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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (175)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (175)
  • 1800-1809
  • Immunohistochemistry  (100)
  • Quality of life  (75)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (175)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Fecal incontinence ; Quality of life ; Health surveys ; Reproducibility of results ; Outcome assessment (health care)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This goal of this research was to develop and evaluate the psychometrics of a health-related quality of life scale developed to address issues related specifically to fecal incontinence, the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale. METHODS: The Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale is composed of a total of 29 items; these items form four scales: Lifestyle (10 items), Coping/Behavior (9 items), Depression/Self-Perception (7 items), and Embarrassment (3 items). RESULTS: Psychometric evaluation of these scales demonstrates that they are both reliable and valid. Each of the scales demonstrate stability over time (test/retest reliability) and have acceptable internal reliability (Cronbach alpha 〉0.70). Validity was assessed using discriminate and convergent techniques. Each of the four scales of the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale was capable of discriminating between patients with fecal incontinence and patients with other gastrointestinal problems. To evaluate convergent validity, the correlation of the scales in the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale with selected subscales in the SF-36 was analyzed. The scales in the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale demonstrated significant correlations with the subscales in the SF-36. CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric evaluation of the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale showed that this fecal incontinence-specific quality of life measure produces both reliable and valid measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Recurrent rectal cancer ; Cost-effectiveness analysis ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the quality of life and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic options for patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma, determined from the perspectives of patients and health care providers. METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients (N=68) with locally recurrent rectal carcinoma evaluated from 1992 through 1995. We constructed a decision-analytic model incorporating outcomes, survival, and costs. Utilities were elicited from convenience samples of health care providers and patients using the standard gamble technique. RESULTS: The median survival for patients undergoing surgical resection (n=40) was 42 months, compared with 16.8 months for patients undergoing diagnostic or palliative surgery (n=16) and 18.3 months for patients treated nonoperatively (n=12;P〈0.005). The mean cost of treatment per patient was $19,283 for the nonoperative group, $45,647 for the diagnostic or palliative surgery group, and $70,878 for the surgical resection group. The diagnostic or palliative surgical strategy was dominated by the nonoperative strategy because the former had greater costs with fewer health benefits. The incremental cost-utility ratio of surgical resection compared with nonoperative management using health care provider utilities was $109,777 per quality-adjusted life year gained; it was reduced to $56,698 using per quality-adjusted life year using mean patient utilities. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with recurrent rectal carcinoma view surgery and morbidity to be less severe than health care providers. Diagnostic or palliative surgery is expensive and affects quality-adjusted survival adversely compared with nonoperative therapy. Surgical resection may be a cost-effective use of resources, particularly when cost-effectiveness is calculated using patient preferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 326-332 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Laparoscopic surgery ; Aged ; Colorectal surgery ; Morbidity ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine rates of complications and extent of benefits for laparoscopic-assisted colectomy compared with open colectomy in patients older than age 75. METHODS: Forty-two patients undergoing laparoscopic-assisted colectomy (1992–1998) were matched to 42 open colectomy patients for gender, age, year of surgery, operating surgeon, and procedure. Health status (American Society of Anesthesiology score), previous abdominal surgery, conversion rate, surgical outcome, and need for assistance at admission and dismissal (independencevs. home with assistancevs. nursing facilities) were reviewed. RESULTS: Mean ages were 81.2 and 80.5 years for laparoscopic-assisted colectomy and open colectomy, respectively (P=not significant). Twenty-one laparoscopic-assisted colectomy and 23 open colectomy patients were females. American Society of Anesthesiology scores were comparable, as were rates of previous abdominal surgery (57 percent for laparoscopic-assisted colectomyvs. 62 percent for open colectomy;P=not significant). Mean operative times were longer for laparoscopic-assisted colectomy (190 minutes for laparoscopic-assisted colectomyvs. 142 minutes for open colectomy;P〈0.001); operating room times progressively decreased from 221 minutes in 1992 to 1995 to 147 in 1998 for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy (P〈0.001). The conversion rate for laparoscopic-assisted colectomy was 14.3 percent. There were no deaths in either group, and laparoscopic-assisted colectomy was associated with fewer morbidities (14.3 percent for laparoscopic-assisted colectomyvs. 33.3 percent for open colectomy;P=0.04), narcotic usage (2.7vs. 4.8 days;P〈0.001), time to return to bowel movements (3.9vs. 5.9 days;P〈0.001), and length of hospital stay (6.5vs. 10.2 days;P〈0.001). Independent status at admission in 37 laparoscopic-assisted colectomy and 38 open colectomy patients was maintained at discharge by 35 laparoscopic-assisted colectomyvs. 29 open colectomy patients (P=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy is safe and beneficial, including preservation of postoperative independence, to the elderly when compared with open colectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 396-401 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colorectal carcinoma ; Cathepsin D ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Although it has been suggested that cathepsin D, a lysosomal protease, is involved in tumor invasion and metastasis in human colorectal cancers, conflicting studies have also been reported recently. In addition, this issue has been only rarely studied in human colorectal tumors by use of immunohistochemical methods. The aim of the study presented here was to clarify not only the correlation between cathepsin D expression and tumor invasion or metastasis but also the correlation between the intracellular immunostaining pattern of cathepsin D and tumor invasion and metastasis in human colorectal tumors. METHODS: Thirty-four primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and 24 adenomas were immunostained by use of an anticathepsin D antibody. Both the incidence and the immunostaining patterns of cathepsin D were investigated in all tissue samples. RESULTS: Three different immunostaining patterns,i.e., supranuclear, basal, and diffuse, were observed in samples containing cathepsin D. Although the incidence of cathepsin D-positive carcinomas was not correlated with tumor progression, invasion, or metastasis, the immunostaining pattern was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that abnormal cathepsin D immunostaining patterns (basal or diffuse) can be used to predict a potential for lymphatic invasion in colorectal carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of surgical oncology 7 (2000), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Outcomes ; Surgical oncology ; Review ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: There have been significant developments and advances in the area of outcomes research in the past 25 years. Unfortunately, many surgical oncologists may not have a clear concept of outcomes research and the methodology involved. Methods: A literature-based review article was done that included an overview of outcomes research, and study design and types, outcome measures, outcome instruments, and sources of outcome data were examined. In addition, we reviewed small area variation(volume outcome analysis as well as quality-of-life studies and their applications in surgical oncology clinical investigation. Specific examples from surgical oncology were identified. Results: As the costs of health care have increased, so has the emphasis on measuring outcomes of medical and surgical care to determine the quality and appropriateness of care. Marked variations in a variety of outcomes after oncological procedures have been attributed to individual surgeon and institution characteristics. Because much of the clinical surgical oncology literature deals only with the traditional mortality and morbidity outcomes, a more comprehensive examination of patient outcomes is required to fully evaluate the impact of patient management decisions. Health-related quality of life can be measured and analyzed in several ways and decisions regarding the use of such methodology are dependent on multiple factors. Conclusions: Surgical oncologists should recognize that the true value of their interventions requires systematic and comprehensive examination of patient outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; Quality of life ; Mental health ; Surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to examine whether type of surgery, age, and time since surgery influenced psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) in women treated for breast cancer. Methods: We surveyed 183 women who had undergone surgery for breast cancer. Psychological distress was measured with the Mental Health Inventory and QOL was measured with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire. Results: After controlling for stage of disease, radiation treatment, and age, there was a statistically significant interaction between type of surgery and time since surgery for the Mental Health Inventory total score, and a marginal interaction between type of surgery and time since surgery for the Global health status/QOL score. Women who had breast conservation surgery experienced significantly greater levels of psychological distress and marginally worse QOL from 40 months after surgery onward than did women who received a mastectomy. Conclusions: The effects of different surgical treatments for breast cancer on psychological distress and QOL become apparent only after a period of several years. Women, therefore, need counseling on the potentially positive and negative psychological implications of different surgical treatments for breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 1497-1502 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Ulcerative colitis ; Quality of life ; Pelvic pouch ; Dysplasia ; Cancer ; Colitis-associated neoplasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Despite high patient satisfaction with a pelvic pouch, patients experience some bowel dysfunction. Patients whose indication for surgery is neoplasia may have near-normal preoperative bowel function. We hypothesized that these patients would be less accepting of a poorer functional status after surgery, reflected in a poorer measure of quality of life. METHOD: Sixteen patients who had dysplasia or cancer as the primary indication for surgery were compared with a matched control group whose indication for surgery was failed medical therapy. Quality of life was assessed using one disease-specific instrument, the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, two generic quality-of-life instruments, the Sickness Impact Profile and the Short Form 36, and two utility assessments. RESULTS: The groups were well matched with no significant differences in functional outcome. Quality-of-life scores were high in both groups and there were no significant differences in overall quality of life between the two groups using all five instruments. There was evidence of a response shift phenomenon in the failed medical therapy control group. CONCLUSION: Quality of life of patients who have a pelvic pouch for colitis-associated neoplasia is excellent and the same as that of patients who have a pouch for failure of medical therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Rectal cancer ; Sphincter preservation ; Functional outcome ; Quality of life ; Intraoperative radiation therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancers treated with external beam radiation therapy, intraoperative radiation therapy, and chemotherapy represent a complex group of patients in the setting of extensive pelvic surgery and sphincter preservation. We sought to define functional outcome and quality of life in this subset of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancer patients who underwent intraoperative radiation therapy with either low anterior resection (n=12) or coloanal anastomosis (n=6) between 1991 and 1998. Current functional outcome and quality of life were evaluated by a detailed questionnaire. RESULTS: Median time from operation to assessment was 24 (range, 6–93) months. Using a standardized Sphincter Function Scale, incorporating the number of bowel movements per day and degree of incontinence, patients were graded as poor, fair, good, or excellent function. Of all patients, 56 percent reported unfavorable (poor or fair) function. Of the subset of patients with coloanal anastomosis or very low low anterior resection, 88 percent had unfavorable function as compared with 30 percent with standard low anterior resection. (P=0.02; Fisher's exact probability test). A quality-of-life satisfaction score based on social, professional, and recreational restrictions demonstrated 56 percent of patients to be dissatisfied with their bowel function. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with advanced rectal cancers who require external beam radiation therapy, extensive pelvic surgery, and intraoperative radiation therapy report unfavorable functional and quality-of-life outcomes after sphincter preservation. In this setting patients being considered for coloanal anastomosis or very low anterior resection may be better served by permanent diversion.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 1206-1212 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Fistula-in-ano ; Recurrence ; Incontinence ; Quality of life ; Lifestyle ; Satisfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The surgical treatment of fistula-in-ano frequently results in recurrence of the fistula or postoperative anal incontinence. Despite these problems, most patients are satisfied with the results of their surgery. To clarify this apparent discrepancy, we attempted to identify factors that affect patient's lifestyles and may contribute to their satisfaction. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 624 patients surgically treated for cryptoglandular fistula-in-ano at the University of Minnesota during a five-year period. Three hundred seventy-five patients returned their questionnaires. Patients who were followed up for a minimum of one year were included in this retrospective study. Associations between postoperative complications and patient satisfaction were identified by chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression. Attributable fractions for patient dissatisfaction were calculated using study population dissatisfaction rates. RESULTS: Patient satisfaction was strongly associated with fistula recurrence, difficulty holding gas, soiling of undergarment, and accidental bowel movements. Effects of incontinence on patient quality of life were also significantly associated with patient satisfaction as was the number of lifestyle activities affected by incontinence. Patients with fistula recurrence reported a higher dissatisfaction rate (61 percent) than did patients with anal incontinence (24 percent), but the attributable fraction of dissatisfaction for incontinence (84 percent) was greater than that for fistula recurrence (33 percent). Patient satisfaction was not significantly associated with age, gender, history of previous fistula surgery, type of fistula, surgical procedure, time since surgery, or operating surgeon. CONCLUSION: Patient satisfaction after surgical treatment for fistula-in-ano is associated with recurrence of the fistula, the development of anal incontinence, and with the effects of anal incontinence on patient lifestyle. In our series of patients treated mainly with laying open of the fistula tract, patients with fistula recurrence had a higher dissatisfaction rate than did patients with anal incontinence. However, because anal incontinence was more prevalent than fistula recurrence, a higher fraction of dissatisfaction was attributable to anal incontinence.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Quality of life ; Cystectomy ; Urinary diversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: In this study, we used a previously well-validated survey to assess the impact of different forms of urinary diversion on overall quality of life in patients with bladder cancer. Methods: A total of 92 patients, having three different forms of urinary diversion after radical cystectomy, completed by mail the SF-36, a validated quality-of-life survey. All patients had local(regional disease at the time of cystectomy and are currently without evidence of disease. Completed surveys were then analyzed into physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component quality-of-life scores per published protocols. Results were then compared with published age-based norms. Results: A total of 38 men who had cystectomy and ileal neobladder had a mean PCS (6SD) of 48.4 (7.8) and a mean MCS of 51.0 (7.4); 16 men and women who had cystectomy and Indiana Pouch had a mean PCS of 48.4 (8.9) and a mean MCS of 55.7 (3.8). None of these results is statistically different from published age- and sex-based population norms. Thirty-eight men who had cystectomy and ileal conduit had a mean PCS of 41.4 (8.5) and a mean MCS of 48.2 (10.7). The PCS is not statistically different from the population-based norm; however, the MCS is significantly decreased from the published norm (P 5.01). Conclusions: Patients with ileal conduits have significantly decreased mental health quality of life whereas patients with continent urinary diversions do not. Therefore, when not medically contraindicated, patients should be offered a continent diversion as the diversion of choice after cystectomy.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Melanoma ; Sentinel node analysis ; Tyrosinase RT-PCR ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of serial sectioning is considered the gold standard for detection of melanoma activity in sentinel node (SN) biopsies. However, this is cost and labor intensive. In contrast, tyrosinase reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is simple and quick, but it is hampered by its extreme sensitivity. This study was performed to test whether a strategy that combines the two methods, using tyrosinase RT-PCR to preselect nodes for IHC, could be accurate and cost effective. Methods: In 36 patients, SNs were identified by scintigraphy and patent blue uptake. Of each SN, one cross section was analyzed first by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Next, all nodes were examined by serial sectioning and IHC of one-half and tyrosinase RT-PCR of the other. Before comparison, all results were documented in a blinded manner. Material costs and workload estimates were noted per SN. Results: Fifty-five SNs were retrieved from the 36 patients. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the first cross section revealed tumor positivity in 3 patients (6 SN). Tyrosinase RT-PCR was positive in 11 of the remaining 33 patients (19 of 49 SN). Of these same 11 patients, only 5 were shown to have tumor-positive SNs by using IHC on serial sections (7 SN). All these nodes had been positive for tyrosinase on PCR. For IHC, an average of 40 sections were prepared and examined per SN at a cost of $200(U.S.)/SN. In contrast, routine tyrosinase RT-PCR costs $37(U.S.)/SN, and takes 5% of the time necessary for IHC. A strategy including hematoxylin and eosin staining on the first cross section, followed by tyrosinase RT-PCR on half of each negative (half) node, could preselect nodes to be taken through serial sectioning. In these series, such a strategy would have prevented serial sectioning and IHC of 30 SN from 22 patients. Apart from a considerable gain in efficiency, this would have reduced material costs by a minimum of $6000 (U.S.). This iscrepancy would be even higher if work intensity of analysts and pathologists were considered. Conclusions: In routine analysis of SN biopsies in melanoma patients, tyrosinase RT-PCR can be used effectively to preselect nodes for further IHC of serial sections. This method seems both time and cost effective.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 650-655 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Loop ileostomy ; Loop colostomy ; Quality of life ; Stoma complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The hypothesis is that the impact of a temporary stoma on a patient's daily life is determined by complications and related stoma care problems. METHOD: A prospective clinical trial was performed, studying complications and social well-being of 37 patients with loop ileostomy and 39 patients with a loop colostomy (randomly assigned comparison). Patients were categorized according to degree of social restriction. The association between the degree of social restriction and the presence of stoma care problems and complications was assessed. Follow-up was scheduled every three months until the stoma was closed (94 percent). RESULTS: There is no relation between stoma type (ileostomy or colostomy) and degree of social restriction (chi-squared test,P=0.42). The more stoma care problems or complications seen, the higher the degree of social restriction: significantly more stoma care problems were seen in the completely isolated group of patients when compared with the patients who were less socially restricted (Spearman correlation coefficient 1=0.35,P=0.003). Especially stoma leakage, peristomal skin irritation, dietary prescriptions, retraction, and prolapse of the stoma have significant impact on the patient's daily life. CONCLUSION: Stoma surgery has a great influence on a patient's daily life. There is a clear relation between the number of stoma care problems and the degree of social restriction. Follow-up of stoma patients under close surveillance of stoma care nurse to minimize stoma care problems and a careful surgical technique are advocated for good stoma care.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1436-3305
