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  • 2000-2004  (59)
  • 1985-1989  (1,985)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (1,119)
  • Rat  (925)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle regeneration (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 264-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Regeneration ; Growth factors ; Growth hormone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Against the background of the importance of growth hormone (GH) for normal muscle growth, a study was performed to investigate whether lack of GH after hypophysectomy affects the cell proliferation and the local production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the early stages of muscle regeneration in adult rats. The level of IGF-I in the serum of hypophysectomised rats was reduced to about 30% of that of controls. The incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into the regenerating muscle showed a peak 6 days after the operation and then gradually declined to the end of the period of study 30 days after initiation of regeneration by ischemic necrosis. The DNA content rose to a maximum level after 6–8 days, and remained high after 30 days. There was no major difference in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in regenerating muscle of hypophysectomised and control rats, but the DNA concentration in the regenerating muscles of hypophysectomised rats was significantly reduced after 30 days. There was a corresponding reduction in the number of nuclei per muscle fibre, indicating that hypophysectomy has a small effect on the cell proliferation during the early stages of muscle regeneration. Immunohistochemical demonstration of IGF-I in the regenerating muscle revealed the transient presence of immunoreactive material in satellite cells and myotubes after 6 to 8 days of regeneration but no immunoreactivity after 30 days. No obvious difference was observed between hypophysectomised and control rats, indicating that the endogenous production of IGF-I in regenerating skeletal muscle can occur independently of GH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687756
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of somatostatin-containing nerves in the aganglionic colon of human and rat (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 372-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Aganglionosis ; Man ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SOM-LI) nerves was elucidated immunohistochemically in the gut tissues from patients with Hirschsprung's disease and congenital aganglionosis rats. In the normoganglionic human colon, SOM-LI nerve cell bodies were found to a greater extent in the submucous plexus and to a lesser extent in the myenteric plexus. However, they were rarely observed in both the plexuses of the oligoganglionic segment. SOM-LI nerve fibres were widely distributed in the aganglionic bowel. The circular muscle layer of the distal aganglionic segment was densely innervated by SOM-LI nerve fibres which are probably derived from the extrinsic, hypertrophic nerve bundles. A decreased number of the intramuscular nerves fibres were seen in the proximal aganglionic segment. In the colon and rectum from adult and 21-day-old rats, SOM-LI cell bodies were numerous in both plexuses. On the other hand, enteric neurons were completely lacking from the colon and rectum of congenital aganglionosis rats of 21 days old. No neuronal elements staining for SOM were disclosed in these aganglionic segments of mutant rats. A possible origin and pathophysiological role of the extrinsic nerve fibres containing SOM in the diseased bowel are discussed. It is concluded that SOM-LI nerves in the human distal colon comprise both intrinsic and extrinsic elements, while SOM nerves in the rat colon and rectum are of only intrinsic origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688173
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA-immunoreactive cells in the rat gastrointestinal epithelium (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Epithelium ; Enteroendocrine cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Frozen sections of the corpus ventriculi, antrum pyloricum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon from animals perfusion fixed with glutaraldehyde were treated with an antiserum specific for glutaraldehyde-fixed GABA and processed by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Semithin plastic sections from the antrum pyloricum were treated similarly. Stained cells appeared in the epithelium of all segments examined except the corpus ventriculi. The highest density of cells was observed along the major curvature of the antrum pyloricum. Here they were located in the bottom half of the gastric glands. Many of the cells showed a process extending towards the glandular lumen. No significant staining in the epithelium appeared when the antiserum was preincubated with glutaraldehyde-GABA complexes, nor when the anti-GABA serum was exchanged with anti-glycine or preimmune serum. The present findings and previous physiological data suggest that GABA may play a role in gut endocrine regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326586
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of electrical stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia on the number of “synaptic” ribbons and the activity of melatonin-forming enzymes in the rat pineal gland (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Melatonin synthesis ; Pineal gland ; Rat ; “Synaptic” ribbons ; Sympathetic stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Melatonin metabolism in the mammalian pineal gland is under the clear influence of sympathetic fibers originating in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG). Previous studies suggested that pineal “synaptic” ribbons (SR) as well are regulated by the gland's sympathetic innervation. To gain more insight into the mechanisms involved, we examined the effects of sympathetic stimulation on SR number and on the activity of melatonin forming enzymes, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydoxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). The SCG in adult male rats were stimulated electrically during daytime for either 15 or 120 min. Immediately following stimulation, the glands were removed and processed for electron microscopy and for the determination of NAT and HIOMT activities. No differences in pineal SR number, size or location were found in rats stimulated with either parameters when compared with sham-stimulated or control animals. While the activity of HIOMT remained unchanged, the activity of NAT was also unaltered following 15 min of stimulation, but was augmented approximately three-fold in animals stimulated for 120 min. It is concluded that if SR in the rat pineal gland are under sympathetic control, the regulation is different from that involved in melatonin formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305060
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of the corticospinal tract in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 449-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticospinal tract ; Development ; Myelination ; Pyramidal tract ; Anterograde tracing ; Electronmicroscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish-peroxidase was used to anterogradely label and thus to trace the growth of corticospinal axons in rats ranging in age from one day to six months. Three to eight HRP-gels were implanted in the left cerebral hemisphere of the cortex. In each spinal cord three levels were studied, the cervical intumescence (C5), the mid-thoracic region (T5) and the lumbar enlargement (L3). The methodology employed for the electron microscopic visualization of HRP has been described previously (Joosten et al. 1987a). The outgrowth of labelled unmyelinated corticospinal tract axons in the rat spinal cord primarily occurs during the first ten postnatal days. The outgrowth of the main weve of these fibres is preceded by a number of pathfinding axons, characterized by dilatations at their distal ends, the growth cones. By contrast, later appearing unmyelinated axons, which presumably grow along the pathfinding axons, do not exhibit such growth cones. The first labelled pioneer axons can be observed in the cervical intumescence at postnatal day one (P1), in the mid-thoracic region at day three (P3) and in the lumbar enlargement at day five (P5). Prior to the entrance of the axons, the prospective corticospinal area or the pre-arrival zone is composed of fascicles consisting of unlabelled, unmyelinated fibres surrounded by lucent amorphous structures. During the outgrowth phase of the corticospinal fibres some myelinated axons could be observed within the outgrowth area even before day 14. These axons, however, were never labelled. These findings strongly suggest that the outgrowth area, which is generally denoted as the pyramidal tract, contains other axons besides the corticospinal fibres (and glial cells). The process of myelination of the labelled corticospinal tract axons in the rat spinal cord starts rostrally (C5) at about day 14 and progresses caudally during the third and fourth postnatal weeks. Although myelination seems to be largely complete at day 28 at all three spinal cord levels, some labelled unmyelinated axons are still present in the adult stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319587
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of thyrotrophs in the rat anterior pituitary as studied by immunogold electron microscopy (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Thyrotroph (TSH cell) ; Anterior pituitary ; Immunogold electron microscopy ; Postnatal development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyrotrophs (TSH cells) of the rat anterior pituitary identified by immunogold electron microscopy were classified into three subtypes according to their morphological characteristics: Immature type TSH cells are oval with a few small secretory granules (50–100 nm in diameter) and poorly developed cell organelles. These cells are frequently found in the neonatal stage between birth and 10 days of age. The intermediate type is polygonal or stellate, containing a moderate number of medium sized secretory granules (80–120 nm in diameter) and moderately or well developed cell organelles. Cells of this type are often found between 10 and 30 days of age. Mature type cells are large and polygonal in shape, and contain many large secretory granules (120–180 nm in diameter) and well developed cell organelles. Cells of the last type are frequently found at more than 30 days of age. At 45 days of age the mature type TSH cells make up about 70% of all TSH cells. The proportion of immature type cells was shown to decrease while the proportion of the mature type TSH cells increases, as the animal grows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309773
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptogenesis in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 243-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Synapse formation ; Synaptic glomerulus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synapse formation and maturation were examined in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) from birth to adulthood. Examination of animals, whose ages were closely spaced in time, showed that the maturation of the synaptic organization of the nucleus takes place chiefly during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life. This period of maturation may be divided into 3 broad stages. During the first stage, which spans the first 4 days of life, there are only a few immature synapses scattered throughout the nucleus; occasionally aggregates of 3 or 4 synapses are encountered. Dendrodendritic synapses first appear at the end of this stage. The second stage, which lasts from the end of the first stage through day 8, is characterized by intensive synaptogenesis as well as extensive growth and degeneration. For the first time, large boutons resembling retinal terminals form multiple synaptic contacts with dendrites and dendritic protrusions; these synaptic arrangements are partially covered by glial processes. A feature characteristic of the developing dLGN during the first 2 postnatal weeks, and particularly during the second stage, is the presence of membrane specializations that resemble vacant postsynaptic densities. These specializations, which may be unapposed or opposite another neuronal process, decrease in frequency as the number of synapses increases. It is not known whether these densities are converted to synapses or whether they result from loss of presynaptic elements. The third stage in the process of synaptogenesis, which spans a period between days 10 and 20, is characterized by myelination and by the diminution of growth cones, degenerating profiles and vacant postsynaptic densities. There is also a very significant increase in the number and maturation of synapses including synaptic glomeruli. However, it is not until the end of this stage that synapses appear qualitatively indistinguishable from synaptic arrangements identified in adult animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315883
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cadmium exposure during pregnancy on cadmium and zinc concentrations in neonatal liver and consequences for the offspring (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 63 (1989), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Zinc ; Neonate ; Thymus ; Birth weight ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of cadmium exposure during pregnancy (by means of daily subcutaneous injections of 4.4 μmol/kg to the mother) on the neonates were investigated. No effect was observed on fetal or neonatal body weights, nor on neonatal liver weights. These parameters were examined up to 5 weeks after birth. The weight of neonatal thymuses was decreased 7 and 14 days after birth due to cadmium exposure of the mothers as compared with controls. This may be caused by zinc deficiency, because zinc concentrations in fetal and neonatal livers after cadmium exposure were found to be very low 20 days after conception and 5 h after birth. Cadmium concentration in neonatal liver decreased; however, cadmium in malignant liver increased as age increased. In the mother, cadmium was transferred to the milk, as it was demonstrated in the stomach contents of the pups. Simultaneous administration of zinc in amounts equimolar to cadmium did not have any noticeable effect on the amount of cadmium transferred to the fetus or on cadmium concentrations in any of the organs investigated. It could not prevent zinc deficiency in fetal and neonatal liver. In addition, growth retardation of the thymus from exposed pups could not be prevented by zinc administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334632
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on biogenic amines and their acidic metabolites in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of rats (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 63 (1989), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; Biogenic amines ; Brain ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of single subcutaneous doses of sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D-Na) on biogenic amines and their acidic metabolites in rat brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. After 200 mg/kg 2,4-D-Na, the cerebral concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was increased slightly and that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) roughly 3-fold between 1 and 8 h after the administration. There was also a tendency towards slightly lowered dopamine (DA) levels. No statistically significant changes in brain concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) or tryptophan (TRY) were found. At the same time, however, the maximal increase in DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations in the CSF was 2.3–5.8-fold. The dependency of biogenic amines and metabolites on 2,4-D-Na dose was studied by injecting s.c. 0, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg and sacrificing the rats at 2 h. In the brain, there was a dose-dependent increase in concentrations of 5-HIAA (at the two highest doses) and HVA (at the highest dose) while in the CSF those of all three acidic metabolites increased at the two highest doses. The 10 mg/kg dose had no effect. The results agree with the hypothesis that 2,4-D inhibits the organic acid transport out of the brain, which should then result in increased cerebral levels of acidic metabolites of biogenic amines, but it may also have effects on the activity of serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316434
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential effects of methylmercury on the synthesis of protein species in dorsal root ganglia of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 63 (1989), S. 226-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methylmercury ; Protein synthesis ; Dorsal root ganglion ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dorsal root ganglia from control and methylmercury(MeHg)-treated rats were incubated in vitro with 35S-methionine ant the proteins synthesized were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The double labelling method, in which proteins of control dorsal root ganglia labelled in vitro with 3H-leucine were added to each of the two samples as an internal standard, was used to minimize unavoidable errors arising from the resolving procedure itself. The results obtained showed that the effect of MeHg on the synthesis of proteins in dorsal root ganglia was not uniform for individual protein species in the latent period of MeHg intoxication. Among 200 protein species investigated, 157 showed inhibition of synthesis close to that of the total proteins in the tissue (68% of the control). Among the remaining protein species, 20 showed real stimulation of synthesis, whereas 7 were moderately inhibited and 16 were inhibited more strongly than the total proteins in the tissue. These results suggest that the effect of MeHg on the synthetic rates for protein species in dorsal root ganglia differs with the species, and that unusual elevation or reduction of the synthesis of some protein species caused by MeHg may lead to impairment of normal nerve functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316373
