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  • 2010-2014
  • 1975-1979  (45)
  • 1970-1974  (186)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lathyrism ; Capillaries ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 165 (1975), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; Lymph nodes ; lymphography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Most the lymphatic system in the rat was directly observed in our experiment by radiological means. The lymphatics of the limbs were firstly revealed by subcutaneous injection of Patent Blue V. Lipiodol was used as radio-opaque compound injected by a micro-technique fully described by the authors.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 55 (1975), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Rubratoxine B ; Mitochondria ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro effect of rubratoxin B on the electron transport system of rat liver mitochondria was investigated. This mycotoxin depressed oxygen consumption in ADP-lacking mitochondria and in ADP-coupled mitochondria, using succinate or β-hydroxybutyrate as substrats. Rubratoxin B is neither an oxidative-phosphorylation inhibitor nor uncoupling agent. Its effect is compared with aflatoxin B1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Temporal cortex ; Synaptogenesis ; Retzius-Cajal cells ; Poly morphous cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The onset of synaptogenesis was studied in the temporal cortex of rat fetuses whose age ranged between 15 and 19 days of gestation. First synapses were found at a surprisingly early stage of cortical development: on day 16. These contacts showed relatively few vesicles and very inconspicuous membrane-thickenings. They were located in the marginal layer, above as well as below the narrow band formed by the newly arrived first neuroblasts of the prospective cortical plate. The postsynaptic structures were probably dendrites of the horizontally or obliquely orientated neurons scattered throughout the marginal layer (such neurons were seen even within the cell-dense band). On day 17, the cortical plate separated the differentiated cells definitely into a superficial and a deep population. As on the following days, synapses were found above and below the cortical plate but not within it. In addition to contacts showing the same features as those described on day 16, there were already synapses with numerous vesicles and clearly asymmetric membrane thickenings. On days 18 and 19 the borders of the cortical plate became more clear-cut. The well-differentiated neurons situated above and below this plate could now be identified as Retzius-Cajal cells of the prospective molecular layer and as polymorphous cells of the layer VI b respectively. The presence of axo-somatic contacts on these neurons provided direct evidence that both cell types are targets for synapses. Desmosome-like junctions were found even in the youngest fetuses studied. Their roughly symmetric membrane thickenings were clearly more conspicuous than those of earliest synapses. Desmosome-like junctions occurred very frequently between structures which subsequently were never seen to become synaptically linked. During the entire period studied, numerous coated vesicles fused with cell membranes were noted. Such “open” vesicles were seen on neurons (sometimes in the immediate vicinity of synapses) but also on non-nervous, extracortical as well as intracortical structures. Thus there does not seem to be a specific relationship between desmosome-like junctions and coated vesicles on the one hand and synapse formation on the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Endometrium ; Ultrastructure ; Progesterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Paraganglionic cells ; Rat ; Guanethidine ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paraganglionic cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy following treatment with guanethidine for 5–30 days. Control animals received saline and guanidine. Fluorescence cytophotometric measurements revealed a general decrease in the catecholamine content of paraganglionic cells in guanethidine-treated animals. However a few cell clusters showed focal increases. Similarly by electron microscopy there was a general decrease in the number of dense core vesicles in the majority of paraganglionic cells with a minority of cell clusters showing increases.—guanethidine—as well as guanidine—treated animals showed non-specific cytological alterations such as mitochondrial swelling and increase of cytoplasmic glycogen. However no changes of catecholamine contents and of dense core vesicles were noted in control animals. These results confirm the conception that in rat paraganglionic cells the dense core vesicles are the main storage site of catecholamines. The marked difference in the response of some cell clusters to the experimental treatment can be considered as evidence of functional heterogeneity of this cell population in the rat superior cervical ganglion.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticotropin releasing factor ; Neurosecretion ; Hypophysis ; X-irradiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 195 female Wistar rats the influence of adrenalectomy, total body X-irradiation and dexamethasone treatment on the amount of CRF-granules in the external zone of the median eminence and “classical” neurosecretory material (NSM) in the internal zone of the median and in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis has been studied. In the normal rat only very few CRF-granules occur. 15 days after adrenalectomy increased amounts of CRF-granules but normal amounts of “classical” NSM are found. X-irradiation leads to a slight diminishment of “classical” NSM in normal rats. In adrenalectomized animals X-irradiation causes no changes in the amount of “classical” NSM but a marked decrease in the amount of CRF-granules. Application of dexamethasone from the 15th to 18th day after adrenalectomy enhances the augmentation of CRF-granules in irradiated and non-irradiated rats but does not influence the amount of “classical” NSM. The findings show that no correlation exists between the quantitative changes of CRF-granules and “classical” NSM under the experimental conditions used. Therefore it is to be assumed that the release of the two substances is regulated by different control mechanisms and that the substances have a different functional significance. The observations do not exclude the possibility that CRF-granules and “classical” NSM are biochemically identical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 5 (1975), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Rat ; Lymphostatic encephalopathy ; Harmine ; Tremor ; Antiphlogistics ; Blood-brain barrier ; Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Injection of the tremorigenic alkaloid harmine into lymphostatic encephalopathic rats leads to a longer duration of tremor and higher brain concentrations than in shamoperated controls. In lymphostatic encephalopathic as well as in normal rats different antiphlogistics shorten the tremor duration and decrease harmine concentraion in brain. The antiphlogistics do not influence the plasma concentration of harmine, its protein binding and its tremorend concentration in brain. The effect of antiphlogistics in lymphostatic encephalopathic rats is considered as a consequence of the reduced blood-brain barrier permeability. Obviously in sick animals the blood-brain barrier permeability for harmine is not increased; the prolonged harmine tremor and the increased alkaloid concentration in the brain are consequences of the impaired cerebral lymphatic drainage only.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS tumours ; Methylnitrosourea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Clonal growth ; Serum-free culture ; db cAMP treatment ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six clones from methylnitrosourea (MNU) or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) induced tumours obtained in the nervous system of the rat were cultured in serum-free medium or treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cAMP) in vitro. All clones originated from longterm cultures. Three clones forming sarcomas after syngeneic transplantation showed only very slight changes following treatment, whereas the three glioma clones showed striking alterations. They formed long processes or showed rounding of their perikarya. In serum-free medium the cellular shape is intermediate between that seen in normal conditions and that seen in db cAMP treated cultures. The altered cultures resemble the primary cultures of the respective tumours. The relationship of these alterations to tumour types are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; blood glucose ; plasma insulin ; pancreas perfusion ; insulin secretion ; thyroxine ; glucose ; tolbutamide ; pyruvate ; isoprenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroxine treatment increases blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in the rat. The hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide is more pronounced in treated animals. The immediate insulin secretory response of the isolated perfused pancreas to maximal, but not to submaximal, glucose stimuli was increased after thyroxine treatment, especially in the lower dose range. However, as thyroxine treatment reduces insulin release during the prolonged late phase, the total amount of insulin released from the pancreas is reduced. Both the early response to tolbutamide and the subsequent basal secretion were increased after thyroxine treatment. When the pancreas of treated rats was exposed to glucose plus pyruvate the inhibition of the late phase was reversed. Isoprenaline did not overcome the inhibitory effect of thyroxine treatment on the late phase of glucose-induced insulin release. Thyroxine induces a selective inhibition of glucose induced insulin release which is reversed by pyruvate; this indicates that thyroxine interferes with the glycolysis in the beta cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; ammonium infusion ; blood ammonia ; glucose metabolism ; plasma immunoreactive insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to explain the abnormalities of glucose metabolism previously observed in patients with blood ammonia elevation, the effect of a transitory hyperammonemia on I. V. glucose tolerance was investigated in rats. An I. V. glucose tolerance test was performed in 3 groups of 15 rats 60 min after the beginning of a 95 min infusion of either a 2 ml isotonic NaCl solution (control group) or ammonium acetate solutions at low (0.50 μmol/kg/min. NH4+) or high doses (1.70 μmol/kg/min NH4+). The “high” NH4+infusion produced an increase of blood ammonia to levels near 1000 μg/100 ml, a significant decrease in the K coefficient for glucose disappearance (2.53 × 10−2±0.20 compared to 4.92 × 10−2±0.13 in control group) and a suppression of the radioimmunological plasma insulin (I.R.I.) response to glucose. With the “low” NH4 + infusion the hyperammonemia was less pronounced (200–300 μg/100 ml), but the decrease in K(3.02 × 10−2±0.15) and in the first phase of I.R.I, release remained significant. The decrease in glucose disappearance rate could be accounted for by the proportional decrease in insulin secretion. Thus glucose intolerance induced by ammonium acetate infusions may be due to a direct effect of NH4 + on the pancreas. These abnormalities in glucose metabolism depend on the quantity of infused ammonium.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventrobasal thalamus complex ; Thermosensitivity ; Burstactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recordings were made of spike-trains from 163 neurons of the rostral part of the ventrobasal thalamus complex of the rat while the temperature of the scrotal skin was altered. The following results were obtained: 55 neurons were nonthermosensitive, 7 neurons cold-sensitive and 101 neurons warm-sensitive. In the case of the warm-sensitive cells a definite discrimination was possible: 61.4% of the neurons altered their firing behavior during peripheral cooling, changing from relatively even spike frequency to burst firing. This change could be induced repeatedly by altering the temperature. 38.6% of the neurons, on the other hand, reacted to cooling by slowing down their frequency. By way of statistical methods the firing patterns of the two response-types were analyzed more precisely and the differences in response to temperature stimuli more exactly defined. Likewise, the spatial distribution of the two response-types of warm-sensitive cells exhibited differences; whereas the cells devoid of burst activity occured rather uniformly in the region of the thalamus studied, the cells with bursting activity were confined more to the mediocaudal region. These findings are discussed with regard to the phenomenon of peripheral bursts and to the projection of thermoafferent pathways onto the ventrobasal thalamus complex. The functional interpretation of the various cell reactions and their role in the central processing of thermoafferent signals still remains unexplained and requires comparative studies of peripheral and central parts of the thermoafferent system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Axotomy ; Subsurface cisterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative ultrastructural survey was made of subsurface cisterns and their association with overlying structures in the left hypoglossal nucleus of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal axotomies 7–84 days previously. Subsurface cisterns in normal rats occurred in some hypoglossal neurones, and, sporadically, in proximal dendrites. They were mostly subsynaptic, and often associated with Nissl substance. From 7–14 days postoperatively, when many somatic boutons temporarily lost contact with the perikaryal surface, and were replaced by a microglial sheath, the percentage of perikaryon with underlying cistern was significantly reduced. The Nissl substance was also dispersed at this stage, and not restored until 28 days postoperatively. At 21 days normal percentages of subsurface cistern were restored, but the cisterns were now mostly subastrocytic, an astrocytic sheath having replaced the microglial sheath. From 63 days onwards the cisterns were mostly subsynaptic again as boutons returned to the regenerating perikarya and the temporary astrocytic sheath disappeared. It is suggested that subsurface cisterns might alter the overlying perikaryal surface in some way during neuronal regeneration, causing certain boutons to adhere there.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 525-540 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Supraoptic nucleus ; Quantitative electron microscopy ; Afferent fiber connections ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative electron microscopic study of synaptic terminal degeneration was performed in the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) after a variety of major transections or ablations, destroying or interrupting in different combinations the afferent pathways known from earlier and own light microscopic degeneration studies. Solutions of a set of equations, expressing the percentage degenerations in synaptic profiles after different combinations in which the several pathways are interrupted by the various interferences, enabled the authors to give the following percentage numbers for afferent synapses from different sources. 32.7% of supraoptic afferents originate from the brain stem probably representing the monoaminergic innervation of this nucleus. The medial basal hypothalamus (21.0%), amygdala (13.5%), septum (13.5%), hippocampus (8.5%) and olfactory tubercle and further rostral cortical region (17.0%) are the other main sites of origin of supraoptic nucleus afferents. There are no supraoptic afferents from the optic nerve, superior cervical ganglion or fimbria hippocampi.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 34 (1975), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: N,N-Dimethylformamide ; Embryotoxicity ; Rat ; Inhalation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study, which was conducted for industrial toxicological reasons, was to investigate the possible embryotoxic and teratogenic effects after inhalation of dimethylformamide in rats. In a dynamic inhalation apparatus groups of 22–23 rats were subjected to approx. 18 ppm (maximum allowable concentration in the working area, MAC=20 ppm) and 172 ppm in the air for 6 hrs/day on 10 consecutive days, i.e. from the 6th to 15th day of gestation. The dimethylformamide inhalation did not cause any visible impairment to female rats as regards general behaviour, appearance or weight development during the treatment or the entire gestation period. The gestation rate was unchanged. The development of the fetuses was not influenced in any way by the exposure of the pregnant animals to approx. 18 ppm. In contrast the fetuses taken by caesarean section from the dams exposed to 172 ppm weighed significantly less than the fetuses of the control animals. Skeletal development of these fetuses, however, was normal. All other reproduction parameters were within the normal range for this strain. The study showed that the inhalation of dimethylformamide in concentration up to approx. 10 times the MAC had no teratogenic effect on rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 44 (1975), S. 287-289 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ; Social behaviour ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice and rats have been studied by an ethological analysis of encounters between animals injected with the drug and partners injected with the solvent (Tween-saline). In both species, Immobility was increased and Non-Social Activity reduced after injections of 5 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Flight was increased in treated mice but not in treated rats. Aggression was not significantly altered in either species. Thus, in the mouse, the qualitative behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were similar to those previously reported for crude cannabis resin. Comparison of the dose-response data indicated that some other constituents of cannabis may reduce the Flight reaction from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol although not interfering with Immobility.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: High Altitude ; Coronary Blood Flow ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiac Hypertrophy ; Rat ; TissueP O 2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats exposed to a simulated high altitude of 3500 m for their whole prenatal and postnatal life a severe cardiac hypertrophy develops. In rats born and first staying 5 weeks at sea level and then being exposed to simulated high altitude, only a unilateral right cardiac hypertrophy occurs. In both groups nutritional coronary blood flow was estimated in left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum and was compared with control animals of similar age. Coronary blood flow was measured at hypoxia in all groups. At first cardiac output was determined by the Fick principle, then86Rb was applied and the animals were killed after 55 sec. Activity of86Rb was measured in both cardiac ventricles and septum and the fractional uptake was calculated. According to Sapirstein (1956, 1958) the distribution of86Rb follows the distribution of cardiac output and from both these data the nutritional blood flow to the parts of the heart may be estimated. Cardiac output was similar in rats exposed to simulated high altitude later in life (“newcomers”) and in control animals, but it was significantly lower in rats born in the low pressure chamber (“natives”). Fractions of cardiac output supplying cardiac ventricles and septum in rats from both hypoxic groups were significantly higher than in control animals. In the “natives” they were significantly higher than in the “newcomers”. The fractions of cardiac output in both “newcomers” and “natives” remained significantly higher than those of the control animals, also when calculated per gram of heart tissue. Nutritional coronary blood flow (in ml/min) was higher in both ventricles and septum of the “newcomers” and in the right ventricle of the “natives”, and lower in the septum of the “natives”, when compared with control animals. Coronary blood flow per gram of heart tissue (in ml/min·g) was significantly higher in all cardiac parts of the “newcomers”, but it was about the same in all cardiac parts of the “natives” when compared with controls. The importance of observed changes concerning myocardial tissue oxygenation is analyzed by using Krogh's cylindrical tissue model.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 357 (1975), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Allantoin ; Uricase ; Kidney ; Clearance ; Micropuncture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Renal excretion of allantoin was measured by tracer techniques. After injection of 2-C14 urate and H3 inulin, clearances of allantoin and inulin were measured and both proximal and distal tubules were micropunctured. In confirmation of earlier results 2-C14 urate injected into an intact animal is very rapidly converted to C14 allantoin: after 15 min more than 90% of urinary tracer is present as allantoin. It was further observed that 1) allantoin clearance is essentially identical with inulin clearance over a wide range of urine flows; 2) no net transport of allantoin occurs in either proximal or distal tubules. Clearly allantoin is handled by the rat kidney like inulin. The total excretion of filtered allantoin unlike that of filtered urate provides an easy and effective mechanism for animals possessing the enzyme uricase to dispose of their purine loads.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 171-189 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Enzyme Secretion ; Hormonal Stimulation ; Narcosis ; Pancreas ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A method for collecting duodenal juice and gastric content separately, in conscious rats, is described. Metal cannulas were implanted into the stomach fundus. For the main experiment a double lumen tube was inserted through the cannula via the pylorus into the duodenum. 2. The following secretion patterns were observed: a) In the resting state there was a constant flow rate of duodenal volume, bicarbonate, trypsin and amylase. b) Cholinergic stimuli were capable of increasing enzyme secretion as much as fourfold for a period of 30 to 40 min when administered as a single subcutaneous injection. This effect was annulled by atropine. c) Secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin given together in a single injection s. c. or i. v., elicited a similarly strong response. d) Identical ranges of the secretion maxima were found with a tendency to decrease after the first hour, when the hormones were infused either s. c. or i. v. e) Doses from 0.5 to 25 U/100 g b. w./hr showed identical responses. Doses below 0.2 U/100 g/hr were without effect. 3. Narcosis (pentobarbital) inhibited markedly the resting and stimulated enzyme secretion. 4. The method is suitable for examination of physiological and pharmacological effects on resting and stimulated enzyme secretion of the rat pancreas.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle Regeneration ; Muscle Transplantation ; Contractile Properties of Muscle Transplants ; Denervation of Muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles of young rats were freely grafted into the bed of the corresponding contralateral muscle. The grafts were of normal muscle or muscles which had been denervated for 14 days. Grafts of normal muscle were characterized by little or no contractile activity for the first 2–4 days after transplantation. In contrast, denervated grafts contracted weakly, but consistently, throughout this early period. The patterns of contraction were complex. In early transplants, the contractions were due entirely to surviving muscle fibers in the graft, and the contractile characteristics were those of denervated muscle fibers. After the first week, contractions of newly regenerating muscle fibers within the grafts were superimposed upon and later took over those from the fibers that survived the original transplantation. The contraction time approached those of the normal soleus or extensor muscles during the second month after grafting, and the grafts contracted like fast or slow muscles.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Axotomy ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The left hypoglossal nuclei of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal nerve axotomies 7–21 days previously, were studied by electron microscopy after injection of horseradish peroxidase as a marker of extracellular space and pinocytosis. Quantitative analysis showed that the number of pinocytotically-derived structures in presynaptic boutons was significantly increased in rats at 7, 14, and 21 days after axotomy when compared with normal rats. It was suggested that presynaptic boutons which became detached from injured neurones retracted by a membrane cycling mechanism involving pinocytotic uptake of bouton plasmalemma, without compensatory membrane production elsewhere. It was confirmed that the channels in the microglial cells communicated with the extracellular space.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 34 (1975), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Glafenine ; Chloroquine ; 4-Amino-7-chloroquinoline ; Rat ; Glafenin ; Chloroquin ; 4-Amino-7-chlorchinolin ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei oraler Zufuhr in einer Dosierung von 150 bis 450 mg/kg 2 Tage hintereinander an etwa 100 g schweren Ratten bewirkt Glafenin eine vorübergehende Nephritis mit Steigerung von Blutharnstoff, Hypertrophie der Nebennieren und Veränderungen des Serumproteinogramms. An die 4-Amino-7-chlorochinolin-Struktur scheinen diese toxischen Wirkungen nicht gebunden zu sein, denn die ähnlichen Derivate, Chloroquin und Amodiaquin, rufen sie in äquimolekulären Dosen nicht hervor. Glycerol, ein im Organismus entstehendes Hydrolysisprodukt des Glafenins, zeigte sich auch wirkungslos. Die Toxicität ist wahrscheinlich auf das Glafenin selbst oder sein saures Abbauprodukt 4-(0-carboxyphenylammo-7-chlorochinolin, zurückzuführen.
