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  • 2000-2004  (59)
  • 1980-1984  (2,284)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (1,667)
  • Rat  (675)
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Year
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphometric studies of the extraglomerular mesangial cell field in volume expanded and volume depleted rats (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Extraglomerular mesangial cell field ; Structure-function correlation ; Resetting of tubuloglomerular feedback ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extraglomerular mesangial cell field was studied by morphometric techniques in volume expanded and volume depleted rats. The volume density of the extraglomerular mesangial interstitium was found to be significantly different between the two conditions, 16.9±3.7% in volume depletion and 29.0±4.1% in volume expansion. No difference in the volume density of the peritubular interstitium could be detected under the same conditions. These findings are interpreted as indicating a specific sensitivity of the extraglomerular mesangial interstitium to changes in body fluid content, a phenomenon which may play a role in the mechanism of resetting the tubulo-glomerular feedback control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319007
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The splenius capitis muscle of the rat, architecture and histochemistry, afferent and efferent innervation as compared with that of the quadriceps muscle (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 169 (1984), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Splenius muscle ; Muscle fiber types ; Primary afferents ; Spinal cord ; Brain stem ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The splenius muscle of the rat was investigated with regard to its structure and innervation. The latter was compared with that of the quadriceps muscle. The results can be summarized as follows: The splenius muscles of both sides form a bipennate muscle plate connecting the occipital bone with the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra. The lateral parts of both muscles are attached directly to this prominent bony process, whereas the medial parts end in a median raphe which forms a tendinous cranial extension of the second thoracic vertebra. This tendinous extension, showing no connection to the cervical vertebrae, serves also for the attachment of acromio-trapezius muscle fibers. The lateral part of the splenius muscle is divided into two parts by a tendinous intersection. The splenius muscle consists mainly of fast twitch fibers: 55% were characterized as IIB and 40% as IIA fibers by histochemical demonstration of myosin ATPase-activity. A high content of muscle spindles — 57 spindles per gram of muscle tissue — was found. Comparing several aspects of the innervation of the splenius to that of the quadriceps muscle, the following results could be obtained: 1. The ratio of motor end plate size to muscle fiber volume is significantly higher in the splenius than in the quadriceps muscle. 2. As demonstrated by transganglionary HRP-transport, the main part of labeled splenius afferents to the spinal cord terminates in the central cervical nucleus. Quadriceps afferents, entering the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, mainly end in the area of Clarke's column. Several labeled fibers descend to the sixth lumbar and first sacral segments, where they terminate in the area of Stilling's nucleus. 3. A group of primary afferents from both muscles-most probably III- and IV-afferents — projects to the dorsal laminae of the dorsal horn; terminals from the splenius are accumulated in the lateral parts of these laminae, where-us those of the quadriceps are more concentrated in the medial areas. 4. Within the brain stem, most afferents from the splemus terminate in the external cuneate nucleus. Most of the quadriceps afferents course to the gracile nucleus. 5. Terminals from both muscle nerves were found in the area of the spinal vestibular nucleus. In conclusion, the most conspicuous results were: 1) Besides the segmental projection to the dorsal horn there is an almost exclusive projection of splenius primary afferents to relay nuclei to the cerebellum. 2) The relatively high ratio: end plate size/muscle fiber volume, which is characteristics of finely adjusting muscles. These results provide additional clues to the understanding of the particular role of the neck muscles in posture and head movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300589
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of somatostatin and neurotensin positive neurons in the septal nuclei of the rat brain (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Neurotensin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Septum ; Basal forebrain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies to the neuropeptides somatostatin (SOM) and neurotensin were used to study the distribution of the two peptides within the septum of the rat brain. In colchicine treated rats, numerous somatostatin-positive cell bodies were found in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the alteral septum, along the border of the nucleus accumbens, in the ventral tip of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca as well as in the anterior hippocampal rudiment, infralimbic area and several other structures of the basal forebrain (e.g., nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and substantia innominata). Cell bodies containing immunoreactivity for neurotensin were situated in the intermediate and ventral subdivisions of the lateral septum, the medial septal nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, the rostro-medial continuation of the substantia innominata and the olfactory tubercle. In untreated rats, somatostatin positive processes formed terminal plexuses in the medial septal nucleus and along an area close to the ventricular wall of the lateral ceptal nucleus. Other septal nuclei, such as the diagonal band of Broca contained a sparse innervation by somatostatin positive fibers. In contrast, the nucleus accumbens olfactory tubercle, and the substantia innominata contained a rich innervation by somatostatin positive axons and terminals. Within these structures the density of SOM positive processes show great variations with patches of densely packed terminals separated by areas of sparser or no innervation. The neurotensin positive terminals were situated predominantly within the intermediate part of the lateral septum and the medial septal nucleus. Both of these regions contained numerous pericellular baskets of neurotensin positive terminals around septal neurons. In addition to the septal innervation, several of the basal forebrain structures were rich in neurotensin positive processes with the densest innervation found in the nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata. Like the SOM-immunoreactivity distinct islands of dense neurotensin innervation separated by less or no innervation occur throughout the basal forebrain. Taken together, these findings suggest that somatostatin and neurotensin occur in separate neuronal populations and that each may influence important physiological functions within the individual septal nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319452
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dorsal rhizotomy on the several types of primary afferent terminals in laminae I–III of the rat spinal cord (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Terminal degeneration ; Dorsal rhizotomy ; Glomeruli ; Spinal cord ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After cervical dorsal rhizotomy, small dark central terminals (CI) of glomeruli underwent electron dense changes at 8 h and were all degenerated at 36 h; their number persisted, though slightly diminished, up to 15 days, glial engulfment being negligible. Light large central terminals without neurofilaments (CIIa) showed electron-lucent or electron-dense degeneration from 14 to 36 h, while those with neurofilaments (CIIb) exhibited increased neurofilamentous areas, with depletion and presynaptic concentration of synaptic vesicles as in the electron-lucent change, at the 8–36 h postrhizotomy periods. Both CII-varieties were all degenerated at 36 h and became electron dense at 48 h; glial phagocytosis was intense and no terminals were present after 4 days. It is concluded that in the rat the 3 types of central glomerular terminals are primary axons, and that each type undergoes a different pattern of degeneration which points to a separate primary afferent origin. Numerous nonglomerular axodendritic endings began showing electron-dense degeneration at 8 h which rapidly masked their normal structure, although most appeared to contain round agranular vesicles, and some of them dense-cored vesicles (in lamina I). A few endings exhibited electronlucent degeneration. Labeling methods seem preferable for studying the primary origin of nonglomerular terminals, due to the difficulty in recognizing the normal predegenerative structure of these profiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318731
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microvascular permeability in induced astrocytomas and peritumor neuropil of rat brain (1984)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 192-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astrocytoma ; Blood-brain barrier ; HVEM ; Transendothelial channels ; Protein tracer ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain tumors, benign and malignant, are characteristically more permeable to various types of tracer molecules than the neuropil in which they are embedded. Impermeability of brain neuropil capillaries is imparted by the blood-brain barrier, the anatomic basis of which is the network of interendothelial zonulae occludentes that seal capillary endothelial cells. To explore both the vascular elements of brain neoplasms and the route of tracer extravasation from them, as well as the possible effects of brain tumors on the permeability of peritumoral neuropil capillaries, brain tumors were induced in newborn Wistar rats by intracerebral (i.c.) injection of C-6 astrocytoma cells. The protein tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected systemically into both normal and tumorbearing rats to mark the pathway along which it flowed into the tumor parenchyma tissue spaces, and to signal any concomitant tracer loss from the tumor extracellular compartment or peritumoral brain capillaries, into the neuropil extracellular milieu. Electron-microscopic examination on thin plastic sections of tumor and peritumoral neuropil revealed massive extravasation of tracer into the tumor tissue spaces, but none was seen outside of the capillaries in the surrounding brain neuropil. Zonulae occludentes of both tumor capillary endothelium and brain capillary endothelium were devoid of tracer and judged tight (sealed). Tracer was seen in pinocytotic vesicles in the highly attenuated endothelium of tumor capillaries and also in cytoplasmic vesicles within the tumor cells. The peritumoral and contralateral neuropil capillary endothelium exhibited reaction product-filled pinocytotic vesicles and vesiculo-tubular conduits. Often, one end of a HRP-filled vesiculo-tubular channel appeared continuous with either the luminal or abluminal plasmalemma. High-voltage electron microscopy of these conduits often showed them to be continuous with both luminal and abluminal surfaces of the endothelium, thus forming a continuum across the capillary wall. In addition, these transendothelial channels, clearly constituted as chains of fused vesicles, were often seen in close proximity to, or fused with, dense bodies in the endothelial cytoplasm. In spite of the presence of HRP-filled structures in the peritumoral neuropil capillary endothelium of tumor-bearing rats, no evidence of tracer extravasation from these vessels was apparent. These results suggest that although peritumoral and contralateral neuropil capillaries possess the machinery for extravasation of tracer, likely as a response to the presence of the neoplasm, tracer is not lost but, instead, is degraded by endothelial enzymes. The extensive flooding of the tumor extracellular compartment with tracer may be achieved by transport of HRP across the very thin walls of tumor capillaries by single cytoplasmic vesicles which structurally and functionally play the role of transendothelial channels. Based on the results of this study, it is unlikely that molecules delivered systemically to treat brain neoplasms, will leak into the peritumor or contralateral neuropil, either from their own capillaries, or from the extracellular compartment of the tumor parenchyma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688109
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The density and distribution of ischemic brain injury in the rat following 2–10 min of forebrain ischemia (1984)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Selective vulnerability ; Neuronal necrosis ; Cell death ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The density and distribution of brain damage after 2–10 min of cerebral ischemia was studied in the rat. Ischemia was produced by a combination of carotid clamping and hypotension, followed by 1 week recovery. The brains were perfusion-fixed with formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, subserially sectioned, and stained with acid fuchsin/cresyl violet. The number of necrotic neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and caudate nucleus was assessed by direct visual counting. Somewhat unexpectedly, mild brain damage was observed in some animals already after 2 min, and more consistently after 4 min of ischemia. This damage affected CA4 and CA1 pyramids in the hippocampus, and neurons in the subiculum. Necrosis of neocortical cells began to appear after 4 min and CA3 hippocampal damage after 6 min of ischemia, while neurons in the caudoputamen were affected first after 8–10 min. Selective neuronal necrosis of the cerebral cortex worsened into infarction after higher doses of insult. Damage was worst over the superolateral convexity of the hemisphere, in the middle laminae of the cerebral cortex. The caudate nucleus showed geographically demarcated zones of selective neuronal necrosis, damage to neurons in the dorsolateral portion showing an all-or-none pattern. Other structures involved included the amygdaloid, the thalamic reticular nucleus, the septal nuclei, the pars reticularis of the substantia nigra, and the cerebellar vermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690397
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenal interference of insulin secretion after 14-days oestradiol treatment in female rats (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 76-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; islets of Langerhans ; oestradiol treatment ; adrenal glands ; corticosterone treatment ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ovarian-adrenal interactions on insulin secretion during oestradiol treatment were studied in sham-operated, ovariectomized and adrenalectomized-ovariectomized female rats, the latter thus treated to suppress interference from endogenous hormones. Islets of Langerhans isolated from oestradiol or oestradiol + corticosterone treated and control rats were incubated with various glucose concentrations. Oestradiol treatment enhanced basal and glucose stimulated insulin secretion from sham-operated (+12%) or ovariectomized rats (+24%). This effect disappeared in adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats but reappeared when adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats were treated with oestradiol + corticosterone (+37%). A 14-day oestradiol treatment had a trophic effect on total protein content independent of adrenal presence (+14%; +15%; +31%; +23% versus respective control groups). Our data demonstrate that corticosterone is necessary for the stimulating effect of oestradiol on insulin secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252268
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary protein: a trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes in the BB rat? (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 297-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; pathogenesis ; insulin-dependent diabetes ; dietary proteins ; milk proteins ; wheat proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Animals from a colony of spontaneously diabetic insulin-dependent BB rats were fed from weaning with semisynthetic diets in which natural proteins were replaced by l-amino acids with or without the addition of either milk or wheat proteins. The normal 50% incidence of diabetes in the colony was reduced to 15% in rats fed the basic semi-synthetic diet, while it was 35% and 52% when supplemented with gluten or milk, respectively. Thus, dietary factors might precipitate the expression of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283653
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubular lesions in streptozotocin-diabetic rats (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 27 (1984), S. 32-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; kidney ; streptozotocin diabetes ; tubular lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Renal tubular lesions have been studied in streptozotocin-diabetic rats after 50 days of diabetes and compared with age-matched controls. The kidney weight increased by 67% in the diabetic animals and the length of the proximal tubules increased by 22%, but no abnormalities were found. The length of the distal tubules increased by 20% and the total increase was due to abnormal distal tubules. These abnormalities were confined to the cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla, but they were not seen in the inner stripe of the outer medulla. Abnormal cells were found also in the distal tubular cells of the macula densa. The total length of the collecting ducts was the same in the two groups and the cells appeared normal. The cells of the abnormal distal tubules appeared either empty or full of a PAS-positive material, digestable with α-amylase. At the electron microscope level, the cytoplasm of the cells contained glycogen-like granules, strikingly few organelles and the basal infoldings were greatly reduced. It is suggested that these tubular lesions might play a role in the development of renal functional changes in diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253498
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracerebroventricular injection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a patient with congenital indifference to pain induces analgesia in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1365-1366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; cerebrospinal fluid, human ; analgesia ; naloxone ; pain indifference, congenital ; opiates, endogenous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary CSF from a patient with congential indifference to pain was found to produce analgesia in the rat following intracerebroventricular injections. The analgesic effect was attenuated by pretreatment with naloxone suggesting the involvement of hyperactive endogenous opiate mechanisms in this patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951891
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and hexokinase in spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1368-1369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; kidney ; hypertensive ; prostaglandin dehydrogenase ; hexokinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) surged in hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rat kidney at 8 days of age, is greatest in SHR. Hexokinase fell in SHR at 17 days of age, but thereafter was similar to WKY. This suggests multisystem enzymatic abnormalities in SHR kidney during development of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951893
