linken inneren Gehörgangs bei einer 26jährigen Patientin berichtet, welches zu einer progredienten sensorineuralen Hörminderung und Tinnitus geführt hatte. Bei T2-gewichteter kernspintomographischer Darstellung einer signalreichen Neubildung im inneren Gehörgang mit computertomographisch evidenten Knochendestruktionen am Gehörgangsboden war präoperativ die Abgrenzung von einem Akustikusneurinom möglich. Über einen transtemporalen Zugang konnte die vaskuläre Neubildung reseziert werden. Histopathologisch waren Knochenneubildungen in einem kavernösen Hämangiom zu erkennen. Die radiologischen Befunde ermöglichen präoperativ die Abgrenzung eines Hämangioms vom Akustikusneurinom. Aufgrund des Nachweises von Knochenneubildungen in den histologischen Schnittpräparaten des Tumors ist die Einordnung des kavernösen Hämangioms als ossifizierendes Hämangiom naheliegend. Neben der Wertung der histologisch nachgewiesenen Knochenneubildungen als intratumorale Ereignisse muß auch an die Möglichkeit einer in den Schnittpräparaten vorgetäuschten intratumoralen Knochenneubildung durch den Anschnitt reaktiver Knochenneubildungen am destruierten Gehörgangboden gedacht werden.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 679-687 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Perfluorcarbon-Emulsionen ; Perfluorcarbone ; Neuroprotektion ; Ischämie ; Reperfusionsschaden ; Kernspintomographie ; Tumorversorgung ; Key words Perfluorocarbon emulsions ; Perfluorochemicals ; Cerebral protection ; Ischemia ; Reperfusion injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tumor oxygenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the ussage as blood substitutes perfluorocarbons (PFC) have been developed as artificial oxygen carriers. In addition they may have potency for protective use in ischemic tissue. Formulation improvement achieved higher oxygen carrying capacity and better compatibility than the first generation of PFC. Preclinical studies have been performed in animal heart and brain. Former and progressed emulsification for intravascular use have been investigated for infarction and reperfusion injury. This investigations are reviewed and the potencies for the use of PFC in neurology, neurosurgery, diagnostics today and in the future are emphasized.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Perfluorcarbone (PFC) sind künstliche Sauerstoffträger, die ursprünglich als Blutersatzstoffe entwickelt wurden. Auf Grund ihrer spezifischen Eigenschaften ist darüber hinaus ihr Einsatz bei ischämischen Perfusionsstörungen von potentiellen Nutzen. Neuere Perfluorcarbonpräparationen verfügen über eine höhere Sauerstofftransportkapazität und sind mit weniger Nebenwirkungen behaftet als die PFC der ersten Generation. Ältere und neuere PFC-Emulsionen, die für die intravaskuläre Applikation geeignet sind, wurden und werden im Tierversuch für den Einsatz in ischämischen Gebieten des Herzens und des Gehirns untersucht. In dieser Arbeit werden präklinische Studien bei Infarkten und Reperfusionsschaden beschrieben und potentielle Nutzungsmöglichkeiten dieser Substanzgruppe für diese Indikationsstellung diskutiert.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Intrakranielle Blutung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; T2*-gewichtete Gradienten-Echo-Sequenz ; Hypertensive zerebrale Mikroangiopathie ; Zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie ; Zerebrale Kavernome ; Key words Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Hypertensive cerebral microangiopathy ; Cerebral cavernoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In four patients presenting with acute nontraumatic intracerebral or intraspinal hemorrhage, T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI showed numerous residual hemosiderin deposits due to old intracerebral hemorrhages that were missed on initial CT and spin-echo MRI. The demonstration of additional chronic bleedings and their anatomical distribution provided important diagnostic information. In a hypertensive patient, the hemosiderin deposits were most pronounced within deep brain structures suggesting hypertensive cerebral microangiopathy. In a second patient, the cortico-subcortical distribution of the hemorrhages was typical of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In a third patient, the diffuse distribution including spinal bleeding, the marked calcification, and the characteristic appearance on spin-echo MRI were consistent with multiple cavernomas. In another patient with cerebral and spinal hemorrhage, T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI revealed new subclinical hemorrhages during follow-up. Based on these findings, we recommend that T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI of the brain should be performed in all patients with acute intracranial and spinal bleedings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 4 Patienten mit akuten intrazerebralen oder intramedullären Blutungen konnte die T2*-gewichtete Gradienten-Echo-Magnetresonanztomographie (“Häm”-Sequenz) multiple intrakranielle Hämosiderinablagerungen als Beleg für in der Vergangenheit abgelaufene Hirnblutungen nachweisen. Diese klinisch stummen Blutungen waren sowohl der Computertomographie als auch der Spin-Echo-Magnetresonanztomographie entgangen. Bei 3 Patienten ermöglichte das Verteilungsmuster der als Signalauslöschungen dargestellten Hämosiderinablagerungen eine bessere Eingrenzung der Blutungsursache. Bei einem Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie legten die vorwiegend in den tieferen Hirnstrukturen lokalisierten Blutungen eine hypertensive zerebrale Mikroangiopathie nahe. Bei einem Patienten mit rezidivierenden Lobärhämatomen sprach die kortikosubkortikale Lokalisation der Blutungen für das Vorliegen einer zerebralen Amyloidangiopathie. Bei einer Patientin mit spinaler Blutung stellten wir aufgrund des diffusen Verteilungsmusters, der starken Verkalkungstendenz und des heterogenen Signalverhaltens der Blutungsherde in der Spin-Echo-Magnetresonanztomographie die Diagnose multipler zerebrospinaler Kavernome. Bei einem Patienten mit zerebralen und spinalen Blutungen erlaubte die “Häm”-Sequenz keine diagnostische Einordnung, erwies sich aber als sensitives Instrument in der Verlaufskontrolle. Bei allen Patienten mit spontaner intrazerebraler oder intraspinaler Blutung sollte im Rahmen der bildgebenden Diagnostik eine “Häm”-Sequenz durchgeführt werden.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1437-7799
    Keywords: Key words Desferrioxamine ; Cadmium ; Metallothionein ; Nephrotoxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Desferrioxamine (DFO) a chelating agent, is used to treat metal toxicity caused by iron and aluminum in patients on hemodialysis. We hypothesized that DFO could also be used to treat cadrium-induced nephropathy. Animal experiments were therefore performed to explore whether DFO removed cadmium (Cd) from the kidneys of rats with a Cd burden. Methods. Rats received subcutaneous injections of Cd chloride (3 mg Cd/kg per day, days 0–7) followed by DFO (50 mg/kg per day, days 8–14). Levels of Cd were determined in liver, kidneys, and plasma. Enzymes assays and histopathological examination were performed in kidneys. Results. In liver, Cd injections elevated Cd levels; subsequent injections of DFO lowered the Cd levels compared with levels after injections of Cd alone. In kidneys, Cd injections increased levels of total Cd and Cd bound to cellular membranes (Mem-Cd), and decreased leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity (a marker of renal injury); subsequent injections of DFO elevated levels of total Cd and Mem-Cd, and lowered LAP activity compared with fundings after the injection of Cd alone. After the injections of Cd alone and DFO following Cd the renal levels of Cd were below the critical concentration required to cause renal injury, since no histopathological changes were observed in the kidney. Conclusion. DFO administration to Cd-burdened rats removed Cd from the liver, but led to accumulation of Cd in the kidneys, particularly in the cellular membranes. These results suggest that if DFO is given long-term to Cd-burdened patients, the Cd level in kidneys, particularly in renal cellular membranes, could reach concentrations that could cause manifest renal injury.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ; Rat ; Glucocorticoid ; Antenatal therapy ; Insulin-like growth factor I and II ; Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence to suggest that insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II play a crucial role in fetal lung development. Expression of IGF-I and II has been demonstrated to be predominant during fetal life and decreases prior to birth. Antenatal glucocorticoids are reported to improve lung immaturity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administration on IGF-I and II expression in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in rats. A CDH model was induced in pregnant rats following administration of 100 mg nitrofen on day 9.5 of gestation (term = 22 days). Dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally on days 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation. Cesarean section was performed on day 21. The fetuses were divided into three groups: I, normal controls; II, nitrofen-induced CDH; and III, nitrogen-induced CDH with antenatal dexamethasone treatment. mRNA was extracted from whole lung and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the relative amounts of IGF I and II mRNA. Levels of mRNA were expressed as a ratio of the band density divided by that of β-actin, a housekeeping gene known to be expressed at a constant level. Immunohistochemistry using anti-rat IGF I and II antibody was also performed in each group. Levels of IGF I mRNA were significantly increased in group II (0.50 ± 0.08) compared to group I (0.34 ± 0.10) or group III (0.32 ± 0.06) (P 〈 0.05). Levels of IGF II mRNA were also significantly increased in group II (0.95 ± 0.20) compared to group I (0.42 ± 0.07) or group III (0.31 ± 0.09) (P 〈 0.05). Strong IGF I and II expression was observed in the hypoplastic CDH lung (group II), mainly in the bronchiolar epithelium. IGF I and II expression in group I and III lungs was either absent or weak. The finding of significant reductions in IGF I and II mRNA and protein levels in dexamethasone-treated CDH lung suggest that dexamethasone may accelerate the fetal stage of lung development.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Esophagus ; Atresia ; Notochord ; Adriamycin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Esophageal atresia (EA) is often accompanied by vertebral defects and other anomalies. The adriamycin rat model of EA has disclosed the embryology of the malformation and shown that the vertebrae and notochord are also abnormal. This study describes the nature of notochord malformations in rat embryos exposed to adriamycin. Time-mated rats received either 1.75 mg/kg adriamycin or vehicle i.p. on gestational days (E) 6 to 9; E-12, E-12.5, and E-13 embryos were harvested, embedded in paraffin, and serially sectioned at 3 μm in transverse plane from the head to the stomach for subsequent PAS staining. The findings in both groups were compared at the three endpoints. Control embryos had neither tracheoesophageal nor notochord malformations. On day 12, only 11/36 adriamycin embryos were normal; 7/36 had abnormal notochords, 11/36 had EA, and 7/36 had both. The corresponding figures for 12.5 days were 12/27, 0/27, 7/27, and 8/27 and those for the day 13 7/23, 5/23, 3/23, and 8/23. The malformed notochords were thickened, bifurcated, or trifurcated in the sagittal plane. The simultaneous presence of notochord and esophageal malformations suggests a direct link between both defects, but our observation of isolated occurrence of both shows that they reflect two expressions of the profound disturbance of embryonic para-axial organization responsible for the cluster of malformations rather than a cause-effect association.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 457-460 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Blunt testicular injury ; Rat ; DNA flowcytometry ; Antisperm antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Injury to the testis breaching the tunica albuginea is known to affect fertility. Blunt testicular trauma with an intact tunica albuginea has been reported to have no effect on contralateral testicular histology and Johnsen testicular maturation score. However, sensitive techniques like DNA flowcytometry have not been utilized so far to evaluate contralateral testicular germ-cell changes. Sixty-four male Wistar rats aged 20 days were randomized into groups I (control), II (unilateral blunt testicular trauma, UBTT), III (UBTT and excision of ipsilateral testis at 6 h), and IV (UBTT and cyclosporine for 30 days). Fertility, DNA flowcytometry of contralateral testicular tissue, and anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) were evaluated. Fertility and haploid-cell percentage of the contralateral testis were significantly decreased compared to controls in early adulthood (100 days). Around 150 days of age, as ASA decreased significantly, fertility and contralateral testicular haploid-cell population recovered and were comparable to the controls. Excision of the traumatized testicle around 6 h after injury or administration of cyclosporine for 30 days protected fertility and the contralateral testis. In contrast to group II rats, ELISA for ASA was negative in group III and IV rats. UBTT affects the contralateral testis and fertility. ASA mediate this damage. Orchidectomy performed around 6 h after trauma or short-term cyclosporine therapy prevents the damage.