    Keywords: Key words Mucosal gastric cancer ; Micrometastasis ; Cytokeratin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Endoscopic mucosal resection is frequently used in the treatment of mucosal gastric cancer. Micrometastasis in the lymph nodes of mucosal gastric cancer remains unclear. Methods. We examined 2526 lymph nodes from 84 patients with mucosal gastric cancer. Two consecutive sections were prepared, for simultaneous staining with hematoxylin and eosin and immunostaining with CAM 5.2 monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin (CK), respectively. A clinicopathological comparison was made between patients with and without lymph node involvement. Results. Lymph node involvement was detected in 45 of 2526 (1.8%) lymph nodes. The incidence of nodal involvement was significantly increased, from 1.2% (1/84 patients) with hematoxylin and eosin staining, to 19% (16/84 patients) with CK immunostaining. Although no significant difference was found, micrometastasis to lymph nodes was more frequently detected in tumors larger than 1.0 cm (15/72 patients, 21%) than in those less than or equal to 1.0 cm (1/12 patients; 8%, P = 0.307). However, discrete CK-positive cancer cells or clusters of CK-positive cancer cells were detected only in tumors larger than 2 cm. Conclusion. Because mucosal gastric cancer of more than 1.0 cm in superficial diameter may indicate a risk of micrometastasis to lymph nodes, endoscopic mucosal resection is not recommended for these patients.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 113 (2000), S. 268-271 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Surfactant-associated protein A ; Immunohistochemistry ; Asphyxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the usefulness of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) as a practical diagnostic marker of fatal mechanical asphyxia in forensic autopsy cases. ¶A total of 27 cases of asphyxia were examined histologically and immunohistochemically and compared with a control group consisting of 16 cases of poisoning (n = 9) and peracute death (n = 7). Both groups showed histological findings of local atelectasis and local emphysema, congestion, intra-alveolar and interstitial edema in most cases and pulmonary hemorrhages in some cases. The mechanical asphyxia group showed a significantly increased intensity of SP-A staining in the intra-alveolar space accompanied by many massive aggregates in approximately 60% of cases, which was not found in the control group. These structures may be interpreted as aggregates of pulmonary surfactant released from the alveolar wall due to enhanced secretion caused by strong forced breathing or over-excitement of the autonomic nervous system by mechanical asphyxia. The results of our investigation suggest the practical usefulness of the immunohistochemical detection of SP-A in distinguishing mechanical asphyxia from other types of hypoxia.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 113 (2000), S. 288-292 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Brain injury ; Cortical contusion ; Vascular ¶reaction ; Immunohistochemistry ; Wound age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract In a total of 104 individuals who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI), the time-dependent vascular response was investigated at the injured cortical area during the first 30 weeks after the trauma. The immunohistochemical staining of the cerebral blood vessels was performed with antibodies against laminin, type IV collagen, tenascin, thrombomodulin and factor VIII associated antigen. Compared to the immunoreactivity in unaltered control tissue, a significantly increased vascular expression could be detected in cortical contusions after a postinfliction interval of at least 3 h for factor VIII, after 1.6 days for tenascin or after 6.8 days for thrombomodulin, whereas the immunostaining for laminin and type IV collagen was regularly positive even in the vascular endothelium of uninjured brain tissue.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1436-3305
    Keywords: Key words Gastric cancer ; Beta-catenin ; E-cadherin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background. Beta-catenin plays two distinct roles, in intercellular adhesion by E-cadherin, and in transcriptional activation via TCF/LEF. Theoretically, the former role is tumor-suppressive, while the latter is oncogenic. We investigated the involvement of beta-catenin in the histogenesis and clinical outcome of gastric cancers. Methods. The expression pattern of beta-catenin was evaluated in stomach and lymph nodes from 82 patients with gastric cancer by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Its association with E-cadherin expression and clinicopathological factors, including histological type and postoperative survival, was examined. Results. Beta-catenin expression was classified into two patterns, normal (23.2%; 19 patients) and disordered (76.8%; 63 patients), the latter being subclassified as overexpressed (7.3%; 6 patients) and reduced (69.5%; 57 patients). A disordered beta-catenin expression pattern was significantly correlated with diffuse type adenocarcinoma and deep tumor infiltration (P = 0.0154), but was not associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.7877). E-cadherin was always expressed at the cell membrane, and disordered beta-catenin expression was significantly associated with reduced E-cadherin expression (P 〈 0.0001). On univariate analysis, the beta-catenin pattern, as well as depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis, was associated with postoperative prognosis; however, only lymph node metastasis was an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. Interestingly, different disordered patterns of beta-catenin expression, both overexpressed and reduced, were associated with E-cadherin reduction and poorer postoperative survival. Conclusion. Although disordered patterns of beta-catenin expression varied in gastric cancers, they were consistently associated with cancer progression.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Oral cancer ; pN upgrading ; Immunohistochemistry ; Micrometastasis ; Semiserial sectioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) does not define the number of sections required from each regional lymph node to record pTNM classification. This study was designed to clarify the incidence of occult metastasis and to assess the pN upgrading of patients with oral cancer. Ultimately, this study led to a proposal for appropriate semiserial sectioning guidelines. Five hundred fifty-four nonmetastatic cervical lymph nodes taken from 73 patients with oral cancer were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and keratin immunohistochemistry. Micrometastases, defined as foci ≤3 mm, were detected in 29 sites of 23 lymph nodes (4.2%) of 16 patients (21.9%). In 9 patients (12.3%) pN upgrading was needed: in 6 from pN0 to pN1, in 1 from pN0 to pN2b, and in 2 from pN1 to pN2b. The remaining 13 lymph nodes with occult metastasis were found in 5 pN2b and 2 pN2c patients, resulting in no pN upgrading. Occult metastasis was also detected in 6 small lymph nodes ≤5 mm in diameter. The average minor axis of the micrometastasis was 1.36±0.85 mm. We propose that the lymph nodes should be cut and examined at 1-mm intervals to detect micrometastatic foci and to evaluate the pN classification accurately.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Small round cell tumors ; Ewing’s sarcoma ; Translocation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Differential diagnosis ; RT-PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It is now widely accepted that the EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcript is associated with tumors of the Ewing family. To test whether it is possible to detect the fusion transcript by means of combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology and immunohistochemistry, we investigated tumors of the Ewing family using in situ reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. We were able to demonstrate the t(11;22) fusion transcript in five of six cases of Ewing’s sarcoma and four of four peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. These results were confirmed using fluorescence in situ hybridization in seven tumor samples. In situ RT-PCR-labeled fusion transcripts were found in virtually all tumor cells within a given sample, indicating that each cell possessed the t(11;22) transcript. We conclude from these results that in situ RT-PCR can be used for the rapid detection of EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcripts in biopsy material. The findings also suggest that all cells of the tumors of the Ewing family carry the EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcript.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor ; Pituitary gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Colocalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is a well-known regulator of gonadotroph function, has recently been considered to be a paracrine factor involved in the control of somatotroph, lactotroph, and corticotroph cells. GnRH action is initiated by binding to a specific cell surface receptor, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), which is expressed by follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (FSH/LH) cells. Using in situ hybridization techniques, GnRHR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) has recently been detected in normal human anterior pituitary gland and in various pituitary adenomas, including FSH/LH-cell, growth hormone (GH)-cell, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-cell, and null-cell adenomas. However, immunohistochemical studies indicating the specific cell distribution of GnRHR in normal pituitary cells have never been reported. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of GnRHR in different types of normal pituitary cells and related tumors. Using double-label immunohistochemical techniques on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues and specific antibodies directed against pituitary hormones and GnRHR, we found GnRHR immunoreactivity not only in FSH/LH cells, but also in GH- and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cells. GnRHR was detected in FSH/LH-cell, GH-cell, mixed GH- and prolactin (PRL)-cell, and α-subunit (α-SU)/null-cell adenomas. The findings of this study suggest that the interaction between GnRH and GnRHR may play a role in paracrine/autocrine regulation of different types of normal pituitary cells and pituitary adenomas.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords CD99 antigen ; Neuroendocrine tumours ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell-to-cell adhesion ; Proliferative activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although considered a specific marker for Ewing’s sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumour, the MIC2 gene product (CD99) has been immunolocalised in a variety of human tumours. The present study evaluated immunohistochemically the prevalence of CD99 expression in a series of 68 neuroendocrine tumours of different gastrointestinal and pulmonary sites. We now report on membrane and/or granular cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in 25% of these tumours, independent of their anatomical sites. In lung neuroendocrine tumours, CD99 was preferentially confined to typical carcinoids (P=0.009). A statistically significant relationship was observed between the number of CD99 positive cells but not the immunostaining patterns and the presence of local invasion and/or distant metastases (P〈0.001). Moreover, there was a tendency for CD99-reactive tumours to show a reduced proliferative activity expressed by a Ki67 index of 2% (P=0.119). The number of CD99 immunoreactive cells or patterns of immunoreactivity did not correlate with the presence of associated clinical syndrome or particular hormonal immunostaining. Although the molecular basis underlying CD99 expression in neuroendocrine tumours is still poorly understood, our data suggest that CD99 may be involved in cell-to-cell adhesion of neuroendocrine tumour cells and in downregulation of their proliferative activity.
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  • 21
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    Virchows Archiv 437 (2000), S. 445-449 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Solitary fibrous tumour ; Adrenal gland ; Pregnancy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT), first described as a pleural lesion, has been reported in several extrathoracic sites over the past 10 years. We describe a SFT of the left adrenal gland incidentally discovered in a 23-year-old, 22-week pregnant woman and characterised by a rapid growth during the third trimester of pregnancy. Elevated serum and urinary levels of cortisol and elevated blood levels of delta 4 androstendione and 17-OH progesterone were observed. After spontaneous delivery, the patient underwent laparoscopic resectioning of the mass and of the left adrenal gland from which the tumour was apparently originating. The kidney was not involved, and no other abdominal tumours were found. Histological and immunohistochemical features were typical of SFT of pleura and other locations. Only one case of adrenal SFT is on record, and the adrenal gland is to be added to the long list of extrathoracic locations of SFT. The association with pregnancy was a previously unrecognised event in SFT. The focal expression of progesterone receptors in the tumour cells may be related to pregnancy. This observation prompted an analysis of steroid hormone receptors in SFT of classical sites (pleura). Two of five cases had focal progesterone receptors too, a finding which deserves further investigations in a much larger series of SFTs.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; ALK1 ; T-cell lymphoma ; Splenic rupture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In a 22-year-old male with a 10-day history of fever, painful swelling in the left groin, and abdominal complaints, emergency surgery was performed because of spontaneous splenic rupture. At histology, a cellular infiltrate of intermediate-sized atypical lymphocytes was seen in the splenic white pulp, staining for T-cell markers. In addition, CD30 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase 1 (ALK) were diffusely positive, thus, representing a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), T-cell, ALK-positive, small cell monomorphic variant. ALK-positive ALCL patients generally bear a much better prognosis than patients with T-cell lymphomas, unspecified, or ALK-negative ALCL. Therefore, besides the very unusual clinical presentation, this case highlights the importance of immunostaining for CD30 and ALK in all T-cell lymphomas. This report is the first extensive description of ALK-positive ALCL involvement of the spleen.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Keywords: Key words Dopamine receptors ; Pial arteries ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prejunctional receptors ; Post-junctional receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of dopamine D1-D5 receptor protein was investigated in different sized dog pial arteries. This was done to further understand the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular dopaminergic system in migraine. The study was performed in sections of dog brain including the pia-arachnoid membrane, which were processed for indirect immunohistochemistry using antibodies raised against dopamine D1-D5 receptor protein. A faint dopamine D1 receptor protein immunoreactivity was observed in smooth muscle of the tunica media of different sized pial arteries. Dopamine D2 receptor protein immunoreactivity was located in the adventitia and adventitia-media border of pial arteries. In the same area tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve fibers were found. No dopamine D3 receptor immunoreactivity was detectable in dog pial arteries. A faint dopamine D4 receptor protein immunoreactivity was observed in dog pial arteries, with a localization similar to that of D2 receptor protein. A moderate dopamine D5 receptor protein immunostaining was observed in smooth muscle of the tunica media. These findings indicate that dog pial arteries express dopamine D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2 and D4) receptor subtypes and display, respectively, a muscular (post-junctional) and probably prejunctional localization. These results, the first analysis of dopamine D1-D5 receptor subtype distribution in the cerebrovascular tree, suggest that dopamine is involved in the regulation of cerebral circulation. These finding may help evaluate the role of cerebrovascular dopaminergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of migraine.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids ; Basal ganglia ; Dopamine ; Nitric oxide ; Excitatory amino acids ; Organotypic culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems of the rat have been re-constructed using the organotypic culture model, whereby neonatal brain tissue is grown in vitro for approximately one month. The nigrostriatal cultures consisted of tissue from the substantia nigra, dorsal striatum and frontoparietal cortex; while the mesolimbic cultures included the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum and cingulate cortex. The cultures were grown at 35°C in normal atmosphere, using a tube-roller device placed in a cell incubator and changing the medium every 3–4 days. The in vitro development was evaluated with an inverted microscope equipped with a variable relief contrast function. Samples were taken directly from the medium in the culture tube and analysed for several amino acids with HPLC. After a month the cultures were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. High levels of glutamate and aspartate were observed every time the medium was changed, but the levels rapidly decreased reaching a steady state after approximately 24 h. A decrease in the levels was also observed along development, reaching stable values (∼2 μM and ∼0.12 μM for glutamate and aspartate, respectively) at approximately two weeks, but only when the cultures showed an apparently healthy development. The levels were approximately 10 times higher in deteriorating or apparently damaged cultures. Glutamine levels were in the mM range and remained stable along the entire experiment. No differences were observed among nigrostriatal and mesolimbic cultures. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the impressions obtained from microscopic and biochemical analysis along the in vitro development, revealing apparently healthy neuronal systems with characteristics similar to those observed in vivo, when tyrosine hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase, markers for dopamine and nitric oxide containing neurons, respectively, were analysed. In the substantia nigra, nitric oxide synthase-positive networks surrounded tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, while in the striatum nitric oxide synthase dendrites were surrounded by tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve terminals, suggesting a reciprocal interaction among dopamine and nitric oxide containing neurons. Thus, the organotypic model appears to capture many of the neurochemical and morphological features seen in vivo, providing a valuable model for studying in detail the neurocircuitries of the brain.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids ; Spinal cord injury ; Heme oxygenase ; Heat shock protein ; Carbon monoxide ; Growth factors ; BDNF ; IGF-1 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell injury ; Spinal cord edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The influence of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on spinal cord trauma induced carbon monoxide (CO) production and cellular stress response was examined using immunostaining of the constitutive isoform of the hemeoxygenase (HO-2) enzyme and the heat shock protein (HSP 72 kD) expression in a rat model. Subjection of rats to a 5 h spinal trauma inflicted by an incision into the right dorsal horn at T10–11 segment markedly upregulated the HO-2 and HSP expression in the adjacent spinal cord segments (T9 and T12). Pretreatment with BDNF or IGF-1 significantly attenuated the trauma induced HSP expression. The upregulation of HO-2 was also considerably reduced. These results show that BDNF and IGF-1 attenuate cellular stress response and production of CO following spinal cord injury which seems to be the key factors in neurotrophins induced neuroprotection.
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  • 26
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    Ethik in der Medizin 12 (2000), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 1437-1618
    Keywords: Key words: Motion pictures ; Medical ethics ; Physician-patient relationship ; Truth disclosure ; Informed consent ; Third-party consent ; Quality of life ; Euthanasia ; Terminally ill ; Schlüsselwörter: Film ; Medizinethik ; Arzt-Patient Beziehung ; Aufklärung ; Wahrheit sagen ; informed consent ; Lebensqualität ; Sterbehilfe ; Heilversuche
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Filme erzählen Geschichten. Spannungsvoll sind dabei vor allem jene Szenen, in denen Menschen vor Entscheidungskonflikte gestellt werden. Medizinethische Konflikte tauchen dabei nicht nur in Arztserien oder Krankheitsdarstellungen auf, sondern häufig in Genres, in denen diese Thematik kaum vermutet wird: Komödien, Western, Liebesfilmen, Gangster- und Kriminalfilmen. Indem Filme derartige Konflikte inszenieren und Lösungen bieten, greifen sie auf moralische Werthaltungen zurück und sind zugleich Seismographen für die gesellschaftliche Relevanz medizinethischer Themenfelder. Allerdings können im Film ethische Prinzipien der Entscheidungsfindung der Dramaturgie der Handlung zum Opfer fallen. Eine Analyse der dargestellten Konfliktsituationen ähnelt einer medizinethischen Fallbesprechung und stellt eine hilfreiche Ergänzung für die Vermittlung analytischer und kommunikativer Kompetenzen dar.
    Notes: Abstract. Movies tell stories. Thrilling are especially those situations, when people have to make ethical decisions. Issues of medical ethics crop up not only in hospital series, but often in genres where this subject is hardly to be supposed: comedies, westerns, love stories and gangster movies. Enacting these conflicts means offering a solution, and in doing so films refer to moral values and – at the same time – function as seismographs for the social relevance of bioethical topics. But it is possible that ethical principles of good decision-making fall victims to the drama of the story. Analysis of the portrayed conflict is similar to a case discussion in bioethics and represents a helpful adjunct to the procurement of analytical and communicative competences.