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol preference in rats with a prior history of acetaldehyde self-administration (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1008-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; ethanol preference ; acetaldehyde self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peripherally self-injected acetaldehyde in interaction with environmental and nutritional variables significantly enhances alcohol drinking in rats and suggests an involvement of acetaldehyde in voluntary alcohol intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946483
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution and origin of the ipsilateral descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum. An autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 167-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral ; Interposed nuclei ; Ipsilateral descending B.C. ; Lateral parvocellular reticular formation ; Trigeminal complex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution, organization and origin of the ipsilateral descending limb of the Brachium Conjunctivum (B.C.), have been studied in the rat by using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. After injections of tritiated leucine/proline into the lateral cerebellar nucleus, covering both its medial part, corresponding to the dorsolateral hump (DLH) of Goodman et al. (1963) and its lateral part, (designated here as the lateral dentate, LD), and the neighboring interposed nucleus (NI), emerging fibres are numerous and leave laterally from the B.C. On the contrary, injections restricted to LD reveal very few such fibers. Within the lateral parvocellular reticular formation (LPRF) terminal labelling is heavy, and moderate to sparse within the adjacent trigeminal complex. Rostro-caudally, silver grain accumulation within the LPRF extends from the level of the motor trigeminal nucleus (VM) to the pyramidal decussation, exhibiting a cephalocaudal decrease of grain density. Within the trigeminal complex, labelling occurs in the caudal VM, the dorsal portion of the principal sensory nucleus, and within and around the trigeminal spinalis oralis. In addition, the area surrounding the VM (in part corresponding to the supratrigeminal region of Lorente de Nó 1922, 1933) is moderately labelled. After injections of HRP into various levels of the ipsilateral descending B.C.'s projection field, retrogradely labelled cells are numerous within the DLH. A slightly lesser amount of labelled cells are found in the lateral half of the NI, primarily concerning the nucleus interpositus posterior. Within the LD, only a few labelled cells are observed: these are mainly restricted to the dorsal portion at rostral levels of the nucleus. The results obtained by both the anterograde and retrograde studies suggest an absence of a topographic organization within this descending B.C. component. The possible functional meaning of these results is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237454
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electrophysiological study of pathways mediating optokinetic responses to the vestibular nucleus in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optokinetic pathways ; Pretectum ; Prepositus hypoglossi complex ; N. reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Vestibular nuclei ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1) Intra-and extracellular responses of neurons in the pretectum (Pt), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), the prepositus hypoglossal complex (NPH) and the vestibular nuclei (VN) were recorded during orthodromic/antidromic stimulation of their afferent/efferent fibers. 2) In the Pt, many neurons were excited by stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve (ONc). Comparison of the latencies of evoked presynaptic action potentials and EPSPs yielded a time difference corresponding to one synaptic delay. Forty five per cent of these monosynaptically driven neurons were also excited antidromically from the ipsilateral NRTP. 3) In the NRTP, ONc and Pt stimulations evoked disynaptic and monosynaptic EPSPs, respectively. Thirty six per cent of NRTP neurons orthodromically driven from ONc and/or ipsilateral Pt stimulation were also antidromically invaded from either the contralateral (67%) or the ipsilateral (33%) flocculus but never from both. 4) In the NPH, both ipsilateral Pt and NRTP stimulations excited type II neurons monosynaptically. In addition, EPSPs evoked by Pt stimulation could be mediated to the NPH via a disynaptic route involving the NRTP. 5) In the VN, type II neurons were excited by ipsilateral Pt stimulation. When comparing the latencies of action potentials and EPSPs evoked by Pt stimulation in the NPH and in VN type II neurons respectively, a short, possibly monosynaptic connection, may be postulated between the NPH and the VN. 6) Our results suggest that vestibular neurons may be optokinetically driven from the contralateral eye both via Pt-NPH connections and Pt-NRTP-NPH paths. They also confirm the existence of a transcerebellar route from the Pt via the NRTP to the ipsior contralateral flocculi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236235
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Firing of spinal motoneurones due to electrical interaction in the rat: An in vitro study (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 437-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Spinal motoneurones ; Recurrent discharge ; Electrical synapse ; In vitro study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excitatory interaction between spinal motoneurones was investigated by means of electromyogram (EMG) recordings from hindlimb muscles as well as intracellular ones from their innervating motoneurones in the isolated preparation of immature rats. Stimulation of the muscle nerve to biceps femoris or medial gastrocnemius or of the L5 ventral root evoked early and late EMG responses in the muscle of the preparations with the dorsal roots cut. The early response was produced directly by volleys in the motor nerve. The late response was of spinal origin, since it disappeared after the severance of the ventral root. The thresholds and the conduction velocities of nerve fibres, which conducted the centripetal impulse causing the late response, were compatible with those of motor nerve fibres. The amplitude of the late response was 5–10% of that of the maximum early EMG response. Intracellular recordings from spinal motoneurones revealed that stimulation of the ventral root elicited the double discharge composed of antidromic and delayed spike potentials. The delayed spike was never evoked after the spike potential elicited directly by a short depolarizing pulse. The double discharge was observed in about 6% of the motoneurones examined. The threshold of the stimulus intensity evoking the double discharge was in the range of those of motor nerve fibres. The latencies of the delayed excitation were 7.0–9.0 ms, comparable to the intraspinal delays of the late EMG response. Stimulation of the ventral root at intensities subthreshold for antidromic activation was found to produce a small depolarizing potential in about 60% of the motoneurones examined. The amplitudes were 0.5–5.0 mV, and the onset and the peak latencies 2.0–7.0 ms and 5.0–8.0 ms, respectively. The potential was unaffected by the deficiency of calcium ions in the perfusing medium and persisted after the degeneration of the afferent fibres in the ventral root. It was thus concluded that the depolarizing potential was generated by electrical synapses between motoneurones. In a few motoneurones the electrical synaptic potential was found to elicit spike potentials. Latencies of these spikes were similar to those of the delayed excitation in motoneurones with the double discharge. The time course of changes in the excitability in these motoneurones showed that the delayed excitation, hence the late EMG response, was also caused by the electrical synaptic potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235469
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscarinic action of acetylcholine in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 553-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Electrophysiology ; Iontophoresis ; Acetylcholine ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several lines of evidence suggest a role for ACh in the mediation of cerebello-thalamic transmission. The physiological, pharmacological and biochemical experiments described were designed to test this hypothesis for the rat cerebello-thalamic pathway. Unilateral electrolytic lesions of the superior cerebellar peduncle resulted in modest falls of CAT from both ventromedial thalamic nuclei (contralateral 35%, ipsilateral 15%). Iontophoretic application of ACh to relay cells evokes three types of response (i) excitation (ii) inhibition (iii) polyphasic combinations of (i) and (ii). The type of response evoked was directly related to the firing pattern of the cell. Thus, for example, excitatory responses were never recorded during high-frequency bursting but were easily evoked following a switch to tonic, single-spike activity. All responses to ACh and synaptic responses to cerebellar stimulation were sensitive to muscarinic but not to nicotinic cholinergic antagonists. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine was a potent blocker of excitant amino acid responses but had no effect on cerebellarevoked synaptic responses. Cholinergic and anticholinergic agents had a profound action on relay cell firing pattern. ACh promoted single-spike activity whereas atropine promoted high-frequency bursting. The actions of ACh are discussed with reference to recently discovered voltage-sensitive ionic conductances. Because of the modulatory action of ACh on relay cell firing pattern and excitability no firm conclusion can be reached concerning the hypothesis under test here. We tentatively suggest a dual role for ACh as both neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235286
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative and morphological studies on developing optic axons in normal and enucleated albino rats (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1984), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Development ; Rat ; Optic nerve ; Cell death ; Myelination ; Eye removal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the albino rat, the number of optic axons increases from 400 on embryonic day 15 to reach a peak of 240000 at birth, before declining to adult numbers (100000) by postnatal day 5. Throughout the period of loss of axons there are few signs of degeneration in the optic nerve, which does not change its diameter: the decrease in density of axons is matched by an increase in the cross-sectional area of individual axons. Myelination of the initially non-myelinated axons starts on day 5, when axonal numbers stabilize. Following neonatal removal of one eye, fewer axons than normal are present in the contralateral optic nerve up to day 5. The axons removed by enucleation may be retino-retinal axons, representing up to 40% of the 83000 fibres lost between postnatal days 2 and 5. There is no increase in the numbers of optic axons in the remaining nerve in adult animals; this appears to be due to the small absolute numbers of ipsilateral axons saved by enucleation. After enucleation, axons remain clear and undergo a “watery” degeneration after initially swelling, and the removal of degenerative products is accomplished within four days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231137
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    Harmaline induced tremor III. A combined simple units, horseradish peroxidase, and 2-deoxyglucose study of the olivocerebellar system in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1984), S. 128-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Harmaline tremor ; Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Purkinje cells were recorded extracellularly and mapped in the cerebellar cortex of the rat under tremogenic doses of harmaline. Four différent types of responses were encountered, of which two were considered as being responsible for the harmaline tremor. The latter had a regular firing pattern of complex spikes at 5 to 10 Hz and were mostly found in the vermis. Their number decreased in the more lateral region of the cerebellar cortex until they eventually disappeared. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into all the areas of the cerebellar cortex containing Purkinje cells with harmaline-induced activity. Labeled neurons were in all cases traced to the medial accessory olive. The metabolic activity of the inferior olive under harmaline was measured with 2-deoxyglucose. Increased labeling was only found in the medial accessory olive. Such an increase was demonstrated as being due to a direct effect of the drug on the inferior olivary neurons, indicating that the medial accessory olive is responsible for the harmaline tremor in the rat. Our results point out that, in the rat, there is an inverse relationship between serotoninergic innervation of a region in the inferior olivary nucleus and that with harmaline sensitivity, therefore a serotoninergic mechanism hypothesis for the harmaline tremor needs further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231139
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  • 119
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    Relation of the parabigeminal nucleus to the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the hooded rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Parabigeminal nucleus ; Superior colliculus ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retino-recipient layers of the superior colliculus project predominantly to the dorsal and ventral divisions of the ipsilateral parabigeminal nucleus, while receiving an input chiefly from the medial division of the contralateral nucleus. A variety of retrograde tracing techniques was used to confirm that there is a projection from the medial division of the parabigeminal nucleus to the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in normal adult hooded rats. Some parabigeminal cells branch to supply both dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and retino-recipient layers of the superior colliculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237450
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    Response properties of neurons in the visual cortex of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 374-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Visual field properties ; Rat ; Vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Response properties of neurons in the visual cortex, area 17, of Long Evans pigmented rats were investigated quantitatively with computer-controlled stimuli. Ninety percent of the cells recorded (296/327) were responsive to visual stimulation. The majority (95%, 281/296) responded to moving images and were classified as complex (44%), simple (27%), hypercomplex (13%) and non-oriented (16%) according to criteria previously established for cortical cells in the cat and monkey. The remaining 5% of the neurons responded only to stationary stimuli flashed on-off in their receptive field. Results of this study indicate that neurons of the rat visual cortex have properties similar to those of cells in the striate cortex of more ‘visual’ mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238168
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  • 121
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    Inferior olive lesion induces long-lasting functional modification in the Purkinje cells (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 368-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Simple spike ; Purkinje cell ; Inferior olive lesion ; Rat ; Plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In recent experiments Montarolo et al. (1982) have shown that reversible inferior olive (IO) inactivation of up to 90 s induces a marked increase of the Purkinje cell (PC) simple spike (SS) frequency which lasts as long as the disappearance of the complex spikes (CS). The present work was aimed at studying how long this SS frequency increase lasts. We recorded the electrical activity of 724 PCs from rats (Nembutal anaesthesia 20–40 mg/kg) in which the IO was destroyed by means of cryocoagulation, electrocoagulation and 3-acetylpyridine injection. The SS activity was followed up to 1 month from the lesion. The average SS frequency of the first 5 days is 52.7 (±22.6 S.D.). The difference from the control (22.6±13.7 S.D.) is highly significant (P〈 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-test). Later the SS discharge shows a gradual decrease, to reach a value (24.2±12.1 S.D.) similar to the control at the 4th week. Our results demonstrate that the increase of the SS activity, due to the IO lesion, undergoes an adaptation. The time course of such an adaptation is well correlated with the metabolic changes in the intracerebellar nuclei, following an IO permanent lesion, described by Bardin et al. (1983).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237287
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    Supraoptic neurosecretory cells: Synaptic inputs from the nucleus accumbens in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 341-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Supraoptic nucleus ; Nucleus accumbens ; Septum ; Vasopressin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic inputs from the nucleus accumbens (ACB) to neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were studied in the rat. One hundred and twenty SON neurones responded antidromically to pituitary stalk stimulation and were identified as neurosecretory cells. Sixty-three of these cells were identified as vasopressin-secreting cells and 45 as oxytocin-secreting cells by their spontaneous firing patterns. About one half of the vasopressin-cells and two thirds of the oxytocin-cells were responsive to stimulation of the basal forebrain including the ACB. More vasopressin-cells were excited than were inhibited, and oxytocin-cells were mainly inhibited. Depth profile of effective stimulation sites in the basal forebrain revealed that ACB stimulation selectively produced the responses. Most of those SON neurones responsive to ACB stimulation also responded to septal stimulation. A positive correlation was observed between responses to ACB and septal stimulation in each unit. After septal lesion, the number of SON neurones which were responsive to ACB stimulation was significantly decreased. In two rats, a single SON unit was tested for ACB stimulation both before and after septal lesion, and the previously observed synaptic inputs were not seen after the lesion. Fifty septal neurones projecting to the area including the SON were antidromically identified after SON stimulation. About one half of these neurones were excited by ACB stimulation. These results demonstrate the existence of a neural pathway from the ACB to the SON and suggest that the pathway is mediated by septal neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238164