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity study in rats of a tellurium based immunomodulating drug, AS-101: A potential drug for AIDS and cancer patients (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 63 (1989), S. 386-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Tellurium ; Rat ; Toxicology ; Immunomodulator ; Drug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally for 4 weeks with ammonium trichloro (dioxyethylene-0-0′-) tellurate, an immunomodulating drug at closes ranging from 3 to 24 mg/kg/week. Routine laboratory examinations included body weight, food consumption, clinical chemistry and hematological examinations. At termination of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and subjected to a detailed necropsy. Few mortalities were recorded during the course of the study. Clinical signs included hind limb paresis and paraphimosis. A garlic odor pervaded the room. Body weight and food consumption were adversely affected in a dose-related manner. Effects were elicited on the hematological system; changes being noted in the platelet and leukocyte counts as well. Clinical chemistry evaluation revealed signs of hepatoxicity, especially in the female treated groups. The level of beta-globulin was increased. At necropsy organs were found to have a grayish-blue discoloration. Tellurium related histopathological changes were observed in the eyes, liver, thymus, bone marrow, heart and kidneys. An attempt has been made to compare the toxicity of this drug with other tellurium-containing compounds. A good correlation was found. Novel effects of the drug were retinopathy and replacement of bone marrow by bony or fibrous tissue. The possibility that some of the effects may have been elicited due to selenium-vitamin E deficiency has been considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303128
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurochemical correlates of behavioural responses to frustrative nonreward in the rat: implications for the role of central noradrenergic neurones in behavioural adaptation to stress (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Extincton ; Nonreward ; Adrenoceptor ; Noradrenaline ; Stress ; Sympathetic nervous system ; 6-hydroxydopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We tested whether the stress of nonreward has neurochemical effects on noradrenergic neurones which resemble those reported for other forms of stress. Rats trained to run in a straight runway for food reward were subjected to either 1 or 10 extinction trials. Half the rats in each group were injected before the start of acquisition with IP 6-hydroxydopamine to deplete peripheral noradrenaline stores. All animals were killed immediately after their final test in the runway, together with untrained controls. Noradenaline depletion had no behavioural or neurochemical effects. The rate of extinction in the 10-trial group, which was indexed by the slope of the linear regression of running time on trial, correlated negatively with both alpha2 and beta-adrenoceptor number (Bmax). There were no differences between groups in cerebral cortical noradrenaline content, or alpha2 or beta-adrenoceptor binding. These results substantially conflict with those predicted from Stone's hypothesis relating beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity to the behavioural response to stress. A further finding was that alpha2, but not beta-adrenoceptor number, negatively correlated with levels of noradrenaline in the tissue, suggesting that noradrenaline is less involved in the regulation of beta than in that of alpha2-adrenoceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248536
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative autoradiographic characterization of l-[3H] glutamate binding sites in rat vestibular nuclei (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 646-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glutamate binding sites ; Autoradiography ; Vestibular nuclei ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative autoradiography has been used to characterize l-[3H] glutamate binding sites and to describe their distribution in frozen sections of rat vestibular nuclei. Scatchard plots and Hill coefficients of glutamate binding suggest that glutamate interacts with a single population of sites having a KD of about 126 nM and a capacity of 2.5 pmol/mg of protein. Although the level of glutamate binding was not very high compared to the highest levels described for some other brain regions, it was nonetheless substantial. The sites were distributed unevenly in the four vestibular nuclei and their distribution correlated well with the projection areas of the vestibular nerve, which has been described as a glutamate-mediated pathway. The highest numbers of glutamate binding sites were observed in the medial vestibular nuclei. This technique provides a very sensitive assay for characterizing the pharmacological subtypes of glutamate binding in the vestibular nuclei and for analyzing changes in these sites during development or after deafferentation of the vestibular nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248920
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Medial preoptic islands in the rat brain: electron microscopic evidence for intrinsic synapses (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic area ; Intrinsic neuron ; GABA ; Local neuron ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons intrinsic to the preoptic area might participate in the control of neuroendocrine or behavioral events. To determine their existence and features, we deafferented the preoptic area of female rats, using completely circumscribing cuts with a Halasz knife. Despite obvious signs of degeneration of synapses originating from nerve cell bodies outside the preoptic island, some synapses survived complete deafferentation. We saw synaptic contacts not only on the neuronal cell body, but also on the dendritic shaft and spine. There were no peculiar morphological features, as might suggest unique physiologic functions of these intrinsic synapses. The prominence of intrinsic synapses in the preoptic area suggests that, in addition to hormone effects on preoptic neurons, and long ascending afferents, intrinsic synapses might play significant roles in neuroendocrine controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274986
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Met- and leu-enkephalins inhibit rat cortical neurons intracellularly recorded in vivo while morphine excites them: evidence for naloxone-sensitive and naloxone-insensitive effects (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 302-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Met- and leu-enkephalin ; Morphine ; Cortex ; Intracellular recordings ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The action of enkephalin-analogues (D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin and D-ala2-D-metenkephalin) and morphine, iontophoretically applied, was tested on rat cortical neurons intracellularly recorded “in vivo”. Inhibition of cellular excitability of 60% of the tested cells followed the iontophoretic administration of opioid peptides. 50% of the inhibited cells were also hyperpolarized. The amplitude of membrane hyperpolarization was related to the value of the membrane potential. In 13 out of the 30 inhibited cells the change in membrane input resistance was measured; the input resistance was decreased by 30%. In 8 cells, hyperpolarized by the opioid peptides, the depolarizing postsynaptic potentials, evoked by cortical stimulation, were also reduced in amplitude. Naloxone, iontophoretically applied, reversed and/or prevented the peptide responses. On the same neurons, morphine induced a bursting pattern of spiking activity and increased the membrane input resistance: this action was naloxone-insensitive. The reported results suggest that opioid peptides and morphine activate, respectively, naloxone-sensitive and naloxone-insensitive mechanisms on the same cortical neurons, leading to different and, in some respect, opposite effects on the neuronal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274987
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impaired reference memory and reduced glutamergic activity in rats with temporo-entorhinal connections disrupted (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 499-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Temporal/entorhinal area ; Memory processing ; Neurotransmitters ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether effects of temporo-entorhinal disconnections on acquisition and retention of a visual discrimination task might be associated with neurochemical dysfunctions. The results revealed that the present lesions impaired both acquisition and retention of the discrimination task. This impairment was accompanied by decreased glutamergic activity in both temporal and entorhinal cortices. No changes were seen in levels of acetylcholine or GABA. Further, the distribution of glutamate/ aspartate was related to both regional and hemispheric differences. The results are discussed in terms of a highly integrative role of the lateral entorhinal cortex and in terms of other putative neurotransmitter systems involved in the function of memory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249603
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium-dependent potassium current following penicillin-induced epileptiform discharges in the hippocampal slice (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 646-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Experimental epilepsy ; Paroxysmal depolarization shift ; Afterpotential ; Penicillin ; Ca2+-activated potassium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penicillin-induced paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) are followed by prolonged afterhyperpolarizations of about 2 seconds duration. Intracellular injection of EGTA blocked a late component of the afterhyperpolarizations; an early one lasting up to one second was only slightly reduced by EGTA. It is concluded that afterhyperpolarizations following penicillininduced PDS comprise different components: an initial one lasting up to one second which is not Ca2+-dependent and a slow one lasting up to two seconds which is caused by a Ca2+-dependent K+ current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230253
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local circuit neurons in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn establish synaptic connections with principal neurons in five day old rats: a morphological basis for inhibition in early development (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibition ; Hippocampal formation ; Development ; GABAergic neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-positive and Golgi impregnated local circuit neurons of the hippocampal formation of five day old rats were examined in light and electron microscopic preparations. The ultrastructural features of these neurons were similar in both the dentate gyrus and CA1 area of Ammon's horn. Somata displayed a perikaryal cytoplasm rich in organelles but lacked organized Nissl bodies. Most nuclei showed intranuclear infoldings of varying degrees but no intranuclear sheets or rods were found. Somata and dendrites were contacted by relatively immature axon terminals that formed mainly symmetric synapses. The axons of local circuit neurons in both the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn formed symmetric synapses with somata and dendrites of the principal neurons in these regions. Thus, both GAD-positive and Golgi-impregnated terminals of local circuit neurons were observed to form synapses with pyramidal and granule cells. These terminals were usually small and contained relatively few pleomorphic synaptic vesicles. The results show that a circuitry for inhibition is established in the 5 day old dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn, even though the local circuit neurons lack some of the typical adult ultrastructural features at this age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230680
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    Coexistence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptides in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Steroid receptor ; CRF ; Neurotensin ; Enkephalin ; CCK ; PHI ; VIP ; Somatostatin ; TRH ; Dopamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Arcuate nucleus ; Hormones ; Neurosecretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male albino rats was analyzed for the presence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity (GR-LI) in neuropeptide containing neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, coronal sections trough the entire PVN were double-stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody against GR and one of the following antisera: rabbit antiserum to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), neurotensin (NT), enkephalin (ENK), cholecystokinin (CCK), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), galanin (GAL), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). For comparison the occurrence of GR-LI in NT-, SOM-, NPY- or TH-positive neurons of the arcuate nucleus was also studied. Our results indicate that GR-LI is present in the parvocellular part of the PVN but not in its magnocellular portion. Virtually every parvocellular neuron in the PVN containing one of the above mentioned peptides was also positive for GR, with the exception of SOM neurons, of which only about two thirds showed detectable levels of GR-LI. All TH-positive, presumably dopamine neurons in the PVN were GR-positive. In the arcuate nucleus all TH- and NPY-positive neurons as well as a large proportion of the SOM- and NT-immunoreactive neurons contained GR-LI. The results indicate that in the PVN, in addition to the CRF neurons, certain peptidergic neurons in the parvocellular part of the PVN, without any established role in the control of ACTH synthesis and release, may also be under glucocorticoid control. This seems to be the case also for most arcuate neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230684
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    Slow synaptic inhibition in relation to frequency habituation in dentate granule cells of rat hippocampal slices (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hoppocampus ; Granule cells ; Long lasting inhibition ; Frequency habituation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In paired pulse stimulation experiments the mechanism underlying frequency habituation of postsynaptic potentials in dentate granule cells of rat hippocampal slices was studied by measuring extra and intracellular potentials as well as changes in extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]0) and potassium concentrations ([K+]0). Orthodromic stimulation of the perforant path induced in most granule cells a late, slow hyperpolarization (SH), lasting for up to 1.2 s. During the SH the membrane conductance was increased by up to 40%. The reversal potential of the SH was around -90 mV and varied with the [K+]0. Frequency habituation was seen in all cells with the SH, whereas cells which display frequency potentiation had no SH. Lowering of [Ca2+]0 reversed paired pulse induced frequency habituation into frequency potentiation at [Ca2+]0 levels where the SH disappeared. Phaclofen blocked the SH and reversed frequency habituation into frequency potentiation. Elevating [Mg2+]0 also reversed frequency habituation into frequency potentiation and reduced the SH. We conclude that the SH represents a late, slow IPSP which is responsible for frequency habituation in dentate granule cells. We noted that during repetitive stimulation the SH soon started to fade. This effect can in part be attributed to extracellular K+-accumulation as suggested by the K+-dependence of the slow IPSP and the observations of changes in [K+]0 during repetitive stimulation. This could explain why frequency habituation reverses into frequency potentiation during repetitive stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228895
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    Mossy fiber synapses on glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons: evidence for feed-forward inhibition in the CA3 region of the hippocampus (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 441-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampal mossy fibers ; GABAergicneurons ; GABAergic inhibition ; EM immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mossy fibers are known to form excitatory synapses on pyramidal neurons in regio inferior of the hippocampus. This study demonstrates that the mossy fibers also establish synaptic contacts with glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive, supposedly GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the CA3 region. The observed connection provides a morphological basis for feed-forward inhibition of the pyramidal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247950