    Notes: Abstract When given orally in elevated but nonlethal doses (150 to 450 mg/kg, on 2 consecutive days), glafenine induces in rats (body weight 100 g) a transient nephritis with an increase in blood urea, hypertrophy of adrenals, and some changes in the serum proteinogram. These effects do not appear to be due to the 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline structure from which glafenine is derived, as they are not observed with the structural analogue chloroquine given at equimolar doses under the same conditions. Further, they do not appear to be due to glycerol, the by-product of metabolic glafenine hydrolysis. The responsible molecule appears to be either glafenine itself or its acid metabolite 4-(0-carboxyphenylamino) 7-chloroquinoline.
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  • 23
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    Archives of toxicology 34 (1975), S. 213-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lead ; Chelating agents ; Toxicity ; Rat ; Blei ; Chelatbildner ; Toxicität ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intraperitoneale Verabfolgung von Pb-Acetat führt zu einer mäßigen und vorübergehenden hypochromen Anämie, zu einer lang dauernden erhöhten Ausscheidung der δ-Aminolävulinsäure mit dem Urin, während die Ausscheidung der alkalischen Phosphatase überhaupt nicht und die von Lactatdehydrogenase nur geringfügig beeinflußtwird. Es wird gefolgert, daß weder die hamatologische Reaktion noch die angedeutete Nephrotoxicität für die letale Wirkung von Pb verantwortlich sind. Die Chelattherapie begann 3 Tage nach der letzten Pb-Dosis und erstreckte sich auf 7 Wochen, wobei die intraperitoneale Tages-dosis 25, 50 bzw. 100 μmol/kg betrug. Die Wirksamkeit in bezug auf die Erhöhung der Pb-Ausscheidung mit dem Urin nahm in der Reihenfolge ab: Ca-Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat 〉 2,3-Dimercaptopropan-1-sulfonat 〉 Zn-Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat 〉 D-Penicillamin. Das vermehrt ausgeschiedene Pb stammt im wesentlichen aus dem Skelett. Die Chelatbildner erniedrigten ebenfalls die Ausscheidung der δ-Aminolävulinsäure, erwiesen sich aber als unwirksam, die hämatologische Reaktion und die letale Wirkung von Pb günstig zu beeinflussen. Durch diese negativen Ergebnisse wird der Wert der Chelatbehandlung von Fällen akuter Pb-Vergiftung in Frage gestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The intraperitoneal administration of Pb acetate (5 × 20 mg Pb/kg per day) evokes a moderate and transient hypochromic anemia, a long-lasting enhanced urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid whereas the urinary excretion of alkaline phosphatase is not affected and that of lactic debyhrogenase only marginally. It is concluded that neither the hematologic response nor the slight nephrotoxicity are responsible for the lethal action of Pb. Chelate treatment started 3 days after the last Pb dose and was continued over 7 weeks. The daily intraperitoneal dose was 25, 50, and 100 μmol/kg, respectively. The efficacy in promoting the urinary excretion of Pb decreased in the following order: Ca diethylenetriaminepentaacetate 〉 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate 〉 Zn diethylenetriaminepentaacetate 〉 D-penicillamine. This effect was mainly due to the mobilization of skeletal Pb. The chelating agents also lowered the excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid but failed to exert a beneficial influence on the anemia and the lethal action of Pb. These negative results raise questions about the usefulness of chelation therapy in cases of acute Pb poisoning.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylonitrile ; Phenobarbital ; SKF 525-A ; Dimercaprol (BAL) ; Thiosulfate ; Cyanide-Thiocyanate ; Route of Administration ; Drug Biotransformation ; Rat ; Mouse ; Chinese Hamster ; Acrylonitril ; Phenobarbital ; SKF 525-A ; Dimercaprol (BAL) ; Thiosulfat ; Cyanid ; Thiocyanat ; Applikationsart ; Biotransformation ; Ratte ; Maus ; Chinesischer Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wistar Ratten, Standard-Albinomäuse und chinesische Hamster (Weibchen) erhielten eine einmalige Dosis von Acrylonitril, 0,5 oder 0,75 mmol/kg Gewicht. Die Ausscheidung des Thiocyanats, Hauptmetaboliten des Acrylonitrils, wies bei Ratten nach einer oralen (20 %), intraperitonealen und subcutanen (2 bis 5%) und intravenösen (1 %) Applikation einen sinkenden Umwandlungsanteil auf. Auch bei Hamstern und Mäusen rief die orale Verabreichung eine höhere Umwandlung hervor als bei der intraperitonealen Zufuhr. Die Vorbehandlung von Ratten mit Phenobarbital, SKF 525-A, Cystein oder Dimercaptopropanol, hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Ausscheidung von Thiocyanat im Harn. Hingegen erhöhte die gleichzeitige Applikation von Thiosulfat bedeutend den Anteil von Thiocyanat, und zwar bei Ratten fast zweifach, bei Mäusen mehr als dreifach. Die Studie bestätigt den ausgeprägten Einfluß der Verteilung (first pass metabolic phenomenon) auf das metabolische Schicksal von Acrylonitril. Anscheinend ist die starke Bindung von Acrylonitril und die Cyanoethylierung für den so markanten Einfluß der Applikationsart verantwortlich. Nach oraler, intraperitonealer und intravenöser Applikation von Acrylonitril wurde dieser bei Mäusen effektiver in Thiocyanat metabolisiert als bei Ratten. Die größere Umwandlung von Acrylonitril in Thiocyanat und die stärkere Senkung seiner akuten Toxicität nach Thiosulfat deuten auf eventuelle Unterschiede im Mechanismus der toxischen Wirkung von Acrylonitril bei Mäusen und Ratten hin. In der Toxicität des Acrylonitrils für Ratten spielt Cyanid anscheinend eine kleine Rolle, wohl aber für Mäuse.
    Notes: Abstract Female Wistar rats, conventional albino mice, and Chinese hamsters were given a single dose of acrylonitrile, 0.5 or 0.75 mM/kg body weight. The elimination in the urine of thiocyanate, which is the main metabolite of acrylonitrile, indicated a decreasing proportion of biotransformation after oral (over 20 %), intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous (2 to 5 %), and intravenous (1 %) administration in rats. Oral administration of acrylonitrile in hamsters and mice was also followed by higher biotransformation than intraperitoneal administration. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital, SKF 525 A, cysteine, or dimercaprol did not significantly influence elimination of thiocyanate in the urine after the administration of acrylonitrile, but simultaneous administration of thiosulfate significantly increased the metabolized portion of acrylonitrile given intraperitoneally in rats (almost twice) and mice (more than three times). Acrylonitrile was found to be strongly bound in blood. The study confirmed the marked effect of distribution (first-pass metabolic phenomenon) on the metabolic fate of foreign compounds. The strong acrylonitrile binding and cyanoethylation are apparently responsible for the unusually high influence of the different routes of administration on the metabolic fate of acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile was more effectively metabolized to thiocyanate in mice than in rats after oral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous administration. A greater response of acrylonitrile to thiocyanate metabolism and a larger decrease in its acute toxicity after thiosulfate in mice than in rats indicate possible differences in the mechanism of acrylonitrile toxicity in these animals. Cyanide apparently plays a minor role in the acrylonitrile toxicity in rats, but may play quite an important one in mice.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Lung fibrosis ; Rat ; Paraquat ; Lungenfibrose ; Ratte ; Paraquatlunge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Erzeugung einer Lungenfibrose bei Spraque-Dawley-Ratten mittels mehrfacher Injektion von Paraquat intraperitoneal beschrieben. Notwendige Dosierungen, Intervalle zwischen den Injektionen sowie der zeitliche Ablauf der histologischen Veränderungen werden dargelegt.
    Notes: Summary An experimental model of lung fibrosis by multiple i.p. injections of the herbicide Paraquat is described. The schedules, intervals between injections and histological changes are described.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LSD-25 ; UML ; Acute ; Chronic ; Behaviour ; 5-HT ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Successive daily injections of LSD-25 and UML (1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide) caused progressive depression of brain 5-HT levels in the rat. On the fourth day, the decrease was significant with respect to the highly significant fall observed after a single administration, whereas it had been shown earlier that conditioned behaviour is no longer affected by LSD-25 after 3 days and that simultaneous administration of a single dose of LSD-25 and UML is equally ineffective in this respect. Its depression of 5-HT levels, however, has now been shown to be equal to that of LSD-25 alone at doses that influence conditioned behaviour. The findings indicate that changes in such behaviour are not dependent on brain 5-HT levels and that no link exists between such levels and the psychotomimetic effect of LSD-25 in man.
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  • 27
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    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Mescaline ; Anti-Drug Antibody ; Hapten ; Immunopharmacology ; Rabbit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies with mescaline binding specificity were raised in rabbits by immunization with conjugates of bovine serum albumin with mescaline or its analogue 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid. Immunized rats were given mescaline and their behavior was compared to that of non-immunized controls.
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  • 28
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Selection ; Avoidance Conditioning ; Rat ; Latency ; Freezing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats of both sexes from the genetically selected Roman High Avoidance (RHA), the Roman Low Avoidance (RLA) and the Roman Control (RCA) strains were given one 30-min session of two-way escape-avoidance conditioning (30 trials) in a shuttle box with a buzzer as the conditioned stimulus and shock as the unconditioned stimulus in a factorial design involving three time intervals (0,15 and 30 min) following one subcutaneous injection of saline or of nicotine in five doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg of body weight). Six measures relating to performance were analysed in whole or part. While the number of avoidance responses showed the expected strain differences, no effect of dose or delay interval could be detected. Avoidance and escape latencies and intertriai activity showed some effects of these variables, especially in interaction with sex and strain. Dose determined pre-sessional activity, but its effect was strain dependent. The failure to confirm previous findings is discussed in the context of other instances in the literature, and the results of an operant experiment confirming the continuing sensitivity of the Roman strains to the effects of nicotine are reported.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: p-CPA ; Ethanol ; Pentobarbital ; Tolerance ; Brain 5-HT ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were rendered tolerant to ethanol or pentobarbital by daily oral administration. Motor impairments after test doses of ethanol or pentobarbital were measured prior to and at various times during chronic treatment in order to assess the degree of tolerance development. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) in a dosage regimen which produced and maintained approximately 95% depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) did not alter motor impairment after initial acute administration of ethanol or pentobarbital. However, the rate of tolerance development to the motor-impairing effects of both drugs was slowed down in p-CPA-treated rats. p-CPA did not appear to exert this effect by altering the disposition of ethanol or pentobarbital, since blood levels determined 20 min after administration of the test doses were similar in animals treated with p-CPA and in controls. These findings suggest that brain 5-HT may have a role in tolerance development to ethanol and pentobarbital.
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  • 30
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Heroin ; Self-Stimulation ; Water Intake ; Food Intake ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male rats maintained with continuous access to levers for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), water, and food were subjected to five consecutive daily injections of heroin (5 mg/kg). Rates of lever pressing for ICSS were increased in 8 rats, 2–6 hrs after administration of heroin. Rates of lever pressing for water and food were not significantly changed during this period. Naloxone (5 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated by 82% the facilitative effect of heroin on ICSS. A second group of 8 rats maintained at reduced ICSS rates failed to show an increase in lever pressing for ICSS with heroin. The facilitative effect of heroin described in this study is consistent with previously reported studies describing the effects of morphine on ICSS.