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  • 27
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    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Cell differentiation ; Cell proliferation ; Collagen ; Fetal development ; Fibronectin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratin ; Laminin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  At gestational day 16 the epithelium of the rat stomach consists of a stratified layer of undifferentiated cells, and two days later glandular structures appear. The present study was carried out to identify extracellular matrix proteins that could be involved in the epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation processes that occur in the fetal rat stomach during this period. For comparative purposes the expression of the same components in the adult gastric mucosa was examined. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine to label proliferating cells. One, 3.5, or 6 h post-injection the stomachs were excised and immediately frozen. The specimens were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or for 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine, cytokeratin no. 8, H,K-ATPase, and the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, laminin, and collagens type I and IV. A stratified layer of proliferating cells was observed in the epithelium of the fetal stomachs, while in adult stomachs proliferating cells were detected in the isthmus/neck region of the glands. Cytokeratin, an epithelial cell marker, was sparse at gestational day 16 but abundant both at gestational day 18 and in the isthmus/neck region of gastric glands of the adult stomach. The parietal cell marker H,K-ATPase could not be detected in the fetal stomachs during this period. Fibronectin was observed in the stroma of both fetal and adult stomachs. Collagen type I could only be detected in the stroma close to the oesophagus at gestational day 16. Two days later, collagen type I was abundant in the lamina propria, the submucosa and in the serosa of the fetal stomachs. In adult tissue collagen type I was detected in the surface epithelium, the submucosa and in the serosa of the stomach. Collagen type IV and laminin were expressed in the lamina propria, the basement membranes around blood vessels, muscle cells, and nerve bundles, as well as in the serosa of both 16- and 18-day-old fetal and adult rat stomachs. In conclusion, a high cell proliferation rate was observed in the epithelium at both gestational days 16 and 18. The increased expression of cytokeratin observed during this period indicates that the epithelial character of the embryonic cells becomes more distinct, while the remarkable change in the expression of collagen type I might reflect an important role of collagen type I in the development of the gastric epithelium.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Intramembranous ossification ; Immunohistochemistry ; Muscle fiber type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies using parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) null mutant mice have indicated severe abnormalities in the endochondral ossification, suggesting that PTHrP affects chondrocyte differentiation. In this study, we found in newborn PTHrP-deficient mice some deformities in the mandible that is formed via intramembranous ossification. The mandibular ramus was bent downwards and a prominent bone crest to which the deep layer of masseter muscle was tendinously attached was observed in the mandibular body. Transmission electron microscopic studies showed that active bone formation was progressing along the tendon fibers of the masseter muscle. The examination of 3-D reconstruction models indicated that the mandibular ramus was bent at the site of muscle attachment, which was shifted in the direction of the muscle fibers. Muscle fiber type analysis using myosin ATPase staining showed that the masseter muscle in the newborn PTHrP-deficient mice contained numerous type 2B fibers, demonstrating premature maturation of this muscle. Based on these findings, we speculated that premature maturation of the masseter muscle leads, probably due to increased tensile forces, to accelerated bone crest formation and subsequent bending of the mandibular ramus. These results further suggest that PTHrP is involved in the regulation of muscle development in normal animals.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Monoclonal antibody ; A33 ; Gastric cancer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tumor targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Murine monoclonal antibody A33 (mA33) was developed by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and by the New York Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. It is an immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a antibody that detects a protease- and neuraminidase-resistant, periodate-sensitive epitope. Serological analysis of the antigen showed that it is expressed in a few colorectal cancer cell lines and a pancreatic cancer cell line, but is basically not reactive with other types of cell line. Normal fibroblasts and normal kidney cell lines reacted negatively to mA33. Immunohistochemical study of normal tissues identified the large and small intestinal mucosa as the principal site of A33 expression. Tests in tumor samples demonstrated that only tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are consistently A33 positive. A33 is found in 95% of primary and metastatic colorectal cancers, with uniform expression throughout the tumors in most cases. A33 is also detected in 63% of gastric cancers, with uniform expression in 45% of cases. Eighty-three percent of intestinal-type gastric cancers were positive for A33, and about 50% of the diffuse-type and mucinous cancers were mA33 positive. A33 was expressed in 50% of the pancreatic cancers but with marked heterogeneity. Other epithelial cancers, sarcomas, neuroectodermal tumors, and lymphoid neoplasms were generally A33 negative. A33 is the first example of a constitutively expressed, organ-specific epithelial membrane antigen permitting highly specific tumor targeting in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Encouraged by the success of the biodistribution and imaging characteristic studies performed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center by the New York Branch of the Ludwig Institute in colorectal cancers, a new clinical study of humanized monoclonal antibody huA33 against A33 antigen-positive gastric cancers has been initiated in Japan.
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  • 30
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 667-670 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Chondrosarcoma ; Heat shock protein ; Differentiation ; Diagnosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chondroma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Heat shock proteins (hsp) are involved in tumor immunity, and a correlation with survival, occurrence of metastases, and drug resistance has been reported. It was the aim of this study to investigate the expression of heat shock proteins in chondrosarcomas and chondromas. Methods: Hsp expression was investigated immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded sections of 37 consecutive patients (24 male and 13 female, mean age 48 years) with chondrosarcoma and of ten patients (six male, four female, mean age 36 years) with chondroma. Results: Chondromas showed a positive staining for hsp27 in 100%, for hsp60 in 30%, for hsp72 in 80%, for hsp73 in 80%, and for hsp90 in 90%. In chondrosarcoma a decreased expression was found for hsp27 (62% positive, P 〈 0.05) and hsp72 (43% positive, P 〈 0.05), whereas no significant difference to chondromas was detected in the expression of hsp60 (49% positive), hsp73 and hsp90 (73% and 81% positive, respectively). In addition, hsp72 expression showed a correlation with differentiation of the tumors (P 〈 0.05); the lowest hsp72 expression was found in G3 chondrosarcomas (only 13% positive). No correlation with respect to differentiation was found for the expression of the other hsps. Conclusions: This study shows a different expression of hsps in chondrosarcomas and chondromas. Together with the correlation of hsp72 expression with low differentiation, this finding could lead to new experimental and diagnostic strategies.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Nasenrachenkarzinom ; Epstein-Barr-Virus ; Immunhistologie ; Polymerasekettenreaktion ; Keywords ; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ; Epstein-Barr virus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We report the case of a 36-year-old women who was found to have a malignant tumor extending from the side of her right nasal cavity to the nasopharynx. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were not able to define the primary site of the tumor. Histologic evaluation demonstrated an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the different treatment concepts for carcinomas of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, we tried to identify the primary site by diagnosing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, which is associated with carcinoma of the nasopharynx. By using immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction EBV could be identified in the cells of the carcinoma. This showed that the primary site of the tumor was located in the nasopharynx and resulted in the patient being treated with simultaneous radiochemotherapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine 36 Jahre alte Patientin stellte sich mit einem ausgedehnten Tumor der rechten Nasenhöhle und des rechten Nasenrachens vor. Die histologische Untersuchung ergab ein undifferenziertes Plattenepithelkarzinom. Sowohl mit Hilfe der computertomographischen, als auch der kernspintomographischen Befunde, war keine eindeutige Bestimmung der Primärtumorregion möglich. Anhand der bekannten Assoziation zwischen Karzinomen des Nasenrachens und Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) wurde versucht, die Primärlokalisation des Tumors zu klären. Immunhistologisch und durch „polymerase chain reaction” war es möglich, eine EBV-Infektion im Tumor nachzuweisen. Die Primärlokalisation des Tumors wurde damit dem Nasenrachen zugeordnet und die entsprechende Therapie für diese Lokalisation in Form einer simultanen Radiochemotherapie eingeleitet.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Keywords: Inguinal hernia ; Plug-and-patch repair ; Results ; Quality of life ; Geriatric ; Elderly. ; Schlüsselwörter: Leistenhernie ; Plug-und-Patch-Reparation ; Ergebnisse ; Lebensqualität ; geriatrisch ; älter.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie wurden die perioperativen Ergebnisse der Plug-und-Patch-Reparation bei Patienten ≥ 65 Jahre untersucht und zusätzlich bei 34 konsekutiven Patienten die Lebensqualität vor und 3 Monate postoperativ standardisisiert mit Hilfe der Short Form (SF) 36 – einem validierten Lebensqualitätsbogen – erhoben. Von August 1994 bis Februar 1999 wurden 147 Patienten mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 73 ± 5 Jahren (65–92 Jahre) in der Plug-und-Patch-Technik zumeist in Lokalanaesthesie (LA: n = 124; 84 %, ITN: n = 23; 16 %) operiert. Die präoperativen Risikofaktoren waren vor allem Alkoholkonsum, Hypertonus, Diabetes mellitus, coronare Herzerkrankung, Nikotinkonsum, cerebrale Erkrankungen, Hyperlipidämie und pulmonale Erkrankungen. Nach anaesthesiologischer Einschätzung bestand in der Mehrzahl ein Stadium ASA II (ASA I: n = 14; 9 %, ASA II: n = 82; 56 %, ASA III: n = 51; 35 %). Die durchschnittliche Operationszeit betrug 41 ± 17 Min. (26–73). Intraoperative Komplikationen traten nicht auf, postoperative Komplikationen bestanden vor allem in oberflächlichen Wundhämatomen (n = 6; 3,7 %), und -infektionen (n = 1; 0,6 %), Seromen (n = 7; 3,8 %), Harnverhalt (n = 3; 1,8 %) sowie ilioinguinalem Schmerzsyndrom (n = 3; 1,8 %). Der postoperative Schmerzmittelbedarf betrug 4,9 ± 1,8 g Novalgin®über durchschnittlich 4 ± 3 Tage. Die Dauer des postoperativen Klinikaufenthaltes lag bei 2 ± 1 Tagen, die Einschränkung alltäglicher Verrichtungen bei 6 ± 3 Tagen. Bei der klinischen Nachuntersuchung ergab sich in allen Fällen ein regelrechter Befund ohne Hinweis auf ein Rezidiv oder Spätkomplikationen. Bei der Lebensqualität zeigte sich 3 Monate postoperativ eine signifikante Verbesserung (p 〈 0,05) in den Dimensionen: physische Funktion, Schmerz, Vitalität und soziale Funktion im Vergleich zu den präoperativen Werten. Tendentiell günstiger aber nicht signifikant waren postoperativ die Dimensionen Rolleneinschränkung sowie psychische und globale Gesundheit.
    Notes: Abstract. In a prospective study the perioperative results of plug-and-patch repair were investigated in patients ≥ 65 years, and quality of life was assessed using the SF36 preoperatively and 3 months after the procedure in 34 consecutive patients. From August 1994 to February 1999 147 patients with a mean age of 73 ± 5 years (65–92 years) were operated on using the plug-and-patch technique, mostly under local anesthesia (LA: n = 124, 84 %, ITN: n = 23, 16 %). Preoperative risk factors were alcohol consumption, hypertonus, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, smoking, cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidaemia and pulmonary disease. Most of the patients were ASA II (ASA I: n = 14, 9 %, ASA II: n = 82, 56 %, ASA III: n = 51, 35 %). No intraoperative complications occurred, postoperative complications consisted of superficial wound hematoma (n = 6, 3.7 %) and infection (n = 1, 0.6 %), seroma (n = 7, 3.8 %), urinary retention (n = 3, 1.8 %) and ilioguinal pain syndrome (n = 3, 3.8 %). The total amount of postoperative analgesic consumption was 4.9 ± 1.8 g Novalgin for about 4 ± 3 days. The duration of postoperative hospitalization was 2 ± 1 days and limitation of daily activities 6 ± 3 days. Clinical examinations after 3 months revealed no recurrence or late complications. Investigation of quality of life showed a significant improvement in the SF36 domains of physical activity, pain, vitality, and social functioning after the operation. No significant change was observed for physical, emotional, and global health.
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  • 33
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    Der Chirurg 71 (2000), S. 1132-1137 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Polytrauma ; Lebensqualität ; demographische Prädikatoren ; therapieabhängige Prädikatoren. ; Keywords: Multiple trauma ; Quality of life ; Demographic factors ; Injury related factors.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. This study investigated multiple trauma patients, who were injured between 1991 and 1995 and treated in our department. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of quality of life after multiple trauma. From a total of 186 patients 173 (93 %) were examined. The patients were asked to rate their quality of life according to the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and to a visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS and the NHP isolated the age of the patients, the duration of artificial respiration, and the duration of rehabilitation as the predictors for a reduced overall quality of life. These results show that quality of life after multiple trauma not only depends on the severity of injury but also on demographic and psychosocial factors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Ziel dieser Studie war es, Prädikatoren zu identifizieren, die die erreichbare Lebensqualität polytraumatisierter Patienten nach Abschluß ihrer klinischen und rehabilitativen Therapie determinieren. Es wurden 173 Patienten nachuntersucht, die in den Jahren 1991–1995 ein Polytrauma per definitionem erlitten hatten. Die posttraumatische Lebensqualität der Patienten wurde mit den international etablierten Meßinstrumenten Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) und einer visuellen Analogskala (VAS) bewertet. Über die VAS und den NHP ließen sich global das Alter der Patienten zum Zeitpunkt der Polytraumatisierung, die Beatmungsdauer und die Rehabilitationsdauer als hochsignifikante Determinanten der posttraumatischen Lebensqualität differenzieren. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die erreichbare Lebensqualität nach Polytrauma nicht nur von der Schwere der Verletzungen, sondern auch von vorbestehenden, therapeutisch nicht zu beeinflussenden demographischen und psychosozialen Daten abhängig ist.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Morbus Parkinson ; Neuropsychologie ; Psychologische Tests ; Lebensqualität ; Keywords Parkinson's disease ; Neuropsychology ; Psychological tests ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In addition to the motor symptoms of Morbus Parkinson, a number of cognitive and emotional changes take place. The diagnosis of these concomitant symptoms has received increasing attention in research and clinical practice. Global rating scales offer economical advantages but generally do not satisfy the requirements of psychometric criteria, and they do not suffice in light of the multidimensional symptoms of the disease. Based on recent research results, recommendations from the CAPSIT protocol (Core Assessment Program for Surgical Interventional Therapies) for diagnosis of neurosurgically treated Parkinson's patients, and the restraints of everyday clinical work, we propose a standardized neuropsychological diagnostic routine. It includes diagnostic methods that are in use internationally and so timesaving and easily accessible that they can be considered suitable for routine diagnostics. Data comparison among various treatment centers can thus take place more easily. We have included only methods that differentiate well and whose test criteria offer a basis for thorough consultation as well as planning and evaluation of multidimensional therapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neben den motorischen Symptomen treten beim Morbus Parkinson eine Reihe kognitiver und emotionaler Veränderungen auf. Die Diagnostik dieser Begleitsymptome hat in den letzten Jahren nicht nur im Bereich der Forschung, sondern auch in der klinischen Praxis zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Globale Ratingskalen genügen trotz ihrer ökonomischen Vorteile in der Regel nicht den Anforderungen psychometrischer Testgütekriterien und werden der Multidimensionalität der Erkrankung nicht gerecht. Basierend auf dem aktuellen Stand der Forschung, den Empfehlungen des CAPSIT-Protokolls zur Diagnostik neurochirurgisch behandelter Parkinsonpatienten sowie den Erfordernissen der klinischen Praxis wird eine Testbatterie zur standardisierten neuropsychologischen Routinediagnostik vorgeschlagen. Sie umfasst diagnostische Verfahren, die zeitökonomisch, gut zugänglich und international verbreitet sind, um in der Routinediagnostik eingesetzt werden zu können und den Austausch zwischen verschiedenen Zentren zu vereinfachen. Es wurden nur Verfahren berücksichtigt, deren Differenziertheit und Testgüte Grundlage für eine fundierte Beratung sein können sowie solche, die für die Planung und Evaluation einer multidimensionalen Therapie geeignet sind.
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  • 35
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    Der Urologe 39 (2000), S. 527-529 
    ISSN: 1433-0563
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Interstitielle Zystitis ; Epidemiologie ; Inzidenz ; Prävalenz ; Lebensqualität ; Keywords Interstitial cystitis ; Epidemiology ; Incidence ; Prevalence ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Available data on the epidemiology of interstitial cystitis (IC) are heterogeneous. Its prevalence ranges between 16 and 510 females/100,000 inhabitants and the incidence at 1.2–2.6/100,000 females with a mean age of 42–52 years. The disease tends to affect women (female:male ratio 9–10:1) and Caucasians (〉90%). The quality of life of patients suffering from IC is reduced to a significant degree in almost every aspect (work, social events, leisure activities). Financial expenses (medical as well as economical) associated with the disease are considerable. There is an enormous need to promote IC education and research in order to support affected patients effectively in the future.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegenden Daten zur Epidemiologie der interstitiellen Zystitis sind sehr heterogen. Die Prävalenz beträgt 16–510 Frauen/100.000 Einwohner, die Inzidenz liegt zwischen 1,2–2,6 /100.000 Frauen mit einem mittleren Alter bei Diagnosestellung von 42–52 Jahren. Die Geschlechterverteilung bevorzugt das weibliche im Verhältnis zum männlichen Geschlecht (9–10 Frauen/1 Mann) mit einer ethnischen Bevorzugung der Kaukasier (〉90%). Die Lebensqualität der betroffenen Patienten ist in fast allen Lebensbereichen (Arbeit, Soziales, Freizeit) signifikant eingeschränkt. Die Kosten (sowohl medizinisch als auch volkswirtschaftlich) sind erheblich. Es besteht ein enormer Weiterbildungs- und Forschungsbedarf, um durch einen besseren Kenntnisstand den Patient(inn)en mit IC wirkungsvoll helfen zu können.
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  • 36
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    Der Orthopäde 29 (2000), S. 987-993 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Behinderungen ; Integration von Behinderten ; Lebensqualität ; Gesellschaftliche Einstellungen ; Sport ; Paralympiade ; Keywords Disabilities ; Integration of disabled persons ; Quality of life ; Social attitudes ; Sports ; Paralympics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract It is important to reflect back on the enormous changes that have taken place in society over the past century that have affected the quality of life of disabled persons and societal attitudes towards disability. Although great progress has been made, these people remain marginalized and disadvantaged, and despite all the efforts of volunteers, professionals, and governments, we cannot categorically state that they are fully socially integrated. The term disability continues to carry an enormous stigma, and therefore it is important to examine the concept of social integration and the issues around it as they affect disabled persons and the role of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) movement in achieving this end.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Ablauf des letzten Jahrhunderts ist es wichtig auf die enormen gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen zurückzublicken und darauf, wie dieser Wandel die gesellschaftlichen Einstellungen gegenüber Behinderungen und die Lebensqualität von Behinderten verändert hat. Obwohl große Fortschritte gemacht wurden sind Behinderte immer noch eine benachteiligte Randgruppe; trotz aller Anstrengungen von Freiwilligen, Fachpersonal und Regierungen kann man noch nicht behaupten, dass sie voll gesellschaftlich integriert sind. Der Begriff “Behinderung” beinhaltet weiterhin ein großes Stigma. Deshalb ist es wichtig, das Konzept und die verschiedenen Aspekte der sozialen Intergration von Behinderten zu prüfen und die Rolle des Internationalen Paralympischen Kommittees (IPC) zur Verwirklichung dieser Ziele darzustellen.