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    Projection from the thalamic intralaminar nuclei on the isocortex of the rat: a surface potential study (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 543-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intralaminar nuclei ; Cortical projection ; Arousal ; Pain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cortical surface potentials evoked from thalamic intralaminar nuclei have been studied in rats anaesthetized with chloralose. Stimulation with low current intensity in central lateral nucleus (CL), evoked potentials in large areas of the rat isocortex. In the posterior parietal cortex responses with a short latency negativity were evoked which followed high frequency repetitive stimulation. Its latency and ability to follow high frequency stimulation indicated a monosynaptic connection from CL to this part of the cortex. The short latency potential was followed by a second negativity with longer latency and varying amplitude. This second negativity did not follow repetitive stimulation exceeding 10 Hz, and was also reduced by supplementary doses of anaesthetics, indicating a polysynaptic origin. Stimulation at different CL sites elicited cortical potentials with short latency in a topographical pattern. Laminar analysis in the parietal and motor cortex suggested both a superficial and a deep layer termination of afferents from CL. Similar topografical relations and afferent layer distributions have previously been found in cats. The role of the thalamocortical projection from CL to parietal cortex in arousal, attention and pain mechanisms is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249905
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    The cholinergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex shows two distinct phases in development (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Cerebral cortex ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development ; Transient expression ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cholinergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex was examined in pre- and postnatal life using immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody directed against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Our observations show that there are two separate phases in the development of the cholinergic innervation of the rat neocortex. The first, a transient phase, occurs in the late stages of gestation and in the perinatal period. During this time, ChAT-labelled cells (neuroblasts, as well as immature pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons) are present throughout the entire rostro-caudal extent of the primordial cortex. The fate of these cells, which are not visible shortly after birth, is unknwon as is their functional role in the developing cortex. The second phase in the development of the cholinergic innervation begins in the middle of the second postnatal week. At this stage only a few faintly stained neurons and fibres appear in the cortex. Their numbers and staining intensity increase gradually until the fifth postnatal week when ChAT-labelled neurons and axonal arbours appear indistinguishable from their adult counterparts. The pattern of development observed in the second phase parallels closely that shown in a recent analysis of cortical ChAT activity during postnatal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247899
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    Membrane potential and impedance changes in hippocampal pyramidal cells during theta rhythm (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intracellular recordings ; Membrane potential ; Input impedance ; Hippocampal pyramidal cells ; Theta rhythm ; Urethane ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular recordings were made from hippocampal pyramidal cells identified by their depths and their responses to commissural stimulation. Recordings were made during spontaneous bouts of hippocampal theta rhythm in urethane anesthetized rats. Membrane potentials (V m) of pyramidal cells varied with the phase of the theta rhythm, that is, there was an “intracellular theta rhythm”. The changes in V m averaged about 2 mV peak to peak. Averaged intracellular theta waves showed that CA1 pyramids were most depolarized at the time of the positive peak of the extracellular theta rhythm recorded in (and superficial to) the CA1 pyramidal cell layer (CA1 theta). Peak depolarizations for CA3/4 pyramids were more broadly distributed, but occurred mainly in the interval just before the positive peak to just before the negative peak of the CA1 theta. Input impedance minima that were measurable at frequencies as high as 100 Hz occurred at about the same phases of the extracellular theta rhythm as the peak depolarizations (positive-going zero crossing to negative-going zero crossing of the CA1 theta). Such impedance changes imply conductance changes on the soma. The magnitude and localization of the conductance changes suggests that somatic IPSPs make major contributions to the intracellular theta rhythm. The phase relation between the intracellular and extracellular theta rhythms could be reversed by long duration current pulses that depolarized the cells slightly. This implies that either the intracellular theta-related IPSPs are depolarizing potential changes, or that they occur simultaneously with EPSPs. The phase of the intracellular theta rhythm was generally unaffected by long duration hyperpolarizing current pulses. Chloride leakage that reversed the evoked IPSPs usually had no effect on the phase of the intracellular theta rhythm, although in one case it appeared to cause its amplitude to increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274985
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    Cellular organization and development of slice cultures from rat visual cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 234-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Development ; Visual cortex ; Slicecultures ; Pyramidal cells ; GABA immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Slice cultures from the visual cortex of young rats were prepared using the roller culture technique (Gähwiler 1984). After 10 days in vitro the cortical cultures flattened to 1–3 cell layers, surviving for up to 12 weeks. The cultures were organotypically organized, the typical layered structure of the cortex was preserved. The neuronal composition of slice cultures was studied using intracellular staining, Golgi impregnation and GABA immunohistochemistry. Both pyramidal cells and several types of nonpyramidal cells were identified in the slice cultures. Electrophysiological recordings showed that the electrical properties of cells in culture were similar to those measured in acute slice preparations; for some cells, however, the spontaneous activity was higher. The maintained activity was strongly increased by application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline and decreased by GABA, suggesting that GABAergic inhibition is present in these preparations. We could observe the postnatal maturation of some characteristic morphological features in culture. For example, pyramidal cells in 6 day-old rats in situ have very short basal dendrites with growth-cones, and the dendrites are free of spines. After 2–3 weeks in culture growth-cones were no longer observed. Instead, the cells had developed a large basal dendritic field and the dendrites were covered with spines. Slice cultures therefore may provide a useful tool for physiological, anatomical, pharmacological and developmental studies of cortical neurons in an organotypical environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274981
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    Monoclonal antibody VC1.1 selectively stains a population of GABAergic neurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin in the rat cerebral cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parvalbumin ; GABA ; Nonpyramidal cell ; Monoclonal antibody ; Lectin ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoclonal antibody VC1.1 is shown to stain selectively a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. Almost all VC1.1 immunoreactive cells were also GABA-like immunoreactive (GABA-LI) and parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactive, whereas they were about 30% and 65% of GABA-LI and PV-positive cells in the parietal cortex and about 13% and 32% in the occipital cortex, respectively. Although a few VC1.1 positive cells showed somatostatinlike and/or cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivities, they were exceptional (less than 1% of VC1.1 positive cells). Furthermore about 90% of VC1.1 positive cells were also stained with a lectin, Vicia villosa agglutinin, with a specific affinity for terminal N-acetylgalactosamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230685
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    Electrical stimulation of the lateral habenula increases hippocampal noradrenaline release as monitored by in vivo microdialysis (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Noradrenaline ; Habenula ; Microdialysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hippocampal extracellular levels of noradrenaline (NA) were monitored with the microdialysis technique during electrical stimulation of the lateral habenula (LHb) in halothane anaesthetized rats. The steady state NA level was 20.8±4.6 fmole/15 min of perfusion (mean ± SEM). Electrical stimulation of the LHb for 15 min (15 Hz, 0.5 mA) induced an immediate 228±48% increase in hippocampal NA release, compared to the pre-stimulation baseline (p〈0.05). A second stimulation 90 min later induced a similar increase. The effect of LHb stimulation was completely abolished by a knife cut transecting the dorsal NA bundle either immediately rostral to the locus coeruleus or at the level of the parafascicular nucleus. This suggests that the effect was dependent on nerve impulses flow in the coeruleo-hippocampal NA neurons, and was not mediated, e.g., by a local spread of electricity into the hippocampus. Since the LHb has previously been shown to be a powerful activator of the mesencephalic raphe nuclei we tested whether the effect was mediated via the serotonergic system. However, the effect of LHb stimulation on hippocampal NA release persisted after 5,7-di-hydroxytryptamine treatment and after complete radiofrequency lesions of the dorsal and central superior raphe nuclei. The present data suggest that electrical stimulation of the LHb can increase hippocampal NA release through an activation of the locus coeruleus, and that this effect is not dependent on the mesencephalic raphe nuclei. The results support the role of the LHb as a link for limbic and striatal forebrain activation of brain stem monoaminergic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253642
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    Rhythmical bursting activity and GABAergic mechanisms in the medial septum of normal and pertussis toxin-pretreated rats (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 374-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABAA and GABAB receptors ; Rhythmic activity ; G-protein ; Pertussis toxin ; Septo-hippocampal pathway ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possible involvement of GABA in the control of the rhythmical bursting activity (RBA) of septo-hippocampal neurons (SHNs) has been studied in the rat in vivo. The discharge frequency of SHNs was modified by the iontophoretic application of a GABA agonist and antagonist as well as by the application of the GABA uptake blocker, nipecotic acid. The GABAB agonist baclofen inhibited the SHNs' activity, this effect being antagonized by the GABAB antagonist phaclofen. However, these different pharmacological manipulations did not modify the RBA frequency. Pretreatment of the rats with pertussis toxin, a substance which is known to block the events mediated by G-proteins (Gi or Go), decreased the RBA frequency. Neither agonists nor antagonists of GABAA or GABAB types had significant effects on the rhythmical bursting activity of SHNs. The effect of pertussis toxin suggests that other neurotransmitters or intrinsic mechanisms involving a G-protein influence this rhythm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274994
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    Responses of neurones in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus to orofacial noxious stimulation after large trigeminal tractotomy (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 569-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventrobasal thalamic neurones ; Noxious mechanical stimulation ; Orofacial receptive fields ; Trigeminal sensory complex ; Tractotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single units were recorded, using extra-cellular glass microelectrodes, in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus of rats under halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The animals had previously undergone a large bilateral section of the trigeminal sensory complex just above the obex to deprive the caudal part of the trigeminal sensory complex (subnucleus caudalis) of its trigeminal afferents. As observed on frontal slices our lesions impaired the whole descending tract and, in most cases, the intratrigeminal pathways between the rostral and the caudal part of the complex. Forty-seven units responding to a somatic mechanical noxious stimulation applied to the trigeminal area were recorded in these conditions. Forty-two of these had a receptive field (or at least a part of it) in or around the oral and nasal cavities, and 5 in the peripheral part of the face. These data confirm the hypothesis that the rostral part of the trigeminal sensory complex participates in pain sensory pathways, as a first relay site between nociceptive primary afferents coming from oral, perioral and perinasal areas, and the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. In addition, they suggest that the intra-trigeminal pathways are not essential for the transmission of these nociceptive inputs, to the lateral thalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249609
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    Distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes in the rat brain (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 164-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glia ; GFAP ; Brainstem ; Spinal cord ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topographical mapping of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity was performed in coronal serial sections of the rat mesencephalon, rhombencephalon and spinal cord. Relative to a background of poor or moderate overall staining of the mesencephalon, the interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra and the periaqueductal grey matter were prominent by their intense GFAP-immunoreactivity. The pons and particularly the medulla contained more GFAP-labelled elements compared with the mesencephalon. The spinal trigeminal nucleus and Rolando substance were distinguished by their intense staining. Large fibre tracts were usually poor in immunoreactive GFAP. In a concluding discussion, findings relevant to the GFAP-mapping of the whole rat CNS are evaluated with regard to possible reasons underlying the observed differential distribution of GFAP-immunoreactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230695
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    Comparison of adrenal and foetal nigral grafts on drug-induced rotation in rats with 6-OHDA lesions (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 214-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nigral grafts ; Adrenal grafts ; Rotation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Separate groups of rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway received intrastriatal foetal (E14) substantia nigra suspension grafts, intrastriatal postnatal (P22–25) adrenal medulla suspension grafts using either collagenaseor trypsin-based dissociation procedures, intraventricular adrenal medulla grafts, or remained with lesions alone. Rats with nigral or adrenal suspension grafts, but not rats with adrenal solid grafts, showed reduced apomorphine-induced rotation in comparison with lesion rats. The nigral graft group alone showed substantial reduction of amphetamine-induced rotation, and this was the only group manifesting good long-term graft survival. These results indicate that nigral and adrenal grafts do not have comparable mechanisms of functional action, and suggest that adrenal grafts can ameliorate apomorphine-induced rotation by a non-specific mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230701
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    Neurotensin-induced excitation of neurons of the rat's frontal cortex studied intracellularly in vitro (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 358-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neurotensin ; Frontal cortex ; In vitro slice preparation ; Intracellular recording ; Single-electrode-voltage-clamp ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The actions of neurotensin (NT) on frontal pyramidal neurons were studied in vitro in slices of rat cerebral cortex using current clamp and single electrode voltage clamp (SEVC) techniques. Bath application of NT (0.1 μM–10 μM) induced a depolarization (2–13 mV) in 88% of the pyramidal cells, this effect was associated with a decrease in input conductance of 5–35% and its reversal potential was estimated at -88 +/-9.7mV. Typically, this depolarizing effect of NT was transient, since no cell responded to a second application of the peptide within 20 min after the first one. NT also induced an increase in the rate of firing of pyramidal cells evoked by direct stimulation, even when an hyperpolarizing current was applied to prevent the depolarization induced by NT. This effect could neither be explained by a decrease of the post-spike after-hyperpolarization, nor by an increase of the persistent sodium current which sustains the spiking of pyramidal cells, since the former was not affected consistently by NT and the later was insensitive to the peptide. This excitation of pyramidal neurons by NT persisted after blockade of synaptic transmission. On the other hand, NT also enhanced the synaptic noise recorded in pyramidal cells in standard perfusing medium. Furthermore, dopaminergic antagonists and noradrenergic antagonists failed to block these effects of NT. Finally, the inactive fragment of the peptide, NT(1–8), did not affect membrane properties of pyramidal cells. All together, these results suggest that NT excites frontal cortical neurons through the activation of specific NT receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228907