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  • 31
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    Pediatric surgery international 15 (1999), S. 287-289 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Soft-tissue tumor ; Myositis ossificans ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases on myositis ossificans circumscripta (MOC) in the arm are reported. Plain X-ray films and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in both cases. In the first, an intramuscular tumor-like mass without calcifications was found on MRI with soft-tissue edema extension. In the second, MRI disclosed additional bone-marrow edema. The diagnosis of MOC was confirmed by biopsy in one case and by follow-up in the other. MOC is a benign soft-tissue lesion that is rare in children, with an acute course and usually spontaneously favorable evolution. The differential diagnosis from an infection or a malignant tumor remains difficult. The best imaging modalities are conventional radiography and MRI. The MRI patterns of MOC are typical but not pathognomonic; typical MRI findings in conjunction with clinical symptoms during the early phase of MOC permit the postponement of a biopsy or aggressive surgical procedures. Surgery is indicated for cases not showing typical MOC calcifications at a later stage.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Unilateral undescended testis ; Rat ; Testicular injury ; DNA flowcytometry ; Anti-sperm antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to evaluate whether creation of a unilateral undescended testis (U/L UDT) in rats by direct fixation of the testis can lead to changes in the contralateral (C/L) descended testis, and if so, whether this inherent problem of the model could be eliminated by anchoring the divided gubernaculum to indirectly fix the testis. Thirty male newborn rats were divided into three groups of 10 each and the procedure done on the 2nd day of life to create U/L UDT according to the group allocated: group I: sham-operated; group II: anchoring the gubernaculum after gubernaculectomy; group III: Direct suture fixation of the testis. Fertility, C/L testicular weight (TW), Johnsen score, seminiferous tubular diameter (STD), DNA flowcytometry, and serum anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) were studied. Fertility, C/L TW, Johnsen score, STD, and haploid cell population were significantly reduced in group III compared to group II, while significantly higher titers of ASA were found in group III. Gubernaculectomy and anchoring the gubernaculum to the anterior abdominal wall is a better technique of creation of experimental UDT, as direct fixation of the testis is potentially detrimental to the C/L normal, descended testis.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Cholangiography ; Choledochal cyst ; Cholestasis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) was used to visualize the biliary tract in two children, aged 7 weeks and 10 years, with a choledochal cyst. MRCP was successful in both cases and the findings were confirmed by intraoperative cholangiography.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hip joint ; Osteonecrosis ; MRI ; Bone scintigraphy ; Femoral head ; Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To assess the ability of bone scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict the outcome of transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy (TRO) for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Design. This study was a prospective evaluation of imaging techniques. Patients and methods. MRI and bone scintigraphy were performed on 20 hips in 18 patients at 3 months after TRO. The radiographic findings at 3 months after TRO, and the MRI and bone scintigraphic findings, were compared with the radiographic findings at final follow-up (mean 39 months). Results and conclusions. On MRI a low-intensity area or a low-intensity band in the new weight-bearing area extending over the acetabular edge on T1-weighted images was related to the presence of collapse on the radiographs at final follow-up. In hips with an area of absent activity in the new weight-bearing surface on bone scintigraphy, collapse was seen more frequently on radiographs at final follow-up than in hips without this feature. Bone scintigraphy was no more specific than radiography in predicting the outcome after TRO. We consider MRI to be superior to bone scintigraphy in predicting the occurrence of collapse, which is one of the major short-term problems after TRO.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Lipoma arborescens ; Synovial membrane ; MRI ; Shoulder ; Bursitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 44-year-old man presented with lipoma arborescens of the right shoulder, associated with a rotator cuff tear. MRI revealed villous proliferations with signal intensity of fat on all pulse sequences. At surgery, this bursa was found to contain moderately yellow cloudy fluid without fat globules. Histological examination of the lesion showed subsynovial accumulation of mature fat cells.
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  • 36
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 298-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Osteosarcoma ; MRI ; Metastases ; skeletal muscle ; Soft tissue neoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two cases of osteogenic sarcoma with skeletal muscle metastases are described. A 40-year-old woman presented with progressive swelling of both calves and a soft tissue back lump. She had been diagnosed with mandibular chondroblastic osteogenic sarcoma 6 years earlier. Radiographs showed calcified masses. MRI scans and bone scintigraphy revealed multiple soft tissue masses in both calves. Bone scintigraphy also showed uptake in the back lump, right thigh and left lung base. Biopsy confirmed metastatic chondroblastic osteogenic sarcoma, which initially responded well to chemotherapy. However, the metastatic disease subsequently progressed rapidly and she died 21 months after presentation. The second case concerns a 20-year-old man who presented with a pathologic fracture of the humerus, which was found to be due to osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma. He developed cerebral metastases 17 months later, followed by metastases at other sites. Calcified masses were subsequently seen on radiographs of the abdomen and chest. CT scans confirmed the presence of densely calcified muscle metastases in the abdominal wall, erector spinae and gluteal muscles. The patient’s disease progressed rapidly and he died 30 months after presentation.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Joint ; Knee ; Anatomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Posteromedial corner ; Intra-articular contrast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to illustrate the magnetic resonance (MR) image appearance of the structures of the posteromedial ”corner” of the knee with particular emphasis on the anatomy and differentiation between the medial collateral ligament and the posterior oblique ligament. Design. Six cadaveric knee specimens underwent MR imaging, before and following instillation of intra-articular contrast material. The knees were sectioned in the axial, coronal, and coronal oblique planes and the gross morphology of the posteromedial corner and surrounding structures was studied and correlated with the MR images. Patients. The human cadaveric specimens were from two female and four male patients (age at death, 72–86 years; average, 78 years). Results and conclusions. The contrast-enhanced sequences and the coronal oblique images allowed for improved visualization of the structures.
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  • 38
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chordoma ; Notochordal rest ; MRI ; Vertebra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chordomas of the lumbar vertebral bodies are rare. We report an unusual case of an entirely intra-osseous chordoma of the fifth lumbar vertebra treated by vertebrectomy. Conventional radiographs and scintigraphy were normal. The lesion was well visualised by MR imaging, but showed only slight sclerosis on CT. We give our reasons for making a diagnosis of chordoma rather than giant notochordal rest and discuss the problems of management resulting from this diagnostic dilemma.
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  • 39
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 347-349 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Plasmacytoma ; Plasmacytoma ; amyloid ; Plasmacytoma ; calcified ; Plasmacytoma ; extraosseous ; Plasmacytoma ; thorax ; Plasmacytoma ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a rare, calcified, plasma cell tumor of the spine causing progressive myelopathy. Other unusual features were the lack of an osseous lesion at the site of the mass, considerable calcified amyloid within the mass but no identifiable amyloid elsewhere, and normal serum immunoelectrophoresis.
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  • 40
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Osteoblastoma ; Spine ; Radiography ; CT ; MRI ; Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objectives. To illustrate the CT and MRI features of spinal osteoblastomas and correlate the imaging with histological findings. Design. In a retrospective review the CT and MRI features of spinal osteoblastomas with respect to mineralisation, signal intensity (SI), adjacent reactive changes, enhancement following gadolinium-DTPA (5 cases) and adjacent soft tissue masses were compared and correlated with the histological findings including the degree of osteoid formation and matrix mineralisation, vascularity and surrounding reactive changes in bone and soft tissue. Patients. Eleven patients (7 males and 4 females; age range 8–43 years, mean age 19.5 years) with 12 osteoblastomas (1 patient suffered a recurrence) were studied. Results. All lesions showed classical features on CT with varying degrees of matrix mineralisation, whereas MRI identified mineralisation in only eight of 12 cases. MRI showed low signal intensity of the lesion on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences in several cases in the absence of heavy mineralisation. In these cases, histological examination revealed diffuse osteoid production by the tumour. All patients given gadolinium showed enhancement within the tumour on MRI. Reactive bone marrow changes were identified on MRI in 10 cases, and in five of these the changes were at multiple levels. An adjacent soft tissue mass was demonstrated in five cases, but extraosseous tumour was present histologically in only two of these. Conclusions. The MRI appearances of spinal osteoblastomas are varied and show no characteristic features. MRI may also overestimate the extent of the lesion due to extensive reactive changes and adjacent soft tissue masses. CT should continue to be the investigation of choice for the characterisation and local staging of suspected spinal osteoblastomas.