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  • 31
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methadone ; Mode of Withdrawal ; Body Weight ; Relapse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Physical dependence on methadone was induced in rats by an initial “forced drinking” procedure and subsequently by i.p. administration of the drug. In a subsequent Experimental Phase of the study the physical dependence of one group was sustained by a “methadone maintenance” treatment, while two other groups were withdrawn from the drug, one gradually and one abruptly. When relapse trials were carried out during a Readdiction Phase it was found that the maintained group voluntarily consumed significantly greater amounts of methadone than did the two withdrawal groups. These groups did not differ between themselves but did in turn ingest significantly more methadone than a control group with no prior exposure to the drug. The characteristic loss of body weight reliably found during withdrawal from morphine was not demonstrated. This may have been due to the unexpected weight loss which occurred during the last stage of the initial Addiction Phase. The dependent variables of amount of methadone solution and the percentage of fluid consumed as methadone solution correlated highly. However the amount of methadone solution ingested was a better indicator of addiction liability as it was not influenced by fluctuations in the amount of water consumed by the animals.
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  • 32
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Halothane and Nitrous Oxide Anaesthesia ; 5-HT Turn-Over ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of anaesthesia with halothane and nitrous oxide on the turn-over of 5-HT in the rat brain were analysed. The rate of 5-HT synthesis was estimated on the basis of 5-HTP accumulation following 5-HTP decarboxylase inhibition. Inhalation anaesthetics reduced the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the whole brain, this effect being particularly marked in the forebrain. In addition, the reduction of the rate of 5-HT synthesis was still detected after a large tryptophan loading indicating that halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia reduced the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in vivo. The utilization of 5-HT was also delayed during anaesthesia since the rate of 5-HT disappearance following the inhibition of its synthesis at the decarboxylation step was decreased in the whole brain. In spite of this reduced turnover of 5-HT in the brain of rats exposed to inhalation anaesthetics, the 5-HIAA levels were permanently elevated. This was the result of a partial inhibition of the active elimination of the acidic metabolite from the brain during this kind of anaesthesia.
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  • 33
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 287 (1975), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Adrenomedullary Hormones ; Synthesis ; Rat ; Adrenals ; Subcellular Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats received intravenous injections of3H-tyrosine and were killed at various time intervals thereafter.3H-dopamine (DA) in the adrenals reached a maximum within 1.5 min after the administration of3H-tyrosine. From the 15th min it disappeared with an apparent half life of 90 min.3H-Adrenaline (A) +3H-noradrenaline(NA) increased much more slowly and reached a plateau 120–240 min after the injection. The approximate synthesis rate of adrenal A+NA, calculated from the specific activity curves, ranged from 9.3 to 2.2 nmoles/h per kg b.w. The highest value was noted the first few minutes, the lowest 1–2 hrs after the administration of3H-tyrosine. In some experiments subcellular fractionation of the adrenals was performed. In untreated animals the amount of DA and A+NA recovered from the supernatant fraction was about 10 and 8 per cent, respectively, of the total amount recovered from the supernatant and particulate fractions. In the adrenals of animals receiving3H-tyrosine 3.75 or 60 min beforehand these figures were significantly elevated whereas the DA and A+NA of the particulate fraction did not deviate significantly from control values. The specific activities of3H-DA were the same in the supernatant and particulate fractions within 3.75 min after the injection of3H-tyrosine.
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  • 34
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adenylate Cyclase ; Phosphodiesterase ; cAMP ; Gastric Mucosa ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of starvation, feeding and pentagastrin on gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity were studied in the rat. 1. Starvation for 24 hrs and 48 hrs reduced both NaF stimulated and basal AC activities. 2. Feeding of starved rats slowly raised the AC activity up to 430% within 4 hrs after feeding. This effect was more pronounced under basal conditions than with NaF stimulation. 3. A single i.p. injection of pentagastrin (125 μg/kg) caused a stimulation of basal AC lasting 45 min, which was followed by a subsequent decrease in the basal and NaF stimulated enzyme activity. 4. PDE activity was not influenced by starvation and feeding but underwent a transient inhibition by pentagastrin. Accordingly gastric mucosal cAMP levels after starvation, feeding and pentagastrin are regulated by changes in AC and not in PDE activity. The rise in AC activity after feeding appears to be related to functions other than H+ and pepsin secretion.
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  • 35
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Avoidance Acquisition ; Development ; Pimozide ; d-Amphetamine ; Catecholamines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) was investigated in rats of nursing mothers given pimozide 0.5 mg/kg on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 after delivery. Four weeks after birth, the male litter-mates were tested for CAR acquisition in a two-way avoidance situation or for correct CAR acquisition in a brightness discrimination situation. Offspring of mothers treated with pimozide were markedly inferior in the CAR acquisition in both behavioural situations as compared to those of mothers given glucose. The administration of d-amphetamine 15 min prior to the training session specifically counteracted the behavioural impairment obtained in the offspring of pimozide-treated mothers. The results obtained in the present investigation lend further support to the contention that the behavioural deficits in offspring of nursing mothers treated with neuroleptic agents are due to a developmental disturbance in central catecholamine neurones.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Populations of axonal granules ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit wurde die Eminentia mediana von männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, sowie die trächtiger und durstender Tiere auf die Fragestellung hin untersucht, ob 1. die Eminentia mediana der erste Ort ist, wo die beiden Neurohormone Oxytocin und Vasopressin freigesetzt werden, und 2. ob sich die Axone in der externen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in verschiedene Populationen differenzieren lassen. Bei männlichen und weiblichen Kontrolltieren haben die Oxytocin-bzw. Vasopressin-granula in der Eminentia mediana bereits ihre endgültige Größe erreicht; ihr mittlerer Durchmesser ändert sich nicht mehr wesentlich bis zum Hypophysenhinterlappen. Allerdings gibt der unterschiedliche prozentuale Anteil beider Populationen in der Eminentia mediana, in Zusammenhang mit den früher bestimmten Werten für die jeweiligen Kerne und die Neurohypophyse, Hinweise auf gewisse Unterschiede im turnover beider Hormone bei männlichen und weiblichen Tieren. Bei graviden und durstenden Ratten findet sich eine scheinbare Abnahme der Granula Durchmesser in den oxytocin-bzw. vasopressinführenden Axonen. In Verbindung mit sehr charakteristischen morphologischen Befunden, besonders bei langdurstenden Tieren, sprechen die morphometrischen Ergebnisse dafür, daß in der Eminentia mediana bereits Neurohormon freigesetzt wird, wenn eine schnelle Deckung des peripheren Bedarfes notwendig ist. Die Axone mit Granula, die kleiner sind als 115 nm, lassen sich in der internen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in vier Populationen aufteilen. Ihre mittleren Granula-Durchmesser liegen bei etwa 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm und 110 nm. Dieselben vier Populationen finden sich sowohl in der Zona palisadica als auch in der perikapillären Schicht der Eminentia mediana. Im Unterschied zur Zona interna findet sich aber in diesen beiden Schichten noch eine fünfte Population von Axonen mit einem mittleren Granula-Durchmesser von etwa 70–75 nm. Der mengenmäßige Anteil dieser fünf Populationen aber ist unterschiedlich in der Zona palisadica und in der perikapillären Schicht einerseits und in den verschiedenen Tiergruppen andererseits. Einige morphologische Befunde an den Tanycyten werden im Zusammenhang mit der neueren Literatur diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In connection with previous studies (Krisch, 1974), a morphologic analysis of the median eminence of male, female, pregnant, and thirsting rats has been made, in order to evaluate: 1. whether the median eminence is an additional area where oxytocin and vasopressin may be released from neurosecretory axons in the zona interna; 2. whether it is possible to distinguish different populations of axons according to the mean diameters of their granules in the external zone of the median eminence. In the zona interna of the male and the female control animals, the oxytocin-and vasopressin-containing granules have already reached their final diameters, i.e. their size remains constant until they reach and are stored in the neurohypophysis. However, the relative proportions of these populations in the fibre layer of the median eminence indicate certain differences between male and female animals, concerning the turnover of oxytocin and vasopressin. In pregnant, as well as in thirsting animals, there is an apparent decrease of the mean granule diameters in oxytocin and vasopressin-containing axons. In particular in the latter group, ballooned axons in the fibre layer of the median eminence, containing disintegrating granules, tubular structures filled with electron dense material, and fine-flocculent material in the axoplasm, together with the morphometric results, support our concept that in case of highly increased peripheral demand the contents of the mature, large granules are released into the axoplasm of the fibre layer in the median eminence. In addition, axons containing granules smaller than 115 nm may be classified into four populations with mean diameters of 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm, and 110 nm. The same populations are found in the palisade zone of the median eminence as well as in the pericapillary zone, but in contrast to the zona interna there is a fifth population of axons containing very small granules with a mean diameter of about 70–75 nm. The relative proportions of these five populations differ between the zona palisadica and the pericapillary zone on the one hand and between the experimental groups on the other hand. Some morphological findings concerning the tanycytes are discussed with respect to previously published data.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of pilocarpine and food uptake on the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine in vivo was measured by means of quantitative radioautography in three exocrine cells of the rat: the acinar and the granular duct cells of the submandibular and the acinar cells of the parotid gland. The three cell types react differently. The submandibular acinar cells showed a decrease in incorporation rate after pilocarpine administration but not after feeding. The incorporation rate of the granular duct cells of the submandibular gland remains constant after both stimulations. The acinar cells of the parotid gland show an increase in incorporation rate of [3H]-leucine in response to both. The contrast between the submandibular and the parotid gland could also be demonstrated radiobiochemically, the results reflecting the incorporation rates of the acinar cells of both glands, giving no information on the contribution of other cell types. The decrease in incorporation rate of the submandibular gland acinar cells is accompanied by a shift of polyribosomes towards monomers.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After stimulation of the protein secretion by pilocarpine or feeding the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine increases in the acinar cells of the parotid gland of the rat while the secretory cells of the submandibular gland show a moderate decrease (Kuijper et al., 1975b). Since the rate of labelled amino acid incorporation depends on the specific radioactivity of the amino acid used, which is not easy to determine in vivo, experiments in vitro were performed to get an idea of the influence of this factor on the measured changes in [3H]-leucine incorporation. In vitro both cell types showed a more pronounced but essentially identical reaction as in vivo. Since in these experiments the specific radioactivity of the extracellular leucine is the same whether fragments of stimulated or unstimulated glands incorporate the radioactive amino acid, the increase of incorporation in the parotid and the decrease in the submandibular cells cannot be ascribed to differences in specific radioactivity of leucine, unless the intracellular leucine pool should show great differences between secreting and non-secreting cells. However, in vitro the submandibular gland cells under both conditions appear to use the extracellular leucine for their protein synthesis (or a small compartmentalized pool in rapid exchange with the extracellular pool). In the parotid cells the whole intracellular pool showed such a rapid exchange with the extracellular one that for practical reasons one may say that these cells, too, rely on the extracellular specific radioactivity of leucine in their protein synthesis. We conclude that the rat parotid gland cells show a rapid and substantial increase of protein synthesis after stimulation of their enzyme secretion, while the submandibular gland cells do not.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated, fasting animals the cells of the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland incorporate [3H]-leucine at a higher rate than any other of the 5 main cell types of the 3 major salivary glands. The acinar cells of the submandibular and the mucous cells of the sublingual gland show intermediate values, while the cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular and the acini of the parotid gland have a low rate of incorporation. In fasting animals extrusion of newly synthesized protein starts early in the cells of the serous demilunes. It starts between 4 and 7 hrs after [3H]-leucine injection in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, while the other cell types did not lose substantial amounts of labelled (glyco)protein within 7 hrs. The secretion of protein is stimulated by the cholinergic drug pilocarpine in all but one of the 5 types of salivary gland cells studied. The acinar cells of the submandibular gland react strongly, the granular duct cells less strongly. Still less are the reactions of the acinar cells of the parotid and of the mucous cells of the sublingual gland. The cells of the serous demilunes of the latter appear to be insensible to pilocarpine. The effect of food uptake on secretion does not differ from pilocarpine stimulation, with one exception: the acinar cells of the parotid gland react more strongly on food uptake than on cholinergic stimulation.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; p-Chlorophenylalanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ganglion cells and paraganglionic (PG) cells in the developing rat superior cervical ganglion were studied following postnatal treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) for 5 to 8 days. Litter mates, injected with saline solution, served as controls. Ganglion cells of control animals were differentiated ultrastructurally according to L. Eränkö (1972 a) into late sympathicoblasts and young sympathetic nerve cells. In both maturation stages treatment with pCPA caused marked swelling of mitochondria, concomitant with minor changes of other cell organelles. Parallel to the ultrastructural alterations, fluorescence microscopy and cytophotometry revealed a slight diminution of diffuse fluorescence intensity in sympathetic neurons as the expression of a mainly extragranular amine depletion. In distinction from ganglion blocking agents the alterations are regarded as a general toxic effect of pCPA upon maturing sympathetic neurons, which secondarily influences catecholamine storage sites. Following treatment with pCPA, in PG-cells an alteration of mitochondria was scarcely to recognize. Specific granules were distinctly decreased in number, in some cases to an almost complete degree. Concordant to ultrastructural observations a marked diminution of fluorescence intensity was demonstrable in SIF-cells. In addition in these elements the fluorescence spectrum shifted towards the green field. Fluorescence cytophotometric evaluations confirmed the optical impression. Provided, that PG-cells, demonstrated with electron microscopy, are identical with SIF-cells in fluorescence microscopy, the results are discussed on the basis of a specific decrease of primary catecholamines due to an enzyme inhibition involved in catecholamine synthesis.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-dexamethasone ; Radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system and the pituitary of adrenalectomized male rats injected with 3H-dexamethasone were examined by radioautography. At 1 hr after the injection, radioactivity concentration was high in the medial basal hypothalamus, the pituitary and the pineal gland. In the hypothalamus, radioactive material was found to be selectively concentrated in neurons in the ventral part of nucleus arcuatus and in the infundibular region. In the anterior pituitary, a large proportion of cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. However, in a small number of cells, the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei. Less radioactivity was present in the intermediate and posterior lobes. The pineal gland contained more silver grains than did other regions of the brain. The results obtained in the present study suggest essentially an action of dexamethasone in the medial basal hypothalamus and at the level of the pituitary.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycocalyx ; Urinary bladder ; Ruthenium red ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Earlier statements to the contrary, the present study demonstrates the presence of a cell surface coat (glycocalyx) on the luminal plasma membrane of the super ficial transitional epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder of male Buffalo rats. This coat was demonstrated with ruthenium red, an electron dense stain, which revealed a surface layer, 60–80 Å thick, separated from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane by an electron lucent layer, approximately 30 Å thick. The structure of the glycocalyx was not affected by 12 weeks of treatment with dibutylnitrosamine, a known bladder carcinogen.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic ganglia ; Pelvic plexus ; SIF cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To further evaluate the role of autonomic ganglia in the regulation of pelvic visceral activity, the neural elements in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat have been studied with histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The principal findings are that the ganglion is composed of cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells as well as small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Polarity in the ganglion is indicated by clustering of small ganglion cells which stain intensely for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along the pelvic nerve while larger cells, with weak to moderate AChE activity, collect near small branches of the hypogastric nerve. Some cholinergic ganglion cells are enclosed by a plexus of adrenergic terminals. SIF cells appear to be in contact with both cholinergic and adrenergic cells, although many of the fluorescent beads around adrenergic neurons may be short dendrites of ganglion cells, rather than processes of SIF cells. Two types of SIF cells may be distinguished on the basis of size and morphology of their granulated vesicles. Afferent synapses of the cholinergic type were common on SIF cells of the large granule and small granule type. Portions of SIF cells with large granules occur within the capsule of ganglion cells. Contacts seen here were interpreted as efferent synapses from SIF cells to the dendrites of ganglion cells.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 377-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin-neurophysin neurons ; Suprachiasmatic nuclei ; Immunoenzyme histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the hypothalamus of the normal rat showed (1) that the Suprachiasmatic nuclei produce vasopressin; (2) that it is highly probable that these nuclei do not produce oxytocin. From the present and previous investigations it may be concluded that the Suprachiasmatic neurons produce a vasopressin-neurophysin complex.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; L-dopa ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of L-dopa into the cells of the adenohypophysis of the rat was studied during the postnatal development and at adult age using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method (FIF). The cells taking up L-dopa were classified by Alcian blue-PAS-Orange G staining. The correlation between the cells taking up L-dopa and those containing tryptophyl-peptide was estimated during the postnatal period and in adult rats. The cells containing tryptophyl-peptide were demonstrated using fluorescence induced by treatment with combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour. The following observations were made: 1) Great majority of the cells taking up L-dopa did not contain tryptophyl-peptide. Thus the accumulation of L-dopa into the cells of pars distalis is not due to accumulation of L-dopa into the cells by the same transport mechanism as the amino acids for tryptophyl-peptide. 2) Of the cells taking up L-dopa in the adult rats 96% were chromophobes, 2.0% acidophilic cells (somatotrophs and cells producing prolactin), 0.9% R-mucoid cells (corticotrophs), and 1.2% S1- and S2-mucoid cells (gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs). At 10 and 25 days' age the relative numbers of the cells taking up L-dopa were about the same. 3) Pretreatment with nialamide caused only a slight increase in the number of the cells taking up L-dopa. The decrease in the number of the cells uptaking L-dopa of the pars distalis, which takes place after 5 weeks' age is thus not caused by the increased MAO-activity. 4) Strongly chromophilic cells did not take up L-dopa. At the light of our results it seems evident that L-dopa is taken up by the chromophobic cells when these differentiate into chromophilic cells. The accumulation of L-dopa may be a sign of an active transport of amino acids into the cells. The accumulation of L-dopa into the chromophobic stellate and follicular cells may reflect their metabolic activity. These cells probably have an important role in the production of the hormones of the pars distalis.