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    Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivity in cortico-cortical neurons of the sensorimotor cortex of rats (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cortico-cortical neurons ; Sensorimotor cortex ; Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retrograde transport of tracers and immunocytochemistry have been used to determine if association and callosal neurons in the primary motor and somatosensory cortex of rats contain high levels of glutamate or aspartate and may, thus, use these amino acids as neurotransmitter. After tracer injections in these areas, about 65% of the retrogradely labeled neurons in layer V in the ipsilateral or contralateral hemisphere are immunopositive for glutamate. Lower percentages of double-labeled neurons are found in layers III, VI, and II. Similar results are obtained when sections are processed for aspartate immunoreactivity. About 90% of retrogradely labeled neurons are immunopositive in sections incubated with a mixture of both glutamateand aspartate antisera. These results suggest that a large fraction of cortico-cortical neurons are immunoreactive for either one amino acid but not for both. It is proposed that neurons with high levels of one amino acid use this as neurotransmitter; high levels of glutamate and aspartate are likely to be present in a fraction of neurons which may release both amino acids or a substance closely related to these.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248278
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    D2-but not D1-dopamine receptors are involved in the inhibitory control of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone release from the rat hypothalamus (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 645-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: α-melanocyte ; stimulating hormone ; Dopamine receptors ; Rat ; Hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Release of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) from slices of rat hypothalamus superfused with artificial cerebro-spinal fluid (ACSF) was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Addition of 10-6 M quinpirole, a D2-dopamine receptor agonist, to the superfusion medium caused a significant (P 〈 0.001) reduction in the amount of α-MSH released upon depolarisation with 50 mM potassium from 319 ±37% to 110 ±16% of basal release in normal ACSF (mean ±S.E.M.). Basal peptide release in the presence of quinpirole was unaffected. Sulpiride, a D2-dopamine receptor antagonist, at a concentration of 10-6 M, induced a significant (P 〈 0.05) increase of both basal and potassium-stimulated α-MSH release to 203 ±21% and 447 ±88% of basal release in normal ACSF respectively. The latter increases were abolished when sulpiride and quinpirole were added in combination. SK&F 38393-A and SCH 23390, a D1-dopamine agonist and antagonist respectively, had no significant effect on either basal or potassiumstimulated α-MSH release. It is proposed that endogenous dopamine exerts an inhibitory control on α-MSH release from the rat hypothalamus via D2-dopamine receptors and that in isolated hypothalamic slices there is a tonic inhibition of peptide release due to the activity of this system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247368
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    Expansion of innervation territory by afferents involved in plasma extravasation after nerve regeneration in adult and neonatal rats (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Collateral sprouting ; Nerve regeneration ; Mechanoreceptors ; C-fibers ; Plasma extravasation ; Evans blue ; Skin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The capacity of the saphenous nerve for collateral sprouting was examined by electrophysiological recordings of the activity of low threshold mechanoreceptors and plasma extravasation after C-fiber stimulation in rats. When the sciatic nerve was sectioned neonatally or in adults little evidence was obtained for collateral sprouting of either mechanoreceptors or fibers involved in plasma extravasation in the intact saphenous nerve0 In rats where the sciatic nerve was sectioned and the saphenous nerve was crushed either neonatally or in adults, expansive regenerative reinnervation by thin fibers, but not mechanoreceptors, was observed particularly in glabrous skin. Saphenous crush alone did not cause expansive regenerative reinnervation. The results indicate that much of the collateral sprouting or regenerative reinnervation of the skin observed in morphological studies may represent the presence of fibers not responding to the stimuli used in the present study. It is also suggested that some observations of collateral sprouting may represent changes in responsiveness to stimulation of skin areas with overlapping innervation territories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253626
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    Electrophysiological and morphological properties of rat abducens motoneurones (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Abducens motoneurones ; Intracellular recordings ; HRP staining ; Membrane properties ; Somato-dendritic organization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electrical and morphological properties of abducens motoneurones were investigated in the rat with intracellular recordings and intracellular HRP-staining. Motoneurones were identified by their antidromic response to electrical stimulation of the lateral rectus muscle. The antidromic action potential was followed by a delayed depolarization and an after hyperpolarization lasting 20 ms to 45 ms. The whole neurone input resistance (RN) calculated from I/V curves, was found to lie between 2 MΩ and 15 MΩ with a bimodal distribution (mean values 4.9 MΩ and 12 MΩ). In some cases, anomalous rectification was observed with low current intensities. Prolonged hyperpolarizing current pulses revealed the presence of a time dependant inward rectification and slow rebound depolarization. The intensity/frequency curves suggest the existence of three ranges of discharge. The average intensity frequency slope during the steady state was 43 imp/s/ nA. Eight abducens motoneurones were intracellularly labelled with HRP and fully reconstructed. The soma (23 μm to 40 μm in diameter) gave off 5 to 7 primary dendrites. The general organization and extension of the dendritic trees depended on the location of the soma within the abducens nucleus. The mean diameter of primary dendrites was 4.17 μm with similar average values in all motoneurones. The soma size of abducens motoneurones was not correlated with either the size of the proximal tree or the whole neurone input resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253631
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    Changes in GABA-immunoreactive cell density during motor focal epilepsy induced by cobalt in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 369-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cobalt experimental epilepsy ; Motor cortex ; GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies and terminals was studied using an anti-GABA serum during the development of chronic focal epilepsy induced by cobalt deposits onto the motor cortex of the rat. Cell counts of GABA-positive neurons were carried out in the epileptogenic area and correlated with the electrophysiological activity of the cobalt focus. In normal control rats, we identified GABA-immunoreactive somata and processes in the motor agranular cortex; they were multipolar or bipolar but never pyramidal and were present in all layers, especially in layer II. GABA-immunoreactive terminals were widely scattered in the neuropil and surrounded the unlabelled cell bodies. In the cobalt-treated animals, changes in the GABAergic innervation were observed during the development of the epileptic focus: decreases in the GABA-positive cell density and in the number of GABA-positive terminals were present before the onset of epileptic discharges and became more marked during the period of maximal spiking activity; a progressive return to normal values of GABA-positive cell density (except in the deep layers) as well as the reappearance of GABA positive terminals were associated with the extinction of the epileptic syndrome. Our observations suggest that the impaired inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by GABA plays a role in the development of the cobalt-induced epilepsy; moreover the recovery of GABAergic function which occurs during the extinction of the epileptic syndrome might imply a capacity for axonal regeneration of the GABAergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247895
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    CO2 decreases membrane conductance and depolarizes neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 656-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Central chemoreceptor ; Carbon dioxide ; Nucleus tractus solitarius ; Nucleus ambiguus ; Cardiopulmonary control ; Brain slice ; Intracellular recording ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify central sites of potential CO2/H+-chemoreceptive neurons, and the mechanism responsible for neuronal chemosensitivity, intracellular recordings were made in rat tissue slices in two cardiopulmonary-related regions (i.e., nucleus tractus solitarii, NTS; nucleus ambiguus, AMBc) during exposure to high CO2. When the NTS was explored slices were bisected and the ventral half discarded. Utilizing such “dorsal” medullary slices removed any impinging synaptic input from putative chemoreceptors in the ventrolateral medulla. In the NTS, CO2-induced changes in firing rate were associated with membrane depolarizations ranging from 2–25 mV (n = 15). In some cases increased e.p.s.p. activity was observed during CO2 exposure. The CO2-induced depolarization occurred concomitantly with an increased input resistance ranging from 19–23 MΩ (n = 5). The lower membrane conductance during hypercapnia suggests that CO2-induced depolarization is due to a decreased outward potassium conductance. Unlike neurons in the NTS, AMBc neurons were not spontaneously active and were rarely depolarized by hypercapnia. Eleven of 12 cells tested were either hyperpolarized by or insensitive to CO2. Only 1 neuron in the AMBc was depolarized and it also showed an increased input resistance during CO2 exposure. Our findings suggest that CO2/H+-related stimuli decrease potassium conductance which depolarizes the cell and increases firing rate. Although our in vitro studies cannot guarantee the specific function of these cells, we believe they may be involved with brain pH homeostasis and cardiopulmonary regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248922
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    Light and electron microscopic studies of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ; Central nucleus of the amygdala ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive (LI) terminals in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) was carried out using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. CGRP-LI fibers were densely distributed in the dorsal subdivision of the lateral BST (BSTL) and the lateral and lateral capsular subdivisions of the Ce, where the CGRP-LI terminals formed symmetrical and asymmetrical axo-dendritic, and symmetrical axosomatic synapses. One of the most characteristic features of the CGRP-LI terminals was the presence of large, long boutons, each of which surrounded a cell soma and made many synaptic contacts. These findings suggest that CGRP exerts a significant influence on neurons in the BSTL and Ce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250584
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  • 140
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    Asymmetries in crossed and uncrossed nigrostriatal projections dependent on duration of unilateral removal of vibrissae in rats (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 421-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Caudate-putamen ; Neural plasticity ; Nigrostriatal projection ; Sensory deprivation ; Vibrissae ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of unilateral removal of vibrissae on the crossed and uncrossed nigrostriatal projections was examined with the horseradish peroxidase tract tracing technique. Hemivibrissotomy mainly affected the projections arising from the rostral part of the substantia nigra. One to three days after clipping the vibrissae, rats were found to have more labeled neurons in the crossed projection to the caudate-putamen (CPU) on the same side as vibrissae removal than in the crossed projection to the CPU opposite to vibrissae removal. A reversed asymmetry was seen in rats examined 4–20 days after vibrissae removal. These animals had more labeled cells in the crossed and uncrossed projections terminating in the CPU opposite to the shaved side, i.e. in the hemisphere deprived of vibrissal sensory input. This time-course of neural alterations is similar to that of the recovery from behavioral asymmetries seen after hemivibrissotomy. Similar time-dependent alterations in the nigrostriatal projection had been found after unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the substantia nigra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275000
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    Early development of the representation of the body surface in SI cortex barrel field in neonatal rats as demonstrated with peanut agglutinin binding: evidence for differential development within the rattunculus (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 425-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somatosensory cortex ; Differential development ; Lectin binding ; Vibrissae ; Forepaw ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Physiological studies have demonstrated a highly organized somatotopic representation of the body surface in SI cortex of rat. This representation is correlated morphologically with the presence of barrel-shaped structures in layer IV. Conventional staining techniques reveal barrels in the latter part of the first postnatal week. Recently, the peroxidase conjugates of lectins, which recognize glycosylated molecules, have been used to study barrel field formation. Con A, for example, has been shown to bind primarily to prospective barrel sides and septa as early as postnatal day 3 (PND-3) in mouse. To date, investigations of SI cortex using the lectin (Arachis hypogaea) peanut agglutinin (PNA) have been confined to the study of the barrel field representation of the face and mystacial vibrissae in the mouse. In the present study we extend these findings to the development of the representation of the entire body surface called the rattunculus. Rats ranging from PND-1 (first 24 h after birth) to PND-12 were anesthetized with Nembutal and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate buffer. Brains were removed, flattened tangentially, and sectioned on a vibratome at 30–120 microns. Sections were blocked in TRIS-buffered saline (TBS) plus 2% bovine serum albumin and incubated in peanut lectin at 4° C. Following incubation, sections were washed with TBS and processed using peroxidase histochemistry. Lectin binding in the prospective forelimb representation was apparent by PND-5 whereas lectin binding to the prospective face-mystacial vibrissae representation occurred before PND-4. These results suggest that body part representations show individual variations during early pattern formation. In rat, the representation of the limbs may lag behind the representation of the face-mystacial vibrissae during early postnatal development. This developmental gradient within the cortex may reflect a differential expression of lectin receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275001
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  • 142
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    Excitatory amino acid receptors in the caudal ventrolateral medulla mediate a vagal cardiopulmonary reflex in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cardiopulmonary vagal reflex ; Bezold-Jarisch reflex ; Excitatory amino acid ; Caudal ventrolateral medulla ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The importance of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) in mediating vagal cardiopulmonary (Bezold-Jarisch reflex) reflex activity was studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Unilateral electrolytic lesion of the CVLM markedly attenuated Bezold-Jarisch reflex responses (hypotension and bradycardia) elicited by intravenous injections of 5-HT. Bilateral lesion of the CVLM virtually abolished the reflex responses. Microinjection of the excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor antagonist kynurenate (KYN), but not the inactive analogue xanthurenate, into the CVLM markedly attenuated the reflex responses to 5-HT. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801 also markedly attenuated reflex activity. Furthermore, lesions, KYN and MK-801 all tended to elevate resting blood pressure and to reduce resting heart rate. These findings support the hypothesis that the CVLM is an important medullary locus mediating cardiovascular reflex integration and that an EAA synapse in the CVLM is important in the cardiopulmonary reflex arc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230698