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    Differential plasma corticosterone responses to hippocampal stimulation (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: ACTH ; Urethane ; Corticosterone ; Rat ; Electrical stimulation ; Pituitary-adrenal function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of limbic forebrain stimulation on pituitary-adrenal function was assessed by evaluating plasma corticosterone obtained prior to and following sham or electrical stimulation of urethane (1.20 g/kg) anesthetized female rats. Cortical electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and respiration were routinely monitored. Timed blood samples (0.25 ml) were obtained from a catherized femoral artery. The HR (Bts/min), MAP (mm of Hg), and corticosterone levels (μg/dl) for 7 non-stimulated rats averaged over 6 sampling periods were 385±19, 95±6, and 70.3±5.8 respectively. In electrically or sham stimulated rats, blood samples were taken just prior to stimulation (biphasic square waves, 100 μA, 50 or 60 Hz, 1 ms, 1 s on/1 s off for 15 or 30 min) and 5, 10, 15, and 30 min after initiation of stimulation. Significant changes in plasma corticosterone levels were obtained following stimulation of hippocampal and amygdaloid areas. In contrast, no change in corticosterone concentration was observed following stimulation of cortex, corpus callosum, fornix and a variety of other CNS areas. Detailed analysis of hippocampal influence on urethane stimulated plasma corticosterone levels showed increased plasma corticosterone levels following stimulation of CA1. In contrast, stimulation of CA3, dentate (includes CA4) and the subiculum produced significant decreases in plasma corticosterone levels. No change in corticosterone levels was observed following sham stimulation. Collectively, these data indicate that consideration must be given to the possibility that differential neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms reside within various limbic forebrain complexes and that electrical stimulation of limbic forebrain sites of urethane anesthetized rats may provide information regarding sites inhibitory to pituitary-adrenal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235813
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    The role of the visual cortex in response properties of lateral geniculate cells in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cortico-geniculate influence ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unitary discharges of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were analyzed in anesthetized and paralyzed rats after inactivation of visual cortical areas (VC) by cryoblockade or by depositing a cotton wick soaked in KCl (3 M). The receptive fields were mapped prior to and following the interruption of the cortico-geniculate feedback. The responsiveness of the VC was controlled by monitoring evoked potentials and the EEG. In most off-center and about half on-center cells the surround excitatory responses were markedly reduced and even totally abolished. In contrast, the center excitation remained unchanged or increased suggesting a parallel decline of the inhibitory surround. This differential influence of cortical blockade on on- or off-responses failed to appear in on-off cells whose receptive field was nonconcentrically organized. It is proposed that the VC exerts a complex influence upon geniculate physiology while the spatial center-surround relationships are under the control of the VC. The results of this investigation are comparable to those obtained in rabbits and cats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238152
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    Electrophysiological properties of rat pinealocytes: Evidence for circadian and ultradian rhythms (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 455-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Pineal gland ; Pinealocyte ; Rhythms ; Circadian rhythm ; Electrical activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular single-unit recordings were made during day- and night-time in the pineal gland of urethane-anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. All cells exhibiting spontaneous electrical activity had firing frequencies from less than 1 Hz to about 100 Hz, and their discharge patterns were characterized as regular, irregular or bursting. While most of the spontaneously active cells (n=63) showed a uniform activity level throughout the recording period (30–120 min), a group of 9 cells exhibited oscillatory rhythms with periods of 4–8 min. In addition, long-term recordings across day- and night-time from five cells revealed increasing activity during night-time in three cells, while the remaining two units showed constant activity throughout the recording time (8–20 h). Comparison of day- and night-data in general indicated an overall higher level of activity at night.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235276
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    5-HT-immunoreactive fibers in the trigeminal nuclear complex of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Trigeminal nuclear complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) fibers in the trigeminal nuclear complex of the rat was mapped. In the sensory nuclei, innervation appeared to be dense in areas primarily related to nociceptive afferent activity, and sparse in areas primarily related to nonnociceptive afferent activity. Specifically, the marginal and gelatinosa layers of the spinal subnucleus caudalis contained many 5-HT-IR fibers while few labeled fibers were seen in the magnocellular portion of subnucleus caudalis or in the principal sensory nucleus. The spinal subnuclei oralis and interpolaris were sparsely innervated except for a few areas which contained more 5-HT-IR fibers. The motor nucleus contained as many immunoreactive fibers as the subnucleus caudalis, although fibers in the motor nucleus were thicker and varicosities more irregularly spaced than in caudalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235282
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    Regulation of cerebello-cortical transmission in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 535-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Cerebellum ; Basal ganglia ; Electrophysiology ; Rat ; Firing patterns ; Transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of antidromic stimulation we have identified two distinct neuronal populations in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus. The largest population (96%) are thalamo-cortical relay cells which project via the internal capsule to the cerebral cortex. The smaller population of cells (4%) project caudally to the reticular formation and superior colliculus. These two cell types could be distinguished further on the basis of their patterns of spontaneous discharge. Relay cells fluctuate between two activity patterns (i) a rhythmic pattern characterized by periods of high-frequency bursting, and (ii) a more tonic discharge pattern of single spikes. The caudally projecting cells had a characteristic fast, regular type of spontaneous firing. Brachium conjunctivum stimulation evokes two distinct responses in thalamic relay cells, (i) a short-latency single spike, (ii) a longer latency, rhythmic response of 2–3 spikes. Both excitatory responses are followed by a period of cell quiescence. The type of response is dependent upon the cell's firing pattern. The short-latency response occurs during tonic, single-spike activity whilst the longer latency response occurs during highfrequency bursting activity. The short-latency response can be altered to the long latency response by increasing the level of anaesthesia or by applying a conditioning shock to known inhibitory pathways. Conversely the long latency response can be altered to the short-latency response by decreasing anaesthesia or by stimulation of the reticular formation. It is argued that both response types are evoked monosynaptically by activation of the same cerebello-thalamic fibres but that different ionic conductances which are active at different levels of membrane polarization are responsible for the two response patterns. Efficient time-locked cerebellothalamo-cortical transmission occurs only during tonic single-spike activity, when cerebellar stimulation evokes a short-latency response. Such transmission is allowed or disallowed by the fine balance between converging excitatory and inhibitory afferents. In addition to a monosynaptic excitatory input from the cerebellar nuclei, relay cells received converging synaptic inputs from the substantia nigra, cerebral cortex, reticular formation and superior colliculus. Due to the anatomical arrangement in the rat it proved impossible to assess the role of the pallidum. The population of caudally projecting cells also received several converging synaptic inputs, but unlike those influencing relay cells, these inputs were all excitatory. We have obtained no clear physiological evidence for the occurrence of local interneurones within the ventromedial nucleus. However, a powerful recurrent inhibitory circuit is activated following antidromic activation of relay cells. The interneurones responsible for this inhibition appear to lie in the thalamic nucleus reticularis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235285
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    Evidence for a ventral septal projection to the hippocampal formation of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 579-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Septo-Hippocampal projections ; Hippocampal afferents ; Cholinergic projections ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of experiments in which the known projections of the septal complex to the hippocampal formation have been transected, we have used both anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in an attempt to demonstrate a ventral septo-hippocampal pathway. In cases where transections of the fimbria, dorsal fornix and supracallosal stria were complete, injections of the retrograde tracers wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or Fast blue, resulted in labeled cells in the ipsilateral septal complex, primarily in the nucleus of the diagonal band. The number of cells labeled in these experiments was approximately 5–10% of that seen in experiments in animals with intact dorsal pathways who had received similar injections. The presence of a ventral pathway was confirmed in anterograde labeling experiments in which injections of 3H-amino acids were made into the septal complex. The autoradiogfaphs demonstrated that the projection terminates most heavily in the entorhinal cortex and to a lesser extent in the ventral subicular complex; there may be an additional minor projection to the temporal half of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Finally, using double labeling procedures, we were able to demonstrate that at least a portion of the cell population that gives rise to the ventral pathway demonstrates choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and is presumably cholinergic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235290
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    The distribution of the projection from the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus to the nucleus accumbens in the rat: An autoradiographic study (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 499-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parataenial nucleus ; Nucleus accumbens ; Autoradiography ; Thalamus ; Limbic system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study the intrastriatal distribution of afferents arising from the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus was investigated. Tritiated leucine and proline injected into the parataenial nucleus was found to densely label the entire anterior-posterior extent of the medial nucleus accumbens. The projection was for the most part limited to this striatal subregion, although some moderate labelling was found along the medial wall of the anterior caudateputamen. The terminal labelling within accumbens was characterized by a distinct patchiness. Other efferent connections of the parataenial nucleus observed in this study include the thalamic reticular nucleus, the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala, the septum, the medial frontal cortex, the entorhinal cortex and subiculum. This projection is distributed to the “limbic afferented” sector of striatum, and there is a nearly complete overlap between the parataenial afferents and those coming from hippocampus. The present findings suggest that the parataenial nucleus is an important thalamic link between limbic and striatal processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235475
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    The use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase for studying the dendritic trees and axonal courses of particular groups of tract cells in the spinal cord (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Rat ; Spinal tract neurons ; Retrograde HRP transport ; Procedure and evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Modifications have been made in Mesulam's method for labelling neurons by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, with tetramethylbenzidine as chromogen, with the object of increasing the extent of labelling of dendrites and axons. A procedure was devised specifically for studying spinomedullary and medullospinal tract systems, involving implanting easily-made HRP-agar pellets into areas of controlled damage in particular spinal fascicles, and sealing the site of implant with cyanoacrylate glue. Lesions of other fascicles were often made to limit transport to the implanted fascicle. Fourth-order dendrites were regularly labelled over long (30 cm or more) transport distances: axons were also labelled over this whole distance, often allowing exact study of the initial course of particular axons. Controls in both cat and rat showed that the uptake of HRP under these circumstances occurred almost wholly from the region of axonal damage at the site of implant which can be characterized histologically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235478
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    Is there a retinopetal system in the rat? (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 502-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual system ; Retinopetal cells ; Lateral mesencephalic tegmentum ; Retrograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The centrifugal innervation of the retina was reinvestigated in albino and pigmented rats with intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), radioactive wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and proline. No labeled cells were found in the brains injected with HRP and proline, except some eye muscle motoneurons in one case apparently involving orbital contamination from the injection. In the cases injected with WGA and having a survival time of at least two days cells were labeled in the lateral mesencephalic tegmentum, ventral to the parabigeminal nucleus and in the periaqueductal gray. Both these findings are most likely due to transneuronal anterograde-retrograde transport of the tracer through the superior colliculus. The results yielded no compelling evidence for the existence of a direct retinopetal pathway in the rat, which is in contrast to a recently claimed retinal projection originating from the pretectum. Special attention was paid to the labeling in the lateral mesencephalic tegmentum, an area giving rise to retinal projections in various submammalian species. This finding is discussed with regard to the possibility that also in the rat the lateral tegmentum exerts an early influence on visual input, but at the “higher” collicular level and not at the “original” retinal one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237991
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    Absence of reoxygenation damage in isolated heart cells after anoxic injury (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 71-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac anoxia ; Enzyme release ; Reoxygenation damage ; Mitochondrial swelling ; Contracture development ; Cell lysis ; Adult heart cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cultured adult cardiac myocytes were exposed to anoxia under substrate-free conditions and then reoxygenated. When comparing the oxygen deficient organ to the anoxic cell culture, we see that metabolic changes in the latter system proceed in a similar, yet prolonged manner, as in arrested hearts. Release of cytosolic enzymes starts with minor energetic disturbances and proceeds closely correlated to the actual ATP level. Below 2 μmol ATP/gww, an increasing number of cells becomes irreversibly damaged, above this level, 30 min reoxygenation leads to extensive recovery of the whole preparation. The results indicate that leakage of cytosolic enzymes during the early stage of anoxia is due to a gradual protein release from the individual cells and is related to reversible membrane alterations. Reoxygenation does not induce changes considered typical of the ‘oxygen paradox’. Since mechanical cell-cell interactions are absent in this model, it is suggested that aggravation of tissue damage in heart tissue reoxygenated late is mainly caused by mechanical forces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581535
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    The effect of acute zimeldine and alaproclate administration on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance: Comparison with other antidepressant agents, test of selectivity and sub-chronic studies (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 188-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Zimeldine ; Alaproclate ; Antidepressants ; PCA ; Selectivity ; Subchronic administration ; Two-way ; One-way ; Avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dose-dependent effect of acute zimeldine and alaproclate treatment upon the acquisition of two-way and one-way active avoidance in the rat was studied in a single-session and in a repeated-sessions design. Zimeldine (5–20 mg/kg, IP), but not alaproclate, caused disruptions of two-way avoidance acquisition. Acquisition deficits were also caused by citalopram and fluoxetine but not the other antidepressant drugs tested. Zimeldine, but not alaproclate or desipramine, caused a slight but non-significant impairment of one-way active avoidance; neither zimeldine nor alaproclate produced any effects upon fear conditioning and retention testing. The long-term action of p-chloroamphetamine (2×10 mg/kg) antagonised the acute zimeldine effect totally, and chronic treatment with zimeldine (15 days, 1×50 μmol/kg) and chlorimipramine (15 days, 2×10 μmol/kg) also caused some partial blockade of the two-way avoidance deficit. These data seem to suggest some involvement of serotonin (5-HT) in the observed disruptions of two-way active avoidance caused by acute zimeldine treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427444
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    Long-lasting tolerance to stimulatory effects of perinatal caffeine treatment (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 285-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Caffeine ; Tolerance ; Perinatal treatment ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pregnant rats were treated with caffeine in their drinking water at doses of 136.3 mg/kg/day during gestation and 222.2 mg/kg/day during lactation. The resulting off-spring at 60 days of age (40 days after drug withdrawal) were tested in an activity monitor cage. Spontaneous locomotor activity and that induced by caffeine (10, 30, 60 mg/kg/day) were observed. Treated rats showed apparent tolerance to caffeine-induced motility. Therefore perinatal caffeine treatment seems to induce long-lasting tolerance. This finding contrasts with those previously reported for chronic caffeine treatment in adult rats, where tolerance disappears after only 2–3 weeks following drug with-drawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427461