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  • 46
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 281 (1974), S. 197-217 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Acidic Drugs ; Benzoic Acid ; Salicylic Acid ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic buffered solutions containing 14C-labelled benzoic acid and salicylic acid at pH 6.2 and 2.2. The blood flow of the loop was maintained at an intermediate rate (0.78–0.97 ml min−1 g−1). The water net flux was determined by polyethylene glycol as non-absorbable marker and amounted up to +31 or-27 μl min−1 g−1. 2. A positive water net flux (leaving the gut lumen) increased the appearance rate of benzoic acid and salicylic acid in the intestinal venous blood by maximally 47 and 41%, a negative water net flux (entering the gut lumen) diminished the appearance rate by 28 and 37%. 3. The experimental data were analysed by means of a kinetic model. The parameters of the model were the epithelial permeability kF D , the serosal permeability k S F S and the sieving coefficient Φ=1−σ. The epithelial permeability was 0.115 and 0.107 for benzoic acid and salicylic acid at pH 6.2 and increased to 0.163 and 0.185 ml min−1 g−1 at pH 2.2. The serosal permeability was assumed to be identical for neutral and acidic pH and amounted to 0.046 and 0.112 ml min−1 g−1 indicating that a certain proportion of the absorbed drugs was transferred to the serosal side. The sieving coefficient was 2.92 and 2.31 at neutral pH and 3.79 and 3.56 at acidic pH. 4. The main resistance to the absorption of the two drugs is the epithelial membrane, since the effective blood flow and the unstirred layer are not ratelimiting. The high sieving coefficient for the two drugs is interpreted as indicating an interaction of drug and water molecules inside the lipid part of the cell membrane (which contains at least 30% water). The electric potential across the gut wall may contribute to the size of the sieving coefficient, if the drug molecules permeate also in the ionized form. 5. Using acidic perfusion solutions the epithelial permeability and the sieving coefficient were increased by the factor 1.3–1.5. This increase can be explained sufficiently by a facilitated entrance of the unionized drug molecules into the epithelial membrane.
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  • 47
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    Research in experimental medicine 162 (1974), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rhyolithic pumice ; Ferrihexacyanoferrate (II) ; Thallium ; Rat ; Rhyolithischer Bims ; Ferrihexacyanoferrat (II) ; Thallium ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Orale Verabfolgung von rhyolithischem Bims bewirkt eine herabgesetzte Retention von Thallium in den Geweben. Die Wirksamkeit von Rhyolith zeigt eine ausgeprägte Dosisabhängigkeit, ist aber geringer als die von Ferrihexacyanoferrat (II).
    Notes: Summary Oral administration of rhyolith leads to a diminished retention of thallium by the tissues. The effectiveness of rhyolith markedly depends on its dosage, but is surpassed by that of ferrihexacyanoferrate (II).
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  • 48
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    Research in experimental medicine 163 (1974), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: D-penicillamine ; Acetazolamide ; Renal excretion ; Rat ; D-Penicillamin ; Acetazolamid ; Renale Exkretion ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die renale Ausscheidung von D-Penicillamin läßt sich weder durch Probenecid noch durch N-Methylnicotinamid oder NH4Cl beeinflussen. Acetazolamid bewirkt eine erhöhte Retention von D-Penicillamin in Haut und Muskulatur und hemmt dessen renale Ausscheidung, hat jedoch keinen Effekt auf die Dekorporationswirksamkeit von D-Penicillamin bei60Co. Die möglichen Ursachen des Einflusses von Acetazolamid auf die Verteilung und Exkretion von D-Penicillamin werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The renal excretion of D-penicillamine is not influenced by probenecid, N-methylnicotinamide, and NH4Cl. Acetazolamide brings about an increased retention of D-penicillamine in skin and muscles and lowers its urinary excretion, but does not exhibit any influence on the efficacy of D-penicillamine in removing internally deposited60Co. The possible causes for the action of acetazolamide on the distribution and excretion of D-penicillamine are discussed.
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  • 49
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    Research in experimental medicine 163 (1974), S. 341-349 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Experimental uremic syndrome ; Rat ; 5/6 reduction of renal parenchyma ; Serum- and urine analysis ; Secondary hyperparathyroidism ; Experimentelles urämisches Syndrom ; Ratte ; 5/6-Reduktion des Nierenparenchyms ; Serum- und Urinanalyse ; Sekundärer Hyperparathyreoidismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch eine 5/6-Nierenparenchymreduktion wurde an Ratten ein chronisches, durch bilaterale Nephrektomie ein akutes urämisches Syndrom erzeugt. Beim chronischen urämischen Syndrom erwiesen sich in der Serumanalyse die Konzentrationen des Harnstoffstickstoffs und des Kreatinins als wesentlich erhöht. Darüber hinaus bestanden alle chemischen Zeichen eines sekundären Hyperparathyreoidismus. Die Tiere litten außerdem an einer schweren Poly-, Protein- und Albuminurie. Überraschenderweise war aber der Spiegel des totalen Serumproteins gegenüber den Kontrolltieren erhöht. Das experimentelle chronische urämische Syndrom stellt eine extreme Adaptation der regulatorischen Aktivität des Nierenrestparenchyms und des ganzen Organismus dar. Beim akuten, durch bilaterale Nephrektomie erzeugten urämischen Syndrom besteht dagegen ein schweres Versagen der Regulation des Wasser- und Elektrolytstoffwechsels, welches innert 50–60 Std zum Tode der Versuchstiere führt.
    Notes: Summary A chronic uremic syndrome was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy and an acute uremic syndrome by bilateral nephrectomy in rats. In the chronic uremic syndrome serum and urine analysis revealed a highly increased serum level of BUN and creatinine. Furthermore, all chemical signs typical of secondary hyperparathyroidism were present. The animals suffered from severe polyuria, protein- and albuminuria but, surprisingly, the total serum protein was increased. The experimental chronic uremic syndrome is, in essence, a syndrome of “extreme adaptation” of the regulatory activity of remnant renal parenchyma and of the whole body. In contrast, the acute uremic syndrome induced by bilateral nephrectomy is a severe disorder of water and electrolyte metabolism resulting in death of the experimental animals after 50–60 hrs.
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  • 50
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    Research in experimental medicine 164 (1974), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Proximal tubule degeneration ; Heparinoid ; Niere ; Ratte ; Ultrastruktur ; Proximale Tubulusdegeneration ; Heparinoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 24 Std nach i.v. Injektion von 100 mg/kg eines Pentosanschwefelsäureesters (SP 54) sind in der Nierenrinde von Ratten schwere degenerative Veränderungen der proximalen Tubuluszellen zu beobachten. Das Tubulusepithel ist flachkubisch umgewandelt, das Tubuluslumen ist angefüllt mit ausgestoßenen Mitochondrien und anderen Zelltrümmern. Am stärksten betroffen ist die Pars contorta des proximalen Tubulus. Weniger stark veränderte Tubuluszellen sind angefüllt mit Cytosomen, die eine spezifische Feinstruktur haben oder gehäuft gegenüber Kontrollen Cytoplasmaprotrusionen in das Tubuluslumen aufweisen. Die akute Tubulusdegeneration ist ein spezifischer Effekt von SP 54. Heparin bewirkt nur eine leichte Schwellung des Tubulusepithels, die häufiger auftritt als bei Kontrolltieren.
    Notes: Summary 24 hrs after the intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg of a Pentosansulfuricacidester (SP 54) severe degenerative alterations are observed in the proximal tubular cells in rat kidney cortex. The tubular epithelium has changed to a single layer of elongated cubic cells. The tubular lumen is filled with cellular debris and extruded mitochondria. The greatest change is seen in the pars contorta of the proximal tubule. Less degenerated tubular cells have a great number of cytosomes with a specific substructure or have cytoplasmatic protrusions into the tubular lumen. This acute tubular degeneration is a specific event after the administration of SP 54 and is not seen after an equimolar dosis of Heparin. Heparin induces only a slight swelling of the tubular epithelium, more frequent seen as in the control animals.
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  • 51
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    Research in experimental medicine 162 (1974), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Coprophagy ; Rat ; Calcium metabolism ; Bone morphology ; Immobilization ; Koprophagie ; Ratte ; Calciumstoffwechsel ; Knochenmorphologie ; Immobilisierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten den Einfluß der Koprophagie auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Ratte. 20 Versuchstiere wurden durch Einschnüren in einen Lederpanzer an der Koprophagie gehindert und mit 21 Kontrolltieren gleicher Futteraufnahme verglichen. Die Kinetik des Calciumstoffwechsels wurde unter Verwendung von45Ca als Tracer analysiert. Die radiochemischen Resultate wurden mit den histologischen Beobachtungen an den Epi-Metaphysen der Kniegelenke verglichen. Bei den Versuchstieren mit verhinderter Koprophagie fanden wir: 1. ein hochsignifikant niedrigeres Körpergewicht; 2. eine hochsignifikante Verkleinerung folgender Parameter des Calciumstoffwechsels: Compartmentgröße und Austauschrate zwischen ihnen, Calciumausscheidungsraten, Knochenan- und -abbau; 3. eine Verschmälerung der Wachstumsfuge, verkürzte und verschmälerte primäre Knochenbälkchen, verminderte sekundäre metaphysäre Spongiosa. Bei 4 Versuchstieren, die in Lederpanzern gehalten, denen jedoch die Koprophagie ermöglicht war, wurden gleichartige histologische Veränderungen wie bei verhinderter Koprophagie festgestellt. Es wird gefolgert, daß die Verhinderung der Koprophagie keinen meßbaren Einfluß auf die Parameter des Calciumstoffwechsels hat.
    Notes: Summary We investigated the influence of coprophagy on the calcium metabolism of the rat. 20 experimental animals were prevented from coprophagy by wrapping them in leather harnesses and compared with 21 controls on the same food intake. Kinetics of calcium metabolism were analysed using45Ca as tracer. The radiochemical results were compared with the histological observations in the epi-metaphyses of the knee joints. In the experimental animals prevented from coprophagy we found: 1. a highly significant lower body weight; 2. a highly significant diminution of the following parameters of calcium metabolism: compartment sizes and exchange rate between them, calcium excretion rates, bone accretion and resorption; 3. a narrower epiphyseal growth cartilage, clearly shorter and narrower primary trabeculae, rarefied secondary metaphyseal trabeculae. Histological alterations identical to those observed with coprophagy prevented, were found in 4 animals kept in harnesses but with coprophagy allowed. It is concluded that prevention of coprophagy has no measurable influence on the parameters of calcium metabolism.
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  • 52
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    Research in experimental medicine 163 (1974), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Gastrinpentapeptide ; Vagotomy ; Acid secretion ; Perfusion test ; Rat ; Gastrinpentapeptid ; Vagotomie ; Säuresekretion ; Perfusionsversuch ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei männlichen Wistarratten wurde eine trunkuläre beiderseitige Vagotomie — ergänzt durch eine Pyloroplastik — angelegt. 4 Wochen später erfolgte in Urethannarkose eine Perfusion des Magens mit 0,9%iger NaCl-Lösung in Anlehnung an die Versuchsanordnung von Ghosh. Die Vollständigkeit der Vagotomie bestätigte ein Hypoglykämietest. Im Abstand von 150 min erhielten die Tiere — in 6 Gruppen zu je 10 Ratten — 2 × 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 oder 300 µg/kg KG Pentagastrin subcutan. Die statistisch ausgewerteten Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1. Die nach dem Abklingen der Wirkung der ersten Pentagastrininjektion wiederholte Pentagastringabe in derselben Dosis ergab bei allen Dosierungen eine höhere Säuresekretion als nach der ersten Injektion. 2. Ein Maximum der sezernierten Säuremenge wurde bei einer Dosis von 100 µg/kg KG erreicht. Bei höherer Dosierung des Pentagastrins nahm die Menge der sezernierten Säure signifikant ab.
    Notes: Summary Male Wistar rats were subjected to a complete bilateral vagotomy and a pyloroplasty. 4 weeks later followed in urethane anesthesia a continuous perfusion of the stomach with 0.9% saline according to the rat preparation of Ghosh. The completeness of the gastric vagotomy was confirmed by a postoperative insulin test. In an interval of 150 min the rats — in 6 groups of 10 rats each — were two times injected pentagastrin subcutaneously in dose rates of 50, 100, 150, 250 or 300 µg/kg body weight. The statistical confirmed results can be summarized as followed: 1. The second injection of pentagastrin — 150 min after the first — in the same dose produced a significantly higher gastric acid secretion in the rat all dose rates in comparison to the first injection. 2. The maximal gastric acid secretion was produced by a dose rate of 100 µg/kg body weight of pentagastrin. At higher dose rates of pentagastrin there was a significant reduction of gastric acid secretion.
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  • 53
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    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Neuro-vascular contacts ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascular surface of the external layer of the median eminence is composed of neuronal and glial processes. Neuro-vascular contacts are supposed to be necessary for the release of hypophysiotropic neurohormones. The present study confirms the hypothesis that the relative extent of neuro-vascular and glio-vascular contacts varies under different functional conditions of the tubero-hypophysial system. Morphometric analysis shows that in normal rats about 20% of the surface is lined by neuro-vascular contacts. After bilateral adrenalectomy the neuro-vascular contacts are enlarged to 40% whereas application of an extract of stalk-median eminence tissue is followed by a decrease of the neuro-vascular contacts to 15%. The implications of these results are discussed.