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    Risperidone (R 64 766), a potent and complete LSD antagonist in drug discrimination by rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 206-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LSD-cue ; Drug discrimination ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia ; 5-HT2-catecholamine antagonism ; LSD antagonism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Risperidone was studied in a 0.16 mg/kg LSD-saline drug discrimination test procedure. At doses varying from 0.0025 to 0.63 mg/kg, no LSD-like agonist effects were observed. Studies on the antagonism of the LSD-cue indicated that risperidone was able to completely block the discriminative stimulus properties of LSD with a minimum ED50-value of 0.028 mg/kg. Risperidone was also very active over time with reference to LSD antagonism, the ED50s after 2, 4 and 8 h pretreatment being 0.028, 0.064 and 0.44 mg/kg. Response rate reductions were only observed at doses ≧0.16 mg/kg after 1 h and at 0.63 mg/kg after 2 h pretreatment. Four and 8 h after treatment, no rate-reducing effects were apparent at doses up to 2.50 mg/kg. Thus at pretreatment intervals ranging between 2 and 8 h, complete antagonism of LSD without any rate effects was obtained. As compared to other LSD antagonists, risperidone was quantitatively better than setoperone and ritanserin and longer acting than pirenperone. Based on the pharmacological profile of risperidone and the other LSD antagonists, it was concluded that a potent central 5-HT2 and catecholamine antagonism is needed for a potent and complete antagonism of the 0.16 mg/kg LSD-cue. The potential clinical effect of risperidone in the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442251
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    Neurotensin, substance P, neurokinin-α, and enkephalin: injection into ventral tegmental area in the rat produces differential effects on operant responding (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Operant behavior ; Fixed-interval ; Ventral tegmental area ; Neurotensin ; Substance P ; Neurokinin-α (substance K) ; d-Ala-Met-enkephalin ; Dopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neuropeptides neurotensin, substance P, neurokinin-α (substance K), and met-enkephalin are present endogenously in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), site of the A10 dopaminergic (DA) cell bodies. In the present study these four peptides were injected bilaterally into the VTA in the rat, and the effects on operant behavior were assessed. Cannulae aimed at the VTA were implanted in four groups of animals, which had been trained to bar-press for food reward on a fixed-interval, 40-s schedule. A fifth group, in which the effects of systemically administered amphetamine were assessed, was also tested. Response rate across the interval was measured, and the index of quarter-life was taken as an indication of the temporal pattern of resonding. In addition, a rate-dependency analysis was carried out for all data. Neurotensin (NT, 0.0175, 0.175, 0.5 μg in 1 μl) dose-dependently decreased response rates without affecting quarter-life, and reduced the number of reinforcements obtained. Substance P (SP, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0 μg) did not affect responding, and neurokinin-α (NKA, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0 μg) induced a small increase in responding. Quarter-life was not affected by SP or NKA, but responding on the nonreinforced lever was significantly increased by both peptides. d-Ala-met-enkephalin (DALA, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 μg) induced a dose-dependent increase in responding which was also rate-dependent, and reduced quarter-life. DALA effects were similar to the classic pattern of responding observed after systemic amphetamine. These results suggest that although all these peptides elicit behavioral activation and may affect DA neuronal activity, the behavioral responses can be differentiated with respect to operant behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442258
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    Functional role of 5-HT2 receptors in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 436-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sleep ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ; Antagonist ; Agonist ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently developed agents specifically acting on different 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor populations were used to analyze the functional role of 5-HT2 receptor subtypes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the rat. The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin injected intraperitoneally (IP) (0.04–2.5 mg/kg) induced an increase in deep slow wave sleep (SWS2) duration at the expense of wakefulness (W), light slow wave sleep (SWS1) and paradoxical sleep (PS). The stimulation of 5-HT2 receptors by 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) produced a dose-related increase in W and a dose-dependent decrease in both SWS2 and PS. Pretreatment with ritanserin (0.16–2.5 mg/kg) or with cinanserin (2.5–5 mg/kg), another 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, dose-dependently reversed the W enhancement and the SWS2 deficit produced by DOM, but not the PS deficit. Sleep-wakefulness alterations (increase in W and SWS1 combined with a suppression of SWS2 and PS) observed after IP injection of two putative 5-HT1 receptor agonists, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (2.5 mg/kg) and 5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole (RU 24969) (0.63 mg/kg), were not modified by ritanserin pretreatment (0.16–2.5 mg/kg). These results further support the hypothesis that the serotonergic system plays an active role in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat and that 5-HT2 receptors are involved in this action. In addition it is suggested that 5-HT1 receptor subtypes are unlikely to interact with 5-HT2 receptors in the sleep-wakefulness modulation mediated through 5-HT2 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439544
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    Effects of benzodiazepine and GABA antagonists on anticonflict effects of antianxiety drugs injected into the rat amygdala in a water-lick suppression test (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amygdala ; Benzodiazepine ; GABA ; Barbiturates ; Conflict ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to elucidate the role of the amygdala in rat conflict behavior in a water lick suppression test, we examined the effect of lesions of various nuclei of the amygdaloid complex on this behavior. An anticonflict effect was produced by a lesion of the anterior part of central and basolateral amygdala, and lesion to the posterior part of the central amygdala, but not by posterior of the basolateral amygdala or medial amygdala lesions. These results suggest that the amygdala, especially the anterior part of the central and basolateral nuclei, plays an important role in conflict behavior of rats in the water lick test. In a second experiment, the effects of benzodiazepine- and GABA-antagonists on the anticonflict action of diazepam, zopiclone, and phenobarbital injected into the anterior part of central and basolateral amygdala were examined, also using a water lick suppression test. A dose-dependent anticonflict action was produced by systemic administration as well as by intra-amygdala injection of diazepam, zopiclone, lormetazepam, flurazepam and phenobarbital. The order of potency was lormetazepam〉zopiclone≧diazepam〉flurazepam ≧phenobarbital for both routes of injection. The antiamygdala effects of diazepam and zopiclone injected into the amygdala were completely reversed by Ro15-1788 and β-CCM but not by bicuculline, while the anticonflict effect of phenobarbital was reversed by β-CCM but not by Ro15-1788 or bicuculline. The present results strongly suggest that the anterior nuclei of central and basolateral amygdala are important sites of action of antianxiety drugs, and that an anticonflict action produced by intra-amygdala injection of benzodiazepines or barbiturate is mediated through the different receptor mechansims.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442003
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    Differential mechanisms in the acquisition and expression of heroin-induced place preference (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Place preference ; Extinction ; Conditioning ; Naloxone ; Heroin ; Clonidine ; Pimozide ; Memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract These experiments examined the neurochemical mechanisms involved in the development and expression of place conditioning produced by heroin. Conditioned place preferences (CPP) lasting up to 8 weeks were obtained with doses of 50–1000 μg/kg heroin, using a regimen shown not to produce physical dependence. Naloxone pretreatment (50 μg/kg) during conditioning prevented the acquisition of heroin-induced CPP, but when given only on the test day, naloxone (50 or 1000 μg/kg) did not prevent the expression of heroin CPP. Clonidine disrupted the establishment of heroin CPP at 20 μg/kg, but disrupted its expression only at debilitating doses (100 and 200 μg/kg). Pimozide attenuated the acquisition (100 μ/kg) and expression (250 μg/kg) of heroin CPP. Together, these results support a role for opioid and catecholamine systems in the acquisition of heroin reinforcement, but they suggest that once heroin CPP is established, its expression in opiate-free subjects is not opiate receptor mediated and is relatively refractory to pharmacological treatments which disrupt acquisition. The data challenge the notion that the conditioned effects of opiates in drug-free animals are related to the release of endogenous opioids, and they also may help to explain why naloxone and clonidine are ineffective in the treatment of opiate addiction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442007
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    Low doses of corticotropin-releasing factor potentiate amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ; Amphetamine ; Stereotypy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid polypeptide that is critically involved in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis during stress. In addition, it has been suggested that extrahypothalamic CRF may be important in initiating behavioral responses to stressful events. In the present experiment, we examined the effects of central administration of CRF on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior has been considered as a behavioral strategy to cope with excessive arousal. Low doses of CRF (0.02 and 0.1 μg), administered into the lateral ventricle (ICV), were shown to potentiate amphetamine (4.0 mg/kg; SC)-induced stereotyped behavior, as measured by the Creese and Iversen rating scale and behavioral observations. These low doses of CRF specifically enhanced the tendency for rats to sniff with their heads down 20 min after injection, and induced licking behavior later during testing. In contrast, the rats treated with a higher dose of CRF (0.5 μg, ICV) showed more locomotor activity throughout the test, but did not differ from the saline-treated animals in the intensity of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634448
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    Cholinergic mechanisms in a simple test of olfactory learning in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Olfactory learning ; Rat ; Scopolamine ; Septal lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male rats were tested in a simple olfactory habituation and discrimination paradigm. Untreated rats habituated their responses over three trials to one odour but were capable of recognising a novel odour presented on the fourth trial. Administration (SC) of either scopolamine or N-methylscopolamine before trials commenced produced a decrease in overall responding. Scopolamine, but not N-methylscopolamine, also blocked habituation to the first odour and recognition to the second, novel odour. Administration of scopolamine after trial 3 did not block the ability of the animals to respond differentially to a novel odour, although again overall levels of responding were decreased. Electrolytic lesions of the medial septal area increased overall levels of responding but lesioned animals still habituated their response over trials and were capable of recognising a novel odour. Therefore although cholinergic mechanisms appear to be involved in this type of learning, these effects are unlikely to be mediated via the septohippocampal system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442821
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    Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 473-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Self-administration ; Reinforcement ; Mecamylamine ; Hexamethonium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intravenous nicotine maintained substantial responding on the drug-reinforced lever with a limited-access, fixed-ratio 5 schedule of self-administration. Responding demonstrated the expected pharmacological sensitivity; it was dose-dependently reduced by pre-session treatment with either nicotine or mecamylamine but not with hexamethonium. In addition, responding was dependent on the size of the unit dose, with maximum values occurring at 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg/infusion. Self-administration behavior decreased at doses both above and below these, and extinction followed the substitution of saline for nicotine. Total session drug intake increased with unit dose up to a maximal value of approximately 0.5 mg/kg at 0.03 mg/kg/infusion, but did not increase further at the 0.06 mg/kg/infusion dose. A decrease in the time-out duration at the dose of 0.03 mg/kg/infusion also did not change the total session intake of nicotine. It is suggested that nicotine intake is controlled both by the total amount of drug obtained and by the magnitude of the unit dose. These results demonstrate that intravenous nicotine can maintain substantial self-administration behavior in rodents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589894
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    Interaction between accumbens D1 and D2 receptors regulating rat locomotor activity (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 558-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nucleus accumbens ; Dopaminergic mechanisms ; Selective drugs ; Microinjections ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of intra-accumbens injections of various dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on the rat locomotor activity has been evaluated in automated open fields. Locomotor stimulation has been observed after local administration ofd-amphetamine (10 μg), apomorphine (10 μg), as well as of solution containing the D1 agonist SKF 38 393 and D2 receptor agonist LY 171 555 (quinpirole) in doses (10 and 4 μg, respectively) which were inactive when both drugs were administered separately. On the other hand separate injections of metoclopramide (0.1 μg) and SCH 23 390 (0.5 μg) (D2 and D1 receptor antagonists) very potently inhibited animals' locomotor activity. The data indicate that concomitant stimulation of both accumbens D1- and D2-receptor related mechanisms is a necessary condition to increase rat motility. Moreover, it seems that accumbens D1 receptors may be differently involved in the control of facilitatory versus inhibitory motor processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589908
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    The phosphorylated analogue of DSIP enhances slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep in unrestrained rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) ; Paradoxical sleep (PS) ; Phosphorylated analogue of DSIP ; Rat ; Sleep substance ; Slow wave sleep (SWS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Continued 10-h nocturnal intracerebroventricular infusion of 0.5 nmol P-DSIP, the phosphorylated analogue of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP), significantly increased slow wave sleep (22%) and paradoxical sleep (81%) in unrestrained rats. The increase in the amount of sleep was largely due to an increase in the number of sleep episodes. Larger and smaller doses were ineffective in doses ranging from 0.025 to 25 nmol. The sleep-promoting potency of P-DSIP was 5 times greater than that of DSIP compared by the same assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443409
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  • 153
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    Evidence that blockade of post-synaptic 5-HT1 receptors elicits feeding in satiated rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Feeding ; 5-HT antagonists ; 5-HT1 receptors ; 5-HT1C receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nine central 5-HT antagonists on food intake in free feeding male rats were examined. The 5-HT2 antagonists ritanserin and ketanserin and the selective 5-HT3 antagonists ICS 205-930 and MDL 72222 had no effect on food intake. In contrast, the non-selective 5-HT antagonists metergoline, methiothepin, mesulergine, mianserin and methysergide (all of which have high affinity for various 5-HT1 receptor subtypes), dose-dependently increased food intake during a 4-h daytime test. Furthermore, metergoline dose dependently increased food intake over a 24-h period. Suprisingly, mesulergine decreased food intake over a 24-h period at the same doses that increased daytime food intake. This may indicate that the increase in daytime feeding produced by mesulergine is a non-specific response. Although the antagonists used have varying degrees of selectivity for 5-HT receptor subtypes, the pattern of results suggests that postsynaptic 5-HT1 receptors (possibly of the 5-HT1C type) play an important role in the control of feeding in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443413