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  • 37
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    Der Unfallchirurg 103 (2000), S. 371-374 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Knieendoprothese ; Lebensqualitätsgewinn ; Key words Knee endoprosthesis ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract From a group of 41 consecutive patients receiving an endoprosthetic knee replacement 35 patients underwent complete pre- and postoperative documentation of life quality in the short term follow-up. The comparison of pre- and postoperative life quality assessment with the SF-36 form showed significant differences on the 5% level for the categories “somatic pain” and “psychological wellness”. The parameter “somatic functionality” showed with a P-value of 0.0616 almost significant improvement. The other parameters also showed improved values without reaching statistical significance. In summary, after implantation of a total knee replacement an improvement of life quality can be documented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus einem Gesamtkollektiv von 41 nacheinander operierten Patienten konnten bei 35 Daten hinsichtlich der allgemeinen Lebensqualität im kurzfristigen Verlauf dokumentiert werden. Bei der Untersuchung der prä und post-operativen Lebensqualität mit Hilfe des SF-36-Scores zeigten sich auf dem 5-%-Niveau eine signifikante Verbesserung in den Kategorien “Körperliche Schmerzen” und “psychisches Wohlbefinden”. Mit einem P-Wert von p = 0,0616 kann eine fast signifikante Verbesserung in der körperlichen Funktionsfähigkeit konstatiert werden. Weitere 5 untersuchte Unterpunkte zeigten keine signifikante Verbesserung, jedoch bessere Werte bei den errechneten Mittelwerten. Zusammenfassend ist festzustellen, daß die Implantation einer Knieendoprothese zu einem deutlichen Gewinn in der Lebensqualität des kranken Menschen führt.
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  • 38
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    International journal of legal medicine 113 (2000), S. 70-75 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Brain injury ; Cortical contusion ; GFAP ¶expression ; Immunohistochemistry ; Wound age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The course of GFAP expression by astrocytes has been immunohistochemically investigated during the first 30 weeks after human brain injury. In order to provide reliable data for a forensic wound age estimation, a quantitative morphometric analysis was performed considering the different topographic regions of the cortex as well as of the white matter. Compared to the GFAP immunoreactivity in unaltered control tissue, significantly increased numbers of GFAP positive astroglial cells could be detected adjacent to the cortical contusion from 1 day up to 4 weeks after brain injury.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Ganglion cells ; Hippocampus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mean optical density (MOD) ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the topography of morphine distribution in the human brain, a method has been developed to detect morphine immunohistochemically. In this study hippocampus tissue from victims of heroin overdose (blood morphine concentrations 220 ng/g–1500 ng/g; 6-MAM positive urine sample), known for its high concentration of μ-opiate receptors was used. The immunohistochemical staining was performed with an anti-morphine antiserum originally developed for radio-immuno-assays. In comparison with control specimens from cases of sudden death without morphine exposition or a history of heroin abuse, the brains from victims of heroin overdose showed selectively stained ganglion cells, axons and dendrites, suggesting a massive concentration of morphine in the neuronal structures.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ; Ischemia reperfusion injury ; Heart ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is considered to be activated by stress, but the role of the MAPK family is still unknown in cardiac pathology. In the present study, not only the localization of MAPKs such as the extracellular responsive kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK (p38), but also ultrastructural changes were investigated in the ischemia-reperfusion model of Wistar rats. At 5, 10, 30, 60, and 180 min reperfusion after 30 min ischemia by occluding the coronary artery, the expression of these MAPKs was increased in blood vessels and cardiomyocytes by Western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. In addition, after ischemia reperfusion, various ultrastructural changes such as decreased glycogen granules, mitochondrial swelling, and myolysis were observed in the blood vessels and cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that protein kinases may regulate numerous biological processes, including the regulation of contraction and ion transport.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words Gastric carcinoma ; Isolated hepatic recurrence ; Arterial infusion therapy ; Low-dose CDDP and continuous 5-FU ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Patients with metachronous liver metastasis after curative resection of gastric carcinoma generally have a poor prognosis, even when recurrence is confined to the liver. We report a patient in whom hepatic arterial infusion therapy with bolus low-dose cisplatin (CDDP) and continuous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was effective against large metastases confined to the liver. An 83-year-old man was admitted with huge liver metastases from gastric carcinoma. Intra-arterial bolus injection of low-dose CDDP (5 mg) and continuous intra-arterial infusion of 5-FU (250 mg/day for 7 days) was started. After four courses of this arterial infusion therapy, computed tomography scans revealed shrinkage of the liver metastases. He was followed-up as an outpatient and continued to receive the arterial infusion therapy once every 4 weeks. Throughout the course of the chemotherapy, a partial response of the liver metastases was maintained. The patient had an improved quality of life after starting the chemotherapy, and he survived for 16 months from the commencement of the therapy. Arterial infusion therapy with bolus low-dose CDDP and continuous 5-FU may be recommended for patients with isolated hepatic recurrence of gastric carcinoma.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Gonadotroph adenoma ; FSH ; Childhood ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Female gonadotroph adenomas with endocrinological symptoms are uncommon. Six cases of such adenomas have been reported in the literature: two were girls who presented with precocious puberty and four were premenopausal women with accompanying multiple ovarian cysts. We describe here a 10-year-old Japanese girl with a gonadotroph macroadenoma and present detailed morphological findings of the tumor. The patient's chief complaints were nausea, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral multiple ovarian cysts. Endocrinological assays showed elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (33.7 mIU/ml) and estradiol (3840 pg/ml). MRI of the head showed a large pituitary tumor. Two transsphenoidal operations and subsequent radiation therapy were performed. Immunohistochemically, more than half the tumor cells were positive for anti-FSH-β monoclonal antibody. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells exhibited a fairly uniform picture of rounded cells. Their nuclei were slightly irregular and contained heterochromatin, and their cytoplasm contained many round, dense core granules, measuring 140–260 nm in diameter, together with well-developed organelles. An in vitro study showed that the tumor cells in primary culture produced FSH (1089.0 mIU/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of an FSH-secreting gonadotroph adenoma occurring in childhood.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Minimal change nephrotic syndrome ; α-Smooth muscle actin ; Vimentin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) occasionally show frequent relapses with proteinuria after cessation of steroid treatment, even though no significant pathological abnormalities are found in the glomeruli, compared with those in nonrelapsed and good-prognosis cases of MCNS. To resolve this contradiction, we immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally examined a biopsied renal tissue of a patient who showed glomerular features of MCNS and frequent clinical relapses. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and vimentin in glomerular mesangial cells despite no mesangial cell proliferation, compared with nine nonrelapsed cases of MCNS. These facts may be an important clue to the investigation of the pathogenesis of steroid-dependent MCNS with frequent relapses. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination of ASMA and vimentin may be useful to detect mesangial myofibroblastic transformation that is not demonstrated in conventional light microscopy and immunofluorescence study.
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  • 44
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 282-284 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Desmin ; Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent reports indicate that extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton plasmalemmal elements are altered in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Desmin is a cytoskeletal protein that is important for the organization and function of muscular fibers. It has been found to be increased in the smooth muscle in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and in skeletal muscle in some forms of myopathies as well as in unexplained hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of desmin in IHPS. Full-thickness muscle-biopsy specimens were obtained from 8 IHPS patients (age range 23 to 41 days) at pyloromyotomy, from 8 age-matched controls without evidence of gastrointestinal (GI) disease at autopsy, and from 2 stillborns who died at 27 and 30 weeks of gestation without evidence of GI disease. Indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with anti-desmin and visualized by development with 3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Pyloric muscle in IHPS demonstrated strong desmin immunoreactivity. The expression of desmin was also strong in the muscular layers of fetal pylorus. In the age-matched controls absent or weak desmin immunoreactivity was seen in the pyloric muscle layer. The increased amount of desmin in hypertrophied pyloric muscle in IHPS may result in inco-ordination of contraction and relaxation of the pylorus, thus causing motility dysfunction. The similar pattern of desmin expression in IHPS and fetal pylorus suggests that the organization of intermediate filaments in IHPS is in a fetal stage of development.
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  • 45
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study systematically investigated the expression and distribution of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II in the rat. About 150 native tissue probes from eight adult Lewis rats were taken, representative for most organs, tissues, and the vascular system. MHC expression was analyzed by two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated against the non-polymorphic determinants of rat MHC class I (Ox-18) and class II (Ox-6). Immunoreactivities were compared to those of different endothelial (HIS52, TLD-3A12, Ox-43, REHA-1 antigen), histiocytic (ED1, ED2), B-cell (RLN-9D3), and T-cell (MRC Ox-52) markers. A nonspecific mAb (MR12/53) served as a negative control. Pretested concentrations on various tissues and the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique allowed semiquantitative evaluation of serial cryostat tissue sections. MHC class I expression was detected on most immunocompetent cells. Endothelial cells were stained heterogeneously along the vascular system and the organ-specific microcirculation. Furthermore, some organs showed staining of parenchymal cells. MHC class II was found on all immunocompetent cells positive for the B-cell marker and about 15% of cells positive for the histiocytic markers. Besides the well-known expression of MHC class II in the outer zone of the renal proximal tubule, further organ-specific cell forms were found positive. In conclusion, the present study outlines tissue-specific distribution of MHC I/II and implies that each organ carries a variable immunologic burden that needs to be considered for any transplantation model.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key wordsα-Smooth muscle actin ; Transforming growth factor-β1 ; Bile ductule ; Bile duct ligation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the early in vivo response of hepatic stellate cells in biliary fibrosis, we examined rat livers during the first 7 days after bile duct ligation using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy. At day 1 after bile duct ligation, α-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts appeared and then increased in number around the proliferating bile ductules. With time, the destruction of the external limiting plate became accentuated because of the invasion of the proliferating bile ductules and periductural fibrosis. At day 7, stromal cells containing fat droplets appeared in the fibrous tissue adjacent to the periportal parenchyma; these are termed denuded hepatic stellate cells. In the fibrous tissue disconnected from the liver parenchyma, the denuded hepatic stellate cells were replaced by myofibroblast-like cells. Meanwhile, the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 on biliary epithelial cells increased. These results indicate the dual origin of myofibroblasts in experimental biliary fibrosis, the periductural and periductal fibroblasts in the initial stage, and the denuded hepatic stellate cells in the subsequent stage. These two types of stromal cells may undergo myofibroblastic transformation by the transforming growth factor-β1 secreted by the proliferating biliary epithelial cells.
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  • 47
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    International journal of clinical oncology 5 (2000), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words P-glycoprotein ; Osteosarcoma ; Soft-tissue sarcoma ; Prognosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; RT-PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between P-glycoprotein status and outcome in adult patients with high-grade osteosarcomas and soft-tissue sarcomas. Methods. P-glycoprotein status was determined im-munohistochemically in specimens from 28 patients with osteosarcoma and 34 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. The polyclonal antibody mdr(Ab-1) was used for either decalcified or undecalcified tissue samples which were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. The expression of P-glycoprotein mRNA was also determined by the polymerase chain reaction in 23 fresh sarcoma specimens. P-glycoprotein status was analyzed in relation to the duration of event-free survival. Results. Positivity for P-glycoprotein was found in 29% of the osteosarcomas and 34% of the soft-tissue sarcomas. Consistent results were obtained at both the immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) levels in 19 of 23 sarcomas (83%). In patients with osteosarcoma, the presence of increased levels of P-glycoprotein was significantly associated with a decreased probability of event-free survival after diagnosis (P = 0.022). In contrast, in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma there was no correlation between the level of P-glycoprotein and prognosis. Conclusions. In patients with high-grade osteosarcomas, the presence of increased levels of P-glycoprotein detected by polyclonal antibody mdr(Ab-1) was associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse events. This association was not found in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Short-bowel syndrome ; Intestinal adaptation ; Sugar absorption test ; Gut hormones ; Electrophysiology ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Short bowel syndrome is the malabsorptive state that often follows extensive resection of the small intestine. Long-term survival without parenteral nutrition depends on the process of intestinal adaptation, through which the remaining small bowel gradually increases its absorptive capacity. The process of intestinal adaptation is almost exclusively luminal nutrient dependent. To date the clinical management of short bowel patients is mostly based on a “trial and error” regimen because human data and randomised trials using trophic substances are lacking due to the small number of patients annually present in pediatric surgical centres. We evaluate here the currently available as well as some more recently developed methods of measuring intestinal absorption and adaptation in short bowel patients. New techniques such as measurements of (1) intestinal permeability and carbohydrate absorption using the sugar absorption test, (2) gastrointestinal hormone production of gastrin, cholecystokinin and peptide YY, (3) transmural potential difference of the gastrointestinal tract using electrophysiology and (4) mucosal enzyme expression of lactase and sucrase-isomaltase using immunohistochemistry were evaluated. These new techniques are promising in monitoring the process of adaptation of the remaining intestine and evaluating the effect of therapeutic interventions in patients with short bowel syndrome.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Giant rice body ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: To report four cases of rice bodies (RBs) showing remarkable size variations and discuss their pathogenesis. Design and patients: Based on analysis of the clinical data, we speculate on the pathogenesis of RBs using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. The patients comprised three men and one woman, three with RBs in the subacromial bursae and one in the wrist synovial sheath, aged 28 (woman), 44, 50 and 81 (wrist) years, respectively. Results: There were no particular differences in clinical data among the patients. T2-weighted MR imaging was very useful for diagnosis of the RBs, allowing their clear delineation from the bursal fluid. The RBs consisted of a layered protein- aceous substance with vague targetoid cut surfaces. Much fibrin and a lesser amount of collagen fibers were recognized together with various mononuclear cells, which were few in number and predominantly T cells. The bursae and synovial sheath had multiple fibrinoid spheroids at the luminal surface. Conclusion: Fibrinoid nodular deposits probably became detached, forming the nuclei of RBs and growing to a giant RB 65 mm in diameter.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Unusual lung tumors ; Papillary adenoma ; Surfactant proteins ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Peripheral papillary adenomas of the lung are uncommon neoplasms (only ten cases have been described so far in the English literature) composed predominantly of type-II pneumocytes and generally considered benign. We describe here two additional cases of this lung tumor. In both cases histological examination revealed an encapsulated papillary neoplasm with invasion of the capsule and, in one case, invasion of the adjacent alveoli and visceral pleura too. The proliferative index (Ki67) was less than 2% and the epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratins, surfactant apoproteins (SP), and nuclear thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells showed the characteristic surface microvilli and cytoplasmic lamellar inclusions of type-II cells. Review of the literature has revealed two other cases of peripheral papillary adenoma of type-II pneumocytes with infiltrative features. Thus, we propose replacing the term peripheral papillary adenoma with peripheral papillary tumor of undetermined malignant potential.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Adenocarcinoma cell ; Mesothelial cells ; Effusions ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The detection of malignant cells in serous effusions obtained from patients diagnosed with cancer marks the presence of metastatic disease and is associated with a poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of CD44s and CD44v isoforms in the distinction between mesothelial cells and malignant epithelial cells in effusions. Fifty-nine fresh pleural and peritoneal effusions were studied. These consisted of 41 specimens from patients with known gynecological neoplasms, 9 from patients diagnosed with breast adenocarcinoma, and 9 effusions from patients with various nongynecological malignancies or tumors of unknown origin. Forty-three effusions contained malignant/atypical epithelial cells, and 16 effusions were diagnosed as reactive. Three effusions contained exclusively malignant cells. Specimens were stained with anti-CD44s, v3, v5, v6, v7 and v3-10. The presence of staining in cancer cells, benign mesothelial cells and lymphocytes was evaluated. CD44s immunoreactivity was seen in 10 of 43 (23%) cases in malignant/atypical epithelial cells and in 53 of 56 (94%) cases in benign cells. In contrast, CD44v3-10 was seen in 23 of 43 (55%) cases in malignant/atypical epithelial cells and in 3 of 56 (6%) cases in benign cells. We advocate the use of CD44s and CD44v3-10 immunostaining in diagnostic evaluation of difficult serous effusions.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words PE-35 ; CD1a ; Immunohistochemistry ; Catalyzed signal amplification (CSA) ; Thymoma ; Thymic carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  PE-35 monoclonal antibody, detecting a cell-surface antigen of various types of carcinoma and normal epithelium, reacts exclusively with the medullary epithelium in the thymus; therefore, the antigen has been considered as a marker of medullary differentiation in thymomas. Using the catalyzed signal amplification method, which made it possible to apply PE-35 to routinely processed, archival tissues, we examined expression of this antigen, together with CD1a reactivity of lymphocytes, in 40 thymic epithelial tumors subclassified using the Mü1ler-Hermelink system. Medullary thymomas infiltrated with a small number of CD1a-negative lymphocytes were PE-35 positive, although many of the long spindle tumor cells were PE-35 negative. Mixed thymomas and predominantly cortical thymomas, both with prominent CD1a-positive lymphocytes, were also PE-35 positive, although some areas of the latter type were PE-35 negative. Cortical thymomas with decreased numbers of CD1a-positive lymphocytes were largely PE-35 negative. In well-differentiated thymic carcinomas with a few CD1a-positive lymphocytes, two cases were negative, but four cases were at least focally positive with PE-35. All high-grade thymic carcinomas infiltrated with some CD1a-negative lymphocytes were PE-35 positive. These results suggested that medullary thymoma generally possesses the medullary nature, although the latter tends to be lost in the long spindle tumor cells. Mixed and predominantly cortical thymomas may have mixed medullary phenotype and cortical function. Cortical thymoma and many well-differentiated thymic carcinomas may possess the cortical nature, while the large polygonal tumor cells tend to lose immature T-lymphocyte-retaining function.