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  • 54
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    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 185-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Basement membrane labyrinths ; Cerebral ventricles ; Development ; Rat ; Light and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gehirne embryonaler und neugeborener Ratten wurden im Hinblick auf die frühe Entstehung der Basalmembranlabyrinthe licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. An den Hirngefäßen embryonaler Ratten der 2. und 3. Fetalwoche kommen zwar bereits Basalmembranen vor, sub- oder interependymale Basalmembranlabyrinthe fehlen aber noch. 2. Basalmembranlabyrinthe werden mit der Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Methode lichtmikroskopisch ab dem 20. Tag an umschriebenen Stellen des Ventrikelsystems gefunden; elektronenmikroskopisch treten die ersten Basalmembranlabyrinthe am 12. postnatalen Tag auf. 3. Die ersten interependymalen Labyrinthe erscheinen in Erweiterung der interependymalen Spalten in der Nähe von ausgedehnten Golgifeldern. Der Labyrinthinhalt besteht aus einer feinflockigen Substanz. Diese liegt wolkenartig angehäuft gegenüber bogenförmigen Ausbuchtungen lokal verbreiterter Zellmembranen. In Ausbildung begriffene Labyrinthe zeigen eine lamelläre Gliederung. 4. Ab dem 12. postnatalen Tag treten auch an den Basalmembranen der pericapillären Zellen, in denen lichtmikroskopisch Glykoproteide nachweisbar sind, zapfenartige Duplikaturen auf. Die Zapfen sind überwiegend ependymwärts gerichtet. Verbindungen zwischen den Basalmembranzapfen und den interependymalen Basalmembranlabyrinthen werden in den ersten 30 Lebenstagen nicht gefunden. 5. Sowohl an den die interependymalen Labyrinthe begrenzenden Plasmalemmata als auch am Plasmalemm der pericapillären Zellen fallen Stachelsaumbläschen auf, deren Membran in die Zellwand eingebaut wird. Ihr Inhalt scheint in die entstehenden Labyrinthe entleert zu werden. 6. Da sich an den tubulären Enden der Doppellamellen der Dictyosomen Strukturen befinden, die den Stachelsaumbläschen morphologisch gleichen, und da im Bereich des Golgifeldes und im Cytoplasma zwischen diesem und der Zellwand zahlreiche Stachelsaumbläschen liegen, wird angenommen, daß das Material der Basalmembranlabyrinthe dem Golgiapparat entstammt und vermittels der Stachelsaumbläschen zur Zellwand transportiert wird. Bogenförmige Ausbuchtungen lokal verbreiterter Zellmembranen im Bereich entstehender Labyrinthe werden als Reste von Stachelsaumbläschen aufgefaßt, deren Membran in die Zellwand eingebaut wurde. 7. Da die phylogenetische Zunahme des Hirnmantels mit einem Verlust der langen in das Gehirn reichenden basalen Ependymfortsätze an den größten Teilen der Ventrikelwand einhergeht und niedere Tiere noch nicht über Basalmenbranlabyrinthe verfügen, wird angenommen, daß diese die Transportfunktion für Stoffe aus dem Liquor übernommen haben, die vordem nach allgemeiner Auffassung über die langen Fortsätze in das Gehirn gelangten.
    Notes: Summary The brains of embryonic and new-born rats were investigated by means of light- and electron microscopy with regard to the early formation of basement membrane labyrinths. 1. Though basement membranes are already found around the brain capillaries of embryonic rats from the 2nd week of pregnancy, sub- and interependymal basement membrane labyrinths are still absent. 2. Basement membrane labyrinths, being demonstrable for light microscopy by a periodicacid-bisulfite-aldehydethionin-method, appear around the 20th day after birth at certain places of the ventricular system. By means of electron microscopy, basement membrane labyrinths have first been detected at the 12th postnatal day. 3. The earliest interependymal basement membrane labyrinths are found in enlargements of the interependymal spaces near a distended Golgi apparatus. The contents of the labyrinths, being composed of a loose flocculent material, are of a lamellar structure. In the intercellular space the material is situated opposite bow-shaped excavations of local broadenings of cell membranes. 4. From the 12th postnatal day, plug-like duplications of basement membranes occur at the ependymal side of the pericapillar cells, which contain glycoproteids. The plugs of basement membranes are directed towards the ependymal layer. No connections between the interependymal basement membrane labyrinths and the plugs of pericapillary basement membranes exist within the first 30 days of life. 5. At the plasmalemma of ependymal cells bordering the interependymal labyrinths, and at the cell membrane of pericapillary cells, coated vesicles are to be found, which are fused with the cell membrane. The contents of these vesicles seem to be released into the developing labyrinths. 6. At the tubular ends of dictyosomes, coated vesicle-like structures can be demonstrated. In the environment of the Golgi apparatus many coated vesicles are situated; they can even be found between the Golgi apparatus and the walls of labyrinthś. Therefore the coated vesicles are considered to be transport vesicles, transporting the material which is formed in the Golgi apparatus towards the cell membrane. 7. Since the phylogenetic increase of the brain mantle is accompanied by loss of the long processes of ependymal cells that reach far into the brain, and since lower animals have no basement membrane labyrinths, it is suggested that the basement membrane labyrinths have a transport functions for material from the cerebrospinal fluid which in lower animals is assumed to be transported by the long processes of ependymal cells.
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  • 55
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    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 101-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Periodically structured bodies ; Vascular permeability ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Capillaren des Subcommissuralorgans (SCO) und deren Umgebung wurden an 38 adulten Sprague-Dawley- und an 6 adulten Wistar-Ratten nach Perfusionsfixierung im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Saure Mucopolysaccharide wurden mit Alcianblau und Rutheniumrot, Glykoproteide mittels der Perjodsäure-Silbermethenamin-Reaktion nachgewiesen. Der Stofftransport in den Capillaren wurde mit Meerrettichperoxidase (MRP) als Tracer untersucht. Die subcommissuralen Capillaren besitzen ein ungefenstertes, vesikelarmes Endothel, das einer einfachen, durchgehenden Basallamina aufsitzt. In der Umgebung der Capillaren finden sich neben periodisch strukturierten Körpern (PSK) vereinzelt Basallamina-Labyrinthe und regellos angeordnete kollagene Mikrofibrillen. Mit der Perjodsäure-Silbermethenamin-Reaktion lassen sich Glykoproteide im Bereich der Basallamina und der nach außen anschließenden Intercellularspalten darstellen, vereinzelt auch — teils im Bereich der Basallamina, teils ihr eng angeschlossen — Gruppen parallel angeordneter, linearer Strukturen mit einem periodischen Streifenmuster. Saure Mucopolysaccharide sind nur in der lumenseitigen Glykokalyx des Capillarendothels nachweisbar. Der Aufbau der PSK aus Kollagenfilamenten erscheint sehr wahrscheinlich. Vermutungen zur Entstehung dieser hochgeordneten Strukturen werden vorgebracht. Die Traceruntersuchungen ergeben, daß unter normalen Bedingungen in den subcommissuralen Capillaren eine Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BHS) für MRP besteht, die im Endothel lokalisiert ist. Bei einem Teil der Sprague-Dawley-Ratten ist die Barriere geschädigt und der Tracer gelangt über cytopemptische Vesikel in Basallamina und Gefäßumgebung. Der Basallamina und den PSK kommt in solchen Fällen keine besondere Schranken- oder Verteilerfunktion zu. Offenbar bewirkt bei manchen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten die MRP-Injektion über die Freisetzung von endogenen biogenen Aminen aus Mastzellen eine Schädigung der BHS, was bei Wistar-Ratten nicht eintritt.
    Notes: Summary The capillaries of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and their adjacent structures of 38 adult Sprague-Dawley rats and 6 adult Wistar rats were examined in the electron microscope after perfusion fixation. Acid mucopolysaccharides were shown by Alcian Blue and Ruthenium Red, glycoproteins were identified by the periodic acid-silver methenamine technique. Horseradish peroxidase (MRP) was used as a tracer for vascular permeability. The subcommissural organ's capillaries are characterized by an unfenestrated, continuous endothelium, showing only few vesicles; the endothelium is surrounded by a single, continuous basal lamina. Adjacent to the capillaries wall there are “periodically structured bodies” (PSK), labyrinths of the basal lamina and irregularly arranged collagen fibrils. Glycoproteins are found in the basal lamina and within the intercellular clefts; in a few cases groups of parallel arranged, periodically banded linear structures are seen within or adjacent to the basal lamina. Acid mucopolysaccharides are found within the endocapillary layer of capillaries. It seems very likely that PSK represent an atypical arrangement of collagen fibrils. The formation of these structures is discussed. Under normal conditions, MRP, after intravenous injection, does not enter the perivascular space surrounding the capillaries of the SCO. A blood-brain barrier exists at the level of the capillary endothelium. In a few Sprague-Dawley rats MRP seems to alter the permeability of the capillaries. Reaction product of MRP is found within endothelial vesicles and the adjacent structures. It appears that the basal lamina and the PSK are not involved in the barrier mechanism or regulation of transport. In Sprague-Dawley rats intravenous injection of MRP seems to alter the blood-brain barrier by release of endogenous biogenic amines associated with mast cell degranulation. This effect is not observed in Wistar rats.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Neuro-vascular contacts ; Neuro-glial synaptoid contacts ; Dehydration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior lobe of the hypophysis consists of neurosecretory nerve fibres and glial cells, both abutting on the perivascular space of sinusoidal capillaries. Nerve fiberes and glial cells are connected with each other by a high number of synaptoid contacts. Several ultrastructural changes following dehydration have been described by other authors. This study presents the data of some morphometric investigations on normal and dehydrated rats. The relative extent of neuro-vascular contacts is not contstant; it increases significantly from 52 (±2.8)% in normal rats to 67(±1.2)% in rats with a dehydration time of 3 days. Correspondingly the extent of glio-vascular contacts is diminished. In addition, water-deprived animals show a clear increase in the number of neuro-glial synaptoid contacts with 3.1 (±0.4) per square unit nervous tissue compared to 2.1 (±0.3) per Square unit in untreated controls. These results indicate a dynamic motility of neuronal and glial elements depending on functional conditions, as was found for the external layer of the median eminence. Furthermore there seems to be a relationship between secretory activity and the number of neuroglial synaptoid contacts.
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  • 57
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    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 169-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Renal innervation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerves ; Neuroeffector zones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Rattenniere werden die muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße und der juxtaglomeruläre Apparat innerviert. Blutgefäße mit Pericyten, porenhaltige Capillaren sowie die Tubuli der Rinde und des Markes werden nicht von Nervenfasern begleitet. Ganglienzellen wurden in der Rattenniere nicht beobachtet. Periphere Nerven mit einem ein-bis zweischichtigen Perineurium kommen im paravasalen Gewebe der Interlobar- und Arcuata-Arterien vor; sie enthalten neben zahlreichen marklosen Nervenfasern gewöhnlich auch 2–4 markhaltige. Nervenfaser-Bündel ohne perineurale Scheide finden sich im paravasalen Gewebe der Arcuata- und Interlobular-Arterien. Darüber hinaus sind in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der großen Arterien (Interlobar-, Arcuata- und Inter-lobular-arterien) und der Vasa afferentia marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone vorhanden, die auch die proximalen Abschnitte der Vasa efferentia der subcapsulären und intermediären Rindenschicht begleiten. Im Nierenmark werden die juxtamedullären Vasa efferentia und die Arteriolae rectae innerviert; marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone sind nur bis zur Außen-Innenstreifen-Grenze nachweisbar. Die Innervation der muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße erfolgt durch aufgetriebene Axonabschnitte (Neuroeffektor-Zonen), die vorwiegend agranuläre Vesikel enthalten. Diese Strukturen liegen stets an der Grenze von Adventitia und Media bzw. Elastica externa; zwischen den glatten Muskelzellender Media wurden keine vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitte gefunden. Als minimaler Abstand zwischen den vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitten und den von einer Basalmembran umschlossenen glatten Muskelzellen (neuromuskuläre Distanz) wurden 600 Å gemessen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse werden mit den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen und histochemischen Untersuchungen über die adrenerge und cholinerge Innervation der Niere verglichen. Die sich aus diesem Vergleich ergebenden Probleme und funktionellen Konsequenzen für die Innervation der Niere sowie die Natur der cholinergen Fasern (afferente oder postganglionäre parasympathische Fasern) werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the rat kidney is defined by a system which supplies those arterial blood vessels whose walls contain smooth muscle cells and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Vessels containing pericytes, or those vessels composed of an endothelium only, as well as the tubules of both the cortex and medulla, are not innervated. Furthermore, ganglion cells do not occur in the rat kidney. The nervous apparatus of the rat kidney consists of peripheral vegetative nerves, ensheathed by a perineurium, with 2–4 myelinated fibers running in the paravasal tissue of the interlobar and arcuate arteries, and of nerve bundles without a perineurial sheath in the paravasal tissue of the arcuate and interlobular arteries. Non-myelinated fibers and free axons occur in the immediate vicinity of the great arteries (interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular) and the vasa afferentia. Nerve fibers and free axons are also seen in the vicinity of only the proximal parts of those vasa efferentia which supply the cortical capillary plexus. The arteriolae rectae of the medulla, and their vasa efferentia, from which they arise, are innervated by non-myelinated fibers and free axons which accompany these arterial vessels only to the boundary of the outer and inner stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. The functional innervation of those vessels with smooth muscle cells results from neuro-effector zones which predominantly show agranular vesicles. These structures were never seen between the smooth muscle cells within the media; the minimum neuromuscular distance was 600 Å. The present findings are correlated with the lightmicroscopically demonstrated adrenergic and cholinergic innervation. The resultant problems and functional consequences of the innervation of the kidney, especially the nature of the cholinergic fibers (afferent or post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers) are briefly discussed.
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  • 58
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    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 173-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Neurogenesis ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summay The prenatal ontogeny of the hippocampus, including the anterior continuation and induseum griseum, was examined in the rat by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The neurons of the anterior continuation formed between the 16th and 18th days of embryonic development. The neurons of the induseum griseum were formed on the 16th and 17th days of gestation. The pyramidal cells of ammon's horn were formed during the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th days of embryogenesis but were preceded by the large interneurons of the stratum lacunosum-moleculare which formed on days 15 and 16 of embryonic life. The granule cells of the superficial layers of the stratum granulosum formed during the 20th, 21st, and 22nd days of gestation.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Motor nerve terminals ; Methylene blue stain ; Hindlimb muscles ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With methylene blue stain, three morphological types of motor nerve terminals were distinguished in hindlimb muscles (extensor digitorum longus, semitendinosus, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles) of rat. Type A terminals possess many long thin branches with numerous minute swellings, type C ones possess few and thick terminal branches with few large swellings, and type B ones possess intermediate characteristics. The frequencies of occurrence of these types are characteristic for each muscle and differ between different hindlimb muscles. Specifically, soleus muscle contains a much higher proportion of type B terminals than other hindlimb muscles, and the superficial part of tibialis anterior muscle contains a higher proportion of type A terminals and a lower proportion of type C ones than the deep part. The frequencies of occurrence of types A, B, and C terminals closely parallel the frequencies of “white”, “intermediate”, and “red” muscle fibers (as determined by a fat stain), respectively, in the different muscles. As also suggested previously for the diaphragm, it is concluded that three morphological types of motor nerve terminals each may innervate one of three types of muscle fibers.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pantothenic acid deficiency ; Corticotropin-releasing factor ; Corticoids ; Histologie ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the outer layer of the rat median eminence “Gomori-positive” granules occur which are assumed to be the morphological correlate of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). The present study was carried out in order to establish whether the amount of these CRF-granules is influenced by a pantothenic acid (PA)-deficiency, which is known to result in an inhibition of corticosteroid production. Female SPF Wistar rats were used. PA-deficiency was induced by PA-free nutrition and/or administration of the PA-antagonist Ω-methyl-PA. Corresponding experimental groups were given either tap water or a solution of 1% NaCl and 5% glucose in tap water to drink. In rats fed with a diet free of PA and in addition treated with Ω-methyl-PA a severe disturbance of the corticoid balance developed within 6 weeks. The corticosterone production was depressed to about 11–16% of the control values. The adrenal cortex showed necrotic changes which either involved the whole parenchyma or were confined to the inner zones. In those animals in which a subcapsular region, in its extent corresponding to the zona glomerulosa, remained intact, an augmentation of the CRF-granules was observed. In those animals, however, in which the whole adrenal cortex was damaged, the amount of CRF-granules did not increase. Administration of the 1% NaCl containing drinking fluid did not influence the augmentation of the CRF granules, but had a protective effect on the development of necrotic changes in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. The findings show that a functional relationship exists between the inner zones of the adrenal cortex and the CRF-granules in the median eminence.