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  • 154
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    Time-dependent deficits in delay conditioning produced by trimethyltin (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 521-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Trimethyltin ; Delay conditioning ; Conditioned flavor aversion ; Passive avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Trimethylin (TMT) produces behavioral and cognitive deficits resulting, in part, from limbic system toxicity. To determine whether these effects result from learning deficits or accelerated memory loss, the present experiment examined two delay conditioning paradigms in rats previously treated with either saline or TMT. Saline-treated Long-Evans rats receiving injections of lithium after consuming saccharin-flavored water later avoided saccharin ingestion: the degree of avoidance varied inversely with the time (0.5, 3 or 6 h) separating initial saccharin availability and lithium injection. Rats treated with TMT (8 mg/kg IV, 30 days prior) showed impaired conditioning at the long but not the short or intermediate delay conditions, suggesting that the deficits were mnemonic and not associative. Similar delay-dependent deficits in rats treated with TMT were observed in a passive avoidance task that arranged one of two delays between response emission and shock delivery during training. The effects of TMT on delay conditioning were accompanied by reduced bodyweight and hippocampal pathology. In summary, TMT appears to alter the temporally dependent association of events (entering darkened compartment versus saccharin consumption) and consequences (foot shock versus lithium administration) during acquisition. Furthermore, the observed deficits in delay conditioning produced by TMT did not appear to be task specific, with similar effects determined with tests of both somatosensory and gustatory avoidance learning designed to distinguish between functional alterations due to deficits in memorial processes from those due to altered sensory, motor, or associative processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439558
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  • 155
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    Lack of effects of 5HT3 receptor antagonists in the social interaction and elevated plus-maze tests of anxiety in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 248-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anxiety ; Social interaction ; Plus-maze ; 5HT3 receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three 5HT3 receptor antagonists: BRL 43964 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, oral), GR 38032F (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, oral), and zacopride (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, IP) were examined in low light test conditions of the social interaction test. None of the three 5HT3 receptor antagonists had a significant effect on social interaction. In contrast, in two experiments chlordiazepoxide (7.5 mg/kg) significantly increased social interaction and this effect was greatest in the unfamiliar test condition. In a third experiment, the effects of GR 38032F (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, oral) and zacopride (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, oral) were investigated in the high light test conditions of the social interaction test; neither compound had a significant effect. In the elevated plus-maze, chlordiazepoxide (7.5 mg/kg oral or IP) significantly increased both the per cent number of entries made onto open arms and the per cent of time spent on the open arms, indicating an anxiolytic action. Zacopride (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, oral or IP) had no significant effect in this test. The effect of the baseline rate of responding in the social interaction test on the effects of 5-HT3 antagonists is discussed. The results from the present experiment and those from other animal tests of anxiety caution against the conclusion that 5HT3 receptor antagonists are anxiolytic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442817
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  • 156
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    The effects of intrathecal administration of the dopamine agonist apomorphine on penile reflexes and copulation in the male rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 304-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Dopamine ; Penile reflex ; Sexual behavior ; Spinal cord ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Relatively high doses of systemically administered apomorphine inhibit penile reflexes. It is possible that these inhibitory effects are due, at least in part, to actions of apomorphine on the lumbosacral spinal cord. The present experiments examined this possibility by injecting apomorphine (10 and 50 μg/5.0 μl vehicle) into the lumbosacral subarachnoid space through chronic, indwelling cannulae. Such injections impaired ex copula penile reflexes, slowed the rate of copulation, and decreased the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. These results suggest that lumbosacral cord dopamine receptors may normally regulate male sexual performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445548
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  • 157
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    Effects of midazolam, DMCM and lindane on potentiated startle in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 362-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acoustic startle reflex ; Fear-conditioning ; Midazolam ; DMCM ; Lindane ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty-eight male Wistar rats were exposed to contingent light-shock combinations and 48 rats received light and shock stimuli in a random order. One day after fear conditioning the animals were tested for startle potentation after injection of midazolam (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg, IP) or DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate; 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg IP) or lindane (0, 7.5, 15.0, 30.0 mg/kg PO). Midazolam attenuated potentiated startle dose dependently and the inverse benzodiazepine agonist DMCM had the opposite effect. The effects of lindane on startle amplitudes were identical to those of DMCM, indicating that lindane has anxiogenic effects on behavior. It is suggested that the anxiogenic effects of lindane are mediated by an effect at the GABA-ionophore complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445558
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  • 158
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    Blockade of 8-OH-DPAT-induced feeding by dopamine antagonists (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 402-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Feeding ; 8-OH-DPAT ; Dopamine ; Antagonists ; Grooming ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Feeding elicited by the 5HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT was blocked by pretreatment with the DA antagonists SCH-23390 and sulpiride, in two experiments conducted in non-deprived rats and in three experiments conducted after 4 h food deprivation. In deprived animals, 8-OH-DPAT prolonged the initial period of feeding. However, in non-deprived animals, 8-OH-DPAT delayed the onset of eating, and suppressed post-prandial resting; both SCH-23390 and sulpiride restored the normal pattern of behaviour. All three drugs suppressed grooming. The results suggest that 8-OH-DPAT elicits feeding by a secondary disinhibition of activity postsynaptic to DA neurons. The consequences of this mechanism for the interpretation of 8-OH-DPAT-induced feeding are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445567
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  • 159
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    The effect of MK-801 and other antagonists of NMDA-type glutamate receptors on brain-stimulation reward (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Glutamate ; Kainate ; Ketamine ; Kynurenic acid ; MK-801 ; NMDA ; Phencyclidine ; Rat ; Self-stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MK-801 is a ligand at phencyclidine recognition sites associated with NMDA-coupled cation channels, where it acts as a potent noncompetitive antagonist of central glutamate/aspartate (NMDA-type) receptors. Low doses (10–100 μg/kg IP) produced a dose-related and prolonged (〉1 h) enhancement of variable-interval self-stimulation responding. Higher doses (300 μg/kg) caused flaccid ataxia and disrupted responding. Ketamine HCl (3.0–100 mg/kg IP), a dissociative anaesthetic binding to the phencyclidine site, produced a similar response pattern, but facilitation was less prolonged and occurred over a narrower dose range. Kynurenic acid (3.0–300 mg/kg IP), a nonselective competitive antagonist of glutamate receptors, produced only depression of responding, possibly the result of kynurenate-induced blockade of central kainate and/or quisqualate receptors. The behavioural stimulant effects of MK-801 appear to be an intrinsic and essential feature of selective NMDA antagonists, and these effects of MK-801 differ qualitatively and quantitatively from the well-known facilitatory effects of dopamine-dependent stimulants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634458
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  • 160
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    Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on sucrose consumption and preference (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 98-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sucrose preference ; Two-bottle test ; Dopamine ; Sulpiride ; SCH-23390 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride and the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 were examined, in rats, in two-bottle preference tests (sucrose versus water) and in single-bottle tests, at different sucrose concentrations. Both drugs decreased sucrose intake in single bottle tests, at low sucrose concentrations, but had no effect at high concentrations; reducing drive level had exactly the opposite pattern of effects. In two-bottle tests, both drugs reduced preference for the weakest sucrose concetration (0.7%) but increased preference for the strongest concentration (34%). The effects of antagonizing either subtype of DA receptor appear to be similar to those of reducing the concentration of sucrose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634461
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  • 161
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    Chronic phosphatidylserine treatment improves spatial memory and passive avoidance in aged rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 316-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aging ; Phosphatidylserine ; Spatial memory ; Passive avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Learning/memory deficits in senescent animals are widely used as a tool to evaluate the therapeutic potential of agents for treatment of age-associated cognitive dysfunction. As assessed in the Morris water maze test, aged (21–24 months) rats showed a variable loss of spatial memory. Aged non-impaired rats performed as well as young subjects, while aged impaired rats exhibited a severe and persistent place-navigation, deficit. Passive avoidance retention was similarly affected in the two aged subpopulations. Chronic oral administration of phosphatidylserine (50 mg/kg/day for up to 12 weeks), a pharmacologically active phospholipid, was found to improve both the spatial memory and the passive avoidance retention of aged impaired rats. Results are discussed with reference to the phosphatidylserine-induced improvement of age-associated deterioration of brain functions in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445550
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  • 162
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    Intranigral infusion of enkephalins elicits dyskinetic biting in rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Enkephalin analogues ; Intranigral infusions ; Dyskinetic biting ; Tardive dyskinesia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Leu- and Metenkephalin (Lenk and Menk) and their more stable analogues d-Ala-Leu- and d-Ala-Meten-kephalin (DALenk and DAMenk) as well as d-ala-d-Leu-and d-Ala-d-Metenkephalin (DADLenk and DADMenk) were infused bilaterally into substantia nigra in awake rats and oral movements were recorded for 90 min. DADLenk and DADMenk elicited dose-dependent biting dyskinesias with a chewing rate of about 90 jaw movements/min. DALenk produced a similar but weaker effect, whereas DAMenk, Lenk and Menk were ineffective in the doses given. These findings suggest a possible enkephalinergic mechanism underlying neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445547
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  • 163
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    Identification of brain tumours in rats using laser-induced fluorescence and haematoporphyrin derivative (1989)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032454
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  • 164
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    The activation of 3H-labeled N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine by isolated hamster pancreas cells (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 115 (1989), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Alkyl guanines ; Pancreas DNA ; Nitrosamines ; Acinar cells ; Duct cells ; Hamster ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activation of 3H-labeled N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine ([3H]BOP) by pancreas acinar and duct tissue from Syrian hamsters and MRC-Wistar rats in vitro was measured as DNA alkylation. Hamster tissue was incubated with [3H]BOP (0.1 mM; 20 μCi/ml) for 2 h. Initial levels of alkylation were similar, 41.7±3.7 (acinar) and 51.5±7.8 (duct) dpm/μg DNA. Alkylation persisted for longer in duct (t/2〉46 h) than in acinar tissue (t/2=6 h). The faster repair of alkylation in acinar tissue was not due to acinar cell death. In rat duct tissue the level of alkylation 2 h after incubation (38.9±4.5 dpm/μg DNA) was similar to that in hamster ducts but declined more rapidly (t/2=27 h). Hamster and rat acinar and duct tissue was incubated with BOP followed by [3H]thymidine to measure DNA synthesis. BOP stimulated DNA synthesis in hamster but not in rat duct tissue or hamster acinar tissue. These data support the hypothesis that the duct tissue is the target tissue for BOP in Syrian hamsters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391599
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  • 165
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    The in vivo and in vitro effect of calmodulin antagonists on the renal actions of 25(OH) vitamin D3 in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 415 (1989), S. 372-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Phosphaturia ; Parathyroid hormone ; 25 Hydroxy-vitamin D3 ; Trifluoperazine ; Adenylate cyclase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that 25(OH) vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] acutely suppresses the phosphaturic action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and interferes with the PTH-induced activation of adenylate cyclase (AC). Calmodulin inhibitors block vitamin D-induced Ca2+ transport in the gut and phosphorus uptake in renal BBMV's. We have examined whether calmodulin antagonists affect the renal action of 25(OH)D3. Acute clearance experiments were performed in PTH-infused parathyroidectomized rats receiving 25(OH)D3 after pretreatment with trifluoperazine (TFP) or promethazine (P). In vitro PTH-induced activation of renal AC was also studied in membrane preparations from pretreated rats in the presence of 25(OH)D3. 25(OH)D3 reduced the PTH-stimulated increase in fractional excretion of phosphorus (CP/CIn) from 0.292±0.024 to 0.195±0.018 (p〈0.005) and urinary cAMP from 149.3±20.3 to 78.1±10.4 pmol/min (p〈0.01) and also blunted AC activation in vitro. TFP but not P abolished the effects of 25(OH)D3 both in vivo and in vitro. R 24571 also abolished the in vitro effect of 25(OH)D3. Thus, (1) TFP abolishes both the antiphosphaturic and the AC/cAMP-related actions of 25(OH)D3, (2) P does not have these effects, and (3) R 24571 abolishes the in vitro effect of 25(OH)D3. These results suggest that the antiphosphaturic effect of 25(OH)D3 acting via the AC/cAMP system may be calmodulin dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370890
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  • 166
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    Die portocavale Anastomose um Lebercirrhosemodell bei der Ratte —Bedeutung einer speziellen praoperativen Vorbereitung zur Senkung der Operationsletalität (1989)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 374 (1989), S. 92-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Portocaval shunt ; Liver cirrhosis ; Rat ; Lethality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Lebercirrhose-Modell der Ratte hat die portocavale Anastomose eine sehr hohe Letalitet (87%). Durch eine präoperative Vorbereitung mittels einer Therapie, die einen eta blierten Stellenwert in der Behandlung der portosy stemischen Encephalopathie hat, wird erstmals experimentell eine Senkung der Operationsletalität dokumentiert, was den konsequenten klinischen Einsatz nahelegt.