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  • 53
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    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 439-448 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid ; Classification ; Congo red fluorescence ; Early diagnosis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In order to find how best to diagnose amyloid deposits as early as possible, the sensitivity of three different methods that can be applied to the diagnosis of amyloid in tissue sections have been compared: the Congo red staining method (CR), the combination of CR and immunocytochemistry (CRIC) and Congo red fluorescence (CRF). Tissue blocks were available from 25 patients, including 11 with immunohistochemically distinct and 3 with chemically undefined amyloid diseases. The results revealed (a) that CRF is more sensitive than either CR or CRIC, as shown qualitatively and quantitatively, (b) that CRF can therefore be utilized to track down even minute amyloid deposits, which can be missed by the other two methods; (c) that the specificity of CRF and CRIC is secured on double-stained sections by the demonstration of green birefringence (GB) of the CRF-marked and IC-marked areas; (d) that CRF can be performed on the spot by just changing the light source; and (e) that CRF is not hampered by the congruent IC chromogen overlay, which ensures the specific classification of the amyloid deposits as applied to different amyloid classes. In conclusion, CRF was demonstrated to be the most sensitive method for direct diagnosis of amyloid in tissue sections. This method can, therefore, allow the earliest diagnosis and classification of amyloid, which is a good basis for an amyloid class-specific therapy while organ damage is still minimal.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Breast development ; Human breast ; Fetal breast ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Bio-morphological understanding of the developing human mammary glands may clarify some aspects of breast pathology, including cancer. In particular, some epidemiological data suggests that during fetal growth an altered intrauterine hormonal status, especially a change in estrogen status, could predispose to carcinogenesis. In an attempt to achieve new information on early breast growth, a series of developing human breasts have been analyzed, namely: 4 fetal breasts (28–32 weeks of gestational age), 7 infant breasts (7 h to 2 years) and 1 puberal breast (12 years). In addition to the morphological features, we studied the immunohistochemical expression of some markers involved in morphogenesis, such as MIB-1 for cell proliferation, bcl-2 for apoptosis control, CD34 for vasculogenesis, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors for hormonal profile, and smooth-muscle actin for myoepithelial differentiation. The results were as follows: (a) lobules, absent between 28 weeks and 2 days, were well evident at 2 years of age and at puberty; (b) myoepithelial cells appeared from 28 weeks onward and persisted later with no modification in quantity and distribution; (c) epithelial cell proliferation was constantly low; (d) in all breasts inner epithelial cells showed diffuse bcl-2 positivity, while basal myoepithelial-like cells were generally negative; (e) all breasts were well vascularized with two different patterns: periductal vascularization (PDV) and interductal vascularization (IDV), IDV being always present, whereas PDV was found only in infant breasts; (f) ER and PR were almost absent in fetal and infant breasts, while their expression was high in the epithelial cells of the puberal breast; (g) stromal cells had no hormonal receptors and were heterogeneous for proliferation and bcl-2 expression. Interestingly, two fetal breasts showed high proliferation and high ER expression, respectively, in their epithelial compartment. This could be the expression of an altered hormonal environment in utero, representing a basis for possible subsequent cancer initiation.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: Key words Methionine adenosyltransferase ; Colorectal adenocarcinoma ; Colon ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) from ATP and L-methionine. AdoMet is the major methyl donor in most transmethylation reactions in vivo, and it is also the propylamino donor in the biosynthesis of polyamines. In the present study, we assessed MAT activity in human colons with colorectal carcinoma and the values were compared with those of morphologically normal adjacent mucosa. Higher levels of MAT activity were observed in the colorectal carcinoma than in the normal colon. The ratio of MAT activity in tumor tissue versus normal tissue seemed to be correlated well will the stage of the colorectal tumor. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis showed that the high levels of MAT activity observed in colorectal carcinoma were due to the increased amounts of MAT protein. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MAT was most abundant in goblet cells, particularly in granules in the supranuclear area of these cells. In the colorectal carcinoma tissues, MAT was strongly stained in the cancerous cells and localized in granules in the supranuclear region. The results of this preliminary study suggest that determination of the relative ratio of MAT activity in both normal and tumor regions in human colorectal carcinoma could be a clinically useful tool for determining the stage of malignancy of colorectal carcinomas.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin-8 ; Aseptic loosening ; Total hip replacement ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aseptic loosening is an increasing problem in total hip replacement (THR). Chronic inflammatory reaction against implant wear particle results in collageno- and osteolysis, leading to loosening of the implant. Cytokines are known to play a major role in this particular inflammatory process [10]. The aim of the present study was to examine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the synovial-like interface membrane (SLIM) and pseudocapsular tissue of THRs and to compare it to normal knee synovial membrane. Eleven patients suffering from aseptically loosened THRs were included. All the SLIM and pseudocapsular tissue samples were obtained during revision operations. Ten control samples of normal synovium were collected per arthroscopy from the superior recessus of the knee. For immunohistochemical IL-8 detection, polyclonal mouse anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 IL-8-primary antibody was used with the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method. Results were quantitated using the Vidas image analysis system. The highest count levels (mean ± SEM) were detected in SLIM tissue (386 ± 82 cells/mm2). The difference was statistically significant compared with pseudocapsular tissue (193 ± 36 cells/mm2) and control samples (18 ± 5 cells/mm2). Count levels in control tissue were on average 5% of the SLIM tissues values. The present study determines for the first time the cellular origin of IL-8 in aseptically loosened THRs and also quantitates the IL-8-producing cells in the periprosthetic tissue. The results reveal a high rise in IL-8 concentration in SLIM and in synovial tissues. This finding moves us one step forward in solving the complex network of multiple factors affecting loosening of hip implants.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Keywords: Key words Bladder neoplasm ; Quality of life ; QLQ-C30 ; Cystectomy ; Ileal conduit ; Orthotopic neobladder ; Urinary diversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impact of bladder removal and urinary diversion for patients' everyday life is largely unknown. The aims of this study were to compare subjective morbidity of ileal neobladder to the urethra versus ileal conduit urinary diversion and to elucidate its influence on quality of life. A total of 102 patients who underwent cystectomy due to a bladder malignancy were included in the study. In 69 patients (67.6%) an orthotopic neobladder and in 33 patients (32.4%) an ileal conduit was performed as urinary diversion. The compliance was 99% and mean follow-up was 37 months. All patients completed two retrospective quality of life questionnaires, namely the QLQ-C30 and a questionnaire developed at our institution to ask for urinary diversion specific items. The questioning and assessment was performed by non-urologists. The results obtained from the validated (QLQ-C30) and our own specially compiled questionnaire clearly demonstrate that patients with an orthotopic neobladder are more able to adapt to the new situation than patients with an ileal conduit. In addition, neobladder to the urethra improves the quality of life because it improves self-confidence, causes better rehabilitation as well as the restoration of leisure, professional, travelling, and social activities, and reduced risk of inadvertent loss of urine. For example, 92.8% of neobladder patients did not feel handicapped at all, and 87% did not feel sick or ill, in contrast to 51.5% and 66.7% of ileal conduit patients, respectively. Of the neobladder patients, 74.6% felt absolutely safe with the urinary diversion in contrast to 33.3% in the ileal conduit group. Only 1.5% of neobladder patients had wet clothes caused by urine leakage during the day, versus 48.5% of ileal conduit patients. Moreover, 97% of our neobladder patients would recommend the same urinary diversion to a friend suffering from the same disease, but only 36% of ileal conduit patients would do so. These results demonstrate that the quality of life is preserved to a higher degree after orthotopic neobladder than after ileal conduit urinary diversion.
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  • 58
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    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 310-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ganglioglioma ; Ependymoma (tanycytic variant) ; Neurofibrillary tangle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied a cystic ganglioglioma (GG) located in the right frontal lobe of the brain. Interestingly, the fibrillary spindle glial cells were often arranged in a fascicular pattern, and the generally uniform, round-to-oval delicate nuclei appeared to resemble those of ependymoma; and the neoplastic neurons often contained neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The glial component was positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and occasionally contained granular or microvesicular structures positive for epithelial membrane antigen. Ultrastructural investigation revealed that the glial cells were ependymal in nature; intracytoplasmic lumina and intercellular microrosettes lined with cilia and microvilli, as well as long zonulae adherentes, were evident. In addition, chromogranin A-positive granular staining, neurosecretory-granule-like structures, and parallel arrays of microtubules were sometimes associated with the blood vessels. We considered the present case to be an unusual example of GG with an ependymoma, more precisely a tanycytic ependymoma, as the glial component; to our knowledge, the existence of ependymoma as the main glial component of this particular tumor has not been described before. The occurrence of NFTs, which has been reported in several cases of GG, was an additional, unusual feature.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key wordsα-Synuclein ; Brain tumors ; Neuronal ¶differentiation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuronal marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract α-Synuclein is presynaptic nerve terminal protein and its immunoreactivity has been observed in such neurodegenerative structures as senile plaques of Alzheimer’s disease or Lewy bodies of Parkinson’s disease. The physiological role of α-synuclein is still unknown. It is speculated that α-synuclein may be expressed in brain tumors, especially in those showing neuronal differentiation. We examined the immunohistochemical localization of α-synuclein in 77 human brain tumors. α-Synuclein was widely distributed in the brain tumors showing neuronal differentiation. As a result, positive immunostaining for α-synuclein was observed in ganglioglioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, pineocytoma/pineoblastoma, and central neurocytoma. Compared with other neuronal markers, the positive ratio of α-synuclein was not as high as synaptophysin, microtubule-associacted protein 2, neuron-specific enolase and tau, but it was higher than neurofilament and chromogranin A. The expression of synaptophysin was diffusely observed in the cytoplasm, cellular processes and nucleus in tumors showing neuronal differentiation; however, the expression of α-synuclein was predominantly observed in the cytoplasm of the tumors as well as in the cellular processes. On the other hand, non-neuronal brain tumors such as astrocytic tumors or meningiomas were totally negative for α-synuclein. In conclusion, the appearance of an α-synuclein-positive structure was not limited to neurodegenerative diseases, but could also be detected in neoplastic cells showing neuronal differentiation.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Neuronal intranuclear inclusion ; Neurodegenerative diseases ; Polyglutamine ; Ubiquitin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease (NIHID) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the presence of intranuclear inclusions in neurons (NIs). We report here clinicopathological findings of a 25-year-old female patient who died after 13 years of a clinical course characterized by progressive gait disturbance and movement disorders. Histological examination revealed widespread NIs with neuronal loss in restricted regions; neuronal loss was severe in the subthalamic nucleus, internal pallidum, substantia nigra, Edinger-Westphal nucleus and Purkinje cell layer. Quantification of the NIs combined with a graded evaluation of neuronal loss revealed an overall tendency for more severe neuronal loss to be accompanied by a lower frequency of NIs. A morphological similarity to the nuclear inclusions recently identified in several CAG repeat diseases prompted us to examine the immunolocalization of ubiquitin and expanded polyglutamine stretches, which demonstrated the presence of ubiquitin at the periphery of most NIs. An expanded polyglutamine stretch was seen in the center of limited number of NIs. These findings indicate that abnormal fragments such as expanded polyglutamine regions are incorporated into the inclusion, aggregated in its center, and thereby metabolized by a ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway. Although it remains to be elucidated how the formation of NIs is related to neuronal degeneration, our findings suggest that NIs are formed in the process of sequestering or degrading abnormal protein fragments and formation of NIs may not be immediately toxic to neurons.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy ; Cerebellar dentate nucleus neuron ; Skein-like inclusion ; Polyglutamine ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have recently reported that, in addition to the widespread occurrence of ubiquitinated neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), the restricted occurrence of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic filamentous inclusions in the neurons of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (CDN) is a characteristic feature of dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). Interestingly, these neuronal intracytoplasmic filamentous inclusions (NIFIs) were morphologically indistinguishable from the skein-like inclusions (SLIs) described previously in the spinal anterior horn cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the present study, we examined immunohistochemically the CDN in ten patients with clinicopathologically and genetically confirmed DRPLA and the spinal anterior horns in five patients with sporadic ALS, using a monoclonal antibody (1C2) directed against long polyglutamine stretches. In all of the patients with DRPLA, both the NIFIs and the NIIs were visualized clearly with 1C2. Conversely, in the patients with ALS all structures, including the SLIs, were completely negative. These findings indicate that in DRPLA, the NIFIs in the CDN are an alteration that is directly related to the causative gene abnormality (an expanded CAG repeat encoding polyglutamine) and that, from the molecular point of view, they are distinct from the SLIs in ALS.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Bergmann glia ; Cell migration ; Cerebellar ¶dysplasia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mutant rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cerebellar vermis defect (CVD) rat is a new neurological mutant characterized by a cerebellar vermis defect and dysplasia in the cerebellum, especially at the cerebellopontine junctions. In this study, the cytokinetics of glia in terms of the development of cerebellar dysplasia in the CVD rat was investigated using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin immunohistochemistry. In the cerebellar hemispheres, dislocation of the Bergmann glia was observed from postnatal day 5 (P5) in lesions with abnormally aggregated external granule cells (EGCs). Rearranging Bergmann glia were often seen around the EGCs penetrating into the white matter. In the cerebellopontine junctional areas, Bergmann glia were induced after penetration of the Purkinje cells, identified with calbindin immunohistochemistry, and EGCs into the pons from P10. Bergmann fibers were frequently arranged perivascularly. In the clusters of Purkinje cells without EGC settlement in the pons, a small number of Bergmann fibers were observed and their alignment was completely disturbed. These findings suggest that morphological changes in the Bergmann glia depend on their contact with Purkinje cells, but that the orientation of their processes may be influenced by EGC settlement. These glial fibers in the CVD rat may play an important role in the aberrant migration of EGCs, resulting in the development of cerebellar dysplasia.
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  • 63
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    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 503-510 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hamartin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tuberin ; Tuberous sclerosis ; Western blotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is caused by a mutation in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. The clinical manifestations of mutations of the two genes are hardly distinguishable, for reasons as yet unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of the products of these genes, hamartin and tuberin, in control and TSC tissues. Western blotting disclosed that hamartin and tuberin are both abundant in the cerebral gray matter and that they have similar subcellular distributions and developmental patterns of expression. Immunohistochemical localizations of hamartin and tuberin were also similar, with high levels of expression being localized to the cerebral neurons and glial cells, renal uriniferous and collecting tubules, and cardiac muscles. In the cerebrum with TSC, both hamartin and tuberin were simultaneously reduced in the cortical tubers and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, and from the normal-appearing cortex. The renal angiomyolipomas and cardiac rhabdomyomas also showed a loss of both the proteins. These results provide evidence for the co-localization and interaction of hamartin and tuberin in vivo, and suggest that a mutation in one TSC gene may secondarily affect the expression of the other in some TSC lesions.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words α-Smooth muscle actin ; Chronological changes ; Smooth musculature ; Chick ; Ileum ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The genesis of intestinal smooth muscle layers was immunohistochemically investigated by use of an antibody to α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the developing chick ileum. Myoblast cells positive for α-SMA were already found in the presumptive circular muscle layer on E 8.5. On E 11.5 radially oriented muscle fibers were protruded from the outermost layer of the developing circular musculature and then formed a tuft-like aggregates. These radial muscle bundles were bent into an L-shape. The long distal extension of muscle bundles run parallel to the long axis of the ileal loop and developed into the longitudinal muscle layer. The obliquely oriented muscle fibers, locating at the intermuscular space of the muscularis propria, probably are to be considered a remnant of the short extension of radial muscle bundles. The muscularis mucosae was formed by the processes equivalent to the genesis of longitudinal muscle layer. On E 14.5 centripetally oriented muscle fibers emerged from the innermost layer of circular musculature. The long distal extension of centripetal fibers lay along the inner surface of developing circular musculature. On E 19.5 the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis mucosae was newly formed by separating from the circular musculature. The villous myoblast cells initially developed from the innermost layer of the muscularis mucosae on E 18.5, and were widely distributed in the lamina propria mucosae on E 20.5. Temporal and chronological pattern in expression of α-SMA was observed during the development of the chick intestinal smooth muscle. By E 14.5 the entire layer of the muscularis propria was intensely immunostained for α-SMA, but from E 15.5 onward the staining intensity gradually began to decrease from the outer half of the circular musculature. Finally, the immunoreactivity was localized in the inner layer of circular muscle and the longitudinal muscle layer. A possible functional role of this inner layer of circular muscle is discussed.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Bone ; Calcification ; Type I collagen ; Noncollagenous proteins ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It is not known how bone proteins appear in the matrix before and after calcification during embryonic osteogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate expressions of the five major bone extracellular matrix proteins – i.e. type I collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin – during osteogenesis in rat embryonic mandibles immunohistochemically, and their involvement in calcification demonstrated by von Kossa staining. Wistar rat embryos 14 to 18 days post coitum were used. Osteogenesis was not seen in 14-day rat embryonic mandibles. Type I collagen was localized in the uncalcifed bone matrix in 15-day mandibles, where no other bone proteins showed immunoreactivity. Osteonectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin appeared almost simultaneously in the calcified bone matrix of 16-day mandibles and accumulated continuously in 18-day mandibles. The present study suggested that type I collagen constitutes the basic framework of the bone matrix upon which the noncollagenous proteins are oriented to lead to calcification, whereas the noncollagenous proteins are deposited simultaneously by osteoblasts and are involved in calcification cooperatively.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Keywords Melanoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; SM5-1 ; HMB-45 ; S100
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies such as HMB-45 and anti-S100 protein have been widely used as markers of malignant melanoma despite evidence that HMB-45 has a sensitivity of only 67–93% and S100 is nonspecific for melanoma. Using a subtractive immunization protocol in a mouse model of human melanoma, we have generated several monoclonal antibodies with putative specificity for melanoma. After initial screenings, the antibody SM5-1 was chosen because of its intriguing reactivity with melanocytic tumors in both frozen and paraffin sections. The immunohistochemical staining of SM5-1 was studied in paraffin-embedded specimens of 401 melanomas (n = 401; 250 primary melanomas, 151 metastases), melanocytic nevi of the skin (n = 16), nonmelanocytic neoplasms (n = 84). The results were compared with HMB-45 and anti-S100 staining. All antibodies reacted with nevi and 97–99% with primary melanomas. Whereas both SM5-1 and anti-S100 stained 96% (146/151) of melanoma metastases, HMB-45 correctly identified only 83% (126/151). All HMB-45-negative metastases were positive for SM5-1. Whereas neither SM5-1 nor HMB-45 stained any of 84 specimens from 40 different nonmelanocytic neoplasms, anti-S100 was positive in 21/84 (25%). While the staining pattern of SM5-1 was mostly homogeneous, small tumor areas in some metastases remained unstained. Staining with SM5-1 was also observed in perivascular dendritic cells, in plasma cells, some myofibroblasts and the secretion of eccrine sweat glands. Nonactivated epidermal melanocytes, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and peripheral nerves were all negative for SM5-1. These results suggest that SM5-1 is highly specific, as well as sensitive, for melanocytic lesions and is useful in the immunohistochemical evaluation of melanoma.