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  • 41
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 49-51 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Cryptococcoma ; sacrum ; Cryptococcoma ; immunocompromised ; MRI ; sacrum ; CT ; sacrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Cryptococcoma of the sacrum was the initial presentation of systemic cryptococcosis in a patient on chronic steroid therapy for autoimmune hepatitis. The bone lesion was the only overt manifestation of systemic cryptococcal disease, which preceded other clinical manifestations and led to the subsequent diagnosis of systemic infection.
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  • 42
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 545-560 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Trauma ; Joints ; injuries ; Joints ; radiography ; Joints ; MRI ; Cartilage ; Bones ; fractures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Fractures involving the articulating surfaces of bone are a common cause of chronic disability after joint injury. Acute fractures of the articular surface typically run parallel to the surface and are confined to the cartilage and/or the immediate subchondral cancellous bone. They should be distinguished from vertical or oblique bone fractures with intra-articular extension. This article reviews the mechanism of acute articular surface injuries, as well as their incidence, clinical presentation, radiologic appearance and treatment. A classification is presented based on direct inspection (arthroscopy) and imaging (especially MRI), emphasizing the distinction between lesions with intact (subchondral impaction and subchondral bone bruises) and disrupted (chondral, osteochondral lesions) cartilage. Hyaline cartilage, subchondral bone plate and subchondral cancellous bone are to be considered an anatomic unit. Subchondral articular surface lesions, osteochondral fractures and solely chondral fractures are different manifestations of impaction injuries that affect the articulating surface. Of the noninvasive imaging modalities, conventional radiography and MRI provide the most relevant information. The appropriate use of short tau inversion recovery, T1-weighted and T2-weighted (turbo) spin-echo as well as gradient-echo sequences, enables MRI to classify the various acute articular surface lesions with great accuracy and provides therapeutic guidance.
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  • 43
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 658-660 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Medial collateral ligament ; tear ; interposition ; Knee ; MRI ; Posterolateral dislocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Displacement of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) into the medial knee joint is an extremely rare finding associated with MCL tears, and is easily diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging. A case of intra-articular interposition of the MCL during a severe knee injury is presented. A radiolucent ”fat stripe” sign and adjacent skin dimpling on radiographs may be relatively specific indicators of this injury.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Shoulder ; arthrography ; Shoulder ; comparative studies ; Shoulder ; injury ; Shoulder ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose. In a patient with internal derangement of the shoulder, the diagnostic method of choice is controversial. Conventional arthrography can diagnose most rotator cuff tears accurately; however, in many institutions MR arthrography is usually necessary to diagnose labral tears. We utilized decision tree methodology to compare the cost- effectiveness of conventional arthrography and conventional MRI with a hypothetical algorithm in which a patient underwent arthrography, performed with admixed gadolinium, which if negative, was followed by MRI. Design. The use of double-contrast arthrography alone, conventional MRI alone, and gadolinium-enhanced MRI used as an adjunct to conventional arthrography were modeled for the diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RCT), partial RCTs, labral tears, and the absence of cuff/labral tears using decision analysis methodology. English language medical publications were searched to determine the base probabilities for the accuracy of the diagnostic tests. The outcome utilities ranged from –1 to +1 to reflect the value of correct diagnostic evaluation. Charges for diagnostic tests and appropriate surgical treatments were based on 1997 Medicare reimbursement rates for professional fees and hospital charges in an outpatient setting. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of uncertainty regarding the prevalence of each disease state and the accuracy of several diagnostic tests. Results. In the base-case analysis, the average effectiveness of double-contrast arthrography alone, MRI alone and arthrography selectively followed by MRI were 0.6610, 0.6715, and 0.7204, respectively. The average costs for each of these strategies were $1090, $2033, and $2339, respectively. Conclusion. Arthrography performed with admixed diluted gadolinium, which if negative is immediately followed by MRI, was somewhat more expensive than conventional MRI. However, because of much greater effectiveness, cost-effectiveness was significantly higher for our proposed algorithm. Conventional arthrography without gadolinium, although less expensive, had severely limited effectiveness.
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  • 45
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 61-74 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Ligament ; Ligament injury ; MRI ; Soft tissue injury ; Soft tissue trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Magnetic resonance imaging has had a dramatic effect on the means by which we diagnose ligament injuries. Tears resulting from either acute trauma or overuse can be detected noninvasively, directing appropriate therapy be it conservative or surgical. For the elite athlete, earlier diagnosis leads to earlier intervention, or alternatively, a normal MRI examination can result in an earlier return to play. While MRI is accepted for the diagnosis of certain injuries such as complete tears of the cruciate ligaments of the knee, other injuries, such as partial cruciate ligament tears or tears of the intercarpal ligaments of the wrist, remain controversial.
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  • 46
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 717-722 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Sarcoid ; vertebrae ; Sarcoid ; rib ; Sarcoid ; calvarium ; Osteolytic ; CT ; MRI ; Surgical fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Skeletal sarcoidosis is rare. This report describes a 31-year-old African American man who presented with a destructive osteolytic lesion of C2 and another lesion in a rib. The lesion at C2 was treated with corpectomy and bone graft. Four months later the lesion recurred and a new lesion was discovered in the cervical vertebral column. The patient declined surgery for instability for another 3 months, choosing to remain in a halo. Seven months following the initial operation, a technetium bone scan showed spread of the disease to the calvarium and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. The patient had no symptoms referable to these sites. The patient agreed to have his neck fused at this point. For the next 10 months, the patient was on steroids and a further new lesion appeared at L5 without localizing signs or symptoms. The patient declined further evaluation over the next 12 months and is now considered lost to follow-up.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intraneural ganglion ; Peroneal nerve palsy ; Drop foot ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of peroneal nerve palsy caused by an intraneural ganglion is presented. The cystic mass was located posterolateral to the lateral femoral condyle and extended along the common peroneal nerve distal to the origin of the peroneus longus muscle. The nerve was compressed in the narrow fibro-osseous tunnel against the fibula neck and the tight origin of the peroneus longus muscle. The nerve was decompressed by complete tumor excision and transection of the origin of the peroneus longus muscle. Full recovery of nerve function was obtained in 6 months.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Osteochondroma ; Chondroma ; Extraskeletal tumor ; Soft tissue tumor ; Foot ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of pathologically proven extraskeletal osteochondroma is presented with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), bone scan and radiographic findings. The diagnosis of extraskeletal osteochondroma should be considered when a discrete, ossified mass is localized in the soft tissues of the distal extremities. Nomenclature surrounding this entity is controversial and is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 616-620 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Joint ; MRI ; Infectious arthritis ; Septic joint ; Inflammation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To differentiate the MR features of septic versus nonseptic inflamed joints. Design and patients. Thirty patients were referred for MRI with inflamed joints (19 were subsequently found to be septic and 11 nonseptic). At 1.5 T enhanced MRI five groups of signs related to joint space, synovium, cartilage, bone and peri-articular soft tissue respectively were assessed and compared between the septic and nonseptic groups. Results. The prevalence of MRI findings in septic versus nonseptic joints (respectively) was as follows: effusion (79% vs 82%), fluid outpouching (79% vs 73%), fluid heterogeneity (21% vs 27%), synovial thickening (68% vs 55%), synovial periedema (63% vs 55%), synovial enhancement (94% vs 88%), cartilage loss (53% vs 30%), bone erosions (79% vs 38%), bone erosions enhancement (77% vs 43%), bone marrow edema (74% vs 38%), bone marrow enhancement (67% vs 50%), soft tissue edema (63% vs 78%), soft tissue enhancement (67% vs 71%), periosteal edema (11% vs. 10%). The presence of bone erosions appeared to be an indicator for an infected joint (P=0.072); coexistence of bone marrow edema slightly improves the significance (0.068). A similar trend was obtained when combining bone erosions with either synovial thickening, synovial periedema, bone marrow enhancement or soft tissue edema (P=0.075). Conclusions. The combination of bone erosions with marrow edema is highly suggestive for a septic articulation; the additional coexistence of synovial thickening, synovial edema, soft tissue edema or bone marrow enhancement increases the above level of confidence. Similar to conventional radiography, the single sign that appeared to show a significant trend was the presence of bone erosions. However, no single sign or combination could either be considered pathognomonic or exclude the presence of a joint infection.
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  • 50
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 655-657 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Acromegaly ; Locking ; Metacarpophalangeal joint ; Osteophyte ; Volar plate hypertrophy ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 39-year-old man with acromegaly exhibited locking of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of both index fingers. Large osteophytes were found at the metacarpal heads by radiography and computerized tomography (CT). Magnetic resonance (MR) images revealed hypertrophy of volar plates. We suggest that these characteristic acromegalic features caused locking of MCP joints. Surgery was required on one of the joints to release the locking.