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  • 61
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    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Liver ; Bile ducts ; Cilia ; Scanning Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous cilia have been demonstrated by SEM in cells of rat perilobular and portal bile ducts and ductules. Generally these cilia appear as long, cylindrical evaginations of the plasma membrane. Some of them are so long that, curving and twisting at many points, they cross the ductal lumen. It has been suggested that they may be related to a continual mixing up and propulsion of the bile product down the biliary tree.
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  • 62
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    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lung ; Stretch receptors ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lappenbronchien (3./6.) (Durchmesser bei mittlerer Inspirationslage 500–700 μ) von männlichen und weiblichen Wistarratten wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Diese Bronchien entsprechen im Wandbau den mittleren Bronchioli größerer Säugetiere. Freie, verzweigte lanzettförmige Terminalfasern werden im Bindegewebe der lamina propria beschrieben. Sie sind in das elastisch muskuläre System der Bronchuswand eingebaut. Die zugehörige markhaltige afferente Nervenfaser ist verzweigt und hat einen Durchmesser von 4–6 μ. Außerdem werden efferente motorische Endigungen an der glatten Bronchialmuskulatur beschrieben. Die freien lanzettförmigen und verzweigten Terminalfasern sind möglicherweise Dehnungsrezeptoren für den Hering Breuer Reflex.
    Notes: Summary In rats the 3rd to 6th bronchi, measuring 500–700 μ in diameter during inspiration, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The histological appearance of these bronchi is comparable to that of medium sized bronchioles of larger animals. The branched and lanceolate terminals are associated with the connective tissue of the lamina propria and the smooth muscle cell layer. In this way the terminals are bound to the myoelastic system of the bronchial wall. The myelinated afferent fiber is branched and the diameter measures about 4–6 microns. Besides afferent nerve terminals these are numerous efferent endings on the smooth muscle basement laminae. It is supposed that the described receptor represents the pulmonary stretch receptor of the Hering Breuer reflex.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; p-Chlorophenylalanine ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Catecholamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Parachlorophenylalanin (pCPA) auf die paraganglionären Zellen und sympathischen Ganglienzellen des Ganglion cervicale superius der Ratte wurde untersucht. pCPA beeinflußt die sympathischen Nervenzellen im Ganglion cervicale superius geringgradig. Es finden sich unspezifische Veränderungen des Golgi-Apparates und der Nissl-Schollen sowie eine Zunahme von Lysosomen. Bei langdauernder Behandlung degenerieren einzelne Ganglienzellen und Nervenfasern. Die paraganglionären Zellen sind bei Kontrolltieren durch “dense core vesicles” eines einheitlichen Typs charakterisiert. Im Laufe der pCPA-Behandlung finden sich degranulierte paraganglionäre Zellen. Die Degranulation der einzelnen Zellelemente ist jedoch variabel. Bei fluorescenzmikroskopischer Untersuchung zeigt sich nach pCPA-Applikation eine Verschiebung des Fluorescenzspektrums zum grünen Bereich hin. Die bei Kontrollen deutliche Gelbkomponente nimmt nach 6–12 Tagen ab und verschwindet schließlich nach 18–20 Tagen. Es wird diskutiert, ob die fluorescenzmikroskopischen Veränderungen aufgrund einer Hemmung der Serotoninsynthese oder aufgrund einer abgeschwächten Katecholaminsynthese entstehen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) on the paraganglionic and sympathetic nerve cells of the rat superior cervical ganglion was studied. pCPA influences the sympathetic nerve cells of the cervical ganglion to minimal extent. Unspecific changes of the Golgi apparatus and of the Nissl bodies as well as an increase in the number of lysosomes occur. An extended period of treatment causes degeneration of individual ganglionic cells and nerve fibers. The paraganglionic cells in control animals are characterized by dense core vesicles of an unitary type. During pCPA treatment degranulated paraganglionic cells are to be found. The degranulation of the individual cell elements varies. Fluorescence microscopic study after pCPA application shows a shift of the fluorescence spectrum toward green. The yellow component of the control group decreases after 6 to 12 days and disappears after 18 or 20 days. It is discussed whether the fluorescence microscopic changes are due to the inhibition of serotonine synthesis or to a decrease of the catecholamine synthesis.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cholesterol Inhibitors ; Cerebrum ; Neuronal Inclusions ; Oligodendroglial Degeneration ; Rat ; Abnormal Sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar strain of rats received daily intraperitoneal or oral administration of Triparanol, 250 mg per kg of body weight or 20,25-diazacholesterol either 30 mg or 60 mg per kg of body weight starting at the age of 5 days old. Prominent intracytoplasmic osmiophilic inclusions identical to those found in the rats treated with AY9944 (Suzukiet al., 1973) and degeneration of myelin sheaths and oligodendroglia were seen in the myelinating white matter of rats sacrificed after 3, 6, and 9 injections of Triparanol. In diazacholesterol-treated animals, a few identical inclusions were seen in the cortical neurons but only slight changes were seen in oligodendroglia. Biochemical analysis of the brains of the rats receiving Triparanol revealed a large accumulation ofΔ 7,24-cholestadiene-3β-ol and lesser amounts of desmosterol. The brains of the animals treated with diazacholesterol revealed massive accumulation of desmosterol and a minor sterol component, probablyΔ 5,7,24-cholestatriene-3β-ol. Since AY9944, which results in a massive accumulation of 7 dehydrocholesterol (Δ 5,7-cholestadiene-3β-ol) and two other sterols,Δ 7,24-cholestadiene-3β-ol andΔ 5,7,24-cholestatriene-3β-ol, will produce identical neuropathological lesions to those seen in Triparanol treated animals, and since the lesion produced in diazacholesterol treated animals was very slight, there appears to be a correlation between the presence of sterols with a double bond at the 7-position and neuropathological lesions in young rats.
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  • 65
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS Tumours ; Nitrosomethylurea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Primary Cultures ; Tumour Classification ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of the explant technique a series of primary tumours induced by methylnitrosourea (MNU) or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) in the brain of rats were cultured in vitro. The morphology of isomorphic oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, glioblastomas and sarcomas under in vitro conditions is described. All these neoplasias show a very distinct morphological picture and growth behaviour, thus permitting their classification. Most of the tumours tend to anaplastic changes during longer cultivation, but in some cases, preferably in well differentiated gliomas, the cytological properties are maintained even during longterm cultivation. The role of anaplasia and intermingling of different neoplastic cell types in experimental tumours are discussed.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Allergic Encephalomyelitis ; Organ Culture ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) developed in 15 of 30 rats injected with a mixture of Freund's adjuvant and homogenized guinea pig brain, and killed after 6–29 days. The incidence and severity of the disease increased with time after inoculation and in 2 animals involvement of the epiphysis, not previously reported in EAE, was detected. Toxic effects on cells in cultured adult rat cerebellar cortical tissue were produced by exposure for 24 h to the sera of rats killed 12–29 days after inoculation either with the antigenic suspension or with adjuvant alone. Severe toxicity to axons (widespread fragmentation) was produced only by the sera of animals injected with antigenic inocula and killed 17–29 days later. Severe axonal toxicity was not, however, correlated with the presence of EAE in the rats from which the sera were taken. It was not possible to assess myelinotoxic effects in the system used. It is suggested that the organ culture technique may detect the presence in the sera of inoculated animals of toxic principles which, owing to the blood-brain barrier, do not normally contribute to the pathogenesis of EAE.
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  • 67
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Lead Intoxication ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Microglia ; Pericytes ; Monocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar rats of both sexes and the same litter were exposed to chronic lead intoxication from birth untill sacrifice 9 months later. Lead was administered as 0.4% solution of lead nitrate in drinking water. Samples from the parietal brain cortex were examined electron microscopically following intracardiac perfusion with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution. Similar changes were observed in the microglial cells and the vascular pericytes whereas all the other tissue elements appeared intact. Both cell types hypertrophied, the microglia assumed characteristic spindle or rod shape, the cell organelles increased, the microglial endoplasmic reticulum widened strongly and a large number of lipid inclusions appeared. The latter consisted of large lipid droplets of varying size and shape, containing multiple zones of low density, and a dense component with a coarse granular structure. The similarity in the response of both cell entities to the lesion as well as some probable functions of microglial cells and their relationship to vascular pericytes are discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sodium fluoride ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Strength ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation thérapeutique de fluorure de sodium a été recommandée dans le traitement de diverses maladies osseuses ostéopéniques. Cet emploi est basé principalement sur les effects ostéosclérotiques bien connus du fluorure de sodium, mais on connait mal son effet sur la force de résistance osseuse. L'influence de diverses concentrations de fluorure de sodium sur la force de résistance osseuse de jeunes rats soumis à des régimes riches et pauvres en calcium a été étudiée. L'administration de fluorure de sodium augmente le diamètre osseux, indiquant une stimulation de la formation de l'os périosté, mais la force de résistance osseuse est réduite ou non modifiée par l'ingestion de fluor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Verwendung von Natriumfluorid ist für eine Anzahl von Knochenmangel-Krankheiten empfohlen worden. Die Empfehlungen basieren hauptsächlich auf den bekannten osteosklerotischen Wirkungen von Natriumfluorid; über dessen Effekt auf die Knochenstärke ist wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Konzentrationen von Natriumfluorid auf die Knochenstärken von wachsenden Ratten mit hoher und niederer Calciumeinnahme untersucht. Die Verabreichung von Natriumfluorid erhöhte den Knochendurchmesser, was auf eine Stimulierung der Periostbildung hinwies, die Knochenstärke wurde jedoch durch Fluorideinnahme herabgesetzt oder nicht beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The therapeutic use of sodium fluoride has been recommended in a variety of osteopenic bone diseases. The recommendations are based mainly on the known osteosclerotic effects of sodium fluoride and little information is available as to its effect on bone strength. The influence of various concentrations of sodium fluoride on bone strength in growing rats on high and low calcium diets was studied. The administration of sodium fluoride increased bone diameter, indicating stimulation of periosteal bone formation, but bone strength was reduced or not affected by fluoride ingestion.
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic units ; Thermosensitivity ; Mean firing rate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mean firing rates (per 10 sec) of preoptic neurons of the rat were recorded at normal temperature and after central warming and cooling. Thermosensitivity was determined according to the reactions of the mean firing rate. In compatibility with results from other animals we obtained the following percentages (52 neurons): 23% warm-sensitive, 13% cold-sensitive, 64% non-thermosensitive neurons. However, it turned out that a lot of interesting special effects are not taken into account, using exclusively the criterion “increasing/decreasing/constant mean firing rate”. Particularly we observed long lasting adaption processes and stationary non-linear effects as well as striking oscillations which were dependent on the thermal stimuli, while the mean interval value remained constant.
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  • 70
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 281 (1974), S. 175-196 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Basic Drugs ; Amidopyrine ; Antipyrine ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic buffered solutions containing 14C-labelled amidopyrine and antipyrine at neutral and at acidic pH. The blood flow of the loop was maintained at an intermediate rate (0.7–1.0 ml min−1g−1). The water net flux was determined by means of polyethylene glycol as non-absorbable marker and amounted up to ±30 μl min−1g−1. 2. A positive water net flux (directed towards the blood) increased the appearance rate of amidopyrine and antipyrine by maximally 43.8 and 49.2%, a negative water net flux (directed towards the gut lumen) diminished it by 38.8 and 35.0%. 3. The experimental data were analysed by means of a kinetic model with the water net flux as independent variable and the epithelial permeability kF D , the serosal permeability k S F S and the sieving coefficient Φ=1−σ as absorption parameters. For antipyrine independent of the pH-value of the perfusion solution kF D was 0.123, and, for amidopyrine at pH 7 and pH 3 kF D was 0.231 and 0.091, respectively. k S F S was zero indicating that in this experimental arrangement the transfer of drug molecules to the serosal side was negligible. The sieving coefficient Φ amounted to 2.30 for amidopyrine and 2.15 for antipyrine at neutral pH. At acidic pH it amounted to 0.50 for amidopyrine and 1.44 for antipyrine. The hydraulic permeability of water was identical at neutral and acidic pH. 4. The high sieving coefficient for the two drugs at neutral pH is interpreted as indicating that water and lipophilic drug molecules interact within the lipid part of the cell membrane. At acidic pH the ionized drug molecules appear to permeate the cell membrane preferentially across other (presumably more hydrophilic) areas.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 282 (1974), S. 195-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; d-Galactose ; Phlorizine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with buffered solutions (pH 6.8) containing d-galactose in two concentrations: below (100 μM) and above (100 mM) blood sugar concentration. The blood flow rate, the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) and the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen) were determined simultaneously, the accumulation in gut tissue at the end of the experiments. 2. At constant intermediate blood flow the appearance rate and disappearance rate decreased with time. A decrease of the blood flow rate from about 1.9 to about 0.3 ml min−1 g−1 diminished both the appearance and the disappearance rate. An increase of blood flow from about 0.3 to about 1.9 ml min−1 g−1 did not increase the absorption rates; even a slight decrease was observed. 3. In the presence of phlorizine (2 mM) the absorption rates and the tissue accumulation of galactose is reduced. At constant intermediate blood flow the appearance and disappearance rate increased with time. A decrease of the blood flow rate from about 1.8 to about 0.3 ml min−1 g−1 diminished the appearance rate. An increase of the blood flow rate from about 0.3 to about 1.8 ml min−1 g−1 caused an increase of the appearance rate in contrast to the experiments without phlorizine. Therefore, the different blood flow dependence of the intestinal absorption observed with actively transported substances can be attributed to their non-passive component.
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  • 72
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 285 (1974), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; Rat ; Guinea Pig ; Phospholipidosis, drug-induced ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After administration of the anorectic drug fenfluramine (40 mg/kg per day) to rats (s. c. or i. p.) and guinea pigs (p.o.) over periods of 2 to 11 weeks, electron microscopic examination was performed on lungs, liver, lymphatic tissues and peripheral blood of both species, and on adrenal glands and ovaries of rats. In rats, fenfluramine caused the following alterations (listed according to the duration of treatment): Formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in lymphocytes and plasma cells of lymphatic tissues, appearance of “foam cells” in lung alveoli; formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in corpus luteum, lymphocytes of peripheral blood, and in adrenal cortex. In guinea pigs, the same alterations were found in lymphocytes of spleen and peripheral blood, in hepatocytes and in lung. The present observations support the concept of a generalized phospholipidosis induced by amphiphilic compounds. The potency of fenfluramine to induce a lipidosis is, however, considerably less pronounced than that previously demonstrated for the anorectic drug chlorphentermine. This difference is suggested to be due mainly to the lower degree of amphiphilia of fenfluramine.