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  • 67
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    Annals of hematology 79 (2000), S. 158-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Splenic rupture ; T-cell lymphoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pathological or spontaneous rupture of the spleen has been described in a variety of diseases affecting the spleen, with infections being cited as the cause in most cases. In hematological malignancies it is a rare event, despite the frequent involvement of the spleen in these diseases. It has, however, been described in patients with acute and chronic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of B-cell origin, mycosis fungoides, and so-called histiocytic lymphoma. Here, we present a fatal case of splenic rupture caused by infiltration of a peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified according to the REAL classification. The importance of a correct diagnosis and fast surgery is emphasized.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words HSV ; Immunohistochemistry ; Apoptosis ; p53 ; Transcription factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanism of neuronal apoptosis induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in vivo, the distribution of viral antigen, the appearance of apoptotic bodies, and the expressions of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and several transcription factors such as c-fos, c-jun and NF-κB were examined immunohistochemically and histopathologically after corneal infection of mice with HSV type 2 strain 186. Five days after HSV infection, viral antigen was diffusely detected in the corneal epithelium, the trigeminal ganglion and the pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Neuronal apoptosis was observed in the brain stem ipsilateral to the HSV-infected side with the immunoreactivities of c-fos, c-jun, NF-κB and p53. Dual-labeling immunohistochemical studies revealed that almost all of the viral antigen-positive neurons and glia in the brain stem also showed p53 immunoreactivity. On the other hand, no neuronal apoptosis but only with the expression of c-jun was found in the trigeminal ganglion. Our results suggest that the different expression of transcription factors between the brain stem and the trigeminal ganglion may influence the neuronal apoptosis induced by HSV infection.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ; Human cerebellum ; Immunohistochemistry ; Multiple system atrophy ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has a trophic effect on various types of neurons, including cerebellar Purkinje cells. To investigate the role of GDNF in the human cerebellum, we examined the cerebella of eight control cases and eight patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) immunohistochemically using a polyclonal anti-GDNF antibody. The antibody recognized a single band of approximately 34 kDa on Western blot analysis of human cerebellar homogenates. In the cerebella from normal subjects, the neuronal somata and dendrites of the Purkinje cells were immunostained intensely, as were some axons, including torpedoes, immunolabeled in the granular layer. Many axons and a few oligodendrocytes were also immunopositive in the white matter, and weak immunoreactivity was detected in the granule cells and neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. In the cerebella from patients with MSA, the general immunostaining pattern was similar to that observed in the normal subjects. Most of the remaining Purkinje cells showed strong immunoreactivity, and abundant GDNF-positive granular structures or dense arborizations of GDNF-positive dendrites were found in some areas of the molecular layer. These data suggest that GDNF may be mainly produced and localized in the Purkinje cells of the human cerebellum, even in patients with MSA, and that the functional impairment of the Purkinje cells of MSA patients might cause a focal accumulation of GDNF in the dendrites of some of the surviving Purkinje cells.
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  • 70
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    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ependymoma ; Ganglioglioma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intranuclear inclusions ; Tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have observed intranuclear inclusion bodies immunoreactive for the cytoskeletal protein class III β tubulin (C3βT) in neurons and ependymal cells of post-mortem human brain. The relationship of these inclusions, detected by light microscopy, to the intranuclear rodlets described by the classical microscopists is unknown. The present study was conducted to determine whether these proteinaceous inclusions (C3βT-NIIs) exist in the neoplastic counterparts of these cell types. Immunohistochemical staining for C3βT revealed intensely stained, predominantly rod-shaped intranuclear inclusions in a variable proportion of tumor cells in five of ten ependymomas. In addition, C3βT-NIIs were encountered in less than 1% of neuronal cells in two of five gangliogliomas. This study represents the first report of tubulin-containing intranuclear inclusions in brain tumors. The functional significance of these inclusions in normal human brain and in cerebral neuroepithelial neoplasms remains to be determined.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hypothermia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) ; Rat ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Systemic hypothermia has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic CNS models caused by vascular occlusions. The present study addresses the question as to whether systemic hypothermia has similar neuroprotective qualities following severe spinal cord compression trauma using microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunohistochemistry combined with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method as marker to identify neuronal and dendritic lesions. Fifteen rats were randomized into three equally sized groups. One group sustained thoracic laminectomy, the others severe spinal cord compression trauma of the T8-9 segment. The control group contained laminectomized animals submitted to a hypothermic procedure in which the esophageal temperature was reduced from 38 °C to 30 °C. The two trauma groups were either submitted to the same hypothermic procedure or kept normothermic during the corresponding time. All animals were sacrificed 24 h following the surgical procedure. The MAP2 immunostaining in the normothermic trauma group indicated marked reductions in MAP2 antigen in the cranial and caudal peri-injury zones (T7 and T10, respectively). This reduction was much less pronounced in the hypothermic trauma group. In fact, the MAP2 antigen was present in almost equally sized areas in both the hypothermic groups independent of previous laminectomy alone or the addition of trauma. Our study thus indicates that hypothermia has a neuroprotective effect on dendrites of rat spinal cords subjected to compression trauma.
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  • 72
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    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 506-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Telencephalin ; Holoprosencephaly ; Cerebral cortex ; Glomerular structure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Telencephalin (TLN), a telencephalon-specific glycoprotein, is exclusively expressed in neurons of the mammalian telencephalon. In the normally developing human brain, TLN immunoreactivity appeared and increased from 35 gestational weeks (GW) in the temporal cortex, and reached adult level at 5 months of postnatal age, being strong in the molecular layer, and weak in the external and internal granular layers. TLN expression corresponded with the development of neuronal dendrites and synapses. In brains with holoprosencephaly TLN immunoreactivity was already strong from as early as 28 GW. Staining was weak in the molecular layer, but strong in the external sparse and middle cellular layers in most cases. Notably, TLN was abundant in the glomerular structures in the internal pyramidal and multiform layers of fetal brains with alobar holoprosencephaly, which disappeared with increasing age. These results indicate premature and ectopic development of the dendrites and synaptic network in holoprosencephaly.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the pathophysiologic role of myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) in the brain in myotonic dystrophy (MD), the developmental characteristics of DMPK immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and its alteration with disease were studied. Eleven patients’ brain with MD (5 congenital form, 6 adult form) were examined by immunohistochemistry using a specific antibody against synthetic DMPK peptides, anti-peptide DM1, and compared with 30 control brains, including 16 age-matched controls. In controls, DM1-immunoreactive neurons appeared in the early fetal frontal cortex and cerebellar granule cell layer, persisting through 29 weeks of gestation and then disappearing. In contrast, immunoreactive neurons continued to persist in the cerebral cortex and cerebellar granule cell layer of MD patients. When we counted DM1-immunoreactive neurons, the increase over controls was greater in the congenital form of MD than in the adult form, and was greater in the cerebrum than in the cerebellum in both forms of MD. DM1 immunostaining was predominantly nuclear, mirroring Western blotting of subcellular fractions. Differences in DM1 expression related to development and to the two forms of MD may be closely related to the pathogenesis of mental retardation in this disease.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral aneurysm ; Immunohistochemistry ; Smooth muscle cell ; Phenotypic modulation ; Myosin heavy chain isoforms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used immunohistochemical methods to analyze the phenotypes of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in human cerebral arteries and aneurysmal walls. Thirty-two aneurysmal walls were studied; 31 aneurysmal walls were resected at operation and 1 aneurysm was obtained at autopsy. Seven control arteries were obtained at autopsy. Semiserial sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), desmin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms: SM1, SM2 and SMemb. In control cerebral arteries, SMCs in the media were strongly immunostained for α-SMA, desmin, SM1 and SM2; immunoreactivity for SMemb was faint or weakly positive. SMCs in both non-ruptured and ruptured aneurysmal walls showed no staining for desmin; the expression of α-SMA was well preserved. Compared with control cerebral arteries, in 4 of 11 non-ruptured aneurysmal walls, the staining intensity of SMCs for SMemb was clearly increased. In ruptured aneurysmal walls, the expression of SM2 was lower than in control cerebral arteries and non-ruptured aneurysmal walls. Our study suggests that the phenotype of SMCs in aneurysmal walls is different from the contractile type in the media of normal cerebral arteries, at least partially changing to the synthetic type in some non-ruptured aneurysms. SMCs in ruptured aneurysmal walls may have lost both phenotypes before rupture. Phenotypic modulation of SMCs in the aneurysmal walls appears to be related to a remodeling of the aneurysmal wall and to a rupture mechanism.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Heme oxygenase-1 ; Heat shock protein-32 ; Traumatic brain injury ; Cerebral infarction ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular heme derived from hemoglobin following hemorrhage or released from dying cells induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, HSP-32) which metabolizes heme to the gaseous mediator carbon monoxide (CO), iron (Fe) and biliverdin. Biliverdin and its product bilirubin are powerful antioxidants. Thus, expression of HO-1 is considered to be a protective mechanism against oxidative stress and has been described in microglia, astrocytes and neurons following distinct experimental models of pathological alterations to the brain such as subarachnoidal hemorrhage, ischemia and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in human neurodegenerative diseases. We have now analyzed the expression of HO-1 in human brains following TBI (n = 28; survival times: few minutes up to 6 months) and focal cerebral infarctions (FCI; n = 17; survival time: 〈 1 day up to months) by ¶immunohistochemistry. Follwing TBI, accumulation of ¶HO-1+ microglia/macrophages at the hemorrhagic lesion was detected as early as 6 h post trauma and was still pronounced after 6 months. In contrast, after FCI HO-1+ microglia/macrophages accumulated within focal hemorrhages only and were absent in non-hemorrhagic regions. Further, HO-1 was weakly expressed in astrocytes in the perifocal penumbra. In contrast to experimental data derived from rat focal ischemia, these results indicate a prolonged HO-1 expression in humans after brain injury.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cell culture ; Cell line ; Glioma ; Calcium-binding proteins ; Microglia enzymology ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a Ca2+-binding peptide that constitutes a potential modulator of macrophage activation and function during the immune response of the brain. Peptides termed microglia response factor-1 or ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 have been reported to be identical with AIF-1. We have investigated the expression of AIF-1 in the rat C6 glioblastoma and 9L gliosarcoma tumor models and additionally assessed AIF-1 expression in a diverse range of human astrocytomas by immunohistochemistry. AIF-1 was expressed by activated microglial cells and a subset of infiltrating macrophages in areas of infiltrative tumor growth and in compact tumor areas in both rat and human gliomas. Double-labeling experiments in rats and humans characterized the nature and the functional status of AIF-1+ cells. AIF-1 expression was detected in cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and in a subset of activated macrophages/microglial cells. All MRP-8+ cells coexpressed AIF-1. In humans, there was a strong correlation of AIF-1-expressing activated macrophages/microglial cells with tumor malignancy (P 〈 0.0001). These results suggest that AIF-1 defines a distinct subset of tumor-associated activated macrophages/ microglial cells.
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  • 77
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    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 709-711 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Aλ amyloid ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rare multiple sclerosis cases amyloid is deposited in demyelinated plaques. In one such case amyloid was examined immunohistochemically with a panel of antibodies directed against different amyloid types. The amyloid was classified as the Aλ type produced by a local monoclonal B cell population.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cytosine arabinoside ; Heterotopia ; Microcephaly ; Hippocampus ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pregnant mice were injected intraperitoneally with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) on days 13.5 and 14.5 of pregnancy. The brains of their offspring were studied histologically and histochemically. In addition to dysgenic microcephaly, nodular structures consisting of cells with a relatively homogeneous morphology were observed in the depths of the cerebral cortex. The cell clusters were first seen around postnatal day 4, and had a cellular continuity with the disarrayed pyramidal cell layer in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Golgi-Cox staining showed a number of pyramidal-shaped cells in the clusters. Morphologically, they resembled the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Immunohistochemical examination, using anti-serotonin or anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies, also indicated similarities between the cell clusters and the pyramidal cell layer. It is, therefore, proposed that the cell clusters consisted of heterotopic pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. A few synaptic structures could already be detected in the heterotopic cell clusters on postnatal day 3 by electron microscopy. This early establishment of synaptic contact with related neurons may have caused the heterotopic localization of the pyramidal cells.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Aging ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inclusion body ; Neostriatum ; Ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the presence of ubiquitin-immunoreactive skein-like inclusions (SLI) in the neostriatum and spinal cord in normal individuals and patients with different neurodegenerative diseases. Ubiquitin-immunoreactive SLI in the neostriatum were observed both in the normal individuals and in the patients with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, SLI were frequently seen in normal aged subjects and certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy and myotonic dystrophy. In contrast, the occurrence rate of SLI in cases with Pick’s disease and multiple system atrophy tended to decrease. On the other hand, SLI in the spinal anterior horn were detected in cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but not in any cases with other neurodegenerative diseases. SLI in the neostriatum were also identifiable using phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and Gomori trichrome staining. Ubiquitin immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the SLI in the neostriatum corresponded to bundles of filaments. These features of SLI in the neostriatum were quite similar to those of intracytoplasmic rod-like inclusions (RLI) in the large neurons of caudate nucleus, which were first described by Kojima and Ogawa in 1974. Our findings indicate that SLI in the neostriatum are ubiquitin-related structures whose occurrence increases by aging, and less frequently accompany several neurodegenerative diseases, and are identical to at least some RLI.
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  • 80
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    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Posterior pituitary ; Ganglion cell ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ectopia ; Transdifferentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Histologic examination revealed large ganglion cells within the posterior pituitary of an 80-year-old woman who died of myocardial infarction. Apparently fully mature, the cells were an incidental finding scattered within hyperplastic foci of pars intermedia (PI)-derived cells (basophil invasion) on histologic examination of the pituitary obtained at autopsy. Immunocytochemistry showed staining reactivity for neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, alpha subunit of the glycoprotein hormones and beta-endorphin. The presence of these ganglion cells with features similar to those of magnocellular hypothalamic neurons could be considered the result of abnormal migration during the early phase of embryonic life, or differentiation/maturation of neuroblasts, presumed to occur in the embryonic neurohypophysis. Alternatively, transdifferentiation from proliferating PI cells may explain the emergence of neurons; a hypothesis supported by the proximity and shared alpha subunit, and beta-endorphin immunoreactivities of the two cell types.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endothelin-A receptor ; Endothelin-B receptor ; Rat ; Pulmonary fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantitative PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractPulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition with concomitant loss of gas exchange units, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Increased levels of ET-1 from tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in animal models after intratracheal bleomycin. We characterized the cellular distribution of alveolar ET receptors by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and determined the regulation by bleomycin of ET receptor mRNA expression in isolated alveolar macrophages and rat lung fibroblasts. We found significant increases in the numbers of fibroblasts and macrophages at day 7 compared to day 28 and control animals. ETB receptor immunoreactivity was observed on fibroblasts and invading monocytes. Isolated fibroblasts expressed both ETA and ETB receptor mRNA, and ETA receptor mRNA was upregulated by bleomycin. Isolated resident alveolar macrophages expressed neither ETA nor ETB receptor mRNA which were also not induced by bleomycin. We conclude that, while ETB receptor stimulation of fibroblasts and monocytes recruited during bleomycin-induced lung injury exerts antagonistic effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, the observed increase in the number of fibroblasts in vivo and upregulation of fibroblast ETA receptor mRNA by bleomycin in vitro point to a predominance of the profibrotic effects of ET receptor engagement.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endometrium ; Normal ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunofluorescence ; Inhibin/activin subunits ; Inhibin-alpha ; Inhibin-beta A ; Inhibin-beta B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractInhibins are dimeric glycoproteins composed of an alpha (α) subunit and one of two possible beta (β-) subunits (βA or βB). The aims of this study were to assess the frequency and tissue distribution patterns of the inhibin subunits in normal human endometrium. Samples from human endometrium from proliferative phase (PP; n=32), early secretory phase (ES; n=10) and late secretory phase (LS; n=12) were obtained. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and a statistical analysis were performed. All three inhibin subunits were expressed by normal endometrium by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Inhibin-α was primarily detected in glandular epithelial cells, while inhibin-β subunits were additionally localised in stromal tissue. Inhibin-α staining reaction increased significantly between PP and ES (P〈0.05), PP and LS (P〈0.01), and ES and LS (P〈0.02). Inhibin-βA and -βB were significant higher in LS than PP (P〈0.05) and LS than ES (P〈0.05). All three inhibin subunits were expressed by human endometrium varying across the menstrual cycle. This suggests substantial functions in human implantation of inhibin-α subunit, while stromal expression of the β subunits could be important in the paracrine signalling for adequate endometrial maturation. The distinct expression in human endometrial tissue suggests a synthesis of inhibins into the lumen and a predominant secretion of activins into the stroma.