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  • 51
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    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 703-709 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Proliferative myositis ; Childhood ; Lumbar muscles ; Ossification ; X-ray ; CT ; MRI ; PET
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of proliferative myositis in the lumbar paraspinal muscles in a 14-year-old boy is presented. Imaging investigations including plain radiograph, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scan and positron emission tomography (PET) were suggestive of an inflammatory process such as myositis ossificans. The diagnosis was made by incisional biopsy. More pronounced edema, more muscle fiber necrosis and a higher cellularity were found compared to adult cases. The karyotype of the lesion was normal. Clinically, the mass disappeared spontaneously. After 24 months, asymptomatic bridging ossification between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae was noted.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone tumor ; Chondrosarcoma ; CT ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tumor of the ankle ; Tumor of the foot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The foot is an uncommon location for chondrosarcoma. The presentation, diagnosis, pathological findings, surgical treatment and follow-up of three patients with chondrosarcoma in this rare location are presented. Though nonspecific, MR imaging findings were of aid in the diagnosis and treatment planning of these patients. If the diagnosis of this tumor is rapidly made, a tumor excision instead of limb amputation may be sufficient treatment at surgery.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Key words Shoulder ; Biceps tendon ; Anomaly ; Arthroscopy ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A developmental anomaly of the long head of the biceps tendon was found in a cadaveric shoulder. Findings on arthroscopy, routine MR imaging, and MR arthrography were compared and correlated with results of anatomic dissection. MR arthrography appears to be a very good diagnostic imaging method for depicting this anomaly prior to arthroscopy.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Pyruvate kinase isoenzymes ; N-Nitrosomorpholine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The expression of the pyruvate kinase (PK) isoenzymes L and M2 was analysed in the livers of rats treated with the hepatocarcinogenic agent N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) in the drinking water. In control animals L-PK expression was restricted to liver parenchymal cells, whereas M2-PK was detected in bile duct epithelial, blood vessel wall, endothelial and Kupffer cells. In rats treated with NNM proliferating oval cells were consistently L-PK negative and M2-PK positive, while the ductal cells of cholangiofibroses were clearly L-PK positive and coexpressed M2-PK. However, no morphological differentiation of ductal cells into hepatocyte-like cells was observed. In the clear and acidophilic cell foci storing glycogen in excess strong staining for L-PK was observed. In glycogen-poor foci induced by NNM a shift from L-PK to M2-PK expression takes place.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; Basement membrane ; Laminin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) originates from C cells, which secrete calcitonin (CT), their specific marker. C cells are located in contact with the basement membrane (BM) of the thyroid follicles, which is partly made up of the laminin-2 isoform synthesized by thyrocytes. During oncogenesis, proliferation of the C cells, invading the centre of the follicles, leads to a break in their normal contact with the BM. As specific interactions of cells with BM components, especially laminins, are important for proliferation and differentiation, we investigated the relationships of normal and neoplastic C cells with laminin in the Wag/Rij rat model of human MTC. Immunocytochemical studies showed a progressive loss of the laminin layer underlying the hyperplastic C cell nodules around the large dedifferentiated tumours. The α2, β1 and γ1 chains of the laminin-2 isoform were synthesized and secreted by rat MTC 6–23 cell cultures and the tumours induced by subcutaneous injection of these cells. In situ hybridization combined with anti-CT immunocytochemistry showed a low expression of α2 mRNA on differentiated C cells and thyrocytes, but an overexpression on immunonegative spontaneous MTC and induced intrathyroid tumours. The high level of α2 gene expression, together with tumour dedifferentiation, suggests a relationship with malignancy.
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  • 56
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    Urological research 27 (1999), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Ureter ; Histology ; Polyuria ; Diabetes mellitus ; Nephrectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of increased functional load on the macroscopical and histological appearance of the ureter was investigated. Sixty rats were divided into five groups: (1) sucrose-fed rats with non-osmotic polyuria; (2) diabetic rats with osmotic polyuria; (3) uninephrectomized rats; (4) sham-operated control rats; and (5) control rats. The 24-hour urinary volume was measured on days 7, 14 and 21. Growth of the kidney, ureter and bladder was investigated and the histological appearance of the ureter was further evaluated. Diabetic and sucrose-fed rats had comparable polyuria with a seven-fold increase in urinary output. The urinary volume for the remaining kidney was doubled in uninephrectomized rats. After 3 weeks, diabetic rats had increased weight of the kidney, ureter and bladder, sucrose-fed rats had increased weight of the bladder, whereas uninephrectomized rats had increased weight of the kidney and ureter. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the ureter wall from control rats increased from the proximal to the distal portion. The size of the whole ureter from diabetic rats was dramatically increased, the CSA of the wall of the distal ureter portion being four times that of the controls. The CSA of the ureter wall from sucrose-fed rats was increased only in the distal portion, whereas the ureter from uninephrectomized rats was increased only in the proximal portion. The results demonstrate the importance of differentiating between different portions of the rat ureter when examining histological sections of this organ. Moreover, polyuria per se is shown to induce growth of the bladder and of the adjacent distal part of the ureter, whereas uninephrectomy and diabetes caused growth of the kidney and the upper parts of the ureter, in addition to the growth induced by polyuria.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Nonbacterial prostatitis ; Animal model ; Partial urethral obstruction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pathogenesis of nonbacterial prostatitis (NBP) is not understood mainly due to the lack of appropriate experimental models. We developed a new experimental model of NBP by inducing a partial obstruction of the urethra (PUO) in the rat. Male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks were used. PUO was produced by a nylon ligature on the urethra over a rubber tube. The tube was slipped out after the ligature had been tied. Two rats were examined histologically 6 h, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after PUO. In another group, two rats were killed at 1, 3 and 7 days after the release of the PUO that had been left in place for 3 days. On day 3, another eight rats with PUO and eight control rats had 2 ml of urine in the bladder replaced by the same volume of lucifer yellow (LY; 10 μg/ml, MW 500), microperoxidase (MP; 20 μg/ml, MW 1900), horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 10 μg/ml, MW 40 000), or saline as control, respectively. Lymphocytic infiltration and interstitial edema were noted in the prostate following PUO, being most prominent on day 3. After the release of the PUO, these inflammatory changes gradually disappeared. Only LY was noted within the prostatic stroma of the rats 2 h after bladder instillation. Intraprostatic urinary reflux may be an etiologic factor in NBP. The present study showed that lower urinary tract obstruction caused NBP in the rat. Penetration of prostatic tissue by low-molecular-weight substances in the urine may trigger NBP.
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  • 58
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    Urological research 27 (1999), S. 476-482 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Urinary bladder ; Enterocystoplasty ; Cecocystoplasty ; Innervation ; Nerve growth ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Incorporation of bowel into the bladder (enterocystoplasty) has been widely used to increase bladder capacity. It has been reported by others that the response of smooth muscle from the cystoplastic segment of the intestine shifts from that of the intestine (relaxation to α-agonists and ATP) to that of the bladder (contraction to α-agonists and ATP). This suggests a functional integration of the intestinal muscle into the bladder; the mechanisms are unknown. The aims of the present study were (1) to elucidate if there are signs of bladder nerves sprouting across the anastomosis into the intestinal segment, and (2) to study what happens with the intrinsic innervation of the intestinal segment. As a model, we used cecocystoplasty in rats. The bladder was opened and a patch of cecum with intact vascular supply was anastomosed to the bladder. After two to 11 months the rats were sacrificed and the bladders mounted as wholemounts and stained for acetylcholinesterase-containing nerves, or embedded in paraffin for histology. A pronounced degeneration of the myenteric plexus was found in the cecal segments. In some areas, this had proceeded to the extent that the ganglia were isolated ovoid lumps of cells with no apparent connection to other ganglia. Areas lacking ganglia and nerve trunks but still with muscle could be found in all specimens. Abundant axon bundles were demonstrated sprouting from the cut bladder nerves close to the anastomosis. The bundles spread out in a fan-like pattern or were organized as fewer thicker nerves. There were many nerve bundles entering the cecal segment where they branched and the diameter decreased till they no longer became visible. Some nerves reached surviving lumps of myenteric ganglion cells. The results show that the bladder nerves sprout into the anastomosed cecal segment. It is reasonable to assume that these nerves are responsible for the changes in receptor pharmacological properties of the cecal smooth muscle towards that of bladder muscle.
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  • 59
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    Urological research 27 (1999), S. 174-179 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Ischemia-reperfusion ; Blood flow ; Ischemia ; Prostate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms involved in the castration-induced involution of the ventral prostate (VP) are not fully understood. It was recently reported that castration decreases blood flow in the VP in rats and that this occurs before the apoptotic involution of the organ. However, it is unknown whether a decrease in blood flow may trigger apoptosis in the VP, and this was therefore examined in this study. The right iliac artery was clamped for 1 h in adult male rats. After 24 h of reperfusion, the VPs were frozen or fixed. In situ end-labeling (ISEL) was used to identify apoptotic cells, and testosterone repressed prostatic message-2 (TRPM-2) was measured. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry was used to identify proliferating cells. Clamping the right iliac artery reduced blood flow in the right VP to 0.17 of that in the contralateral lobe. This relative ischemia resulted in a threefold increase in the volume density of apoptotic epithelial cells on the treated side, but left cell proliferation unaffected. Testosterone substitution did not change this pattern. This study suggests that a transient period of relative ischemia may induce apoptosis in the rat ventral prostate. This may be of importance for the understanding of castration-induced prostatic involution.
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  • 60
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    Anatomy and embryology 199 (1999), S. 265-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Cat ; Rat ; Immunocytochemistry ; NADPH-diaphorase ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To gain insight into the cellular organisation of the zona incerta, we have examined the chemoarchitectonic properties of this ”uncertain zone”. The brains of Sprague-Dawley rats and common cats were processed for immunocytochemistry or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry using standard methods. For the immunocytochemistry, antibodies to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), parvalbumin, calbindin, tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, serotonin and glutamate were used. Two general patterns of distribution in the zona incerta were seen. First, labelled cells were restricted largely to one of the cytoarchitectonically defined sectors of the zona incerta. For instance, GABA, GAD and parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells were found principally within the ventral sector, NADPH-diaphorase and glutamate-immunoreactive cells within the dorsal sector and tyrosine hydroxylase- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells within the rostral sector. Second, labelled cells were scattered somewhat across all incertal sectors, with no clear region of concentration. This pattern included the calbindin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cell groups. These results indicate that the zona incerta is made up of many neurochemically distinct cell groups, some of which respect the well-defined cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the nucleus, whilst others do not. This rich neurochemical diversity in the zona incerta suggests that this nucleus may have differential effects on the different structures that it projects to.