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    Effect of naloxone administration upon responses of adrenal hormones to withdrawal from ethanol (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Corticosterone ; Adrenal catecholamine ; Ethanol ; Withdrawal ; Naloxone ; Stress ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats maintained on an ethanol-liquid diet developed physical dependence after 16 days. Activation of adrenocortical function and overactivity of the sympathoadrenal system were observed during withdrawal from ethanol. The opiate antagonist naloxone prevented the adrenomedullary response, and attenuated, though not significantly, the increases in serum corticosterone induced by ethanol deprivation. These findings suggest that endogenous opioid pathways may be involved in the ethanol-withdrawal syndrome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427769
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    Involvement of dopamine in the antinociceptive response to footshock (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 185-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Stress ; Antinociception ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of drugs which alter dopaminergic function on footshock-induced antinociception were studied in the rat. Antinociception due to brief (30 s) footshock was inversely related to dopamine (DA). Thus, it was increased by the DA receptor antagonists pimozide and haloperidol and decreased by the specific D2 dopamine receptor agonist LY 141865, but not by the specific D1 agonist SKF 38393. Although pimozide increased the antinociceptive effect of 30-s shock, it decreased that of 30-min shock. It is suggested that DA may have physiological roles in stress-induced antinociception, and that these may differ according to the duration of stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427770
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    Species differences in the relative analgesic potencies of some classical opiates and opioid peptides (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 400-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opiates ; Opioid peptides ; Enkephalin analogues ; β-Endorphin ; Analgesia ; Species differences ; Morphine ; d-Met2, Pro5-enkephalinamide ; Rat ; Mouse ; Opiate receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The analgesic ED50 values of some classical morphine congeners (morphine, methadone, fentanyl, azidomorphine) in the rat and mouse tail-flick tests were found to be similar. However, several synthetic derivatives of the natural enkephalins were more potent in mice than in rats. (These analogs contain d-amino acid in position 2 and d- or l-sulfonic (or phosphonic) acid residue in position 5). β-Endorpin, d-Met2, Pro5-enkephalinamide and two partial agonists showed intermediate interspecies relative potencies. According to the data obtained, similar opiate receptors might mediate the analgesic action of classical opiates in rats and in mice. However, the opiate receptors responsible for the antinociceptive effects of the above mentioned enkephalin analogues must be dissimilar in the two species examined. The results are discussed in terms of the role of μ- and δ-receptors in mediation of the analgesic effect induced by different types of opioids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427694
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    Dopaminergic behaviour stereospecifically promoted by the D1 agonist R-SK & F 38393 and selectively blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 409-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine D1 & D2 receptors ; SK & F 38393 ; SCH 23390 ; Grooming ; Behaviour ; Stereotypy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist R-SK & F 38393 (20 mg/kg), but not its S-antipode, stereospecifically promoted episodes of prominent grooming behaviour. Typical stereotyped behaviour, such at that induced by apomorphine, was not seen. Grooming responses to 20 mg/kg R-SK & F 38393 were blocked by 0.1–0.5 mg/kg of the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390 but not by 1.0–5.0 mg/kg of the selective D2 antagonist metoclopramide, while stereotyped behaviour induced by 0.5 mg/kg apomorphine was blocked by both antagonists. These results are consistent with certain individual dopaminergic behaviours such as grooming being mediated by D1 receptors. Other dopaminergic syndromes may involve complex functional interactions between D1 and D2 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427697
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  • 139
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    Biochemical effects and drug levels in rats after long-term treatment with the specific 5-HT-uptake inhibitor, citalopram (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 20-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; Citalopram ; Long-term treatment ; Receptor binding ; Beta-receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects in rats of long-term administration of the potent, specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor citalopram have been investigated. Citalopram hydrobromide (MW=405) was given in the diet, 99 or 25 μmol/kg daily, for 13 days or orally, 49 μmol/kg twice a day, for 14 days. High plasma and brain levels of citalopram were found during the treatment period, whereas negligible amounts were found 24 h after withdrawal. The 5-HT uptake mechanism in blood platelets was completely blocked, since levels of whole blood 5-HT during and shortly (2 days) after treatment were decreased by 75–90%. The drug load after the two highest doses in terms of plasma drug levels was the same as in depressed patients treated with citalopram. Receptor binding technique ex vivo was applied to different brain parts to measure receptor parameters for several neurotransmitters. All data were evaluated by Eadie-Hoffstee analysis. No changes were seen in B max and K d for β-receptors (3H-dihydroalprenolol) in frontal cortex, occipital+temporal cortex, whole cortex and limbic structures, 5-HT2 receptors (3H-spiroperidol) in frontal and whole cortex, α1-receptors (3H-prazosin) in “rest of brain” and DA D-2 receptors (3H-spiroperidol) in corpus striatum and limbic structures. The uptake mechanism for 5-HT as well as the inhibitory effect of citalopram on this uptake remained unaffected in brain synaptosomes derived from control and from citalopram (99 μmol/kg)-treated rats. Thus long-term treatment with citalopram does not induce changes in neurotransmitter receptors as seen with most tricyclic as well as newer “atypical” antidepressants. Most striking is the lack of β- and 5-HT2 receptor down-regulation. Since citalopram clinically shows clear antidepressant activity, this down-regulation does not seem to be a prerequisite of antidepressant activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427416
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  • 140
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    Antidepressant versus neuroleptic activities of sulpiride isomers on four animal models of depression (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 28-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sulpiride isomers ; Imipramine ; Desipramine ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine ; Hypomotility ; Hypothermia ; Behavioural despair ; Learned helplessness ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The atypical neuroleptic sulpiride is also prescribed for depression because of its activating effect. However, such an effect does not necessarily imply an action identical to that of classical antidepressants, and a laboratory comparison of the neuroleptic and antidepressant activities of sulpiride may contribute to a better definition of its psychotherapeutic profile. Sulpiride isomers were studied in the rat in four behavioural models of depression which are thought to be influenced by neuroleptics in different ways. Desipramine (imipramine) and haloperidol were employed in each test as a standard antidepressant and neuroleptic, respectively. The four tests were: 1) prevention of apomorphine-induced sedation: 2) antagonism of apomorphine-induced hypothermia; 3) behavioural despair (swim test); 4) learned helplessness (FR2 lever pressing escape). Desipramine ameliorated behaviour in all tests; haloperidol ameliorated the response to test 1, influenced that to test 2 in a neuroleptic-like way and worsened the responses to tests 3 and 4.(-)-Sulpiride worked in a similar way to haloperidol in all tests.(+)-Sulpiride significantly and dose-dependently ameliorated the responses to test 3 and was inactive in the others. No conclusion was drawn from test 1 owing to its lack of specificity; the results of the remaining tests indicated a neuroleptic profile of (-)-sulpiride and suggested a potential “antidepressant” activity of (+)-sulpiride which merits further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427417
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  • 141
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    Passive avoidance in rats: Disruption by dopamine applied to the nucleus accumbens (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Locomotor activity ; Nucleus accumbens ; Passive avoidance ; State-dependent learning ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acquisition of a one-trial step-through passive avoidance task was examined in rats following the administration of nialamide IP and dopamine (DA) or saline into the nucleus accumbens. DA-treated rats displayed impaired learning of the task as evidenced by their lower step-through latencies on a retest trial 7 days later. The specificity of this impairment was studied in a 2×2 design involving intracerebral injections prior to both training and testing trials. It was found that DA treatment prior to the training trial disrupted learning or memorization of the task but that DA did not affect performance or retrieval and did not induce state-dependent learning. These findings suggest that DA applied to the nucleus accumbens does not facilitate learning per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427425
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    Central mediation of the conditioned taste aversion induced in rats by harmaline (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 384-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracerebral drug application ; Memory ; Neophobia ; Oliva inferior ; Saccharin preference ; Learning under anesthesia ; Cerebellar tremor ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The assumption that drugs used as unconditioned stimuli in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) studies act centrally was tested by comparing the effects of systemic and intracerebral injections of harmaline hydrochloride (H) in 340 rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 5–20 mg/kg but not of 2.5 mg/kg H administered 5 min after 15-min saccharin (0.1%) drinking decreased saccharin-water preference in a two-choice retention test, performed 48 h later, from 55% to 20%. Since CTA was not diminished when H (10 mg/kg) was injected into rats anesthetised immediately after saccharin drinking by pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), H (1.7–50 μg) was administered intracerebrally to anesthetised rats fixed in the stereotaxic apparatus. Injection of 3–6 μg H into the inferior olive elicited CTA comparable to that of systemic injection of 10 mg/kg H. Injections of 6 and 50 μg H into cerebellum and bulbar reticular formation elicited weaker CTA while neocortical, hypothalamic and mesencephalic applications were ineffective. CTA could also be elicited when 50 μg but not 6 μg H was injected into the inferior olive 1 or 2 h after saccharin drinking. This delay-dependent effect and failure of non-contingent H administration to change saccharin preference indicates that the H-induced CTA is not contaminated by a non-specific increase in neophobia. It is concluded that H probably elicits CTA by activation of caudal bulbar structures, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema and lateral reticular formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428552
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    A study of the effects of clonidine on the EEG in rats treated with single and multiple doses of antidepressants (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; Clonidine ; EEG activity ; Clonidine-antidepressants interaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of repeated and single administrations of desipramine, amitryptiline, and mianserin on the EEG effects of clonidine has been investigated in rats implanted with chronic cortical electrodes. Clonidine induced a dose-dependent EEG synchronization in control animals. Signs of behavioral depression occurred after administration of moderate (0.1 mg/kg) and higher (0.2 mg/kg) doses of clonidine. Single doses of desipramine and amitryptiline attenuated the clonidine effect, while mianserine potentiated clonidine-induced synchronization. Antidepressants given once daily for 14 days completely (desipramine and amitryptiline) or partially (mianserin) reduced the effect of clonidine. Antidepressants alone produced only a slight effect on cortical EEG pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432031
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    Effects of nicotine and d-amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation in a shuttle box test in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracranial self-stimulation ; Brain stimulation reward ; Shuttle box ; Nicotine ; d-Amphetamine ; Chronic administration ; Tolerance ; Motor performance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were permitted to turn on and off electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, by alternating between two photobeams running along opposite walls of a shuttle box. Entry into one beam (the “ON” beam) triggered the delivery of a succession of short, regularly occurring (1 Hz) pulse trains, which could be terminated by breaking the other (“OFF” beam). The two beams were frequently reversed. When this occurred, the rat was given a free period of 10 s in which to reorient, and brain stimulation reward was then assessed by the amount of time spent receiving brain stimulation (SST) within a fixed interval of time. SST increased with increasing current intensity. After training, subjects were tested for 10 consecutive days, alternately with saline and nicotine bitartrate (0.4 mg/kg SC base), and received a constant daily dose of the drug (0.4 mg/kg). Initially, nicotine visibly impaired motor performance for several minutes after injection, which may at least partly explain the observed reduction of SST; both effects waned across successive nicotine tests. Later in each 78 min session, nicotine consistently increased SST over a range of current, and drugged subjects entered the photobeams more frequently even when electrical stimulation was unavailable. d-Amphetamine sulphate (0.25, 0.75 mg/kg SC salt), given 15 min before testing, also increased SST and stimulated responding. The possible effects of motor impairment or activation on SST are discussed, and it is concluded that nicotine and d-amphetamine may have enhanced the rewarding properties of medial forebrain bundle stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432037
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    Environmental experience produces qualitative changes in the stimulant effects of β-phenylethylamine in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 132-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: β-Phenylethylamine ; Locomotor activity ; Rearing-stereotypy ; Environmental experience ; Amphetamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of β-phenylethylamine (PEA 6.25, 12.5, and 25.0 mg/kg IP) on spontaneous motor activity were examined in rats before (novel situation) and after (familiar situation) they had experience of the test environment, in an undrugged state. In a novel cage, 12.5 mg/kg PEA stimulated rearing and locomotion. A dose of 25.0 mg/kg PEA also increased rearing and produced stereotyped head movements, but did not increase locomotion, in a novel environment. In a familiar cage, both 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg PEA stimulated locomotion and sniffing, whereas rearing was unaffected by PEA treatment under these conditions. These data provide a striking instance of a qualitative change in the behavioural response to a psychostimulant compound which is associated with the relative familiarity of the animal with the test environment. In addition, the results show that PEA induces stereotypy at high doses and increases locomotor activity at moderate doses, which is a further illustration of the similarity in the unconditioned behavioural effects of PEA and amphetamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432042
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  • 146
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    Self-injection of diazepam in naive rats: Effects of dose, schedule and blockade of different receptors (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 174-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schedule-induced self-injection ; Diazepam ; Benzodiazepine ; Ro 15-1788 ; Bicuculline ; Haloperidol ; Naloxone ; Dopamine ; GABA ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present series of experiments had two main objectives: The first was to determine the conditions under which self-injection of the benzodiazepine diazepam would be optimal; the second was to identify neurochemical substrates which underlie the maintenance of diazepam selfadministration. Data from the first experiment indicated that rats maintained on an FI-1 (Fixed Interval of 1 min) schedule of food delivery self-injected significantly more diazepam than rats not maintained on this schedule. Results from the second experiment demonstrated that the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788, and the GABA antagonist bicuculline, significantly reduced diazepam self-administration, but the opiate antagonist naloxone was without effect. Data from the third experiment showed that the dopamine antagonist haloperidol also significantly reduced the rate of diazepam self-injection. Thus, these findings indicate that the acquisition of diazepam self-injection occurs under an FI-1 schedule of food delivery, which has been shown to be middly stressful, while its maintenance depends upon the functional integrity of benzodiazepine and GABA receptors and upon the activity of deopaminergic pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427442
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    Restrained rats learn amphetamine-conditioned locomotion, but not place preference (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 163-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Place-preference ; Amphetamine ; Locomotor behavior ; Conditioned locomotion ; Hyperactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the motor-activating and positive-reinforcing properties of d-amphetamine was examined in the place-preference paradigm. Two groups of animals were trained to associate one environment with amphetamine, and another environment with saline. Annimals that were allowed to locomote in both environments during training later demonstrated a preference for the amphetamine-paired environment; animals in which hyperactivity was limited in both environments later failed to show any preference. However, both groups of animals demonstrated a conditioned locomotor activation to the amphetamine-associated environments. Our results suggest that a place-preference demonstrated for an amphetamine-paired environment depends on the ability of the drug to increase locomotor behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427440