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  • 83
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    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 433-440 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörterα1-Antitrypsin-Mangel PiZ ; Lebermorphologie ; Immunhistochemie ; “Single-strand conformational polymorphism” ; DNA-Sequenzierung ; Keywords Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency PiZ ; Liver morphology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Single-strand conformational polymorphism ; DNA sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Whether heterozygotes with alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency type PiZ bear an increased risk for chronic liver disease is controversial. On the basis of liver tissue from 1,030 autopsies (autopsy series), 1,847 biopsies (biopsy series) and 317 primary liver carcinomas (tumor series), we analysed the effect of heterozygous state PiZ for the development of liver diseases. The PiZ status was screened immunohistochemically and verified in selected cases by SSCP analysis and by sequencing DNA extracted from paraffin embedded tissue. The PiZ frequency in the biopsy series (3.4%) and tumor series (5.99%) was significantly higher than in the autopsy series (1.8%). Hepatic PiZ deposits in heterozygotes sometimes were as extensive as in homozygotes. The amount of PiZ deposits correlated positively with the inflammatory activity and stage of fibrosis, as well as with the age of patients. Patients with concurrent liver disease such as hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease showed significantly higher scores of inflammatory activity, stage of fibrosis and amount of PiZ deposits than those without additional liver disease. Cholangiocarcinomas and combined hepato-cholangiocarcinomas were seen significantly more frequently in patients with PiZ-associated liver carcinoma than in genetic healthy individuals (p=0.004). Three out of 19 PiZ-associated liver carcinomas had developed in cirrhotic liver tissue. Heterozygotes of type PiZ have an enhanced risk for chronic liver disease including primary liver carcinoma. PiZ-associated liver diseases will become clinically manifest in middle or old aged adults. Rarely this genetic defect causes liver cirrhosis even without concurrent liver disease. PiZ-associated liver carcinomas are frequently characterized by cholangiocellular differentiation and may develop often in non-cirrhotic liver tissue. Immunohistochemistry is a specific method to detect hepatic PiZ deposits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bisher ist umstritten, ob heterozygote Patienten mit α1-Antitrypsin (AAT)-Mangel Typ PiZ ein erhöhtes Risiko für Lebererkrankungen aufweisen. An Leberproben von 1030 Autopsien (Autopsie-Serie), 1847 Biopsien (Biopsie-Serie) und 317 primären Leberkarzinomen (Tumor-Serie) sollte der Einfluss des heterozygoten PiZ-Status auf die Leber untersucht werden. Die PiZ-Bestimmung erfolgte immunhistochemisch, teilweise ergänzt durch SSCP-Analyse und DNA-Sequenzierung von DNA-Extrakten aus paraffineingebettetem Material. Die PiZ-Häufigkeit der Biopsie-Serie (3,4%) und der Tumor-Serie (5,99%) war signifikant höher als die der Autopsie-Serie (1,8%). PiZ-Ablagerungen waren bei manchen heterozygoten Merkmalsträgern ebenso umfangreich wie bei homozygoten. Ihr Ausmaß korrelierte positiv mit Entzündungsaktivität und Fibrosegrad der Leber sowie mit dem Patientenalter. Patienten mit konkurrierenden Lebererkrankungen wie Hepatitis oder Alkoholschädigung wiesen eine signifikant stärkere Entzündung, Fibrose und mehr PiZ-Ablagerungen auf als diejenigen ohne zusätzliche Lebererkrankungen. Cholangiokarzinome und kombinierte Hepatocholangiokarzinome traten signifikant häufiger bei Patienten mit PiZ-Mutation als bei genetisch Gesunden (p=0,004) auf. Nur 3 der 19 PiZ-assoziierten Leberkarzinome waren in einer Leberzirrhose entstanden. Patienten mit heterozygotem AAT-Mangel Typ PiZ tragen nach den hier vorgestellten Ergebnissen ein erhöhtes Risiko für chronische Lebererkrankungen einschließlich primärer Leberkarzinome. Wenn überhaupt, manifestiert sich dieser genetische Defekt erst in mittlerem oder höherem Lebensalter. Er kann in seltenen Fällen selbst ohne konkurrierende Lebererkrankung zur Zirrhose führen. PiZ-assoziierte Leberkarzinome sind häufig cholangiozellulär differenziert und entstehen mehrheitlich ohne Leberzirrhose. Hepatische PiZ-Ablagerungen lassen sich immunhistochemisch zuverlässig identifizieren.
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  • 84
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    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 39-54 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Chronische myeloische Leukämie ; Megakaryozyten ; Fasern ; Erythropoese ; Makrophagen ; Klinische Befunde ; Immunhistochemie ; Knochenmarkbiopsie ; Key words Chronic myelogenous leukemia ; Megakaryocytes ; Fibers ; Erythroid precursors ; Macrophages ; Clinical findings ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphometry ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An immunohistochemical and morphometric study was performed on bone marrow biopsies in 604 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) to compare morphological and clinical features and to evaluate effects of interferon (IFN) and chemotherapy. Following morphometry significant correlations were calculated between number of CD61+ megakaryocytes, including their precursors with fiber density. This finding is in line with the close functional relationship between megakaryopoiesis and fibroblasts regarding the complex pathomechanism of myelofibrosis. The latter was observed in about 28% of patients already at diagnosis. In a similar way, the frequency of CD68+ macrophages was correlated with the amount of Ret40f+ nucleated erythroid precursors, implicating an involvement of this cell lineage in iron turnover, hemoglobin synthesis, and degradation of the expelled nuclei from normoblasts. The (α-D-galactosyl residue-expressing) Pseudo-Gaucher cells were detectable in 30% of pretreatment specimens. Moreover, significant associations were calculable between reduction in erythropoiesis or increase in fibers with clinical features such as hemoglobin level, percentages of myelo- and erythroblasts in the peripheral blood, and spleen size. These variables are in keeping with more advanced stages of CML. Based on our morphometric evaluations, a classification into three different histological subgroups: granulocytic, megakaryocytic, and myelofibrotic was carried out. This simplified staging system was correlated with corresponding sets of hematological data. Sequential biopsies in 173 patients with monotherapy by IFN, hydroxyurea (HU), or busulfan (BU) revealed a fibrogenic effect of IFN in contrast to a fiber-reducing property of HU. The dynamics of myelofibrosis and changes of major cell lineages during treatment were readily demonstrable by calculating corresponding indices. These included the ratios between quantitative differences of corresponding variables at repeated examinations and time. Thus, in patients with complete hematological remission following IFN administration, regeneration of erythropoiesis was found to be accompanied by an increase in the total number of CD68+ macrophages, including activated subpopulations. Histological subgroups showed a transition from a (nonfibrotic) granulocytic and megakaryocyte pattern to the myelofibrotic subtype in about 40% of patients. This change was opposed to a numerical reduction in the myelofibrotic subtype which occurred in 17 patients (36%), but predominantly in those under HU therapy. In conclusion, the striking heterogeneity of bone marrow features in CML warrants a careful morphological evaluation of trephine biopsies and appropriate means of processing to achieve relevant correlations with clinical data and, thus, allows a more elaborate insight into the dynamics of the disease process.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 604 Patienten mit einer chronischen myeloischen Leukämie (CML) wurde anhand von Beckenkammbiopsien eine immunhistochemische und morphometrische Studie durchgeführt, um morphologische und klinische Befunde miteinander zu vergleichen und die Auswirkungen der Interferon- (IFN) und Chemotherapie abzuklären. Anhand der morphometrischen Analyse konnten signifikante Korrelationen zwischen der Anzahl CD61+-Megakaryozyten einschließlich ihrer Vorläuferzellen mit der Faserdichte berechnet werden. Dieser Befund spiegelt die enge funktionelle Beziehung zwischen der Megakaryopoese und den Fibroblasten im Hinblick auf den komplexen Pathomechanismus der Myelofibroseentstehung wider. Diese war bei etwa 28% der Patienten bereits zum Diagnosezeitpunkt zu beobachten. In ähnlicher Weise war die Anzahl der CD68+-Makrophagen mit der Menge an Ret40f+-kernhaltigen erythropoetischen Vorläuferzellen korreliert, was durch die Einbindung dieser Zellinie in den Eisenstoffwechsel, die Hämoglobinsynthese sowie den Abbau der ausgestoßenen Normoblastenkerne in Zusammenhang gebracht werden kann. Die (α-D-Galaktosylreste-expremierende) Pseudo-Gaucherzellen ließen sich in 30% der Biopsien vor Behandlung nachweisen. Weiterhin konnten signifikante Beziehungen zwischen einer Reduktion der Erythropoese oder einer Zunahme der Verfaserung mit klinischen Parametern wie dem Hämoglobinspiegel, dem Anteil an Myelo- und Erythro-Normoblasten im peripheren Blut und der Milzgröße berechnet werden. Diese Variablen kennzeichnen offensichtlich mehr fortgeschrittene Stadien der CML. Entsprechend unserer morphometrischen Auswertung wurde eine Klassifikation in drei unterschiedliche histologische Subgruppen vorgenommen: granulozytisch, megakaryozytisch und myelofibrotisch. Dieser vereinfachten histologischen Einteilung waren entsprechende hämatologische Daten zuzuordnen. Sequenzbiopsien an 173 Patienten, die eine Monotherapie mit IFN, Hydroxyurea (HU) oder Busulfan (BU) erhielten, zeigten einen fibrogenetischen Effekt von IFN im Gegensatz zu einer eher faserreduzierenden Eigenschaft von HU. Die Dynamik der Myelofibroseentwicklung und die entsprechende Veränderungen der hauptsächlichen Zellinien während der Behandlung ließen sich am besten durch eine Kalkulation von Indizes verdeutlichen. Diese beinhalteten das Verhältnis aus quantitativen Unterschieden der einzelnen Variablen in den wiederholt durchgeführten Entnahmen und den zugeordneten zeitlichen Differenzen. So war bei Patienten mit einer kompletten hämatologischen Remission nach IFN-Gabe die Regeneration der Erythropoese zusammen mit einem Anstieg in der Anzahl CD68+-Makrophagen einschließlich ihrer aktivierten Subpopulation auszumachen. Die histologischen Subgruppen ließen bei fortlaufenden Untersuchungen einen Übergang sowohl von einem (nicht verfaserten) granulozytären wie auch megakaryozytären Subtyp in eine myelofibrotische Gruppe bei etwa 40% der Patienten erkennen. Dieses Phänomen stand im Gegensatz zu einer anzahlmäßigen Reduzierung des myelofibrotischen Typs vor allem bei Patienten unter HU-Therapie in 17 Fällen (36%). Zusammengefaßt erfordert die auffallende Heterogenität der Knochenmarkbefunde bei der CML eine sorgfältige morphologische Auswertung von Biopsien mit geeigneten Methoden, um relevante Korrelationen zwischen klinischen Daten zu berechnen und somit einen besseren Einblick in die Dynamik der Krankheitsentwicklung zu gewinnen.
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  • 85
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    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 16-23 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lymphknötchen ; Reaktive Infiltrate ; Maligne Lymphome ; Histotopographie ; Immunhistochemie ; Retikulinfasern ; Knochenmarkbiopsie ; Key words Lymphoid nodules ; Reactive infiltrates ; Malignant lymphomas ; Histotopography ; Immunohistochemistry ; Reticulin fibers ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Differentiation of focal or extended lymphoid bone marrow infiltrates presents a diagnostic challenge and therefore warrants systematic evaluation of those features which affect this. One of the basic requirements is an appropriate technique of processing the bone marrow specimens. This includes the possibility of enzyme evaluation (naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase) and immunohistochemistry (set of monoclonal antibodies) and comparison with the corresponding lymph node histology. A number of histological parameters have emerged with a distinctive property for distinguishing between reactive focal lymphoid aggregates and malignant lymphomas. Amongst these the pattern of infiltrates, i.e., histotopography (subcortical infiltrates, paratrabcular–endosteal localization, margination, tandem-like extension between adipocytes and cribriform appearance), content of reticulin fibers, cytology (small lymphocytes versus large blast cells) and, finally, immunohistochemistry (monoclonal versus polyclonal expression of cytoplasmic immunoglobulins, uniform versus mixed population of B or T lymphocytes) are most important. In conclusion, synoptic consideration of several parameters, in particular histotopography and immunohistochemistry provides a most promising approach to differentiate neoplastic from reactive lymphoid lesions in the bone marrow.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Differentialdiagnose herdförmiger oder ausgedehnter lymphoider Knochenmarkinfiltrate stellt noch immer eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar, die eine systematische Analyse entsprechender diskriminierender Faktoren erfordert. Eine der grundsätzlichen Voraussetzungen ist dabei eine Technik mit entsprechender Möglichkeit einer enzym- (Naphthol-AS-D-Chlorazetatesterase) und immunhistochemischen Aufarbeitung (monoklonale Antikörper) des Biopsiematerials und der Vergleich mit der zugeordneten Lymphknotenhistologie. Hinsichtlich der Unterscheidung zwischen reaktiven, herdförmigen lymphoiden Läsionen und malignen Lymphomen hat sich eine Anzahl histologischer Parameter als von wegleitendem diagnostischen Wert herausgestellt. Dazu gehören einmal das Infiltrationsmuster bzw. die Histotopographie (subkortikales Infiltrat, paratrabekulär-endostale Lokalisation, Abgrenzung, tandem-artige Ausbreitung zwischen den Adipozyten und kribriformes Muster), Faserdichte im Infiltrat sowie die Zytologie (kleine Lymphozyten gegenüber großen blastären Zellelementen) und schließlich die Immunhistochemie (mono-gegenüber polyklonaler Expression zytoplasmatischer Immunglobuline, uniforme gegenüber gemischtzelliger B- oder T-Lymphozytenpopulation). Zusammengefaßt verspricht eine gemeinsame Beachtung dieser verschiedenen Merkmale, insbesondere jedoch die Histotopographie und Immunhistochemie, am ehesten eine erfolgreiche Differenzierung zwischen reaktiven und neoplastischen lymphoiden Läsionen des Knochenmarks.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Harnblase ; WHO-Klassifikation ; Flache und papilläre urotheliale Läsionen/Tumoren ; Histologie ; Immunhistochemie ; Keywords Urothelial bladder tumors ; WHO classification ; Flat and papillary urothelial lesions/tumors ; Histology ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Recently the World Health Organization published a new classification of urinary bladder tumors which is intended to take into account better the biology of the various lesions and to better distinguish between clearly benign and malignant lesions. We examine the possible diagnostic and clinical impact of the new classification, including recent immunohistochemical findings. Papillary urothelial lesions include papillomas, papillary neoplasms of low malignant potential, and papillary carcinomas. Flat urothelial lesions include hyperplasia, reactive atypia/atypia of unknown significance, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ. Invasive patterns of papillary carcinomas are discussed, with special emphasis on lamina muscularis mucosae substaging. The most important feature of the new classification is its differentiation of two types of low-grade, noninvasive papillary urothelial lesions: papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential vs. papillary carcinoma. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of this differentiation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Grund für die Aktualisierung der WHO-Klassifikation urothelialer Läsionen bzw. Tumoren der Harnblase war, der Biologie der verschiedenen Läsionen besser gerecht zu werden sowie eine schärfere Trennung zwischen benignen und malignen urothelialen Prozessen zu vollziehen. Die Bedeutung für Diagnostik und Klinik im Alltag unter Berücksichtigung aktueller immunhistochemischer Befunde wird kritisch betrachtet. Zwei Hauptgruppen werden unterschieden. Papilläre urotheliale Läsionen umfassen Papillome, papilläre urotheliale Neoplasien niedrig malignen Potentials sowie papilläre Karzinome. Flache urotheliale Läsionen umfassen flache Hyperplasien, Atypien (reaktiv oder von unklarer Bedeutung), Dysplasien sowie das Carcinoma in situ (CIS). Verschiedene Invasionsmuster papillärer Karzinome werden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Lamina muscularis mucosae diskutiert. Der kritischste Punkt der neuen Klassifikation sowohl für die Diagnostik als auch für die Klinik dürfte die Unterscheidung zweier Gruppen nichtinvasiver papillärer “low-grade”-Tumoren (papilläre urotheliale Neoplasie niedrig malignen Potentials vs. pTa-GI-Tumor) darstellen. Langzeit-follow-up-Studien müssen zeigen, ob diese Unterteilung ihre Berechtigung findet.