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  • 61
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    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 521-531 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Development ; Internal capsule ; Nucleus basalis ; Rat ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study defines several features of the early connections of the developmentally transient perireticular thalamic nucleus of rats. The neocortex of developing rats was injected with either DiI, biotinylated dextran, WGA-HRP (wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase), fluorescent latex beads or cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and their brains were processed for tracer detection with standard methods. In general, tracer injections into various regions of the developing neocortex revealed no labelled neurones within the perireticular nucleus, although some of these tracers (WGA-HRP, dextran) labelled many of the amoeboid microglial cells that are found within this nucleus. There were, however, many retrogradely labelled neurones in a region adjacent to the perireticular nucleus, within the nucleus basalis of the basal forebrain (medial edge of globus pallidus). Their identity was confirmed as neurones of the nucleus basalis since they were all were similar in morphology and somal size to neurones that were immunoreactive to NGFr (nerve growth factor receptor), an antigen found only among neurones of the nucleus basalis and basal forebrain. Moreover, double labelling experiments revealed that most, if not all, of the cortically labelled neurones were NGFr-immunoreactive also. Thus, in conclusion, our results suggest that the perireticular nucleus does not project to the neocortex; the only neurones in the general vicinity of the perireticular nucleus that have a cortical projection form part of the nucleus basalis.
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  • 62
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    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 533-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Coronary vasculogenesis ; Angiogenesis ; Coronary artery ; Development ; Rat ; Embryonic heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this work was to address spatiotemporal and morphologic patterns of coronary artery development in rats, based on immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of hearts at different stages of prenatal development. Griffonia simplicifolia I lectin and α-smooth muscle antibody were used to demonstrate endothelial cells and/or their precursors and smooth muscle cells, respectively. Ultrastructural examination was performed on ED14–16 hearts to study the morphology of the developing coronary arteries in different regions of the truncus arteriosus and adjacent myocardium. On ED14 endothelial-like cells present within the mesenchyme surrounding the outflow tract penetrated the aortic wall and the truncoconal proximal myocardium. On ED15 these penetrating cells formed vascular clusters, which were the first signs of presumptive vascular channels. Development of the coronary artery proceeded by coalescence of discontinous vascular clusters, formation of the lumen (vascular channels) and establishing a connection of the proximal part with the aorta. The second layer of cells around vascular channels (embryonic media) consisted of mesenchymal cells that were attracted to the immature vessel and were first seen on ED15. At this time no lumenized connection of the coronary artery with the aorta has been seen. After the lumenized connection of the coronary artery with the aorta had been established perivascular cells of the media started to differentiate into vascular smooth muscle, as was shown by α-smooth muscle actin-staining. Further development and differentiation of the media and adventitia proceeded distally (towards the apex).
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Morphogenesis ; Histochemistry ; Lectins ; Carbohydrates ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The developmental expression of salivary glycoconjugates was investigated in the rat submandibular and sublingual glands by conventional and lectin histochemistry. By the time of the first differentiation of secretory structures, in spite of similar morphological features, a different histochemical reactivity was detected, accounting for a relevant content of neutral glycoconjugates in the submandibular gland and the occurrence of both neutral and acidic glycoconjugates in the sublingual one. The use of lectins allowed the main changes of secretory components to be noted around gestational day 18. DBA and WGA lectins seemed to act as pre- and post-natal development markers while Con A lectin was indicative of post-natal differentiation. Taken together, data from lectin histochemistry indicated the transitional occurrence of glycoconjugates, probably involved in temporally restricted functions, as well as the co-existence of different secretory components that might also reflect maturational changes of single products.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Clomethiazole ; Rat ; Spinal cord-injury ; Neuroprotection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clomethiazole (CMZ) has a neuroprotective effect in experimental focal and global forebrain ischemia. This neuroprotective effect may depend on its ability to enhance GABA receptor activity. We have studied the effect of pretreatment with CMZ on motor function recovery and nerve cell damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were randomized and 30 min before SCI they received a single intraperitoneal dose of CMZ (150 mg/kg) or saline. The spinal cord was injured with a 50 g (4.5 g/mm2) load, applied over the exposed dura, through a curved rectangular plate (2.2 × 5.0 mm) for 5 min at T8–9. The animals became paraplegic 1 day after injury. The rats were evaluated for recovery of hind limb motor function. All animals recovered to some extent over the observation period of 12 weeks. However, hind limb motor function was significantly better in the animals pretreated with CMZ. At 12 weeks the rats were killed and perfused/fixed for morphological investigations. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunostaining was used to stain neurons and dendrites and Luxol-fast blue to stain myelinated tracts of the white matter. The injured segment of the spinal cord showed severe atrophy, distortion, cavitation and necrosis of grey and white matter. Compared to uninjured controls the transverse sectional area was reduced to 32.7 ± 4% in untreated animals but only to 38.5% ± 4.1 in CMZ-treated animals. MAP2 staining showed that, compared to uninjured controls, grey matter was reduced to 7.4 ± 2.7% in saline-treated injured animals and to 22.7 ± 5.4% in CMZ-treated rats. Our results thus show that in this model CMZ improves hind limb motor function and attenuates the morphological damage to the spinal cord.
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  • 65
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    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Receptor cell ; Axon ; Vomeronasal organ ; Regeneration ; Rat ; HRP-WGA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chemosensory neurons in the vomeronasal epithelium (vomeronasal neurons) regenerate following experimentally induced degeneration. Transection of the vomeronasal nerves leads to retrograde degeneration of vomeronasal neurons followed by replacement of the cell population. The projection of the axons of regenerated vomeronasal neurons was examined by horseradish peroxidase(HRP) histochemistry and electron microscopy. HRP-wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was placed on the surface of the vomeronasal organ of the rat. Dense distribution of HRP-labeled fibers was observed in the vomeronasal nerve and glomerular layers in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the intact rat. At one week after transection, HRP-labeled fibers were not found in the AOB, and no labeled fibers could be observed on the medial surface of the olfactory bulb where the vomeronasal nerve traversed. Three weeks after transection, labeled fiber bundles were observed on the medial surface of the olfactory bulb in all animals. No labeled fibers were detected in the AOB. From 12 to 32 weeks after transection, projection of HRP-labeled fibers was identified in the AOB in 8 out of 26 rats (the incidence of projection was 30%). But the number of projection fibers on the operated side was much smaller than on the control side. Electron microscopy confirmed that the HRP-labeled terminals make synaptic contacts with neurons in the AOB.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Carbon monoxide poisoning ; Delayed neurologic sequelae ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The clinical and neuroradiological outcome of carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication was evaluated prospectively in 30 patients over a follow-up period of 3 years. Among the patients studied, 22 had been acutely exposed to CO while 8 were chronically exposed. One month after CO poisoning, 12 of the 22 patients with acute intoxication showed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities: 6 also had neurological sequelae and 6 were asymptomatic. The remaining 10 patients showed neither MRI abnormalities nor neurological sequelae. During the 3-year follow-up, 4 of the patients with both MRI abnormalities and neurological sequelae improved in both clinical features and MRI findings. One of the 6 asymptomatic patients with MRI abnormalities developed a progressive cognitive impairment 2 months after acute intoxication, with a concomitant severe worsening of the MRI lesions. Among the 10 patients with neither MRI abnormalities nor neurological sequelae, only 1 developed neurological sequelae after a clear period of 4 months. In the group of patients who experienced chronic CO intoxication, only 1 presented with a neuropsychiatric syndrome which improved at follow-up. Brain MRI showed white matter lesions which remained unchanged at control scan after 1 year. In conclusion, we observed that some patients with severe CO poisoning and neurological sequelae may fully regain normal functions after approximately 1 year. The presence of MRI lesions 1 month after CO poisoning did not accurately predict the subsequent outcome. The observation of a clear period longer than the usual 2–40 day interval in 2 patients should be considered for careful planning of follow-up and for prognosis in CO-poisoned patients.
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  • 67
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    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Behçet's disease ; Optic neuropathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Orbital magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated increased signal of the optic nerve in short time inversion recovery (STIR) images of two young women with unilateral visual blurring. In both, recurrent oral and genital ulcerations and papulopustular lesions appeared within the next 14–15 months, respectively, allowing a diagnosis of Behçet's disease. Optic neuropathy may be an early manifestation of Behçt's disease and clinical follow-up is crucial for its diagnosis.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament ; Kinematics ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail a pour but de proposer à l'aide d'un modèle informatique 3D du genou chez un sujet vivant une étude anatomique des modifications de longueur du ligament croisé antérieur (LCA) et de ses faisceaux au cours de la flexion. La méthode d'évaluation proposée est une reconstruction informatique 3D, à partir de coupes IRM, reproduisant le mouvement de flexion du genou de 0 à 75°. Vingt-et-une coupes ont été réalisées pour chacune des 13 positions de flexion. La reconstruction de Delaunay et le recalage de chaque position permettent d'obtenir un modèle 3D. Ce modèle permet le suivi d'un point osseux lors du mouvement. En connaissant le déplacement relatif des insertions ligamentaires, il est possible de préciser la biométrie du ligament en calculant la longueur des faisceaux du LCA à chaque position, de mettre en évidence les variations de longueur au cours du mouvement. La longueur moyenne du ligament était de 34 mm. Le faisceau antéro-médial était plus long de 30 % par rapport aux deux autres faisceaux. Lors de la flexion, le faisceau antéro-médial était peu modifié (cette caractéristique semblait en faire une position de référence pour une ligamentoplastie), le faisceau postéro-latéral se tendait à partir de 30°, le faisceau intermédiaire se détendait dès le début du mouvement. En retrouvant les données de la littérature, cette méthode permet une approche anatomique du LCA faisceau par faisceau lors du mouvement de flexion.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study is to suggest an anatomic study of the modifications of the length of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its bundles during flexion with the aid of a 3D computerized model of the knee in a living subject. The method of evaluation suggested is a 3D computerized reconstruction based on MRI sections, reproducing the movement of flexion of the knee from 0 to 75°. Twenty-one sections were made for each of the 13 positions of flexion. The reconstruction of Delaunay and the realignment of each position provided a 3D model which allowed monitoring of a bony point during the movement. By knowing the relative displacement of the ligamentous attachments it was possible to define the biometry of the ligament by calculating the length of the bundles of the ACL in each position and to demonstrate the variations in length during the movement. The mean length of the ligament was 3.4 mm. The anteromedial bundle was longer by 30% compared with the other two bundles. During flexion the anteromedial bundle was not much modified (this feature seems to provide a reference position for a ligamentoplasty), the posterolateral bundle became taut after 30°, and the intermediate bundle relaxed from the beginning of movement. Based on the data from the literature, this method allows an anatomic approach to the ACL, bundle by bundle, during flexion movement.