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    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlorpromazine ; Rat ; Social Interaction ; Exploration ; General Motor Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract When two animals were placed in a hole-board the number of headdips made by each rat was twice the number made when tested alone, but was the same for pairs of drugged (2 mg/kg chlorpromazine) and undrugged rats, and for pairs where only one rat was drugged. This contrasts with the reduction of headdipping produced by chlorpromazine in single animals. However, chlorpromazine still reduced general motor activity, regardless of whether the partner was drugged or not. The activity of the undrugged rats was affected by the partner's state and was lower when the partner was drugged.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Successive Discrimination ; Conditioned Avoidance Response ; Nerve Impulses ; α-Methyltyrosine ; Tetrabenazine ; l-Dopa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the administration of l-Dopa, 10 or 100 mg/kg i.p., on the α-methyltyrosine methylester HCl (α-MT; 250+50 mg/kg i. p.) or tetrabenazine (TBZ; 2 mg/kg i.p.)-induced suppression of a successive discrimination-conditioned avoidance task has been studied. It was found that administration of the high l-Dopa dose resulted in a reversal of the α-MT- or TBZ-induced suppression of the avoidance behaviour, although the discrimination was lost. Restoration of the avoidance behaviour and the correct discrimination was obtained with the low l-Dopa dose after α-MT but not after TBZ. The difference in the behavioural response to l-Dopa after α-MT as compared to the response obtained after TBZ is discussed in terms of the availability of the catecholamines formed from l-Dopa for release by the nerve impulses. Biochemical determinations of brain noradrenaline and dopamine were made in parallel. Further, a simple and reliable method for the aquisition of a successive discrimination in the rat is described.
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    Psychopharmacology 39 (1974), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Avoidance ; Drug ; Psychotropic ; Rat ; Sidman Schedule ; Sulpiride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sulpiride, a new psychotropic drug with neuroleptic activity, was administered to rats in a Sidman avoidance schedule. Doses ranging from 1 to 80 mg/kg resulted in the animal receiving fewer shocks. This effect was not correlated with an increase of responding and seemed unrelated to the suppressing action abruptly observed at high doses (i. e. 150 to 200 mg/kg). These results differ from those classicaly obtained with other neuroleptics.
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    Psychopharmacology 35 (1974), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 6-Hydroxydopa ; Rat ; Behaviour ; Biogenic Amines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of 6-hydroxydopa (6-HDP) injected into the lateral ventricles of rat brain on the behaviour of animals was examined. The level of noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in discrete areas of the brain was also measured. 6-HDP was injected in a dose of 100 or 150 Μg into both lateral ventricles, or in a dose of 200 Μg into the right lateral ventricle. Immediately after 6-HDP injection, circling movements, convulsions, aggressive behaviour, and Stereotypic activity were seen. These components of behaviour were most obvious during the first hour after injection of 6-HDP. During one month after 6-HDP administration the behaviour of rats did not differ significantly from the behaviour of control animals, only very subtle differences in behaviour being seen. The dose of 150 Μg of 6-HDP caused aphagia and loss of body weigth during the first 5 days after treatment. 6-HDP also caused hypothermia. 20 min after administration of 200 Μg of 6-HDP a decrease of the NA level but no changes in the 5-HT level in the brain cortex were seen. The same changes were observed 1 month after 6-HDP treatment. The dose of 150 Μg of 6-HDP decreased the NA level in the brain cortex, cerebellum, mesencephalon and brain stem 5 days after treatment. 5-HT content was not changed and the 5-HIAA level was increased in the same brain areas. The dose of 100 Μg of 6-HDP, 2 weeks after the treatment decreased the content of NA in the brain cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus and brain stem without changes in 5-HT content. 5-HIAA level was elevated only in the brain stem. It is concluded that 6-HDP is a long-acting potent depletor of NA in rat brain. There is a different sensitivity of brain areas to the depleting effect of 6-HDP. 6-HDP does not deplete the 5-HT content of discrete areas of brain but increases the level of 5-HIAA. 6-HDP causes distinct behavioural changes shortly after the treatment. It does not change the behaviour of rats between 1 and 30 days after its administration.
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    Psychopharmacology 36 (1974), S. 323-335 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Rat ; Conditioned ; Aversion ; Space ; Saccharin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments were performed on Sprague-Dawley derived rats in which 3.0 mg/kg, i.p., injections of methamphetamine were paired with either, (1) a distinctive spatial enclosure, i.e., either a black or gray portion of a shuttle box with discriminably different flooring, (2) the enclosure plus 0.1% saccharin solution availability in the home cage, or (3) the enclosure plus 0.1% saccharin solution availability in that area. Following three drug pairings which alternated with saline injections paired with a different enclosure or enclosure plus H2O availability, a choice of either spatial (1), or spatial plus gustatory stimuli (2,3) which included the original CS's, were presented under non-drug, non-injection conditions. Control groups received saline injections each day under identical conditions. No aversion to the enclosed area, which had been paired with the drug was demonstrated under (1), gustatory (P=0.005) but not spatial aversion was in evidence in the second paradigm, and spatial (P=0.01) and gustatory (P〈0.01) aversion was exhibited in the last study. It was concluded that subsequent aversion to distinctive spatial enclosures following methamphetamine injections was not as strong an effect as similar aversions to gustatory stimuli. Furthermore, the effect only obtained to neutral and not to preferred spatial areas at the dose level tested and in the apparatus used in those studies.
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    Pflügers Archiv 351 (1974), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Uricase ; Urate ; Allantoin ; Liver ; Kidney ; Microperfusion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In vivo uricase activity was tested in rats by injection of 2-C14 urate and measurement of the total C14 activity and the fractional activities of allantoin, allantoic acid and urea in samples of blood and urine. In control animals, 5 min after the injection, 70% of the plasma tracer was already present in the form of allantoin. No allantoic acid and urea were produced. Intestinectomy had no measurable influence on uricase activity. On the other hand, hepatectomy or ligation of the hepatic artery combined with subtotal viscerectomy did abolish uricase activity almost completely. 2. Following microinjections into proximal tubules of Ringer solution containing 2-C14 urate, urine samples during early recovery mainly contained labelled urate, whereas in later samples the fraction of labelled allantoin increased. About 12 min after the microinjection the urine of both kidneys contained equal amounts of tracer mainly in the form of allantoin. 3. When segments of proximal tubules were perfused with an equilibrium solution containing tracer amounts of C 14 urate, no urate was metabolized during its passage through the proximal tubule. 4. C 14 urate was offered from the peritubular capillaries and samples of tubular fluid were analyzed, Again, all the tracer in the tubular fluid was in the form of urate, indicating that urate is not oxidized when it is transported across the tubular cell. It is concluded from these results that: 1. The rat kidney has no significant uricase activity. 2. Urate transport in the kidney is not influenced by this enzyme. 3. The degradation of urate to allantoin takes place at extrarenal sites, mainly in the liver.
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    Pflügers Archiv 350 (1974), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac Hypertrophy ; Diffusion Distance of Oxygen ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats born and staying their whole life at a simulated altitude of 3500 m a severe cardiac hypertrophy develops which is most pronounced in the right ventricle. On histological sections muscle fiber and capillary densities were counted and the surfaces occupied by muscle fibers and capillaries in the slides were estimated. Mean muscle fiber diameter and half mean distance between capillaries (diffusion distance) were obtained in the heart ventricles and were compared with those of control animals. In both ventricles an increase of the mean muscle fiber diameter occurred (true hypertrophy), being more pronounced in the right ventricle. We cannot tell whether also hyperplasia of muscle fibers occurred or not. The diffusion distance in the left ventricle of rats exposed to hypoxia was about the same as in control animals but was shorter in the right ventricle. This indicates that the total number of capillaries is higher in both ventricles of rats born in the low pressure chamber (hyperplasia of the capillaries). The shortening of the diffusion distance in the right ventricle of rats born and living their whole life at simulated high altitude was on the average smaller than that of rats exposed to simulated high altitude later in life. The physiological importance of this observation is discussed.
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    Pflügers Archiv 351 (1974), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Spike-Trains ; Correlogram/Periodogram ; Thermosensitivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stationary spike-trains of preoptic neurons of the rat were submitted to a correlation- and spectral-analysis at normal temperature and after central warming and cooling. Correlograms and periodograms were computed which enable the elimination of stochastic signal components and the identification of the relevant periodic components. About one half of the analysed neurons showed periodic correlograms. The following three classes may be distinguished: Neurons which showed correlograms with periodicities at each applied thermal state, at only one or two thermal states and those with no recognizable periodicities at all. Relations between periodicity and the thermosensitivity of the neurons are discussed.
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Locus ceruleus ; Cerulo-cortical tract ; Ascending reticular fiber ; Rat ; Fink-Heimer method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to demonstrate the ascending projection from the locus ceruleus by degeneration silver method, the nucleus was destroyed unilaterally in rats and the brains were stained by a modified Fink-Heimer method following various survival times. Additional experiments included the bilateral destruction of the locus ceruleus and the administration of 6-OH-DOPA. For the demonstration of degenerated terminals in the cerebral cortex it is essential to choose an optimal survival time of 4 or 5 days, keep the time of fixation below 1 week, and perform treatments with permanganate and with silver at 37°C. The trajectory and distribution of the cerulo-cortical tract as revealed by the silver degeneration methods is in agreement with the results of the histofluorescence method, with some minor differences. The ascending fibers run through Forel's tegmental fascicle, turn rostro-ventrally to the subthalamus, enter and cross the internal capsule, pass through the ventral part of the caudate-putamen and distribute to the entire cerebral cortex. The tract is mainly ipsilateral, though some fibers are crossing.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Alcohol, Ethyl ; Absorption ; Elimination ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; Hepatitis, Toxic ; Transaminases ; Glutamate Dehydrogenase ; Guinea Pig ; Rat ; Äthylalkohol ; Resorption ; Elimination ; Alkoholdehydrogenase ; Hepatotoxicität ; Transaminasen ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Meerschweinchen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die maximalen Blutalkoholkonzentrationen nach oraler Gabe von 6,4 g/kg Äthanol in Form einer 40%igen Lösung (v/v) betrugen bei nicht nüchternen Meerschweinchen 6,8±0,3 mg/ml, bei nicht nüchternen Ratten dagegen nur 2,1±0,2 mg/ml. An nüchternen Tieren führte eine orale Alkoholbelastung von 4,8 g/kg zu maximalen Blutalkoholspiegeln von 6,3±0,2 mg/ml bei den Meerschweinchen und 3,7±0,3 mg/ml bei den Ratten. Intravenös injizierter Alkohol (1 g/kg) wurde demgegenüber von beiden Species mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit eliminiert (275 mg/kg · Std), und die auf das Körpergewicht bezogene ADH-Aktivität der Leber war bei den Meerschweinchen um 20% größer als bei den Ratten. Die Resorption von Äthanol erfolgt somit bei Ratten erheblich langsamer als bei Meerschweinchen. Dies dürfte darauf beruhen, daß konzentrierte Alkohollösungen die Magenentleerung der Ratte stark verzögern. Niedriger konzentrierte Alkohollösungen werden von der Ratte schneller resorbiert; jedoch waren auch nach Gabe von 10%igem Alkohol die maximalen Blutalkoholspiegel bei Ratten noch um 36% niedriger als bei Meerschweinchen. Bei den Meerschweinchen waren nach oraler Gabe von 4,8 bzw. 6,4 g/kg Äthanol die Serumaktivitäten der GOT, GPT und GLDH erhöht; ein Anstieg der SGOT trat schon nach 1,6 g/kg Äthanol auf. Demgegenüber kam es bei Ratten nach 6,4 g pro kg Äthanol p.o. nur zu geringfügigen Aktivitätserhöhungen der Serumtransaminasen, während die Serumaktivität der GLDH unverändert blieb. Vacuolige Degeneration war das morphologische Substrat der durch Äthanol bei Meerschweinchen und Ratten ausgelösten Leberschädigung. Während diese Veränderung bei Meerschweinchen bereits nach einer Äthanoldosis von 1,6 g/kg auftrat, wurde sie bei Ratten erst nach 6,4 g/kg beobachtet. Schlußfolgerung: Das Meerschweinchen ist für Untersuchungen zur Toxicität von Äthanol besser geeignet als die Ratte.
    Notes: Abstract In fed guinea pigs, an oral dose of 6.4 g/kg of ethanol given as a 40% solution (v/v) produced a maximal blood alcohol level of 6.8±0.3 mg/ml, whereas in fed rats, blood alcohol levels after the same dose did not exceed 2.1±0.2 mg/ml. Maximal blood alcohol levels in fasted animals after an oral load of 4.8 g/kg of ethanol were 6.3±0.2 mg/ml in guinea pigs and 3.7±0.3 mg/ml for rats. However, i.v. injected ethanol (1 g/kg) was eliminated at the same rate in both species (275 mg per kg · h), and ADH activity of the liver related to body weight was by 20% greater in guinea pigs than in rats. Therefore, absorption of ethanol occurs at a much slower rate in rats than in guinea pigs. This is possibly due to the fact that high ethanol concentrations strongly delay emptying of the rat stomach. Lowering the ethanol concentration accelerates absorption rate in the rat. However, even after gavage of a 10% solution peak levels of blood alcohol were still lower by 36% in rats than in guinea pigs. In guinea pigs, increased serum activities of GOT, GPT, and GLDH occurred after an oral dose of 4.8 g/kg or 6.4 g/kg of ethanol, respectively. SGOT already increased after 1.6 g/kg of ethanol p.o. After 6.4 g/kg of ethanol given to rats serum transaminase levels increased only slightly, and GLDH activity not at all. Vacuolar degeneration was the morphological substrate of ethanol-induced liver damage in guinea pigs and rats. In guinea-pigs, it occurred already after 1.6 g/kg of ethanol, whereas in rats only after 6.4 g/kg. In conclusion, the guinea pig seems to be better suited for research on alcohol toxicity than the rat.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Diazepam ; Extinction ; Avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a one-way avoidance task with rats, injections of Librium (chlordiazepoxide) following avoidance acquisition resulted in prolonged resistance-to-extinction of the avoidance response. This effect occurred regardless of whether the rats had had prior experience with Librium or whether they were naive with respect to the drug. The same results were found with the same task when low doses of Valium were used. However, at a higher dosage an “extreme reaction” of either no responding or a high number of responses to extinction occurred in the naive animals. The Librium and Valium effects were compared to similar effects obtained using ethanol and hashish resin. These results indicate that the novelty hypothesis as originally stated by Amit and Baum cannot be supported because experience with the drugs prior to avoidance training did not attenuate the drug effect on avoidance.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LSD-25 ; UML ; 5-HT ; Brain ; Platelets ; Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Factorial analysis of rat cerebral 5-HT values observed following intraperitoneal LSD-25 and UML (1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide) showed that the highly significant decrease induced by both drugs was independent of dose and that the effect of both drugs was the same. Increased platelet 5-HT values were also obtained with each drug. These findings suggest that the psychotomimetic effect of LSD-25 is not due to changes in cerebral 5-HT, since a relationship can probably be postulated between such an effect in man and the effect of LSD-25 on conditioned behaviour in the rat. It is also felt that the fact that these drugs decrease and increase cerebral and platelet values respectively may be of assistance in the interpretation of data relating to platelet 5-HT patterns in man under psychiatric conditions and during treatment with psychotropic drugs.
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    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Brain Serotonin Turnover ; Tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats treated acutely and chronically with ethanol, brain serotonin (5-HT) turnover was determined by measuring in the same animals the rate of accumulation of 5-HT and the rate of decline of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the brain after administration of the MAO inhibitor pargyline-HCl. In the acute study, 5-HT turnover was not altered after a single 4 g/kg oral dose of ethanol. In two separate studies, it was shown that chronic administration of ethanol in the form of a liquid diet for 32 days also did not alter brain 5-HT turnover, even when the rats had developed a significant degree of tolerance to the motor-impairing effects of ethanol. These results suggest that tolerance to ethanol is unrelated to any change in brain 5-HT turnover.