    Notes: Summarry Following portocaval anastomosis a high lethality (87%) can be observed in a standardized micronodular liver cirrhosis model. By a special preoperative regimen this lethality can be reduced to 10%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261616
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  • 167
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    Influence of hypoxia on mitochondrial function and energy status in CCl4-induced cirrhotic rat liver (1989)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 189 (1989), S. 153-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; Liver cirrhosis ; Hypoxia ; Redox state ; Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylative activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of hypoxia on hepatic mitochondrial function and energy status was studied in normal and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhotic rats. Under hypoxemia of 50 mm Hg-PaO2, hepatic energy status was suppressed both in normal and cirrhotic rats. After the reversal of hypoxia, it was completely restored in normal rats concomitant with a rapid elevation of hepatic mitochondrial redox state (overshoot phenomenon) and increase in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylative activity. By contrast, in cirrhotic rats, such an enhancement of mitochondrial function was not observed. It was clarified that cirrhotic liver mitochondria have little capacity to respond to the hypoxic stress. A lower resistance to hypoxic episode in cirrhotics might be attributable to the absence of mitochondrial enhancement which is a compensatory mechanism for the deranged energy metabolism of the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852163
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  • 168
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    The influence of fibronectin on the fibrosing of a nerve anastomosis in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 189 (1989), S. 321-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Fibronectin ; Nerve fibrosis ; Fibrin adhesives ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although the fibrin adhesion enjoys increasing success in many areas of surgery, it has not, however, become fully established in nerve anastomosis. It was in this area particularly that significant advantages were expected, especially by the avoidance of suture granulomas. As the fibrin clot dissolved prematurely, however, and dehiscences ensued, antifibrinolytic substances had to be added to the adhesive. Fibroses occurred frequently as a result, which to date encumber nerve adhesive. We examined fibronectin for its fibrosis-inducing effect, comparing both presently available fibrin adhesive systems, because one contained up to 5 times more fibronectin per milliliter than the other. On the basis of a test grouping using 100 and 1000 KIU aprotinin/ml, we were able to establish that fibronectin in fibrin adhesives possesses a fibrosis-promoting effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855037
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  • 169
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    Release of tryptophan and serotonin into the portal vein of the isolated perfused rat small intestine (1989)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 189 (1989), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Tryptophan ; Small intestine ; Rat ; Pargyline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the release of serotonin from intestinal enterochromaffin cells, we used an in vitro technique which allows studies excluding overlapping influences from outside the gut. The entire small intestine of rats fed a standard or tryptophan-enriched (3% of total) diet was totally isolated by ligatures with the exception of the superior mesentric artery and portal vein that supply and drain the intestine. Simultaneously to the vascular perfusion (Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, 0,4% human albumin, 5 mM glucose, 0.6 mM glutamine) the gut lumen was infused (buffer or 0.1 N HCL). Acidification of the gut lumen resulted in an increment of venously released tryptophan and serotonin. After feeding tryptophan-enriched food the release of tryptophan was increased. However, the total amount of released serotonin after tryptophan diet did not differ as compared to that after standard diet. Addition of a monoamino-oxidase inhibitor (pargyline) to the arterial perfusate enhanced the released amount of serotonin 3-fold in the portal venous effluent (at a concentration of 1 mM but not 0.1 mM). Recovery studies done by arterial infusions of serotonin (1 µM, 10µM) and evaluation of the amounts venously released revealed a high loss of infused serotonin (40%–70%). Our data suggest gut-born serotonin to more likely play a paracrine role than a role as a classical hormone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852260
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  • 170
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    Effects of estrus cycle on thermoregulatory responses during exercise in rats (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1989), S. 446-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Rectal temperature ; Tail vasomotor response ; Exercise ; Estrus cycle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In female rats, rectal temperature (T re), tail vasomotor response, oxygen uptake $$\left( {\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } } \right)$$ , and carbon dioxide production $$\left( {\dot V_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } } \right)$$ were measured in proestrus and estrus stages during treadmill running at two different speeds at an ambient temperature (T a) of 24° C. Experiments were performed at 2.00–6.00 a.m., when the difference inT re was greatest between the two stages;T re at rest in the estrus stage was 0.54° C higher than in the proestrus stage. In a mild warm environment, thresholdT re for a rise in tail skin temperature (T tail) was also higher in the estrus stage than in the proestrus stage. In contrast, no difference was seen in the thresholdT re and steady stateT re at the end of exercise between proestrus and estrus stages. These values were higher at the higher work intensity. $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ was also similar between the two stages, except in the second 5 min after the beginning of exercise, when $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ was greater andT re rose more steeply in the proestrus stage. These data indicate that deep body temperature during exercise is regulated at a certain level depending on the work intensity and is not influenced by the estrus cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00643523
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  • 171
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    Morphological changes in the junctional complex of cells in the arachnoid layer of the rat after cold injury (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arachnoid cells ; Tight and gap junctions ; Cold injury ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracture technique ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The junctional complexes of cells in the outer arachnoid layer overlying the cerebral cortex of 2-week-old rats were examined with freeze-fracture electron microscopy up to 60 min after transcranial cold injury to the dorsal surface of the brain. Within 30 min after injury, areas of gap and tight junctions with morphological features characteristic of junction formation and/or junction disruption were found scattered among normal junctional complexes in some arachnoid cells. Within 60 min after injury, tight junctions with features typical of less leaky zonulae occludentes were present in all arachnoid cells examined. These morphological features include increases in the number of tight junctional strands and the number of strand-to-strand anatomoses. Gap junctions were interspersed among the tight junctional strands, and many were completely encircled by the strands. The increase in the number and complexity of the tight junctional strands in response to brain injury may be the morphological basis for the maintenance of the cerebrospinal fluid-blood dural barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218887
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  • 172
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    Three-dimensional observation of the fibroblast-like cells associated with the rat myenteric plexus, with special reference to the interstitial cells of Cajal (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: SEM ; TEM ; Interstitial cell ; Myenteric plexus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An extensive cellular network becomes visible over the myenteric plexus of the rat after removal of the overlying tissues under the scanning electron microscope. The cells are mainly stellate and have many slender processes via which they interconnect. They form a three-dimensional network and are closely associated with the ganglia and nerve bundles, and also extend over the smooth muscle cells. They are considered to correspond to the interstitial cells of Cajal because of their peculiar arrangement and their topography. Transmission electron-microscopic evidence demonstrates that the majority of those cells have features of fibroblasts. Gap junctions and intermediate junctions are observed between these fibroblast-like cells, and also between them and smooth muscle cells. Examination of serial thin sections reveals that single fibroblast-like interstitial cells connect to both circular and longitudinal muscle cells via gap junctions. It is suggested that the network of interstitial cells conducts electrical signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224117
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  • 173
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    Specific adhesion between pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and adrenal medullary endothelial cells in co-culture (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medullary endothelial cells ; Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells ; Co-culture ; Cell surface extracts ; Adhesion ; Cell-cell interactions ; Bovine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are found in close proximity to capillary endothelial cells, thereby forming the classical endocrine complex. To examine the possible chemical basis of their interaction in more detail, we have grown bovine adrenal medullary endothelial (BAME) cells in monolayer cultures and added to them pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, a chromaffin tumor cell line of rats. The PC12 cells were chosen because of the similarities they share with adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. PC12 cells rapidly attached to BAME cells cultures, their rate of adhesion being significantly enhanced over binding of PC12 cells to either uncoated plates or to monolayers of unrelated cell cultures. Consistent with this observation, we noted that the extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from the BAME cells did not enhance PC12 cell adhesion and did not promote neurite sprouting as previously described for ECM derived from corneal endothelial cells. The specific adhesion between PC12 and BAME cells could be abolished by cell surface extracts derived from these two cells but not by extracts derived from unrelated cell types. This activity was heat-labile, sensitive to trypsin and, to a lesser extent, to neuraminidase. We therefore conclude that PC12 cells may interact with BAME cells by specific proteinaceous adhesive factors associated with their plasma membranes. These interactions might represent the formative role of cell-cell contacts in the organization of the developing adrenal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218894
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  • 174
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    Theamylase gene-enzyme system of fishes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Amylase ; Mosquitofish ; Rat ; Drosophila ; Structure ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amylases from the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki, Pisces: Poeciliidae) and rat were purified and compared withDrosophila amylases in terms of structure and function. At the structural level, amino acid compositions of the three amylases were compared. At the functional level, amylase activities were compared on various substrates and in the presence of inhibitors. While the amylases from all three organisms had properties typical of alpha-amylases, both structural and functional differences were observed. Using resemblance coefficients of distance and similarity from numerical taxonomy, it was determined that the amylases from the rat andDrosophila were more similar to each other than either was to amylase from the mosquitofish, and that structural differences between the amylases did not reflect functional differences, i.e. there was no correlation between amylase structural and functional distances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691744
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  • 175
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    Cellular origin and distribution of transforming growth factor-β1 in the normal rat myocardium (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 553-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ; Myocardium ; mRNA ; Fibroblast ; Cardiomyocyte ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a biologically active polypeptide present in normal tissues as well as transformed cells. Two structurally related forms of this peptide are TGF-β 1 and TGF-β 2. Using freshly isolated cardiomyocytes and non-myocyte heart cells, and a [32P]-labelled cDNA probe to human TGF-β 1, we demonstrated that mRNA for TGF-β 1 could be detected only in the nonmyocyte fraction of heart cells. In the present study, the distribution of TGF-β 1 in the heart was determined by immunofluorescence staining by use of a polyclonal antibody to porcine TGF-β 1 in cryostat sections of rat heart. Immunofluorescence staining was intense around the blood vessels and radially diffuse in the surrounding myocardium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225603
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  • 176
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    Axonal tracing of autonomic nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retrograde tracing ; Immunocytochemistry ; Vascular innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The origin of nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery of the rat was studied by retrograde tracing with the fluorescent dye True Blue (TB). Application of TB to the rat superficial temporal artery labeled perikarya in the superior cervical ganglion, the otic ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, and the trigeminal ganglion. The labeled perikarya were located in ipsilateral ganglia; a few neuronal somata were, in addition, seen in contralateral ganglia. Judging from the number of labeled nerve cell bodies the majority of fibers contributing to the perivascular innervation originate from the superior cervical, sphenopalatine and trigeminal ganglia. A moderate labeling was seen in the otic ganglion, whereas only few perikarya were labeled in the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex. Furthermore, TB-labeled perikarya were examined for the presence of neuropeptides. In the superior cervical ganglion, all TB-labeled nerve cell bodies contained neuropeptide Y. In the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia, the majority of the labeled perikarya were endowed with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In the trigeminal ganglion, the majority of the TB-labeled nerve cell bodies displayed calcitonin gene-related peptide, while a small population of the TB-labeled neuronal elements contained, in addition, substance P. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the majority of peptide-containing nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery originate in ipsilateral cranial ganglia; a few fibers, however, may originate in contralateral ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225604
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  • 177
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    Distribution of MAP 2 in dendritic spines and its colocalization with actin (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 447-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: MAP2 ; Actin ; Dendritic spines ; Spine apparatus ; Spine synapses ; Postsynaptic density ; Synaptic plasticity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of MAP2 and actin in dendritic spines of the visual and cerebellar cortices, dentate fascia, and hippocampus was determined by using immunogold electron microscopy. By this approach, we have confirmed the presence of MAP2 in dendritic spines and identified substructures within the spine compartment showing MAP2 immunoreactivity. MAP2 immunolabeling was mainly associated with filaments which reacted with a monoclonal anti-actin antibody. Also, by immunogold double-labeling we colocalized MAP2 with actin on the endomembranes of the spine apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and in the postsynaptic density. Labeling was nearly absent in axons and axonal terminals. These results indicate that MAP2 is an actin-associated protein in dendritic spines. Thus, MAP2 may organize actin filaments in the spine and endow the actin network of the spine with dynamic properties that are necessary for synaptic plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225592
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  • 178
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    The relationship between gastrin cells and bombesin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres in the gastric antral mucosa of guinea-pig, rat, dog and man (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin ; Gastrin-releasing peptide ; Bombesin ; Stomach ; Autonomic innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig ; Rat ; Dog ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between bombesin-like immunoreactive (bombesin-LI) nerve fibres and gastrin-LI G-cells was examined in gastric antral mucosa from guineapig, rat, dog and man using a double-labelling fluorescence immunohistochemical technique. The greatest density of bombesin-LI nerve fibres was found within the basal mucosa in all species and the density of innervation decreased towards the luminal surface. Most G-cells were in a band occupying approximately the middle third of the mucosa. The proportion of G-cells found within a distance of 2 μm from bombesin-LI nerve fibres was low in all species (6% in the guinea-pig, 22% in the rat, 14% in the dog, and 9% in the human). It is proposed that the neuropeptide released from bombesin-LI antral mucosal nerve fibres traverses distances of greater than several μm to reach the target G-cells. This may be achieved by passage through the mucosal microcirculation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221648
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  • 179