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  • 69
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    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 208 (1999), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Sulphadimidine ; Fermented sausage ; Carbon-14-labelling ; Rat ; Bound residues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Sulphadimidine (SDM), a drug frequently administered to pigs, is partially converted into other compounds by processing meat to produce raw, fermented sausage. With the aid of 14C-labelled SDM, evidence was obtained that part of the radioactive matter was covalently bound to the matrix. Part of these bound residues could be released in vitro by 4 M HCl at 21  °C or by 0.024 M HCl at 37  °C. Female rats were also able to release bound SDM residues and to excrete these in their urine, in amounts approaching those obtained by treatment with 4 M HCl. Both the parent compound and its main metabolite, N 4-acetyl-SDM, were observed in the urine of rats.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Class II MHC sequence ; Rat ; Cloning ; RT-PCR ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Contrast agents ; Gadolinium complexes ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Relaxivity ; Tetraazamacrocycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The ligand DOTASA was designed and synthesized in the aim of obtaining a kinetically and thermodynamically stable Gd(III) chelate which, through its uncoordinated carboxylate function, will provide an efficient pathway to couple the complex to bio- or macromolecules without affecting the coordination pattern of DOTA. Furthermore, it allows us to study the influence of an extra carboxylate arm on the parameters determining proton relaxivity in comparison to the commercial agent [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]–. A combined variable-temperature 17O NMR, EPR and nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion study on the Gd(III) chelate resulted in k 298 ex=(6.3±0.2)×106 s–1 for the water exchange rate and τ298 R=125±2 ps for the rotational correlation time. The slight increase in both k 298 ex and τ298 R, as compared to those for [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]–, is attributed to the presence of the extra negative charge. The longer rotational correlation time results in a proton relaxivity of 5.03 mM–1 s–1 for [Gd(DOTASA)(H2O)]2–, which is approximately 30% higher than that for [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]–. The increased water exchange rate of [Gd(DOTASA)(H2O)]2– has no consequence for proton relaxivity since this latter is exclusively limited by fast rotation for both complexes. However, for slowly rotating macromolecular agents, which contain a covalently coupled DOTASA unit instead of a coupled DOTA, this increased exchange rate will have a significant positive effect.
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  • 72
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    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 336-343 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Cryptorchidism ; Scrotum ; US ; CT ; MRI ; Testis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Imaging evaluation of the patient with a non-palpable testis has evolved over recent decades. The rational explanation of imaging in these patients requires a clear understanding of the various causes of a non-palpable testis, and an appreciation of the utility and limitations of the available imaging modalities. This review describes the classification of non-palpable testis and discusses the role of modern imaging in evaluation. In particular, the relative accuracies of ultrasound, CT and MRI is reviewed.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Coherence ; Entorhinal cortex ; Cortex ; Hippocampus ; Amygdala ; 192 IgG-saporin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Changes in brain electrical activity in response to cholinergic agonists, antagonists, or excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain may not be reflective entirely of changes in cholinergic tone, in so far as these interventions also involve noncholinergic neurons. We examined electrocortical activity in rats following bilateral intracerebroventricular administration of 192 IgG-saporin (1.8 µg/ventricle), a selective cholinergic immunotoxin directed to the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75. The immunotoxin resulted in extensive loss of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) activity in neocortex (80%–84%) and hippocampus (93%), with relative sparing of entorhinal-piriform cortex (42%) and amygdala (28%). Electrocortical activity demonstrated modest increases in 1- to 4-Hz power, decreases in 20- to 44-Hz power, and decreases in 4- to 8-Hz intra- and interhemispheric coherence. Rhythmic slow activity (RSA) occurred robustly in toxin-treated animals during voluntary movement and in response to physostigmine, with no significant differences seen in power and peak frequency in comparison with controls. Physostigmine significantly increased intrahemispheric coherence in lesioned and intact animals, with minor increases seen in interhemispheric coherence. Our study suggests that: (1) electrocortical changes in response to selective cholinergic deafferentation are more modest than those previously reported following excitotoxic lesions; (2) changes in cholinergic tone affect primarily brain electrical transmission within, in contrast to between hemispheres; and (3) a substantial cholinergic reserve remains following administration of 192 IgG-saporin, despite dramatic losses of ChAT in cortex and hippocampus. Persistence of a cholinergically modulated RSA suggests that such activity may be mediated through cholinergic neurons which, because they lack the p75 receptor, remain unaffected by the immunotoxin.
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  • 74
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    Experimental brain research 124 (1999), S. 271-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Microemboli ; Microischemia ; N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Dementia due to cerebral ischemic lesions is relatively common in the elderly. Since many of these lesions are probably caused by emboli, studying emboli-induced cerebral lesions in rabbits should, hopefully, provide information that is useful when searching for a means of preventing and treating vascular dementia in humans. Using magnetic resonance imaging we have found that N-tert-butyl-α-phenyl-nitrone (a free radical scavenger) reduced the number of emboli-induced cerebral microinfarctions in the rabbit cortex but did not have any impact on the number of infarctions found in the subcortical structures. The results suggest that significant amount of free radicals are produced in the ischemic foci located in the cortex, but not in the ischemic foci located in the subcortical structures. This finding may be of importance when considering treatments for cerebral ischemia in humans.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Spatial function ; Water maze ; Procedural learning ; Cerebellum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recently, we demonstrated the prevalent role of cerebellar networks in the acquisition of the procedural components of spatial information by testing hemicerebellectomized (HCbed) rats in a classical spatial task, the Morris water maze (MWM). As procedures used in the water maze are a mixture of different components (that is, general procedures, exploration procedures, direct reaching procedures), for optimally solving a spatial task all procedural components must be opportunely managed. Thus, severely impaired procedural learning of cerebellar origin can be better comprehended by fractionating the procedural facets. To this aim, a two-step water-maze paradigm was employed. Normal rats were first trained to search for a hidden platform moved to a different position in each trial, utilizing a water maze setting in which visual cues were abolished by heavy black curtains surrounding the tank. In this paradigm, normal animals solved the task by using general and exploration procedures, but they could not use direct reaching skills. A subgroup of these pretrained animals was then HCbed and, after recovery from cerebellar lesion, was tested in a water maze with normal environmental cues available, a paradigm in which normal animals develop abilities for reaching the target with very direct trajectories. Pretrained HCbed animals, however, did not display the typical spatial deficits of naive HCbed rats, persisted in exhibiting the scanning strategy learned during pretraining, and never displayed direct reaching skills. In conclusion, cerebellar networks appear to be involved in the acquisition of all procedural facets necessary for shifting behavior within the maze until direct reaching of the platform. The lack of flexibility in changing exploration strategies displayed by pretrained HCbed rats is interpreted by taking into account the well-known cerebellar frontal interplay sculpting a specific cerebellar role in the acquisition of spatial procedural steps.
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  • 76
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    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Striatal dopamine depletion ; Rat ; Locomotion ; Ground reaction forces ; Gait ; Unilateral ; Kinetic ; Centre of mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hemi-parkinsonian rats have preserved postural reflexes but are impaired in initiation of voluntary movements. Surprisingly, these rats can walk and run, suggesting that they can access some compensatory strategy to overcome the rigidity in their impaired limbs. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the locomotor compensations made by hemi-parkinsonian rats by measuring the forces exerted by the limbs on the ground throughout the stride during trotting. Rats with unilateral dopamine depletion produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the nigrostriatal bundle were trained to run back and forth in an alley for food reinforcement. Ground reaction forces were measured in three orthogonal directions using a force plate embedded in the runway. Rats were also videotaped so that limb movements were synchronized with force recordings. Although locomotion was obviously impaired, the affected limbs could support weight and provide some braking forces. In addition, the impaired hindlimb provided significant propulsive force, and a relatively large laterally directed force. Analysis of vertical movement of the centre of mass suggested that the impaired hindlimb was being used partly as a spring. The most significant abnormalities were seen during the diagonal couplet of the impaired forelimb and the unimpaired hindlimb, partly reflecting the important compensatory role of the unimpaired hindlimb. These results demonstrate that this method is useful in the analysis of hemi-parkinsonian gait and provide insights as to how rats can use an impaired limb to produce weight support and propulsion.