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  • 87
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    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 456-459 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Undifferenziertes kleinzelliges Hepatoblastom ; Immunhistochemie ; Keywords Undifferentiated small-cell hepatoblastoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Undifferentiated small-cell hepatoblastoma (HB) is a rare malignant tumor of childhood. The cell of origin is supposed to be a pluripotential, probably entodermal, stem-cell. Differential diagnosis of this type of HB is difficult among the group of small round and blue cell malignant tumors of children. The immunohistochemically determined coexpression of cytokeratin 8, 18, and 19 and of vimentin and actin, regularly in the absence of α-fetoprotein expression may be diagnostically helpful. We present the case of an undifferentiated small-cell HB of a 15-month-old girl with agenesis of the right kidney. As morphological peculiarity the tumor presented disseminated histiocytic giant cells.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Undifferenzierte kleinzellige Hepatoblastome (HB) zählen zu den seltenen malignen Tumoren der Leber im Kindesalter. Da der Tumor in der Regel kein α-Fetoprotein exprimiert, ist der Nachweis von Zytokeratin 8, 18 und 19 sowie Vimentin und Aktin diagnostisch wegweisend. Als Ausgangszelle wird eine pluripotente, wohl entodermale Stammzelle vermutet. In der Gruppe der klein-, rund- und blauzelligen malignen Tumoren des Kindesalters bietet diese Variante des HB differenzialdiagnostische Schwierigkeiten. Wir berichten über ein undifferenziertes kleinzelliges HB eines 15 Monate alten weiblichen Kleinkindes mit Agenesie der rechten Niere. Als morphologische Besonderheit des Tumors werden disseminierte histiozytäre Riesenzellen beschrieben.
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  • 88
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    Pediatric nephrology 14 (2000), S. 629-635 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Histomorphometry ; In situ hybridization histochemistry ; Molecular morphometry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Quantitative histomorphometric assessment of bone biopsies represents a powerful and informative method for the study of metabolic bone diseases. It is the gold standard against which the noninvasive ”diagnostic” markers of bone metabolism as well as newly available therapeutic modalities are tested. With the rapid progress in technology of molecular biology, identification of systemic and local biomolecules known to regulate bone metabolism can now be achieved. The study of localization, levels of expression, and synthesis of these factors in bone and its microenvironment is possible through applications of in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Application of ISHH allows study of specific mRNA expression. IHC determines the presence and distribution of target protein in cells. These two methodologies provide the link between the cellular processes of mRNA transcription and translation to the working protein. Combining the established bone histomorphometric techniques with ISHH and IHC elevates the study of bone to new heights, i.e., cellular and molecular mechanistic issues can now be studied.
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  • 89
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Glycogen storage disease type 1b ; Portacaval shunt ; Ferrit MRI of liver adenoma ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In two girls with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1b, terminolateral portacaval shunt (PCS) with partial circular resection of the lobus quadratus of the liver was performed at the age of 12 and 10 years, respectively. At that time, the patients had a height of −3.1 and −1.7 SDS, respectively. PCS resulted in a spectacular growth spurt of 35 cm within the first 5 years after surgery in both of them. As first sign of puberty, breast enlargement started 2.5 years after PCS in both patients. Improved glucose tolerance was evidenced by increased levels of blood glucose and insulin after PCS. Diet with raw cornstarch (CS), 2g/kg body weight four times daily, was started 8 years after PCS in patient 1, but initiated with nightly gastric feeding at the age of 2 years in patient 2, 8 years before PCS. Treatment with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhGCSF), 6 μg/kg body weight every 36–48 h, was started 20 years after PCS in patient 1, but only 1 month before PCS in patient 2. Progressive development of up to 7–8 liver adenomas was observed after PCS, but without conclusive signs of malignancy on Ferrit MRI. The PCS is still open 23 and 7 years after PCS, respectively. Terminolateral PCS with partial circular resection of the lobus quadratus of the liver associated with dietary control and rhGCSF might still have a place in the treatment of GSD type 1b because it improves the tolerance to fasting and the quality of life and moreover yields excellent metabolic control. Conclusion Treatment of glycogen storage disease type 1b by portacaval shunt might be considered in patients with height-for-age below the 3rd percentile occurring in spite of dietary control, or before considering liver transplantation which, if necessary, can still be performed after shunt surgery.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Motor neurone disease ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; SF-36 ; Carer Strain Index ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The measurement of functioning and well-being from the perspective of the patient has in recent years become central to the assessment of health and the evaluation of treatment regimes. The past decade has seen an enormous growth in the application of measures designed to assess quality of life in a vast array of medical specialities. However, the use of such measures in neurology has been relatively limited, and this has certainly been the case in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The European ALS Health Profile Study is a longitudinal survey of patients diagnosed with ALS or other motor neurone diseases in which patients are aksed to complete questionnaires concerning their subjective health status. Data from clinical assessments are also collected. It is intended that the information collected will provide more systematic and detailed evidence of the impact of the disease from the perspective of the patient. This contribution documents results from baseline assessment obtained from data supplied by clinicians, carers and patients themselves. Three outcome measured are assessed in this paper: the SF-36, a generic measure of well being and functioning, the ALS Functinal Rating Scale and the Carer Strain Index. The evidence presented here suggests that these measures provide a meaningful and valid picture of the impact of the disease. The data indicate that ALS has substantial adverse effects both upon the functioning and well being of patients and carers, as well as an association between the emotional health status of patients and carers, and between the physical health status of patients and carers.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Alzheimer's disease ; Prion ; Presenilin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a patient who was clinically diagnosed with familial early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) carrying both the E318G substitution in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and an insertion of 7 octapeptide coding repeats in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Neuropathological examination revealed elongated cerebellar prion protein deposits in the absence of AD pathology. Further analysis of other family members showed that the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease phenotype in this family was caused solely by the PRNP insertion. This observation is consistent with our previous finding that PSEN1 E318G is not causally related to AD.
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  • 92
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 264 (2000), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Key words Self-expanding metallic endovascular stents ; Endometrial cancer ; Iliac vein thrombosis ; Quality of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There are few cases, to our knowledge, that report the successful treatment of iliac venous stenosis due to gynecologic malignancies with the use of self- expanding metallic endovascular stents. Our patient, who had right lower limb edema, had iliac lymph node metastases which caused iliac vein stenosis by direct invasion from endometrial cancer. The patient was not considered to be a good surgical candidate. A 10-mm diameter self-expanding metallic endovascular stent was placed in the external iliac vein. The patient’s symptoms of right lower limb edema improved dramatically, and she was discharged at 3 weeks after stent placement. The patient had no further symptoms, with continued resolution of the right leg edema during the 10 months following stent placement, at which time she died from the primary disease. The treatment to this patient with a self-expanding metallic endovascular stent proved to be very efficacious and less stressful than direct venous reconstruction or femorofemoral venous bypass grafting. In addition, this procedure dramatically improved the patient’s quality of life.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words VMAT2 ; Stomach ; ECL cell ; Tumors ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) facilitates the ATP-dependent accumulation of biogenic amine inside the secretory granules of endocrine cells and neurons and was demonstrated in the histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the stomach. In the present investigation, VMAT2 immunohistochemistry was tested in 85 endocrine tumors, of which 60 were well differentiated gastrointestinal and pancreatic growths, 5 poorly differentiated (neuro)endocrine carcinomas (PDEC) and 1 mixed PDEC/ECL cell carcinoma of the stomach, 12 pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas, 3 adrenocortical lesions, 2 parathyroid and 2 lung neuroendocrine tumors. Extensive and intense VMAT2 immunoreactivity was observed in 16 of 16 gastric ECL cell tumors, 6 of 6 adrenal pheochromocytomas, 2 of 2 chromaffin paragangliomas and in 3 of the 4 carotid body paragangliomas investigated. Rare VMAT2-positive cells were observed in 12 of 21 intestinal enterochromaffin (EC) cell tumors, in 9 of 11 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and in the mixed PDEC/ ECL cell carcinoma of the stomach (differentiated cells only). No VMAT2 immunoreactivity was observed in five gastrin, four somatostatin and three enteroglucagon/peptideYY tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, in six gastric PDECs, in three adrenocortical growths, and two parathyroid and two lung neuroendocrine tumors. These data support VMAT2 immunohistochemistry as being a useful tool for the diagnosis of gastric ECL cell tumors, separating them from all other endocrine tumors arising in the gastroduodenal area i.e., gastrin, somatostatin, EC cell and PDEC tumors, all of which proved essentially negative.
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  • 94
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    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 224-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; bax ; bcl-2 ; Colon carcinoma ; CyclinD1 ; Immunohistochemistry ; p21 ; p53 ; pRb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tumour growth is regulated by a balance between proliferation, growth arrest and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Until recently, the majority of the studies dealing with oncogenesis has been focused on the regulation of cell proliferation. There is now growing understanding that control of growth arrest and apoptosis play key roles in the development of human cancer and in cancer treatment. Some of the more heavily studied proteins of importance for the control of growth arrest and apoptosis are p53, p21, bcl-2 and bax. Alterations in the p53 protein may lead to malignant transformation and defect therapy response, most likely as a result of defective p53-dependent apoptosis. In addition, p21 (WAF1/CIP1) is involved in cell-cycle arrest and probably in induction of p53-dependent apoptosis. Proteins belonging to the bcl-2 family are also important for normal apoptosis. Overexpression of bcl-2 protein is thought to reduce the apoptotic capacity, while bax protein seems to be necessary for induction of apoptosis. In this study, we have immunostained tissues from 93 primary colon carcinomas and have examined the expression of p53, p21 (WAF1/CIP1), bcl-2 bax, pRb and cyclin D1 for evaluation of their roles in colon-cancer progression. A highly significant association between p53 accumulation and downregulation of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) was seen. We also found a strong association between reduced/absent p21 and the development of metastases and death due to cancer disease. Cyclin D1, bcl-2 and bax protein failed to have independent prognostic impacts. Bcl-2 and bax protein levels showed an inverse relationship. The results of the present study indicate that reduced p21 protein levels play an important role in progression of colon cancer. We concluded that evaluation of p21 expression in primary colon carcinomas at the time of surgery might be a valuable tool in defining patients with a high risk of developing metastases.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Clinical course ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphology ; Primary gastric T-cell lymphoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In contrast to primary gastric lymphomas of B-cell type, little is known about primary gastric T-cell lymphomas. We describe three cases with remarkably similar features: diffuse growth, epitheliotropism, medium too large cell size, high apoptotic rates, and a CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RO+ immunophenotype. Clonal TCRγ gene rearrangement was shown in two cases. Epstein-Barr virus infection was excluded in two cases. Taking advantage of fresh-frozen material, we analyzed two cases further, revealing CD5–, CD16+, CD56–, CD57–, CD25+, CD30+, CD103 (αEβ7)+, bcl-2 protein+, CD95+, CD95 ligand(L)–. CD95L, however, was detected in histiocytic and fibroblastoid by stander cells. The lymphomas expressed granzyme B, perforin, and the TIA-1 antigen in various combinations. All three cases had a very unfavorable clinical course characterized by local recurrence and/or dissemination to other epithelial sites, leading to death within 6–12 months after the initial diagnosis despite surgery and aggressive antineoplastic treatment. These data suggest a novel variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma operationally characterized as primary gastric, apoptosis-rich, CD103+, EBV-, T-cell lymphoma co-expressing CD4, CD8, CD16 and cytotoxic molecules.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Rejection ; ICAM-1 ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute rejection (AR) is a frequent complication following liver transplantation (LT). ICAM-1 may be involved in its pathogenesis. High doses of glucocorticoids are the standard treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to describe corticoid effects on ICAM-1 tissue expression in liver biopsies of patients with LT and AR. The study included liver biopsies performed before and after treatment in 12 patients with LT and proven AR. In 10 patients AR was reversible and in 2, was steroid resistant. For immunohistochemistry, an indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used. Each histology section was semiquantitatively evaluated as follows: 0: 〈 10 % staining, 1: 10–25 %, 2: 25–50 %, 3: 〉 50 %. The control group comprised nine patients with LT and normal liver biopsies. In pre-treatment liver biopsy samples, ICAM-1 was markedly expressed on sinusoidal cells (2.41 ± 0.66), and there was also expression on periportal (0.66 ± 0.65) and perivenular hepatocytes (0.83 ± 0.57). By contrast, in the liver tissue from the control group, sinusoidal ICAM-1 reactivity was significantly lower (0.88 ± 0.33; P 〈 0.05), and hepatocytes showed no reliable ICAM-1 expression. After steroid treatment the intensity of ICAM-1 decreased significantly in sinusoids (1.5 ± 0.67; P 〈 0.05) and in perivenular hepatocytes (0.25 ± 0.86; P 〈 0.05). Additionally, we also observed a decreased ICAM-1 reactivity in portal hepatocytes (0.25 ± 0.62), but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Remarkably, after treatment, hepatocytes did not show ICAM-1 reactivity in resolved AR, but in corticoid-resistant patients AR did not change or increase. In conclusion, in patients with LT and AR, ICAM-1 was expressed in hepatocytes and with more intensity in sinusoid cells. Additionally, a down-regulation of the ICAM-1 tissue expression after corticoid treatment may exist, although in corticoid-resistant AR no modulation on ICAM-1 tissue expression was observed.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Cervix ; Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour ; Ewing’s tumour pathology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Peripheral primitive neuro-ectodermal tumours (PNET) of the cervix are very rare. Here, we report the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and genetic features of a case of a PNET located in the cervix. Hysterectomy revealed a cervical tumour. On microscopic examination, a vaguely lobular arrangement of uniformly appearing neoplastic cells, with round to oval nuclei, distinct nuclear membranes and a clear, moderately glycogen-rich cytoplasm was seen. Cells stained positive for LEU 7, S 100, monoclonal NSE and particularly for MIC2. Neurogenic differentiation was also seen by electron microscopic examination. The genetic hallmark of PNET, a 22q12 rearrangement was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation experiments, supporting the diagnosis. Awareness of the existence of primary PNET of the cervix is important to avoid confusion with other tumours of the cervix.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Colorectal cancer ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There is growing evidence that nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in tumor growth. However, information on the expression of NO synthase (NOS) in colorectal cancers is scanty. We therefore investigated the distribution and expression of NOS in human colorectal cancers. The expression of three types of NOS, inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS), was examined by immunohistochemistry in 25 cases of colorectal cancer. The expression of iNOS was also investigated at the mRNA level using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 6 cases. Correlations were made between iNOS expression and the histopathological findings. Immunoreactive iNOS was detected in the tumor cells in 22 cases (88%) with diffuse cytoplasmic reactions. Expression of iNOS-mRNA detected by RT-PCR in three tumor tissues was over five-fold that in normal mucosa. Intensified immunoreactivity of iNOS was associated with vascular invasion. iNOS expression did not correlate with pathological staging, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, p53 expression or tumor vessel density. Immunoreactive eNOS stained more strongly in the endothelial cells of microvessels within and around the tumor than in the areas remote from the tumor. There is enhanced expression of iNOS and eNOS in human colorectal cancers, which may correlate with tumor growth and vascular invasion.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Adhesion molecule ; Integrins ; Meningiomas ; Macrophages ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study assessed the expression of leukocyte integrins and macrophage-associated antigens in meningiomas. Fourteen benign meningiomas, ten atypical/anaplastic meningiomas, two hemangiopericytomas and one solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) were included. Frozen sections were immunostained using antibodies directed against leukocyte integrins, CD68, CD14, CD2, CD1a, DRC1 and CD34. Their expression was evaluated semi-quantitatively. Ki67 positive cells were counted. Arachnoid membranes served as controls. Arachnoid cells expressed the β2-integrin subunit and KP1. Beta2 was detected in the tumour cells of 14 meningiomas. In nine cases, this was associated with an α-integrin subunit. There was no statistical difference in the expression of β2 between benign and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. KP1 was constantly expressed by the tumour cells of meningiomas. It was not expressed by other meningeal tumours. CD34 was detected in the fibrous meningiomas, hemangiopericytomas and the SFT. In each tumour, macrophages were more numerous than T lymphocytes. There was no statistical difference in the density of macrophages and T lymphocytes between the benign and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. There was no correlation between the Ki67 proliferation index and macrophage infiltration. Meningiomas, through the expression of leukocyte antigens, have a very particular phenotype. The expression of β2 integrins could play a role in the attraction of immunocompetent cells in the stroma of meningiomas.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Breast ; Adenomyoepithelioma ; Metastasis ; Thyroid ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a patient who was admitted to our hospital with an enlarged left lobe of the thyroid gland. Since fine-needle aspiration showed atypical follicular cells, a surgical exploration followed. Owing to extensive tumor infiltration into the surrounding tissues curative surgery was not possible, and only an incisional biopsy was taken. Histological examination of this biopsy revealed a mixed tumor composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. A primary thyroid tumor, metastasis of a salivary gland, and a skin appendage tumor could be excluded based on clinical examination, conventional histology, and immunohistochemistry. A tumor of the left breast treated 12 years earlier had originally been classified as an intraductal/intracystic carcinoma with focal invasion, but was re-examined. Using immunohistochemistry, the breast tumor was reclassified as a malignant adenomyoepithelioma. The current tumor was apparently a metastasis from this primary breast tumor. An updated review of the literature is given, including current knowledge on histological and immunohistochemical features of adenomyoepithelioma of the breast, with special attention to the reported pathological characteristics of recurrent and malignant tumors. Based on the reported pathological characteristics of recurrent and metastatic tumors we offer a diagnostic tool for identifying potentially malignant and recurrent tumors.
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