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    Immunohistochemistry of vacuoles occurring in rat hepatocytes after retinol administration (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinol ; Vacuoles ; Immunohistochemistry ; Plasma proteins ; Hepatocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vacuoles occurring in rat hepatocytes after intraportal injection of retinol (33 or 67 μg) were examined immunohistochemically using respective antibodies against rat albumin, human retinol-binding protein, human ceruloplasmin, human α 1-antitrypsin, human transferrin, and human prealbumin as representative plasma proteins. The occurrence of the vacuoles reached a numerical maximum 30 min after injection of 67 μg retinol, followed by a temporal decrease. Hepatocytes from control rats, which had been intraportally injected with either blood plasma diluted to 2/3 concentration or with retinol palmitate solvent (castor oil) dissolved in blood plasma, showed immunoreactive fine granules without the occurrence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Identical vacuoles in serial sections appeared immunohistochemically either immunoreactive or non-immunoreactive for all the antibodies used, with rare exceptions. The occurrence of several rare exceptions suggested that 2 kinds of vacuoles might be formed in different cytoplasmic compartments. A zonal distribution of vacuoles was apparent in the hepatic laminae (or acini) within the liver lobules. The vacuoles were predominantly distributed in zone 2, and to a lesser extent in zone 3 and zone 1 in that order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261829
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  • 180
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    Theoretical approaches to interactions between biomolecules: Legends and approximations to reality (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: There are significant differences between the conditions for chemical and biochemical reactivity. There-fore, models for treating chemical reactions are mostly not suitable for investigating interactions and transformations of bio(macro)molecules. Common features of numerous processes occurring in vivo and in vitro (such as the role of water, ions, and colloids and the significance of Helmholtz energy surfaces) are outlined. Some characteristics of a model suitable for studying van der Waals interactions between biomacromolecules, based on Brownian dynamics and the Lifshitz theory, are described.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350110
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    A comparative analysis of the active site properties of the resting states of cytochrome c peroxidase, metmyoglobin, and catalase (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantum chemical studies (INDO-RHF-SCF) have been made for the resting state active sites of three closely related heme proteins, cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), metmyoglobin (MMB), and catalase (CAT). The relative energies of the germane sextet, quartet, and doublet spin-states of each active site were calculated. Both CCP and MMB have similar heme units, consisting of an Fe(III)-protoporphyrin-IX with an imidazole and water as axial ligands. Our calculations show that the larger doming of the porphyrin, greater out-of-planarity of the iron, and the shorter iron-water distance in MMB leads to a sextet ground state with a low-lying quartet state. By contrast, the order of these two states is reversed in CCP, when a neutral imidazole is used as the endogenous axial ligand. An imidazolate ligand, on the other hand, which is an extreme representation of the H-bonding believed to occur in CCP with a nearby aspartate residue, leads to a sextet ground state with a low-lying quartet state. Assuming at least a partially anionic ligand in the intact protein, it follows that the quartet contribution to the ground state properties will be larger in CCP than in MMB. These predictions are consistent with the observed differences in the temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility for these two proteins. The present results suggest that the experimentally observed Mössbauer resonance spectra of CCP should be reinterpreted in terms of sextet and quartet state contributions to the electric field gradient. Calculations for catalase, which has a single phenolate ligand, result in a sextet ground state with a low-lying quartet state consistent with available Mössbauer and magnetic susceptibility data. Our calculations of the Im- form of CCP show that it more closely resembles CAT. Thus, the effect of proton transfer in CCP can account at least in part for the similarities between CCP and CAT function. Minor differences in ground spin-state and electronic properties calculated for CCP and MMB, however, cannot explain why MMB does not have significant peroxidase activity. The different functions of MMB and CCP must then be due in part to other known differences in their protein environment such as polar residues around the distal ligand binding pocket of CCP, which are absent in MMB, and could help its transformation to an active oxidizing state.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350111
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    Noncovalent interactions of medium strength. A revised interpretation and examples of its applications (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 223-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent studies performed in our group on a classical problem of quantum chemistry, with strong implications for theoretical biochemistry and pharmacology, are here summarized. Ab initio descriptions of noncovalent interactions, and in particular H bonds and acid-base couples, have been reexamined using as novel tools the decomposition of ΔE with the inclusion of CP corrections and a further decomposition of the ΔE components into group contributions. Some results of systematic analyses performed over H-bonded dimers are reported, supplemented by a successful application of this approach to a problem of noticeable economic importance (the identification of catalysts for the industrial synthesis of tensioactives). A new feature, presented here for the first time, is the extension of the CP-corrected decomposition of ΔE to bimolecular interactions in solution.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350115
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  • 183
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    New numerical approaches to the solution of the N-well Schrödinger equation (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two new numerical methods for solving the Schrödinger equation for an N-well periodic potential are presented. One is a diagonalization method based on Floquet-Bloch formalism, and the other is a renormalized Numerov-Cooley method with periodic boundary conditions. The numerical superiority of these methods over the standard diagonalization technique is demonstrated. The methods are illustrated by applications to internal rotation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350206
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  • 184
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    Atomic energy levels from configuration interaction calculations with relativistic corrections (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that configuration interaction calculations, with inclusion of the relativistic corrections, constitute an appropriate approach for the prediction of atomic energy levels and that results of experimental accuracy are possible given the availability of large-scale, fast computers. The results obtained for He through F emphasize both the practical difficulties to be encountered and the possibility of predictions with less than 1% error.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350209
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  • 185
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    Usage de l'algèbre de lie SU(n) dans l'etude des systèmes quantiques a n etats. VII: Sur le “problème inverse” (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Through a formalism developed in formr papers, some problems, set by the determination, from experimental data of the evolution equation of an n-states quantum system are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350210
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  • 186
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    Application of the Mermin entropy principle to the “apparatus” density functional theory (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An “apparatus” operator approach is presented for the extension of the density functional theory of Hohenberg, Kohn, and Mermin. Using the Mermin entropy principle, a one-to-one correspondence is established between the density matrix for the system and the electron charge density for a finite-temperature system in the presence of an apparatus. In the zero-temperature limit in the absence of an apparatus, the Hohenberg-Kohn theory is recovered. The central aspect of this new density functional theory is that the principle of maximum entropy is applied to the system plus its surroundings under the additional constraint that the electron charge density is given. The system is treated as a subsystem of a composite system and is not necessarily in the equilibrium state as in the Mermin theory. As an example, it is shown how, in principle, excited states are encompassed by the theory.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350302
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  • 187
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    Eigenvalue search by diagonalization in the scattered wave method (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 577-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350410
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350501
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  • 189
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    Ab Initio Methods in Quantum Chemistry, Part I and Part II Wiley-Interscience, New York, Advances in Chemical Physics, Vol. 67, 556 pp, and Vol. 69, 588 pp, 1987. K. P. Lawley, Editor (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 581-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350411
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  • 190
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    Simplification of point group projection operators and its application to symmetry adaptation of multishell electron configurations (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 593-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A practical method for generating irreducible matrix reps of point groups and a concise formula about projection operators are proposed. By using this formula as well as versatile classification schemes, the symmetry adaptation of a many-electron system is simplified. A unified algorithm and program of symmetry adaptation of spin-free space have been developed.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350503
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    Electronic structure of helium-trapped vacancy in aluminum using multiple scattering Xα method (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 679-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The self-consistent multiple scattering Xα (MSXα) method is used to arrive at the electronic structure of a helium-trapped vacancy in aluminum using a cluster model. The calculated orbital energies, electron density, and charge distributions are compared with the available theoretical results. It is shown that helium trapping causes the reshuffling and upward movement of the cluster levels (with vacancy).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350508
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    Recent progress in the understanding of light particle tunneling in metalsDedicated to Professor Ivar Waller. (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 779-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Light positive particles can be introduced in metallic lattices where they take up interstitial positions. The motion of particles between these sites is usually described as a phonon-assisted tunneling process, which at high temperatures approaches a classical over-barrier jump motion.The present paper reviews briefly the study of such phenomena at very low temperatures where phonon assistance is no longer effective. Experiments on proton transfer between certain sites in niobium metal and on positive muons which diffuse in copper or aluminium lattices show unusual temperature dependencies, which have been explained quantitatively with recent tunneling theories. These approaches take into account the simultaneous dissipation of energy to the electron bath, a phenomenon which was shown by J. Kondo to be determined by the screening electrons following the particle. The temperature dependence is essentially an effect of the Fermi distribution of the conduction electrons. The interaction of the particle with the itinerant electrons will also determine whether the particle wavefunction will be localized or form an extended (Bloch-like) state.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350614
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    Nonlocal and nonlinear electromagnetic effects at surfacesDedicated to Professor Ivar Waller. (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 827-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reflected and transmitted electric fields generated by s- and p-polarized incident radiation are discussed using a microscopic approach that matches the solution of Maxwell's equation (obtained by integration over the surface region) to the incident and the reflected fields in the vacuum and to the transmitted fields in the bulk. At positions where the dielectric response is varying rapidly, the parallel components of the oscillating polarization are the sources of reflected as well as transmitted fields, and the corresponding perpendicular components (which exist only for p-polarized incident radiation) lead to charge oscillations that are the source of both longitudinal and transverse fields. The presence of the surface makes possible the generation of transverse and longitudinal excitations with large normal components of the wave vector, whose propagation directions are given by the conservation of the parallel component of the wave vector. This formulation does not make use of additional surface boundary conditions (ABC) but requires an explicit model for the nonlocal dielectric function in the surface region. Besides discussing the fields, we discuss the choice of electromagnetic potentials. We also discuss nonlinear properties with applications to second harmonic generation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560350618
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  • 194
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560360102
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  • 195
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of mutagenicity of 1,1-dimethyl-3-(X-phenyl)-triazenes with molecular orbital energies and hydrophobicity (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 19-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A set of 18 aryltriazenes and the antitumor drug DTIC, whose mutagenicity has been determined in the Ames test, has been studied using octanol-water partition coefficients (P) as a measure of relative hydrophobicity and MNDO molecular orbital energies and electron distributions to account for variation in their electronic characteristics. A good structure-activity relationship was found using log P in combination with either εHOMO, or qHOMO, where the latter is defined as the HOMO electron density on N1 of the triazene. The dependence of mutagenicity on hydrophobicity is similar to what had been found earlier by Venger, Hansch, Hatheway, and Amrein [4] for the aryltriazenes alone using σ+ as a descriptor of electronic characteristics. A consistent role for electronic factors is found using σ+, εHOMO and qHOMO, namely, increased mutagenicity is associated with structural variations that increase the electron donating ability of the triazenes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560360105
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560360201
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite chain approximation for linear and nonlinear polarizabilities of polydiacetylene and polybutatriene (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Static longitudinal polarizabilities αzz and cubic hyperpolarizabilities γzzzz are obtained by the FPT-INDO method for finite chain C4N+2H2N+4 (N = 1-15) models of polydiacetylene and polybutatriene. For the acetylenic structure the onset of saturation first becomes evident at about C14—C18 for the linear polarizability and C22—C26 for the cubic term. The values per C4H2 unit are accurately extrapolated to the infinite chain limit. In the case of the butatrienic structure, no saturation is observed through C54.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560360204
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organizer's preface to the proceedings of the sixth international congress on quantum chemistry (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 187-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560360302
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved intermolecular SCF theory and the BSSE problem (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 225-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Analytical and numerical studies are performed concerning the exclusion of the basis set superposition error (BSSE) from the SCF calculations of intermolecular interactions. Based on these studies a new procedure is proposed, which consists of the following steps: (1) determine the orbitals by the SCF scheme based on the recent “chemical Hamiltonian approach” (CHA-SCF method), i.e., excluding the delocalization effects caused by BSSE, and then (2) calculate the usual energy expectation value. (This gives results superior to those obtained by the previous nonsymmetric CHA energy formula.) The actual numerical calculations performed for different simple systems (He2, water dimer) by using various basis sets indicate that the CHA/CE (CHA with “conventional energy” formula) potential curves are well-balanced and are close to those obtained by the Boys-Bernardi (BB) method and usually (but not necessarily) go slightly beyond the latter. So our method gives results better than (or close to) those given by the BB method by performing only a single ∼N4 calculation at each geometrical arrangement of the system.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560360307
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explicit representation of Gel'fand-Tsetlin states in clifford algebra unitary group approach (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 127-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A explicit expression for the unitary group Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, which couple two fully antisymmetric single-column states into the two-column Gel'fand-Tsetlin states, is given in terms of isoscalar factors for the canonical subgroup chain U(n) ⊃ U(n - 1) ⊃ … ⊃ U(1). The isoscalar factors are expressed through the step numbers labeling canonical basis states and enable a straightforward construction of Gel'fand-Tsetlin states in the Clifford algebra unitary group approach, without the use of the tables for the symmetric group outer-product reduction coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560360205
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