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    Locomotor hyperactivity caused by dopamine infusion into the nucleus accumbens of rat brain: specificity of action (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 174-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nucleus accumbens ; Intracerebral infusion ; Dopamine ; Neurotransmitter substances ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats selected as high-activity and low-activity responders to the hyperactivity-inducing action of peripherally administered (-)N-n-propylnorapomorphine [(-)NPA] were subject to intra-accumbens infusion of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine and GABA (0.48 μl/h, 25 μg/24 h, 13 days). Locomotor activity was measured during infusion and for a minimum of 35 days thereafter. After discontinuation of infusion the animals' responsiveness to (-)NPA was also assessed and, on the 2nd day of withdrawal, sensitivity to the hyperactivity-inducing action of acute intra-accumbens dopamine was determined. Dopamine caused a biphasic pattern of hyperactivity during infusion with peaks of responding between days 2–5 and 8–12: normal values returned after withdrawal of infusion. However, 2–3 weeks after withdrawal of intra-accumbens dopamine infusion animals showed reversed responding to (-)NPA challenge, the initial low-active animals giving a high-active response and high-active animals giving low-activity. Infusions of noradrenaline, serotonin, GABA and acetylcholine produced some increase in locomotor activity towards the termination of infusion, but no treatment could replicate the first hyperactivity peak and no treatment, after withdrawal, could reverse the responsiveness to (-)NPA of high- and low-active animals. Acute injections of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens showed that the infusion of the different neurotransmitter substances caused change within that nucleus. Nevertheless, changes in locomotor behaviour following the infusion of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens are specific for dopamine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427768
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    Ultrastructural changes in rat Clara cells induced by a single dose of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1984), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Trialkylphosphorothioates ; Rat ; Lung ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The oral administration of an LD50 dose (25 mg/kg) of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate to rats induced immediate, cholinergic symptoms. A delayed respiratory crisis followed, 3–4 days later, involving a pronounced increase in lung weight and extensive injury to the alveolar epithelium. This compound also induced the immediate liberation of secretory granules from the Clara cells. Minor changes in the surface appearance of these cells were also observed but no signs of injury were found in any cells of the bronchiolar epithelium. The complement of secretory granules was monitored, by the morphometric analysis of ultrathin sections. Clara cells from control animals were found to contain 9.55±1.16 (SEM) granules per cell profile. The Clara cells from dosed animals were largely devoid of granules until the 3rd day after administration. Many of these agranular cells were arranged in clusters and often showed signs of mitotic division. In surviving animals the subsequent replacement of granules resulted in a large increase in the numbers present and many exhibited abnormal morphology. Over twice the normal complement of granules, 22.45±0.42 (SEM) per cell profile, was found 6 days after dosing. The complement of granules subsequently returned to normal levels and the clusters of Clara cells were resolved within 14 days of dosing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316355
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    Comparison between the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and six other compounds on the vitamin A storage, the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the rat liver (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 16-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: TCDD ; 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ; 3-Methylcholanthrene ; Phenobarbital ; 2,3,7,8-Tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin ; Toxaphene ; 5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol ; 4,5,6-Trichloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol ; Vitamin A ; Retinol ; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase ; Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase ; Liver ; Rat ; High pressure liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (TBrDD), 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol(3-Cl-predioxin) 4,5,6-trichloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (5-Cl-predioxin), toxaphene, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and phenobarbital (PB) on the vitamin A storage, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activities in the liver of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated. Vitamin A was determined as retinol by high pressure liquid chromatography. UDPGT was measured with p-nitrophenol as an aglycone and AHH with 3,4-benzopyrene as a substrate. Both in TCDD- and toxaphene-treated animals a reduced body weight gain was recorded, but no other overt signs of toxicity were seen in this study. Both the concentration and the total amount of hepatic retinol was significantly reduced in TCDD-, 3-MC-, PB- and TBrDD-treated animals. These compounds were also those which gave the most significant enzyme induction as regards the UDPGT and AHH activities. However, the reduction of hepatic retinol caused by these compounds did not correlate with the enzyme activities studied. When compared on a molecular basis, TCDD and TBrDD were in the order of several magnitudes more potent as reducers of hepatic retinol and likewise as enzyme inducers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316580
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    Ro 15-1570, a new sulfur-containing retinoid devoid of bone toxicity in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1984), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Retinoids ; Bone alterations ; Adverse effects ; Arotinoid ethylsulfone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Repeated ingestion of high doses of retinoids cause the so-called hypervitaminosis A syndrome. In rats the main symptoms are weight loss, alopecia, erythema, desquamation of the skin, and alterations of the skeletal system, including bone fractures. In the present study, three retinoids (Ro 15-1570, arotinoid ethylsulfone, 6 mg/kg; retinoic acid, 100 mg/kg and etretinate, 50 mg/kg) were administered orally to rats for 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, to six male and six female rats/group. All the above changes were induced by all three retinoids, with the exception that the arotinoid ethylsulfone Ro 15-1570 did not cause bone alterations. The absence of toxic effects on the bones by Ro 15-1570 was confirmed by X-ray-film examinations, densitometry of the X-rayed femora and tibiae, examination of the thickness of the femoral and tibial compacta in histological slides plus the determination of the femoral ash weight and its main inorganic constituents (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium). The present demonstration that the arotinoid ethylsulfone Ro 15-1570 was devoid of bone toxicity constitutes major progress in the pharmacologic development of retinoids with a better balance between therapeutic and adverse effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349083
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    Glucuronidation in rat intestinal epithelial cells (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Intestinal cells ; Glucuronidation ; 1-Naphthol ; Glucose ; Fructose ; d-Galactosamine ; Ethanol ; Diethyl ether ; Sorbitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glucuronidation of 1-naphthol was studied in mucosal cells isolated from the rat intestine. Glucuronidation was directly dependent on the supply of extracellular carbohydrates. Basal glucuronidation (ca. 0.3 nmoles/min · mg cell protein) was increased 2- to 3-fold by adding glucose or fructose to the incubation medium. Saturation of glucuroniation was achieved by adding 0.3 mM glucose, while saturation by fructose was not reached at concentrations below 2 mM. No carbohydrate reserves able to support glucuronidation appear to be present in intestinal cells, since no difference in glucuronidation was observed between cells prepared from fasted (18 or 42 h) and control rats. Glucuronidation was decreased by adding d-galactosamine to the incubation medium, but only when extracellular glucose was present. Various chemicals which are known to inhibit glucuronidation in hepatocytes (ethanol, diethyl ether, sorbitol) did not influence the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol in isolated intestinal cells. Only when ethanol was added to mucosal cells in the absence of extracellular glucose was a small decrease in glucuronidation observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346050
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  • 153
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    Phthalate esters (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 132-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Phthalate esters ; Inhalation ; Rat ; Enzymatic activities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to dibutylphthalate (DBP) by inhalation with concentrations of 0.5, 2.5, and 7.0 ppm in the air for 5 days. The concentrations were considered relevant to human exposure. No quantitative changes were observed in liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 related enzymes, but significant increase was observed in the liver microsomal metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and n-hexane, in the 2.5 ppm and 0.5 ppm groups, respectively. Inhaled DBF decreased in a dose-dependent way the lung microsomal concentration of cytochrome P-450 by as much as 63%, which was reflected in a significant reduction of the microsomal metabolism of n-hexane and benzo(a)pyrene in the 7.0 ppm group. It is concluded that DBP in doses relevant to human air exposure influences the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system in both liver and lung, with lung as the main target organ. The observed effects in lung microsomes were similar to those earlier reported after IP administration of high doses of DBP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346052
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  • 154
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    A method of studying the intestinal absorption of aluminium in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 168-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Intestinal absorption ; Methodology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aluminium (Al) intoxication in dialysis patients is held to be caused not only by Al in the dialysis fluid but also by Al from orally administered phosphate binders. Studies on Al absorption in patients and healthy individuals as well as in animals are still scarce, and do not provide sufficient data to characterize the absorption process. This paper presents a method of studying the process of Al absorption in a perfusion system of rat small intestine in vivo, in combination with a cannulation system of the portal vein for serial blood sampling. Determination of concentrations of an absorbed substance in samples of both the perfusion medium and the portal blood, collected during the perfusion period, may clarify the nature of the absorption process. Although this method appears to be useful for the study of the intestinal absorption of any substance, it was adapted for the study of the intestinal absorption of Al compounds. The usefulness of this method for studying Al absorption was demonstrated in an experiment in which Al chloride (0.5 g/l) in buffered media of pH 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0 was perfused through the rat small intestine over a period of at least 30 min. The results of this experiment indicate that a decrease in pH of the perfusion medium leads to an increase in absorption of Al in the portal blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316122
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  • 155
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    The effect of 2,3-dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate on mercury retention in rats in relation to age (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 250-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 203Hg ; DMPS ; Age ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of DMPS (sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate) in reducing inorganic mercury retention was studied in 2-, 6-, and 28-week-old albino rats. 203Hg was administered IP. The chelating agent DMPS was administered by IP injection at a dose of 250 μmol/kg body weight three times, 1 day after 203Hg administration and at 24 h intervals thereafter. The whole body retention determined 1, 2, 3, and 6 days after 203Hg administration showed that DMPS decreased the body retention of mercury in all age groups, being about twice as effective in adult compared to suckling rats. The reduced effectiveness was due to the reduced efficacy of DMPS in reducing kidney retention in young animals. In other organs the effectiveness of DMPS was not age dependent. These and previous results obtained with different chelating agents and other metals indicate that age might be an important factor in chelation therapy in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341020
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  • 156
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    In vivo metabolism of dimethylformamide and relationship to toxicity in the male rat (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1984), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dimethylformamide ; N-Hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide ; N-Methylformamide ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After in vivo administration of dimethylformamide (DMF) to male rats, about 50% of the dose is excreted in urine as N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (DMF-OH) and about 4% as N-methylformamide (NMF). NMF is not a product of DMF-OH biotransformation but is directly formed from DMF. Comparison of the acute toxicity of DMF, DMF-OH and NMF shows that NMF is more toxic than DMF-OH, which is itself more toxic than DMF. This study explains the different toxicity profile of DMF and NMF which until recently was believed to represent the main metabolite of DMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349077
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  • 157
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    The toxicity and neuropathology of 2,4,5-tribromoimidazole and its derivatives in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1984), S. 109-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Tribromoimidazole ; Rat ; Neuronal necrosis ; Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation ; Ataxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 2,4,5-tribromoimidazole and its 1-n-butylcarboxylate and 1-dimethylcarbamoyl derivatives, when administered to rats, induced poisoning typical of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. At 48 h rats surviving a single toxic dose of 20–60 mg/kg developed permanent incoordination of the hindlimbs in the absence of brain oedema. Neuropathologic examination of brain and spinal cord from perfused fixed rats at 24 h revealed neuronal necrosis and chromatolysis in the vestibular nucleus, the outer parietal neocortex and red nucleus. Chromatolysis and necrosis in these areas had increased at 72–96 h and were also observed in the deeper layers of the neocortex, the medial entorhinal cortex, the reticular formation, the grey matter of the spinal cord extending into the ventral horns, the dorsal, and ventral cochlear nuclei and the deep cerebellar nuclei, in decreasing order of severity. Neuronal necrosis was accompanied by an increased glial response, including neuronophagia and at 16 days with astroglial hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349081
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  • 158
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    Differences in the distribution of methyl mercury in erythrocytes, plasma, and brain of Japanese quails and rats after a single oral dose (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1984), S. 132-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methyl mercury ; Toxicokinetics ; Differential toxicity ; Japanese quail ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Distribution of a single oral dose of methyl mercury (10 mg Hg/kg body weight) was followed from 90 min up to 120 h in plasma, erythrocytes, and brain of Japanese quails and rats. Significantly higher Hg concentrations were observed in plasma and brain of quails and red blood cells of rats. Blood/brain ratio decreased in quails from 6 to 2 at 24 h and 120 h respectively, whereas it increased in rats. Erythrocyte/plasma ratio in quails was about three times lower and averaged 54. The differences in Hg distribution were accompanied by a more than 3-fold higher acute toxicity in quails under adequate experimental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349086
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  • 159
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    DNA methylation in maternal, fetal and neonatal rat tissues following perinatal administration of procarbazine (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 108 (1984), S. 56-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: DNA methylation ; Rat ; Procarbazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytostatic drug procarbazine has previously been shown to be a potent transplacental neurotropic carcinogen in rats. Following a single IP administration of (14C-methylprocarbazine (110 mg/kg) on day 22 of gestation, methylation products with cellular DNA were determined in fetal and maternal rat organs. The concentration of the major adduct N7-methylguanine was highest in the maternal liver (224 μmol/mol guanine). Fetal and nonhepatic maternal tissues exhibited significantly lower levels, but differed little from each other. In brain, lung, intestines, and placenta the O 6-methylguanine/N7-methylguanine ratio was close to 0.11, indicating that procarbazine, like other methylating carcinogens, initiates malignant transformation via methyldiazonium hydroxide as the ultimate reactant. Following a single dose of (14C-methyl)procarbazine to newborn animals, methylpurine values were 30–60 times lower than after prenatal administration. This suggests that DNA alkylation in nonhepatic tissues occurs by systemic distribution of a proximate carcinogen formed in the adult rat liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390973