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    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Urate ; Reabsorption ; Loop of Henle ; Micropuncture ; Microperfusion ; Microinjection ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reabsorption rates for urate in the loops of Henle were measured in superficial nephrons in the rat 1. under conditions of free flow, 2. using microperfusion and 3. by a microinjection technique. 1. Under conditions of free flow distally measured TF/PUA/TF/PIn-values varied between 0.51 and 0.38 in antidiuretic rats, depending on TF/PIn (UA = both uric acid and urate, In = inulin, TF/P = concentration in tubular fluid to plasma concentration). The corresponding values in samples from end-proximal tubules were 1.06 and in urine 0.19 (U/PUA/U/PIn). 2. In microperfusion experiments of Henle loops early distal recoveries of 2-C14 urate varied between 57 and 86%, depending on the flow rates (10–40 nl/min). 3. In microinjection experiments C14 recovery in urine was about 85% when tracer solution was microinjected into endproximal tubules. From these results we conclude: 1. The main site of urate reabsorption is located in the loops of Henle. 2. This reabsorption is highly dependent on flow rates. Increase of flow rate through Henle's loop decreases urate reabsorption.
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  • 87
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    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 121-133 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Urate ; Protein Interaction ; Uptake by Erythrocytes ; Renal Reabsorption ; Man ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interaction of urate with human and rat plasma was studied by a dialysis technique at different temperatures. At 4° C a certain fraction of urate is bound to proteins. However, this fraction diminishes with increasing temperature and at 37° C only some 7–8% (in man) and 2% (in rat) interact with proteins. The finding that urate is almost completely filtered in the glomerulus is discussed. In body areas exposed to low temperatures protein binding of urate may be of importance. Urate uptake by erythrocytes is characterized by two components: a fast component equilibrating almost immediately at about 7% in man and 17% in rat and a slow component reaching equilibrium after 60 min, at 28% and 36%, respectively. The process is described by a mathematical formula. Lowering of the temperature mainly diminishes uptake by the slow component withQ 10-values ranging between 1.5 and 4.0. In the observed range of concentrations the uptake process does not saturate. The results at lower pH-values suggest that it is unionized uric acid which is transported by the slow component. Application of the data to kidney medulla supports the hypothesis that erythrocytes and, probably, to a lesser extent plasma proteins serve as vehicles for urate reabsorption in the countercurrent system. Such a temporary interaction enables uric acid to escape recirculation and to leave the kidney medulla.
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  • 88
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    Psychopharmacology 39 (1974), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Fixed Interval ; Scopolamine ; Physostigmine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine if 2 drugs, scopolamine and physostigmine which have opposite effects on cholinergic transmission also produce opposite effects on fixed-interval (FI) performance. Scopolamine and a wide range of doses of physostigmine were administered singly and concurrently to a number of rats responding on a FI 2 min schedule. Scopolamine produced a disruption in FI curvature which could be antagonized by physostigmine, but physostigmine by itself produced no consistent change.
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  • 89
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    Psychopharmacology 40 (1974), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Social Behaviour ; Sex ; Novelty ; Photographs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of lithium chloride on the social behaviour of male and female rats were measured in unfamiliar and familiar test situations using a photographic technique. Lithium-treated females showed an increase in body contact and a decrease in social distances in comparison with saline-treated controls in both test conditions. Males administered lithium showed increased corner occupancies in the novel test setting while in the familiar test they showed decreased body contact and increased average group social distance in comparison with the saline condition. Further tests in an exploration box confirmed that lithium decreased the general environmental responsiveness of male rats. The results are discussed with reference to the anti-aggressive effect of lithium.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRF ; Hypothalamic localization ; Rat ; Ependyma ; Glia ; Light and electron microscopic Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis of the medial basal hypothalamus of rat brains incubated for 30 and 60 minutes in tritiated luteinizing releasing factor (3H-LRF) revealed selective uptake in the form of silver grains over specialized ependyma (tanycytes) and perivascular glial cells in the palisade-contact zone of the median eminence. The functional capacity of tanycytes and glia are discussed in light of these data.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 493-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Neurotransmitter ; Myenteric plexus ; Rat ; Histofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several recent studies suggested that serotonergic neuron-like elements are present in the guinea pig ileum. The present paper reports an extensive study of the digestive tract of the rat with the use of a histofluorescence technique. Administration of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan, associated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not allow histochemical demonstration of rapidly fading, yellow fluorescent, 6-hydroxydopamine-resistant neurons; conversely such neurons were readily detected in the brain. It is concluded that serotonergic neuron-like elements cannot be detected histochemically in the rat myenteric plexus area after chemical sympathectomy.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Adrenalectomy ; Renin and secretory granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion des juxtaglomerulären Apparates auf Adrenalektomie wurde untersucht. Im Stadium der Nebenniereninsuffizienz, sechs Tage nach der Operation, wurde quantitativ morphometrisch eine Abnahme der Volumendichte der Sekretgranula (von 32% auf 16%) festgestellt. Golgi-Apparat und Ergastoplasma proliferieren stark, wobei insbesondere die erweiterten Cisternen des Ergastoplasmas auffallen.
    Notes: Summary The response of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus to bilateral adrenalectomy was studied in rats. After the sixth postoperative day, symptoms of severe adrenal insufficiency had developed. In the Juxtaglomerular cells, the volume density of the secretory granules decreased from 32% to 16%. The Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum underwent considerable proliferation, the latter showing strikingly enlarged cisternae.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 525-536 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex differences ; Gonadal hormones ; Karyometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal glands of adult female rats are heavier than the glands of corresponding male rats. Postpubertal orchiectomy increases the adrenal weight, an effect restored by testosterone replacement. Under the same conditions ovariectomy of 8 weeks duration does not change the adrenal weight while estradiol replacement enhances the relative adrenal weight. Karyometric studies have shown that nuclei in the female zona fasciculata cells are larger (app. 18%) than those of the male. Similar but only slight differences (2%) were observed in the zona reticularis. Orchiectomy results in enlargement of cell nuclei within all zones of the adrenal cortex; testosterone replacement has the opposite effect. Ovariectomy of 8 weeks duration slightly enhances the volume of nuclei of the zona glomerulosa cells, has no effect on the nuclei of the zona fasciculata and reduces the volume of nuclei in the zona reticularis. Estradiol replacement reduces the volume of nuclei of the zona glomerulosa cells but increases nuclear volume in the zona fasciculata and in the zona reticularis. Thus testosterone has an inhibitory effect on the adrenal cortex of the rat while the physiologic effect of estradiol on the morphology of this gland, particularly on the zona fasciculata cells is rather dubious. The author wishes to thank Mrs. B. Westerska and Miss K. Siejak for excellent technical assistance.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 537-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex differences ; Gonadal hormone ; Stereologic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult female rats have heavier adrenals than males. Orchiectomy increases the adrenal weight, an effect reversed by testosterone. Neither ovariectomy nor estradiol replacement has an effect on absolute adrenal weight. The stereologic analysis of the volume fractions of particular adrenocortical zones have shown that the volume fraction of the zona glomerulosa in females is smaller as compared with males. On the contrary, the volume fractions of the fasciculata and reticularis zones are higher in female than in male rats. In both sexes gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement has an effect on the volume fractions of particular adrenocortical zones, these changes being more pronounced due to orchiectomy or testosterone replacement. The adrenal cortex of all experimental groups contains a similar quantity of parenchymal cells. The cytoplasm volume of a single adrenocortical cell is higher in all zones of the female adrenals as compared with the male. Orchiectomy increases the volume of the cytoplasm in fasciculata and reticularis cells. This effect was reversed by testosterone. Neither ovariectomy nor estradiol replacement has an effect on the volume of the cytoplasm in the fasciculata and reticularis cells. These studies have shown that sex differences with regards to rat adrenal size and weight depend upon the “physiologic atrophy” of the male adrenal cortex, while neither ovariectomy (8 weeks after operation) nor estradiol replacement has a conspicuous effect on the morphologic changes of this gland.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Hair ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palisade-shaped nerve endings of the small normal hairs of the rat snout were examined with the electron microscope (fixation by perfusion). The terminals are located inside the ‘glassy membrane’ in the area of the neck of the hair root. The 10–20 radially arranged terminal axons are in direct contact with the basement membrane of the epithelium of the external root sheath. The axons are surrounded on all sides by leaf-shaped processes of the Schwann cells. The surfaces of these cell processes are marked by numerous vesicle-like invaginations (approx. 1000 Å dia.). Transverse sections from several areas of the palisadeshaped nerve endings are compared with longitudinal sections. In the upper area ‘empty’ vesicles (approx. 500–600 Å in diameter) occur, along with electron-dense vesicles (approx. 800–1100 Å in diameter); in the middle area, the axons are distended and contain accumulations of mitochondria.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Bowman's capsule ; Experimental hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule was examined in the rat in control animals and in animals made hypertensive by treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetatesaline and by clipping of the renal artery. At an early stage of elevation of blood pressure and, occasionally, prior to elevation of blood pressure, the epithelial cells of this layer showed basal cytoplasmic protrusion and reduplication accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the basement membrane. These changes preceded evidence of glomerular or renal arteriolar pathology. They presumably reflect either a response of this layer to increased blood pressure and modified glomerular function, or a direct effect of the factors that also induces blood pressure elevation. In either case, they imply a greater functional significance for the parietal layer than has usually been attributed to it.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Cyproterone ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dorsal lobe and the coagulating gland of the rat prostate were studied after administration of the anti-androgenic compound Cyp A for varying periods (7–20 days). There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells were pale, contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi area, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of free ribosomes. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found, comprising different types of intranuclear inclusions of membranous configurations. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in castrated animals and are consistent with atrophy. The results are discussed in relation to the available biochemical and autoradiographic data on the different lobes.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosal mast cells ; Rat ; Compound 48/80 ; Degranulation, Release ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mast cells in the tongue and lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa, representing two cell types with different morphological, histochemical and functional properties have been studied under the electron microscope. Both cell types were found to contain similar moderately electron dense and homogeneous granules surrounded by a tight membrane constituting the basic ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells. The mucosal mast cells, however, contained fewer granules per cell and the individual granules often exhibited considerable variation in size. In addition the mucosal mast cells, unlike those of the tongue, peritoneum and skin, had a smooth plasma membrane lacking microvilli and possessed irregularly shaped or lobulated nuclei. In the tongue mast cells, administration of Compound 48/80 caused the formation of vacuoles around the granules, expulsion of granules from the cells and disintegration of the granular matrix, but no changes that could be attributed to 48/80 could be found in the mucosal mast cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 443-470 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes and T-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte findet die sexuelle Differenzierung der Gonade zwischen dem 14. und 15. Tag post conceptionem (p.c.) statt. Während dieser Zeit teilen sich die Oogonien und deren Parallelpopulation—die M-prospermatogonien (multiplying prospermatogonia) oder I-Gonocyten—sehr häufig. Um den 17. Tag p.c. tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien bzw. der M-prospermatogonien in die Mitose. Die Mitosen bilden häufig “synchronisierte Gruppen”. Die postmitotischen Kerne ihrer Tochterzellen—der Oocyten und der T 1 prospermatogonien (primary transitional prospermatogonia) oder II-Gonocyten—sind klein. Ihr Chromatin ist in Form gröberer Schollen der Kernmembran angelagert. Auf diese Weise kommt das typische “krustenförmige” Aussehen bzw. die Ähnlichkeit mit den Prophasen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien zustande. Die Oocyten durchlaufen zunächst die G1-phase (etwa 10 Std Dauer) und treten dann—am Ende des Präleptotänstadiums—in die S-phase. Dann passieren sie die verschiedenen Stadien der meiotischen Prophase und treten vom 3. Tag post partum (p.p.) ab in das Dictyotänstadium. Die T1-prospermatogonien hingegen befinden sich etwa 10 Tage lang in der G1-phase, ohne wesentliche morphologische Veränderungen aufzuweisen. Vom 4. Tag p.p. an durchlaufen sie die S-Phase. Die S-Phasen-Dauer (D-S) beider Zellarten beträgt 11.5 Std und wurde durch Doppelmarkierung mit 14C- und 3H-Thymidin bestimmt. Als am besten geeignete Termine für die Bestimmung der D-S erwiesen sich bei den Oocyten der 18. Tag p.c. und bei den T1-prospermatogonien der 5. Tag p.p. Zu diesen beiden Zeitpunkten war die Anzahl der in die S-phase ein-und austretenden Oocyten bzw. T1-prospermatogonien gleich, die Zellen in S-phase befanden sich im “steady state”. Das Kernvolumen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien ist etwa doppelt so groß wie das der postmitotischen Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien. Bis zum 5. Tage p.p. nimmt das Kernvolumen der Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien um etwa das Fünffache zu. Der Degenerationsindex der Oocyten liegt wesentlich höher als der der T1-prospermatogonien; er ist postnatal besonders hoch. Aus den T1-prospermatogonien gehen am 4. und 5. Tage p.p. durch Teilung die T 2-prospermatogonien (secondary transitional prospermatogonia) hervor. Die Kerne dieses Zelltyps sind etwas kleiner also die der T1-prospermatogonien. Die T2-prospermatogonien treten am 6. Tage p.p. in die Mitose; es entstehen die ersten A-spermatogonien.
    Notes: Summary In the rat (Wistar-WU) sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs between days 14 and 15 post conception (p.c.). At this time the oogonia and their parallel population — the M-prospermatogonia (I-gonocytes)—divide rapidly. On about day 17 p.c., the last generation of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia, frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis. The postmitotic nuclei of their daughter cells—oocytes and T 1-prospermatogonia (II-gonocytes)—are small; coarse flakes of chromatin are associated with the nuclear membrane causing the typical “crustlike” appearance and the similarity with the prophases of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. After the oocytes have passed a G1-phase of approximately 10 hr, they enter the S-phase at the end of the preleptotene stage. Then they pass the different stages of the meiotic prophase until they enter the dictyate stage from 3 day post partum (p.p.) onwards. The T1-prospermatogonia, on the other hand, spend a long G1-phase of about 10 days without any conspicuous morphological change before entering the S-phase from day 4 p.p. onwards. The duration of the S-pbase (D-S) of both cell types—oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia—as determined by the double labeling method with 14C- and 3H-thymidine is found to be 11.5 hr. The most favourable time for determining the D-S was day 18 p.c. for the oocytes and day 5 p.p. for the T1-prospermatogonia. On these two days the balance was reached between the cells entering and leaving the S-phase. The nuclear volumes of the postmitotic oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia are approximately half the size of those of their precursors. Until day 5 p.p. the nuclear volumes of the oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia increase about fivefold. The degeneration index of the oocytes is considerably higher than that of the T1-prospermatogonia; postnatally it is especially high. T 2 prospermatogonia arise by mitosis of the T1-prospermatogonia on day 4 and 5 p.p. The nuclei of this cell type are smaller than those of T1-prospermatogonia. T2-prospermatogonia enter mitosis on day 6 p.p and give rise to A-spermatogonia.
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte-resembling cells ; Habenular region ; Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Ontogenetic development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the pineal gland, the pineal stalk, and the lamina intercalaris contain 5-HT and are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres. These peripheral nerve fibres continue rostrally from the lamina intercalaris and run into the central nervous tissue of stria medullaris and the habenular nuclei. Pharmacological treatment to increase the cellular 5-HT content revealed that the sympathetic fibres are in close relation to yellow fluorescent cells embedded in the brain tissue. These yellow fluorescent cells develop very late in the ontogenetic development (three weeks or more postnatally) and are preceded by ingrowth of sympathetic fibres into the brain tissue. The results support the hypothesis that the cells found in the habenular region are of pinealocyte rather than neuronal nature, but it is possible that they differ in certain aspects from the cells of the pineal gland proper.
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