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    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 351-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Tooth pulp ; Phrenic nerve ; Electrical stimulation ; C1 spinal neuron ; Digastric electromyogram ; Somatic receptive field ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Effects of electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral tooth pulp (TP) on C1 spinal neurons were determined in 33 anesthetized rats. One hundred and seven neurons responded to TP stimulation. In 10 rats, the activity of 18 C1 spinal neurons and the amplitude of a digastric electromyogram (dEMG, n=10) increased proportionally during the TP stimulation at an intensity of 1–3 times the threshold for jaw-opening reflex (JOR). Excitatory receptive somatic fields were examined in 61 neurons. Somatic field locations of many neurons (67.2%) involved the ipsilateral face, neck, and jaw. The activity of 45 neurons was increased by both noxious pinch and brushing hair. Of the 107 C1 spinal neurons responding to TP stimulation, 55 were tested to determine the effects of electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral phrenic nerve (PN) above the heart. Twenty-eight of 55 neurons tested were excited; no change in activity was seen for the remaining 27 neurons. The activity of six neurons increased as the intensity of PN stimulation was increased. Excitatory receptive somatic fields were determined in 28 neurons, and somatic field locations of 17 neurons (60.7%) included the ipsilateral face, neck, and jaw. Both noxious pinch and brushing hair excited all 28 neurons. These results suggest that there may be the convergence of face, neck, jaw, TP, and PN afferents on the same C1 spinal neurons in the rat.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Acetylcholine ; Brain slices ; Cerebral cortex ; Long-term depression ; Rat ; Synaptic plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The ability of layer I activation to facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in layer II/III horizontal connections of motor cortex (MI) was examined in rat brain slice preparations. Field potentials evoked in layer I and layer II/III horizontal pathways were recorded from radially aligned MI sites. While theta burst stimulation (TBS) of layer II/III pathways alone failed to induce LTP, simultaneous TBS of layer I and layer II/III inputs on alternate sides of the recording electrodes induced LTP in the layer II/III input in 8 out of 13 slices (mean change +20±6%; N=13). In the same cases, the layer I connections showed mixed effects: LTP in three cases, LTD in five cases, and no modification in five slices. Despite the facilitatory effect of layer I activation on layer II/III LTP induction, we found that the critical circuitry for this effect was outside layer I. Cutting the layer I fibers selectively in the slice did not prevent layer II/III LTP induction, while cuts preserving only layer I blocked layer II/III LTP after conjoint I+II/III TBS. Cholinergic fibers were evaluated as candidates for the facilitatory effect because they branch widely in both layers and they are thought to participate in synaptic modification. The cholinergic contribution to layer II/III LTP facilitation was investigated using bath application of muscarinic antagonists. Muscarinic blockade prevented facilitation of layer II/III LTP by layer I coactivation. Instead, conjoint stimulation in 10 µM atropine produced long-term depression (LTD) of layer II/III (–18±9%; N=11) as well as of layer I (–21±6%; N=11) horizontal responses. These results indicate that connections formed within layer I are ineffective in promoting LTP in the deeper-lying horizontal connections; the critical route by which layer I stimulation influenced LTP induction required the circuitry in the deeper layers, particularly the cholinergic system. Thus, it appears that diffuse cholinergic afferents provide an additional route to regulate activity-dependent synaptic modificaton in horizontal cortical connections.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor unit ; Contraction ; Stimulation pattern ; Rat ; Medial gastrocnemius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of irregularity in the pattern of stimulation on the tension produced by motor units in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle were investigated. The effects of decreasing as well as increasing the interpulse intervals were observed for each motor unit in tetani fused to different degrees. For each motor-unit type, it was found that the effects of these changes depended on the extent of tetanic fusion. Decreasing the interpulse interval produced an increase in tension during the tetanus: the more fused the profile of tetanus, the smaller the tension increase. Increasing the interpulse interval resulted in a decrease in tetanic tension. This effect was most prominent when the tetanic fusion index was approximately 0.75. This phenomenon resulted from the prolongation in relaxation when tetanic fusion increased, thereby preventing a decrease in tension when the interpulse interval increased. We also investigated the effects of introducing a short interpulse interval (”doublet”) at the beginning of the stimulation. The doublets produced increased tetanic tension with a more fused profile. However, the doublet enhanced the sensitivity of the tetanus to increases in interpulse interval and decreased its sensitivity to decreases in interpulse intervals. Slow-twitch motor units appeared to be significantly less sensitive to both increases and decreases in interpulse interval than fast-twitch units. This suggests that slow-twitch units are better suited for producing long-lasting contractions with a constant tension level. Conversely, the high sensibility of fast-twitch units to changes in stimulation frequency enhances their participation in regulation of tension of the muscular contraction.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Thyroid hormone ; RT-PCR ; p75 receptor ; trkA ; trkB ; trkC ; Septum ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Early postnatal application of thyroid hormones to rats results in morphological changes of the septo-hippocampal cholinergic and the hippocampal mossy fiber systems. Modulation in the expression of either neurotrophins and/or their receptors is postulated to be involved in these effects. In a recent study, we showed that, after thyroxine application, the mRNA expression of neurotrophins of the nerve-growth-factor (NGF) family is significantly upregulated both in septum and hippocampus. To test whether the neurotrophin receptors (the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 and the specific high-affinity receptors trkA, trkB, and trkC) were also affected by hormone administration, newborn rats were treated daily with subcutaneous injections of thyroxine until postnatal day 12 (P12) at latest. Control animals received corresponding injections of saline. The pups were sacrificed at defined intervals from P9 to P14. The septal areas and the hippocampi were analyzed using the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for quantification of p75, trkA, trkB, and trkC mRNA levels. Analysis of variance over the total investigation period revealed no significant general increases of the gene expressions of either neurotrophin receptor, neither in the septum nor in the hippocampus, although previous results have shown marked changes in neurotrophin levels. On particular postnatal days, significant upregulation could be observed in hippocampus for trkB and trkC. From these and recent data, we conclude that modulation of neurotrophin expression rather than neurotrophin-receptor expression contributes to the morphological modifications within the hippocampal mossy fiber system and the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Liver ; diseases ; Peliosis ; Computed tomography ; Angiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Peliosis hepatis is an uncommon liver condition characterized by blood-filled cavities. We report the CT, angiographic and MR features of a case of peliosis hepatis with no obvious etiology and spontaneously regressing hemorrhagic necrosis. Helical CT showed multiple peripheral low-density regions with foci of spontaneous high density suggesting the presence of blood component. On MR imaging, the multiple peripheral lesions were hypointense on T1-weighted and hyperdense on T2-weighted images, with bright foci on all sequences suggesting subacute blood. Angiography showed no evidence of tumor or vascular malformation; multiple nodular vascular lesions filling in the parenchymal phase and persisting in the venous phase suggested blood-filled cavities. Pathological examination showed blood-filled spaces with no endothelial lining, characteristic of the parenchymal type of peliosis. Knowledge of the imaging features of hemorrhagic necrosis due to peliosis hepatis is important since it can be responsive to antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, differentiating hemorrhagic necrosis from hepatic abscess avoids dangerous and sometimes fatal percutaneous drainage.
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  • 82
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    Experimental brain research 128 (1999), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words GABA ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Proliferation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Retina ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The birthdates of GABAergic amacrine cells in the rat retina were investigated by immunocytochemistry using anti-GABA and anti-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) antisera. The ratio of co-localization of GABA to BrdU increased gradually from embryonic-day 13 (E13) and showed a peak value on E18 in the central retina and on E20 in the periphery. After birth, until postnatal-day 3 (P3), a few co-localized cells were observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL). However, in the peripheral retina, co-localized cells were observed in the INL and ganglion cell layer until P5. Our results suggest that the birthdates of GABA-immunoreactive cells vary, depending on cell-type and that there is a temporal lag in the GABA-immunoreactive cell production in the peripheral retina relative to the central retina.
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  • 83
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 729-731 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words DIDMOAD syndrome ; Wolfram syndrome ; substantia nigra ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD) is a rare diffuse neurodegenerative disorder characterised by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, and a wide variety of abnormalities of the central nervous system, urinary tract and endocrine glands. It may be familial or sporadic. Reported features on MRI of the brain are absence of the physiological high signal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary, shrinkage of optic nerves, chiasm and tracts, atrophy of the hypothalamic region, brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. We report a 12-year-old girl with a 5-year history without brain stem, cerebellar or cerebral atrophy. MRI showed an unusual feature: a focus of high signal on PD- and T2-weighted images in the right substantia nigra. This is consistent with previously reported neuropathological post-mortem studies, but has never been reported in vivo.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Parkinson's disease ; Differential diagnosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Signal intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A reduction in signal in the basal ganglia on T2-weighted images is said to correlate with a poor response to L-DOPA and may help to identify patients with nonidiopathic parkinsonism. Our aim in this prospective study was to use the contrast-to-noise ratio of the MRI signal on T2-weighted images in various parts of the basal ganglia in 43 patients with de novo parkinsonism. Signal intensity measurements were compared to the response to the dopamine agonist apomorphine and dopamine-D2 receptor binding obtained by 3-iodo-6-methoxybenzamine single-photon emission computed tomography (IBZM-SPECT). A reduced contrast-to-noise ratio in the putamen correlated significantly with a negative response to apomorphine and reduced striatal IBZM binding. No additional signal intensity measurement correlated with response to apomorphine or specific IBZM binding. However, there was a considerable overlap of contrast-to-noise ratios between patients with a positive or negative response to apomorphine or normal and reduced IBZM binding. We suggest that semiquantitative assessment of signal intensity in the putamen shows a significant reduction in patients with probably nonidiopathic parkinsonism compared with patients with probably idiopathic parkinsonism. However, this method does not exclude idiopathic parkinsonism in a given patient.