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  • 160
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    Tumors of the nasal cavities induced in rats by 2,2-dioxopropyl-N-Propylnitrosamine (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 108 (1984), S. 114-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Nasal cavities ; Rat ; DOPN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Weekly SC administration of 2,2-dioxopropylnitosamine to 88 Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the induction of 76 separate neoplasms in the respiratory region of the nasal cavities. No tumors of the olfactory region were found. Histologically there were 37 squamous papillomas, 17 transitional papillomas, and 22 squamous cell carcinomas. These tumors were compared with a selected group of 53 related human tumors of the nasal and paranasal cavities, consisting of 11 squamous cell papillomas, 13 transitional papillomas, and 29 squamous cell carcinomas. While the experimental squamous cell papillomas showed a striking histological resemblance with the squamous papillomas observed in man, none of the experimental transitional papillomas had evidence of the characteristics inverted pattern seen in humans: nevertheless, the experimental tumors showed signs of incomplete squamous metaplasia and preservation of intraepithelial secretory glands, features commonly seen in transitional papillomas of man. The squamous cell carcinomas of this experiment were very similar to the corresponding human tumors in morphology and sex incidence. In both species a significant number of squamous cell carcinomas were keretinizing and of a high grade of histological malignancy. In addition, 69% of the human squamous cell carcinomas occurred in the male sex, and 72% of the experimental carcinomas developed in males. This comparative study suggests that further studies investigating the significance of nitrosamines as suspected etiologic factors of nasal carcinogenesis in man may be useful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390982
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  • 161
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    The effects of exposure to diazepam during various stages of gestation or during lactation on the development and behavior of rat pups (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Prenatal ; Early postnatal treatment ; Learning disabilities ; Hyperactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we have investigated the effects of diazepam (DZP) (10 mg/kg) treatment of rat dams during different periods of gestation or during lactation on the development and behavior of their offspring. The results show that DZP exposure during different phases of early development has differing effects on later behavior. Exposure during mid-gestation resulted in early and transient hyperactivity, but no learning or memory deficits at 2 months of age were observed. However, both late prenatal and early postnatal exposure to DZP resulted in significant behavioral changes. Late prenatal treatment caused no hyperactivity but resulted in poor performance on the learning and retention of a choice discrimination task, while early postnatal exposure resulted in consistent and lasting hyperactivity and in substantial discrimination learning and retention deficits at 2 months of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427422
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  • 162
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    Acquisition of behaviourally augmented tolerance to ethanol and its relationship to muscarinic receptors (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 88-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Behaviourally augmented tolerance ; Physiological tolerance ; Muscarinic receptor ; Operant conditioning ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two groups of adult male rats were injected daily with ethanol (1.5 g/kg IP in 15% w/v solution) either before (the behaviourally augmented tolerant group) or after (the physiologically tolerant group) being placed in operant chambers. The control groups received daily isotonic saline injections either before or after the operant task. When challenged with ethanol (2.5 g/kg) on day 30 prior to the operant task, the control group was most impaired, while the behaviourally augmented tolerant group was significantly less impaired than the physiologically tolerant group. The two ethanol-treated groups were impaired to the same extent when challenged on day 60. Partial generalization of this behavioural tolerance to ethanol was observed, as the behaviourally augmented tolerant group was less impaired than the physiologically tolerant group for a tail flick response to painful stimuli after an ethanol challenge on day 30. However, the two ethanol-treated groups exhibited similar impairments of locomotor activity after an ethanol challenge on day 40. No differences in muscarinic receptor binding among the control and two ethanol-treated groups were found. These findings demonstrate that behaviourally augmented tolerance to ethanol may be partially generalizable but is unrelated to changes in muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427429
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  • 163
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    Interscapular brown adipose tissue blood flow in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 414-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Brown adipose tissue ; Microspheres ; Noradrenaline ; Rat ; Regional blood flow ; Xenon clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The xenon clearance method was adapted to continuous measurement of interscapular brown adipose tissue (ISBAT) blood flow in anaesthetized rats. The ISBAT-blood partition coefficient for xenon was determined to 3.6 ml·g−1. The blood flow values obtained by Xe clearance were compared with flow values obtained concomitantly by the microsphere technique in 17 cold acclimated rats, at ISBAT blood flows between 0.1 and 6 ml·g−1·min−1. Variations in blood flows were obtained by infusion of noradrenaline at different rates. The blood flow values obtained from the xenon clearance method showed a close correlation to the blood flow values determined with microspheres.Y=0.98.X+0.15 (r=0.96,P〈0.001). The Xe clearance method has the advantages compared to the microsphere technique that it permits continuous monitoring of the blood flow and does not require the sacrifice of the animal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584345
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  • 164
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    Antinociceptive effects of neonatal capsaicin in rats with adjuvant arthritis (1984)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 326 (1984), S. 248-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Neonatal capsaicin ; Antinociceptive effects ; Adjuvant arthritis ; Substance P ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were treated with capsaicin (50 mg/kg, SC) either on the second day or on the second and third days of life. A significant attenuation of the responses to noxious stimuli was obtained in the capsaicin treated animals as measured by the hot-plate or paw pressure tests but not by the tail-flick test. Furthermore, neonatal capsaicin produced a significant reduction of response in the formalin test. Capsaicin reduced the reaction latency in rats with adjuvant arthritis as measured by the hot-plate and paw pressure tests, though capsaicin did not alter the overall time course of the response to Freund's adjuvant. Capsaicin also attenuated the weight loss or the decreased ambulatory and rearing behaviour which occurred in the control animals with adjuvant arthritis. It is suggested that neonatal treatment with capsaicin may relieve the responsiveness to longlasting nociceptive stimuli by adjuvant in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505326
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  • 165
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    Drug-induced rhythmic burst activity of cerebellar neurons (1984)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 326 (1984), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Pentobarbital ; Benzodiazepine derivatives ; Cerebellar Purkinje cell ; Interposed nucleus cell ; Discharge pattern ; Rabbit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The discharge of cerebellar neurons was investigated in the rabbit and the rat under the influence of pentobarbital, diazepam or medazepam. In the rabbit, these drugs are known to induce a rhythm ranging between 4 and 25 Hz in the red nucleus (RN) and the cerebellum (Cb). Purkinje cells (P cells) in the intermediate zone of the cerebellar cortex as well as neurons of the interposed nucleus (IPN) were found to discharge with burst patterns fully synchronized with the drug-induced RN rhythm. In contrast, P cells in the medial cerebellar zone responded to these drugs only with changes in their discharge rate. Since P cells of the intermediate longitudinal zone project to the RN mainly via the IPN, the present findings complement our previous results, indicating that the rhythmic electrical activity in the RN is initiated by the cerebellum. The three drugs had similar effects on the activity of cerebellar units in the rabbit and the rat. The investigation also shows that, in spite of the uniform morphological structure of the cerebellar cortex, P cells do not respond uniformly to a given drug: the diversity of findings published on the P cell response to barbiturates or benzodiazepine derivatives may be explained by differences in the recording sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505323
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  • 166
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    Role of muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in the substantia nigra pars reticulata in mediating muscular rigidity in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 327 (1984), S. 14-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bethanechol ; Electromyogram ; Substantia nigra pars reticulata ; Morphine ; Muscular rigidity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bethanechol chloride (5–25 μg), when injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) of rats, produced muscular rigidity in a dose-dependent way, and in addition, catalepsy and ipsilateral posture. The effects of bethanechol in the dose of 25 μg were prevented by coadministration of 10 μg scopolamine hydrochloride. Injections of 25 μg betanechol or 10 μg scopolamine into the reticulata only slightly affected the muscular rigiditiy produced by 15 mg/kg i.p. morphine hydrochloride. The results suggest that muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, although effective by themselves, affect by expression of at least one striatal functional alteration, the muscular rigidity, in a less effective way than GABAergic or endogenous opioid mechanisms do.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504985
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  • 167
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    Lectin-binding properties of the Merkel cell and other root sheath cells in perinatal rat vibrissae (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 373-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cell surface ; Quinacrine fluorescence ; Lectins ; Vibrissae ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface carbohydrates on the Merkel cell of the outer root sheath (ORS) were investigated in 1to 4-day-old rat vibrissae by use of rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC)-conjugated lectins. The red fluorescence of RITC provided a convenient assay for lectin binding to the Merkel cell, which is itself identified by its green fluorescence following selective uptake of the dye quinacrine. In monolayers or suspensions of freshly dissociated ORS cells, the Merkel cell showed high affinity for the α-fucose-specific lectin, Ulex europeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), thus revealing a novel feature for a basally located cell. Other high-affinity lectins included concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I). In contrast, Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Bandeiraea simplicifolia I and II (BS-I and BS-II), and peanut agglutinin (PNA) virtually excluded the Merkel cell, though PNA-binding sites were unmasked after neuraminidase treatment. Other dispersed ORS cells had varying lectin affinities, and generally binding was inhibited by a competing haptenic sugar. The pattern of lectin binding seen in cryostat and paraffin sections of the vibrissa suggested that the Merkel cells share surface properties with their neighboring basal and/or spinous cells; however, unshared properties are likely to exist since ingrowing mechanosensory nerves recognize the Merkel cells, and not other epidermal cells, as their targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214241
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  • 168
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    Administration of caerulein to rats promotes antral epithelial cell renewal (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 711-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric antral mucosa ; Caerulein ; Gastrointestinal hormones ; Cholecystokinin ; Trophic effect ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The growth-promoting effect of caerulein on antral gastric mucosa was explored using Wistar rats. Implanted osmotic minipumps were used to administer submaximal doses of either caerulein or saline to normal rats for up to 4 days. In one group, reflux of bile and pancreatic juice into the stomach was avoided by previous surgical diversion of the distal common bile duct to the jejunum. DNA synthetic and mitotic activity in the antrum epithelium were estimated by 3H-thymidine pulse labelling and autoradiography during the administration of the peptide. The rate of cell migration was determined in animals killed 1, 2 and 3 days after the 3H-thymidine pulse. Administration of caerulein to normal rats provoked significant increases in both labelling and mitotic indices, and a significant acceleration of the upward cell migration in the glandular tubes. In the animals with distal diversion of bile and pancreatic secretions both labelling and mitotic indices were also increased over control values under the effect of the peptide. These data indicate that administration of caerulein stimulates cell proliferation in the antral gastric mucosa. This effect cannot be explained through increased reflux of pancreaticobiliary secretions in the stomach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217242
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  • 169
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    Morphometric studies on lipid inclusions in Sertoli cells during the spermatogenic cycle in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 699-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Spermatogenic cycle ; Sertoli cell ; Lipid ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The volume and surface area of lipid inclusions often present in the cytoplasm of rat Sertoli cells was measured directly from semi-thin sections of perfusion-fixed testicular tissues using an image analyser linked to a light microscope. Sertoli cell nuclei were used as a reference for comparing any variations in the measured parameters of lipid inclusions during the rat spermatogenic cycle. Volume density of Sertoli cell lipid inclusions was assessed by morphometric analysis of Sertoli cells photographically reconstructed from electron micrographs. Maximum lipid content in Sertoli cells occurred during stages IX–XIV of the spermatogenic cycle, then declined at stages I–III and remained low from stages IV–VIII. The persistence and increase in number of many large Sertoli cell lipid inclusions beyond the stage where spermatid residual bodies are phagocytosed within the Sertoli cells (stage IX) suggests that the synthesis and lipolysis of Sertoli cell lipid inclusions represents an intrinsic functional cycle of the Sertoli cells. Stage-dependent variations in the lipid content of rat Sertoli cells offers morphological evidence that the metabolic duties of the Sertoli cells are synchronised with the spermatogenic cycle to provide local coordination of the proliferation and maturation of the germ cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217241
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  • 170
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    The ovarian follicle as a model for the cell-mediated control of tissue growth (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 717-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Ovarian follicle ; Atresia ; Immunoregulation ; Immune tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thy-1+ cells, producing Thy-1+ material, have been demonstrated by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique in the theca of growing ovarian follicles of the rat. OX-2 antigen, known as the minor glycoprotein of rat thymocytes, was detected in granulosa cells of non-growing follicles. Ia+ cells of dendritic type and/or activated macrophages were identified in the granulosa of advanced degenerating follicles, and remnants of the zona pellucida exhibited immunoglobulins. In some ovaries immunoglobulins were also bound to the zona pellucida of oocytes of early degenerating antral follicles. Medium-sized antral follicles with degenerating granulosa were occasionally invaded by cells carrying antigens of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or other T lymphocyte subsets, while degenerating large antral follicles were sometimes invaded by cells exhibiting antigen of cells with natural killer function (but not antigens of T lymphocytes). Granulosa cells of some degenerating antral follicles exhibited class-I antigens derived from the major histocompatibility complex. We suggest that cell-mediated control mechanisms of antigen expression and metabolism of tissue cells during their differentiation and degeneration should be considered in addition to the well-documented hormonal dependence of some tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217243
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  • 171
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    Glial cells in the pineal gland of mice and rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Interstitial cells ; Astrocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antigenic markers characteristic of astrocytes and their differentiative states (i.e., glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and M1 and C1 antigens) were investigated in the pineal gland of mouse and rat using double immunolabeling techniques. In both species the socalled interstitial cells as characterized by TEM were shown to be astrocytes, since they expressed vimentin, but neither fibronectin (a marker for fibroblasts and endothelial cells) nor the neuron-specific L1 antigen or tetanus toxin receptors. Subpopulations of vimentin-positive pineal astrocytes were also GFAP- and C1- antigen-positive. M1- antigenpositive cells were not detected. It is concluded that a considerable proportion of interstitial cells in the pineal gland of rat and mouse are immature astrocytes which, in contrast to other parts of the central nervous system, persist into adulthood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217142
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  • 172
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    Evidence for a role of the cytoskeleton in the in vitro folliculogenesis of the thyroid gland of the fetal rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 499-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland, fetal ; Cytoskeleton ; Cytocha lasin B ; Vinblastine ; Colchicine ; Follicular development (thyroid) ; Tissue culture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyrotropic hormone (TSH) or cAMP accelerate the formation of follicular cavities in the explanted thyroid gland of the 15-day-old rat fetus. Cytochalasin B or vinblastine and nocodazole or colchicine, which disorganize microfilamental and microtubular structures respectively, inhibit or completely block in vitro-induced folliculogenesis. Exposure of the thyroid tissue to lumicolchicine, a structural isomer of colchicine deprived of antimicrotubular activity, does not inhibit the activation of folliculogenesis induced by TSH. These results are strong evidence for the supposition that microfilaments and microtubules are involved in the TSH-stimulated mechanisms resulting in thyroid folliculogenesis. Folliculogenesis requires the integrity of both microfilaments and microtubules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228434
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  • 173
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    Immunohistochemical study on the development of CRF-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF-neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Development, ontogenetic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Appearance of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons was studied in developing hypothalamus of the rat by use of antisera against rat- and ovine CRF. These neurons were first recognized in the lateral and paraventricular nuclei on days 15.5 and 16.5 of gestation, respectively, when antiserum against rat CRF was employed. Antiserum against ovine CRF revealed the cells two days later exclusively in the latter nucleus. In both nuclei, the neurons increased in number with development. The neurons in the paraventricular nucleus appeared to project their immunoreactive processes to the median eminence via the periventricular and lateral pathways. In the median eminence, the immunoreaction with antiserum to rat CRF was first recognized in its anterior portion in the form of dots on day 16.5 of gestation but as beaded fibers in the external layer on day 17.5; these structures increased in amount with development in rostro-caudal direction. Although antiserum to ovine CRF was less potent in immunostainability than antiserum to rat CRF, it also revealed the beaded fibers in the median eminence on day 17.5 of gestation. Since evidence is available that the paraventricular nucleus is involved in corticotropin release, it is concluded that, in rats, the hypothalamic regulatory mechanism controlling the release of corticotropin initially appears on days 16.5–17.5 of gestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219870
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  • 174
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) in smooth muscle fibers and absorptive epithelial cells in the small intestine of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 207-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caldesmon ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Small intestine ; Smooth muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) (Sobue et al. 1982) and of actin was studied in the rat's small intestine by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Positive immunostaining for caldesmon was seen in smooth muscle cells of the intestinal wall, and of blood vessels, and in the apical portion of the absorptive epithelial cells. The immunoreactivity in goblet cells was difficult to recognize. The positive reaction to immunostaining for actin showed almost the same pattern as that for caldesmon. These results suggest that this calmodulin-binding protein may play an important role in the control of actin-myosin interaction in smooth muscle cells and in non-muscle cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213742
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  • 175
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    Internalization of ferritin-concanavalin A by the lactating mammary cell in vivo (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammary gland ; Ferritin-concanavalin A ; Concanavalin A ; Endocytosis ; Membrane reuse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ferritin-concanavalin A (Fer-Con A) was used to label the apical plasma membrane of the lactating cell to determine whether membrane internalization takes place. Rat glands were infused in vivo via the teat with 0.2 mg of Fer-Con A in 0.2 ml tris buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1% trypan blue, the latter acting as a marker of the infusate. Tissues were obtained from separate animals 5, 10 and 60 min postinfusion. Fer-Con A was seen in alveolar lumina bound to the outer surfaces of apical plasma membrane, microvilli and milk fat globules. It was observed within lactating cells on the inner membrane surfaces of endocytotic vesicles, Golgi cisternae, and secretory vesicles containing casein micelles, and in multivesicular bodies and lysosomes. Internalization of the ferritin-lectin conjugate into casein-containing secretory vesicles was detectable in the 5-min postinfusion tissue. Lysosomes were the only structures in control tissue that contained particles bearing some resemblance to Fer-Con A. The data provide evidence that apical plasma membrane is internalized and distributed to a number of intracellular compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217870
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  • 176
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    Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Numbers of synaptic appositions and various types of synapses (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 449-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Morphometry ; Synapses ; Sexual dimorphism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of male rats was estimated to contain 16×106 synaptic appositions (unilaterally) or 250×106 appositions in 1 mm3 tissue of the nucleus with an average of 1404 appositions per neuron. There are significantly fewer synaptic appositions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of female rats (15×106 per SCN or 236×106 in 1 mm3 tissue of SCN with 1264 appositions per neuron on an average). Additionally, numbers of various types of synapses (axo-somatic, invaginated, dendrodendritic and optic) are estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217872
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  • 177
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    Regional effect of monosodium-L-glutamate on the superficial layers of superior colliculus in rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monosodium-1-glutamate ; Neuropathology ; Rat ; Superior colliculus ; Toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Systemic administration of monosodium-1-gluta-mate by single injections of 4 mg/g body weight in infant rats (2–10 days of age) results in acute swelling of cytoplasm and nuclear pyknosis of neurons in the stratum zonale and stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus. Multiple daily doses of 4 mg/g body weight monosodium-1-glutamate result in an almost complete loss of neurons in these two superficial layers. The deeper layers appear not to be affected. No pathological effects were observed in the lateral geniculate body or pretectal complex. Light-and electron-microscopic studies reveal that the optic nerves are remarkably shrunken and many myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons are lost. Injection of 3Hproline into the vitreous body of one eye results in limited transport to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral geniculate body and to lateral portions of the superior colliculus. The small percentage of intact axons in the optic nerve, as well as the limited proline transport from the eye, suggest that administration of monosodium-1-glutamate leaves intact some optic fibers, a portion of which belongs to the retinohypothalamic tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217873
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  • 178
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    Electron-microscopic demonstration of the distribution of calcium deposits in the exocrine pancreas of the rat after application of carbachol, atropine, cholecystokinin, and procaine (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 683-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Calcium pool ; Calcium release ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify a cellular Ca2+-pool, from which calcium is released when secretagogues are applied, tissue fragments of the rat exocrine pancreas were incubated and fixed with glutaraldehyde in the presence of calcium. By means of this procedure electron-dense deposits were found on plasma membranes. X-ray microanalysis showed that these deposits contain calcium. Stimulation of tissue fragments with the use of the secretagogues carbachol or cholecystokinin reduced the number of deposits by about 80%. When the antagonist atropine was applied after carbachol stimulation, deposits reappeared on cell membranes, which then disappeared again after a second stimulation with cholecystokinin. In the presence of procaine, carbachol was inhibited and only slightly reduced the Ca2+-deposits on the plasma membranes. These results suggest that a calcium pool, from which calcium is released to induce enzyme secretion on stimulation, is located in the cell membrane
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226969
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  • 179
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    Ontogenetic appearance of somatostatin-containing nerve terminals in the median eminence of rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Ontogenesis ; Electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of immunoreactive (ir) somatostatin-containing nerve terminals in the rat median eminence (ME) has been examined electron-microscopically. Nerve fibers containing ir particles scattered throughout the axoplasm are first seen in the external layer of the ME on day 18.5 of gestation, and, on day 21.5 appear to terminate on the basement membrane of the perivascular space of the portal vessels. After birth, the fiber terminals contain several membrane-limited granules, which are labeled with ir PAP particles. Ultrathin, Epon-embedded sections of ME, treated by the protein A gold-labeling method for somatostatin, demonstrate positively labeled granules in the nerve fibers in the postnatal ME, but in the prenatal tissue, no specific gold-labeling is found. These findings show that, in the external layer of the ME, somatostatin storing occurs in the granules in the axonal terminals after birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216512
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  • 180
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    Identification of pericytes in the central nervous system by silver staining of the basal lamina (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 491-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain vessels ; Basal lamina ; Pericytes ; Endothelial cells ; Glial cells ; Argyrophilic staining ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vibratome sections obtained from perfusion-fixed rat brains were stained by means of silver impregnation and physical development according to Gailyas (1970). Small pieces of the cerebral cortex were postfixed with buffered osmium tetroxide solution and processed for electron microscopy to examine the localization of the silver deposit at the cellular level. The cell surfaces of pericytes and smooth muscle cells were completely outlined by silver grains. Endothelial cells and perivascular astrocytes, however, showed an asymmetric distribution of the silver deposit, i.e., the deposit was restricted to the abluminal endothelial surface and to the astrocytic membrane adjacent to the vessel wall, respectively. The method allowed a clear-cut distinction between perikarya of endothelial cells and pericytes as well as glial cells in perivascular position, even at the light-microscopic level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214255
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  • 181
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    Electron-microscopic study of silver staining of nucleoli in growing oocytes of rat ovaries (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Nucleolus ; Silver staining ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleoli of dictyate-stage growing oocytes in rat ovaries were examined both with routine electron microscopy and electron microscopy after silver nitrate and ammoniacal silver nitrate (Ag-AS) staining. The nucleoli of the unilaminar follicular oocytes consist of twisted strands of dense fibrillar components, aggregates of granular components, and small fibrillar centers. After Ag-AS staining, silver grains are numerous on the dense fibrillar strands, fewer on the fibrillar centers, and very sporadic on the granular aggregates. The same stainability of three nucleolar components with the Ag-AS method was also confirmed in the nucleoli segregated by actinomycin D. During the transition of growing oocytes from bilaminar to plurilaminar follicle stage, the nucleolar dense fibrillar strands gradually conglomerate and are transformed into large and compact spherules. The stainability of dense fibrillar components with the Ag-AS method was lost along with this nucleolar transformation. These results may provide some new clues on the functional significance of AgAS-positive proteins in the nucleoli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214225
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  • 182
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    Independent development of presynaptic specializations in olfactory cortex of the fetal rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Synaptogenesis ; Development fetal ; Olfactory cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy was used to study synaptogenesis in prepyriform cortex of fetal rat pups during early stages of synapse formation. Of special interest is the frequent occurrence of unapposed, developing synaptic specializations in axon and growth cone profiles. The location and morphology of the unapposed specializations suggests that thay are presynaptic in nature. These presumably immature presynaptic specializations are found in the lateral olfactory tract and subjacent cortex. Intermediate forms between uncontacted presynaptic specializations and definitive synapses suggest a synaptogenic sequence in which initial development of an immature presynaptic specialization begins without apposition of a postsynaptic element at that location. This implies that initiation of presynaptic development is not dependent upon postsynaptic contact and also raises the question of whether synaptic contacts could be established via presynaptic induction of postsynaptic formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229204
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  • 183
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    Connexon rearrangement in cardiac gap junctions: Evidence for cytoskeletal control? (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 185-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gap junction ; Cytoskeleton ; Heart ; Ultrarapid freezing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using ultrarapid-freezing techniques and freezefracture electron microscopy, we report here a close association between cardiac gap junctions and specialized membrane domains containing regularly-spaced furrows. These specialized furrowed domains are observed only during periods of gap junction re-organisation (i.e., connexon redistribution) and may reflect the presence of underlying cytoskeletal elements controlling the position of connexons in the membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229215
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  • 184
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    Transendothelial channels in fenestrated endometrial blood capillaries of rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 371-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Transport, intracellular ; Transport vesicles, channels ; Micropinocytosis ; Capillaries ; Endometrium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of transendothelial channels are described in the endothelium of blood capillaries in the endometrium of the rat. It is postulated that they may function as pores draining interstitial fluid to the venous blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217160
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  • 185
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon and actin in thyroid glands of rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 375-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Immunocytochemistry ; Caldesmon ; Actin ; Endocytosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin interacting protein; Sobue et al. 1982) and actin was studied in the rat thyroid gland by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, and the fine-structural distribution of actin filaments was examined by use of heavy meromyosin (HMM). Caldesmon and actin were demonstrated in the apical cytoplasm of almost all the follicle epithelial cells in normal as well as TSH-treated animals. Immunoreactivities for both caldesmon and actin showed almost the same pattern in localization. The smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels were also positive for caldesmon and actin. By electron microscopy, numerous actin filaments decorated by HMM and running perpendicularly or randomly to the apical surface were recognized in the apical cytoplasm of the follicle epithelial cell. These results suggest that caldesmon and actin, in conjugation with calmodulin, play a role in the regulation of cellular activity such as exocytosis and endocytosis in the apical portion of the follicle epithelial cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217161
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  • 186
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    Effect of monensin on the Golgi apparatus of absorptive cells in the small intestine of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Monensin ; Small intestine ; Cytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of short-time treatment with the ionophore monensin, administered intraluminally at concentrations of 5 and 10 μM, was studied on the Golgi apparatus of absorptive cells in the small intestine of the rat. At 2–3 min after treatment most of the Golgi stacks exhibited dilated cisternae. At 4–5 min stacked cisternae were absent; they were replaced by groups of smooth-surfaced vacuoles. Dilatation and vacuolization occurred in the entire stacks without preferential effect on any particular Golgi subcompartment. Monensin did not influence the cytochemical Golgi reaction of thiamine pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase. The characteristic staining pattern of these two enzymes in all Golgi cisternae of absorptive cells in the proximal small intestine, and the reactivity restricted to trans cisternae in distal segments of the small intestine, were unchanged after treatment with monensin. In the distal small intestine, the cytochemical pattern allowed the monensin-induced vacuoles to be attributed to the former cisor trans-Golgi face. Further, the cytochemical results demonstrate that vacuolization is not restricted to the stacked cisternae, but includes the trans-most cisterna. The latter, usually located at some distance from the Golgi stacks, has been defined as belonging to the GERL system in several types of cells. The clear response to monensin, an agent that selectively affects the Golgi apparatus, indicates common properties between trans-most and stacked Golgi cisternae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213739