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  • 85
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 140-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Haemangiomas ; head and neck ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for diagnosing head and neck haemangiomas. We studied six patients using a magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) sequence on a 1.5-T system. Conventional T1- and T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced images were also obtained. The images were compared with histological findings. In four cavernous haemangiomas, a mass was partially visible as an enhancing lesion on the early phase of MRA, and was completely visible as a larger enhancing lesion in the late phase, showing slow blood flow. In two capillary haemangiomas, a mass was completely visible in the early phase showing fast flow. In all patients, MRA clearly showed both the haemangiomas and the external carotid artery branches. MRA allowed assessment of the relationship between the haemangiomas and the feeding arteries, and of the haemodynamics.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Hypernatraemia ; Myelinolysis ; extrapontine ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neuroimaging findings in an infant with hypernatremic dehydration are presented. Brain parenchymal haemorrhage and extensive multiple infarcts were present in the acute stage. Follow-up CT showed bilateral, symmetrical changes presumed to indicate extrapontine myelinolysis in the thalamus and globus pallidus. MRI confirmed sparing of the pons. Only three previous cases of neuroimaging abnormalities due to hypernatraemia have been described in the radiological literature.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Hereditary caeruloplasmin deficiency ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present two patients with hypocaeruloplasminaemia and a heteroallelic caeruloplasmin gene mutation (HypoCPGM). These patients had diabetes mellitus and tremor of the hands, respectively. T2-weighted fast spin-echo MRI showed mildly reduced intensity of the putamen, much more marked on echo-planar imaging.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) ; Optic glioma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two children with neurofibromatosis type 1 showing enhancing masses on MRI suggesting neoplasms in the chiasm and hypothalamic region. In both patients no visual or endocrinal dysfunction was present. On serial MRI spontaneous partial remission was found, implying that a cautious approach to therapeutic management of similar cases should be taken.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Behçet's syndrome ; Central nervous system ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain ; vasculitis ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two neuroradiologists reviewed MRI studies of 34 patients with neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD), 22 with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 7 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with central nervous system involvement, masked to the clinical diagnosis, age and sex of the patients. Of the patients with NBD 12 were in an acute attack; the others had chronic disease. MRI was assessed using a set of criteria, looking at atrophy, the site of discrete parenchymal lesions, regions of predominant involvement and the extent of the lesion(s). The observers also made a guess at the clinical diagnosis. The brain stem and/or basal ganglia were the most predominantly involved sites in all patients with acute NBD; 75 % of these lesions were large and confluent, mainly extending from the brain stem to the diencephalon and basal ganglia. However, in chronic cases, the predominant involvement was in the brain stem and/or basal ganglia in only 36 %, and in cerebral hemisphere white matter in another 36 %; 27 % of these patients showed no parenchymal lesion. Hemisphere white-matter lesions were equally distributed between periventricular and other areas in NBD, while in MS more were periventricular, and in SLE more were nonperiventricular. Brain-stem atrophy was seen in 21 % of patients with NBD, with a specificity of 96.5 %. In the absence of cortical atrophy, its specificity was 100 %. The attempt at making a radiological diagnosis was successful in all cases of acute NBD and 95.5 % of patients with MS, but in only 40 % of patients with chronic NBD. Most of this latter groups MRI studies were interpreted as MS. An extensive lesion involving the brain stem and basal ganglia seemed to be diagnostic of acute NBD. However, hemisphere white-matter lesions could not be differentiated from those in MS.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Virchow-Robin spaces ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Childhood migraine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) are pia-lined extensions of the subarachnoid space which surround penetrating arteries as they enter the brain on its surface. Using high-resolution MRI, which shows small penetrating arteries, we studied a possible association of accentuated VRS in children with tension-type headache (TTH) or migraine. We studied 58 children aged 3–14 years (mean 10.8 years) with a clinical diagnosis of migraine (31) or TTH (27), who underwent cerebral MRI, and 30 headache-free patients of the same age (mean 10.2 years) and 30 adult migraineurs with postpubertal onset of symptoms, who served as controls. The images were reviewed for structural abnormalities in the regions of the small penetrating arteries. Accentuated VRS were found in 61 % of the children with migrainous headaches and in 22 % of children of those with TTH. Prominent VRS were seen in 27 % of the control children and in only 13 % of the adults. Small infarcts and gliosis were rare in children with or without headache, but were seen in 30 % of the adult migraineurs. Our findings show that accentuated VRS are significantly more common in children with migraine than in those with TTH or headache-free controls. Detection of accentuated VRS may therefore enhance differential diagnosis of primary headaches in children, contributing to an improvement in management.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ischaemia ; Brain ; infarct ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the hyperacute phase of stroke, occluded vessels can be seen as high signal on fast-FLAIR images or as absence of flow-related enhancement in maximum-intensity projection (MIP) MR angiography (MRA). To compare these techniques, we examined 53 patients within 6 h of a stroke, using a standardised MRI protocol including fast-FLAIR and 3D time-of-flight TOF MR to detect vessel occlusion or reduced flow corresponding to the suspected ischaemic territory. Brain infarcts were confirmed on MRI after 1–5 days in 41 cases (77 %). The overall accuracy of 3D-TOF MRA was 68 % and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 67 %, 71 %, 87 %, and 43 % respectively. Values for the fast-FLAIR sequence were: 65 %, 85 %, 93 % and 44 %, with an overall accuracy of 70 %. The fast-FLAIR sequence was thus able to show occluded vessels or reduced flow with about the same accuracy as 3D-TOF MRA and enabled better prediction of the ischaemic area.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Neuroma acoustic ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Haemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 55-year-old man with hearing loss presented with vertigo and vomiting. CT tomography and MRI demonstrated a cerebellopontine angle mass with foci of haemorrhage. An angiomatous tumour, with large abnormal veins adhering to the capsule, was completely removed. Histologically, the tumour was an acoustic neuroma with abnormal vascularisation and limited intratumoral haemorrhage.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ear ; Labyrinth ; Anticoagulants ; Haemorrhage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a patient who experienced a severe vertiginous episode with bilateral tinnitus and progressive right-sided hearing loss. She had Marfan's disease and was on anticoagulant treatment. The fluid in the labyrinth gave higher signal than cerebrospinal fluid on T1-weighted images, suggesting haemorrhage. The radiological follow-up is discussed.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sclerosis ; hippocampal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a retrospective analysis of MRI in 206 patients with intractable seizures and describe the findings in bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) on fast spin-echo (FSE) and fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (fFLAIR) sequences. Criteria for MTS were atrophy, signal change and loss of the digitations of the head of the hippocampus. In patients with bilateral MRI signs of MTS, correlation with clinical electro, volumetric MRI data and neuropsychological tests, when available, was performed. Bilateral MTS was observed in seven patients. Bilateral loss of the digitations and signal change on fFLAIR was seen in all seven. In three, bilateral atrophy was obvious. In two patients, mild bilateral atrophy was observed and in two others, the hippocampi were: asymmetrical, with obvious atrophy on only one side. Volumetric data confirmed bilateral symmetrical atrophy in five patients, and volumes were at the lowest of the normal range in the other two. The EEG showed temporal abnormalities in all patients, unilateral in five and bilateral in two. All patients had memory impairment and neuropsychological data confirmed visual and verbal memory deficits; two patients failed the Wada test on both sides. High-resolution T2-weighted FSE and fFLAIR sequences allow diagnosis of bilateral MTS, which has important therapeutic and prognostic implications.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Blood pressure ; Endothelium ; Human ; Mesenteric artery ; Rat ; Smooth muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The majority of the findings concerning arterial physiology and pathophysiology originate from studies with experimental animals, while only limited information exists about the functional characteristics of human arteries. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to compare the control of vascular tone in vitro in mesenteric arterial rings of corresponding size (outer diameter 0.75–1 mm) from humans and Wistar-Kyoto rats. The relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) were clearly less marked in the mesenteric arteries of humans when compared with rats. How-ever, when calcium ionophore A23187 was used as the vasodilator, the endothelium-mediated relaxations did not significantly differ between these species. The NO synthase inhibitor N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) attenuated the relaxations to ACh and A23187 in both groups. The endothelium-independent relaxations to the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline and the nitric oxide (NO)-donor nitroprusside were somewhat lower in human arteries, while vasodilation induced by the K+ channel opener cromakalim was similar between humans and rats. Arterial contractile sensitivity to noradrenaline and serotonin was slightly lower in human vessels, whereas contractile sensitivity to KCl was similar between these species. The contractions induced by cumulative addition of Ca2+ with noradrenaline as the agonist were effectively inhibited in both groups by the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, the effect of which was clearly more pronounced in human arteries. In conclusion, the control of vascular tone of isolated arteries of corresponding size from humans and rats appeared to be rather similar. The most marked differences between these species were the impaired endothelium-mediated dilation to ACh and the more pronounced effect of nifedipine on the Ca2+-induced contractions in human arteries.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Stroke ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diffusion-weighted imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is becoming important for assessment of acute stroke. Until recently single-shot DWI required expensive technology such as echo-planar imaging (EPI) available only at some research sites. A new medium-field (1.0 T) short-bore MR imager has been developed with which DWI data sets can be acquired. We prospectively studied 169 patients on this 1.0 T commercial system. After conventional imaging, DWI was performed with a single-shot multi-slice sequence with b values 0 an 900 s/mm2, and with the gradients switched in three directions. The apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated with online calculation software. There were 50 patients with totally normal MRI, and 17 had strokes, these strokes were detected as areas of high signal on the images at a maximal b value. There was a drop in the ADC in ischaemic regions: in subacute infarcts, the values were between 0.41 and 0.531 × 10− 3 mm2/s. In old infarcts the ADC was 1.15 × 10− 3 mm2/s. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gave low signal whereas areas in the brain had more intermediate intensities (CSF: 3.00; deep white matter: 0.75, cortical grey matter: 0.80, basal ganglia (thalamus): 0.70 and cerebellar white matter: 0.65 × 10− 3 mm2/s. Anisotropy was detected as areas of restricted diffusion along the tracts. These preliminary data show that DWI can be aquired successfully on a medium-field short-bore system. This should allow the technique to be implemented at more sites, therefore facilitating the diagnosis of acute stroke and rendering early intervention feasible.
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  • 97
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Mucormycosis ; Pons ; Infarct ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a patient with rhinocerebral mucormycosis whose initial central nervous system involvement was isolated pontine infarction due to basilar arteritis caused by the fungus. The patient was diagnosed and followed by MRI and CT and basilar arteritis was demonstrated well on MRI studies. Involvement of the skull base was shown on CT in the later stage of the disease. The unusual initial presentation of the infection is discussed.
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  • 98
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 190-194 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cerebellum ; growth and development ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The MRI findings in rostral vermian dysplasia are described for the first time. Defective foliation and abnormal fissuration of the rostral vermis can clearly be depicted on coronal images. The abnormalities are limited to the anterior lobe of the vermis and its hemisphere extension. A hypothesis is put forward to explain the abnormalities. It is suggested that the vermian changes result from an intrauterine insult at the end of the first trimester. There appears to be a variable degree of expression and associated cerebellar and cerebral cortical abnormalities can be seen. The clinical significance of these findings remains incompletely understood but may be related to the severity of the abnormalities. It is also suggested that a mild degree of vermian rostral dysplasia may represent an incidental imaging finding.
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  • 99
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Congenital varicella syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Congenital varicella syndrome is a rare disorder which follows maternal infection in the first or early second trimester. The syndrome comprises a number of malformations including microcephaly, cortical destruction and limb hypoplasia. We describe a case where there has been long-term survival following second trimester maternal infection. The clinical findings, including the characteristic lower limb hypoplasia, are documented, as are the appearances on cranial MRI indicating an encephaloclastic porencephaly.
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  • 100
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    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 269-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Infarct ; cerebral ; Motor cortex ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A patient with acute weakness of the righ arm showed a focal lesion on MRI in the left ’precentral knob', not visible on CT.
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