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  • 187
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    Alteration by estrogen of the nucleoli in nerve cells of the rat hypothalamus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventromedial nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Ultra-structure ; Nucleoli ; Estrogen effects ; Chromatin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estrogen is accumulated from the blood by nerve cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and can facilitate female reproductive behavior by acting on this region of the brain. This cell group was examined in ovariectomized female rats, given estrogen or control treatment, by use of light and electron microscopy. A significantly greater portion of the nerve cells in the estrogen-treated animals had protuberances on their nucleolar surfaces, apparent under the light microscope. The fine structure of such protuberances included dense, aggregated material, which is shown to contain DNA by the sodium tungstate staining technique. Because increased numbers of such protuberances were found in nuclei of cells of the experimental group where previous studies demonstrated a significant increase in ultrastructural signs of biosynthetic activity, they may be associated with increased RNA synthesis. Thus, they could indicate, ultrastructurally, increased synthetic rates for RNA in nerve cells through which estrogen promotes reproductive behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226943
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  • 188
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    Karyometry of nuclei in liver cells (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 669-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver-cell heterogeneity ; Hepatic venous branches ; Karyometry ; Binucleate cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated adult male albino rats nuclear volume and the percentage of binucleate cells were determined in the first layer of hepatocytes adjacent to hepatic venous branches of varying diameters (〈40 μm, 40 μm–80 μm, 80 μm–120μm, 120 μm–160 μm, 〉160 μm), and in the third and fourth layer of hepatocytes in the remainder of the perivenous parenchyma. In the first layer of hepatocytes adjacent to the vascular structures means of nuclear volume are significantly lower and percentage of binucleate cells significantly higher than in the cells of the remainder of the perivenous parenchyma. Within each area measured distribution curves of nuclear volume classes were homogeneous but showed heterogeneity in comparison with each other. The morphometric data presented in this study strongly support the opinion of the heterogeneity of liver cells in the perivenous zone, as previously postulated on the basis of histochemical investigations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226967
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  • 189
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    A morphometric study of the variations in subcellular structures of rat hepatocytes during 24 hours (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 305-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Rat ; Liver ; Circadian rhythm ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcellular structures of hepatocytes in periportal and perivenous zones were examined during 24 h. The volume, surface and numerical profile densities of cytoplasmic organelles were analysed morphometrically. Most subcellular structures in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes were subject to strong circadian variations. In hepatocytes from both zones, the volume densities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, polysomes and lipid droplets demonstrated peak values at 16.00 h, 20.00 h or 00.00 h; trough values were at 04.00 h, 08.00 h, or 12.00 h, except for peroxisomes (16.00 h). However, the volume densities of glycogen granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes exhibited maximal values at 04.00 h, 08.00 h or 12.00 h and minimal values at 20.00 h. The surface densities of sER, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and the numerical profile densities of mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes showed similar trends. These events suggest that membranes of the rER show a partial correlation with the sER, mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes during the 24-h span. This may involve the interaction between ribosomes and rER. Almost all cytoplasmic organelles examined displayed significant differences between periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, morphometrically and in fine structure, indicating that the morphofunctional variability of hepatocytes differs depending on the location in the liver acinus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214231
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  • 190
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    Mitochondrial binding of triiodothyronine (T3) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 321-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Triiodothyronine ; Radioautography ; Mitochondria ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the distribution of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) within intact living cells, freshly prepared dispersed rat hepatocytes were incubated with [125I]-T3 for periods of 5 min and 30 min. Lightand electron-microscopic (EM) radioautography was carried out to determine the distribution of grains over the isolated cells. Both procedures showed the grains distributed almost entirely over the cytoplasmic matrix rather than the nucleus. Grain counts under the EM were compared with expectation based on established quantitative methods. Only the mitochondria showed obvious and statistically significant grain counts, whereas the nucleus failed to accumulate grains in excess of expectations by chance alone based on area. The findings support the existence of mitochondrial binding of T3, presumably a prerequisite for its action in direct stimulation of the mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214233
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  • 191
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    Intercellular junctions between macrophages in the regional lymph node of the rat after injection of large doses of steroids (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node ; Steroids ; Macrophages ; Intercellular junctions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intercellular junctions were often found between macrophages in sinuses of regional lymph nodes of the rat after injection of large doses of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone at the footpad. They were identified by subplasmalemmal densities, 20–50 nm in width, beneath the plasma membranes of apposed macrophages. No distinct filamentous structures were visible in those dense regions. Electron-dense amorphous materials are lined up at the center of the intercellular space in the junctional regions. Some macrophages form clusters with intercellular junctions. No significant difference in the effect of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone on the number of intercellular junctions betwene macrophages was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214238
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  • 192
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    Immunocytochemistry and ultrastructure of the neuropil located ventral to the rat supraoptic nucleus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Neuropil ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropil located ventral to the SON was investigated by the use of immunoperoxidase staining for neurophysins, oxytocin and vasopressin, and electron miroscopy. The study was performed in six groups of rats: 1) control; 2) infusion of isotonic saline into the CSF; 3) infusion of hypertonic saline into the CSF; 4) drinking hypertonic saline for 4 days; 5) same as group 4 but injection of colchicine into the CSF on second day of dehydration; 6) salt loading for 3 months. In the control rats the ventral neuropil contained a few immunoreactive processes, the general morphology of which was completely different from that of the neurosecretory axons emerging from the SON at its dorsal aspect. In rats of groups 3 to 6 the ventral processes (VP) became loaded with neurosecretory granules, whereas the perikarya and axons were depleted. Based on their general morphology and reactivity pattern it is suggested that the VP are dendrites. Most of these “dendrites” were embedded in a glial cushion formed by the processes of a particular type of marginal glia. Some of these “dendrites” enveloped an arteriole penetrating the optic tract. All VP were rich in synaptic contacts. The possibility that the VP of neurosecretory cells may be functionally related to the subarachnoid CSF and the arteriolar blood flow is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216528
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  • 193
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    Control of peptide release from cells of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 561-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Peptide hormones ; Dopamine ; Corticotropin-releasing hormone ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine the catecholaminergic nerve terminals in their intermediate lobes exhibited distinct signs of degeneration. Morphometric examination of the Golgi apparatus in cells of the intermediate lobe of these rats showed significant enlargement of Golgi cisternae. The release of adrenocorticotropin, β-endorphin/lipotropin and α-melanotropin from intermediate-lobe cells in vitro was measured by radioimmunoassay. The high basal peptide release was inhibited by dopamine and stimulated by methyl-isobutyl-xanthine. In contrast, γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, histamine and noradrenaline, or corticotropin-releasing hormone, rat hypothalamic extract and vasopressin had no or only very weak effects. These observations indicate that the synthetic apparatus of intermediate-lobe cells is constantly depressed by dopaminergic nerves. We were not able to stimulate peptide release from intermediate-lobe cells by use of the abovementioned endogenous agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217223
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  • 194
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    Effects of prolonged maternal fast on the pancreas of 18–21-day-old foetal rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Foetal pancreas ; β Cells ; Insulin ; Fasting mothers ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After maternal fasting for 72 h the pancreatic β cells of 18-day-old foetal rats show a conspicuous enrichment in secretory material, with an increase of pancreatic insulin concentration and a marked development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The morphometric analysis shows that the intracytoplasmic migration of the secretory granules is inhibited, principally inside the cell web. Consequently the number of secretory granules fused with plasma membrane decreases and this is associated with a decreased foetal plasma insulin. The difference in the ultrastructural aspect of the β cells of foetuses from fasting mothers and of foetuses from fed mothers is less conspicuous at 19 days of gestation and progressively disappears at 20 and 21 days. The modifications in ultrastructural aspect and in functional state are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229213
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  • 195
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    Histological study of ibotenic acid-induced modifications of rat retina and their attenuation by diazepam (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Ibotenic acid ; Toxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After 2 h intraocular injections of 19 and 190 nmoles ibotenic acid in the rat retina produced an intensive vacuolization of the inner plexiform layer and cellular alterations, in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer. These alterations consisted of either cytoplasmic swelling accompanied by clumping of the nuclear chromatin or darkening of the cytoplasm along with nuclear condensation. A week later the retinas were thinner than the controls due to the disappearance of the affected cells. Pre-treatment with diazepam prevents the morphological alterations induced by 19 nmoles ibotenic acid; mainly the swelling, which was completely prevented, while the darkening was reduced drastically, although some vacuolization of the inner plexiform layer is still present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215147
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  • 196
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    The effect of an LH pulse on 3H-thymidine incorporation into cultured ovaries of metestrous rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Rat ; Cell division ; Luteinizing hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of an LH pulse on the rate at which 3H-thymidine is incorporated into cultured ovaries of metestrous rats was studied. In comparison to ovaries cultured with tonic LH, an LH pulse (1) “rescued” follicles from atresia, (2) induced thecal cell proliferation, and (3) increased the rate at which granulosa cells enter mitosis. It is concluded that LH pulses increase follicular growth by first triggering thecal cell proliferation and then inducing mitotic divisions within the granulosa cells of both atretic and non-atretic follicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215157
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  • 197
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    Electronic Resource
    Electron-microscopic immunohistochemical study of the localization of immunoglobulin G in the choroid plexus of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Immunoglobulin G ; Permeability ; Anti-HRP-IgG ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of autologous antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G (IgG) was studied in the choroid plexus of Lewis rats immunized against horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This experiment was performed to study the permeability of the choroid plexus to intravascular IgG. It was shown that autologous IgG was present in the extravascular spaces. The transendothelial transfer appeared to occur mainly via the fenestrations and some interendothelial junctions. No transfer of IgG at the level of epithelial cells toward the cerebrospinal fluid was demonstrated. Interstitial spaces in contact with the connective-tissue cells of the choroid stroma were strongly labeled. The significance of these spaces remains hypothetical and raises the question of the fate of IgG from the interstitial space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215159
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  • 198
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    Electronic Resource
    Glial fibrillary acidic protein and differentiation of neonatal rat pituicytes in vitro (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Pituicytes, neonatal ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunofluorescence ; Organ culture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The appearance and intracellular localisation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in pituicytes in neural lobe cultures of newborn rats aged 7 to 30 days were investigated by use of the indirect immunofluorescence method. GFAP-immunoreactive cells were observed mostly in the outgrowth zone. GFAP was localised in the perikaryal cytoplasm as well as in pituicyte processes. GFAP-positive pituicytes showed considerable morphological polymorphism. The presence of GFAP — astrocytic marker — in pituicytes in vitro and the evident morphological similarity to cultured astrocytes suggest the astroglial character of these cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215161
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  • 199
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    Electronic Resource
    Localization and function of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase activity in the retinal rods of the rat by means of a newly developed cytochemical method (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDEase) ; New cytochemical method ; Retina ; Rods, outer segments ; Light perception ; 5′GMPase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDEase) activity was studied histo- and cytochemically in the retinal rods of the rat with the use of a newly developed technique. Intense activity of cGMP-PDEase was evenly distributed over the outer segments of the rods. Reaction product was observed on the plasmalemma and on the disk membranes of the outer segments. A weak reaction product occurred also on the plasmalemma of the inner segments; however, no precipitate was found in the perinuclear and synaptic portions of the rod cells. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by 2 mM theophilline and by 2 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). To confirm the specificity of this new cGMP-PDEase method, the localization of 5′nucleotidase (5′GMPase) was also studied. In contrast to the activity of cGMP-PDEase, the activity of 5′GMPase was distributed on the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor cells extending over a wide range from the synaptic endings in the outer plexiform layer to the tip of the outer segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219860
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  • 200
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    Immunohistochemical study of S-100 protein in the postnatal development of Müller cells and astrocytes in the rat retina (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 503-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 ; Müller cell ; Astrocyte ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat retina was studied by immunohistochemistry with antibody to S-100 protein during the first three postnatal weeks. Immunoreactive astrocytes are first detected subjacent to the inner limiting membrane close to the optic disc. They gradually increase in number and spread toward the ora serrata along the inner surface of the retina as the development proceeds. S-100-immunostained Müller cells are first identified on the 12th postnatal day although their immunoreactivity is much weaker than that of astrocytes at the same stage. This differential intensity of the immunoreactivity of the two cell types facilitates observation of the entire shape of the astrocyte. This characteristic reveals that cellular investments of blood vessels in the inner retina are formed by astrocytic processes whereas those in the outer plexiform layer are derived from processes of Müller cells. The cellular investment becomes complete by the 18th postnatal day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219865
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