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  • 101
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    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 121-133 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Urate ; Protein Interaction ; Uptake by Erythrocytes ; Renal Reabsorption ; Man ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interaction of urate with human and rat plasma was studied by a dialysis technique at different temperatures. At 4° C a certain fraction of urate is bound to proteins. However, this fraction diminishes with increasing temperature and at 37° C only some 7–8% (in man) and 2% (in rat) interact with proteins. The finding that urate is almost completely filtered in the glomerulus is discussed. In body areas exposed to low temperatures protein binding of urate may be of importance. Urate uptake by erythrocytes is characterized by two components: a fast component equilibrating almost immediately at about 7% in man and 17% in rat and a slow component reaching equilibrium after 60 min, at 28% and 36%, respectively. The process is described by a mathematical formula. Lowering of the temperature mainly diminishes uptake by the slow component withQ 10-values ranging between 1.5 and 4.0. In the observed range of concentrations the uptake process does not saturate. The results at lower pH-values suggest that it is unionized uric acid which is transported by the slow component. Application of the data to kidney medulla supports the hypothesis that erythrocytes and, probably, to a lesser extent plasma proteins serve as vehicles for urate reabsorption in the countercurrent system. Such a temporary interaction enables uric acid to escape recirculation and to leave the kidney medulla.
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  • 102
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    Psychopharmacology 39 (1974), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Fixed Interval ; Scopolamine ; Physostigmine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine if 2 drugs, scopolamine and physostigmine which have opposite effects on cholinergic transmission also produce opposite effects on fixed-interval (FI) performance. Scopolamine and a wide range of doses of physostigmine were administered singly and concurrently to a number of rats responding on a FI 2 min schedule. Scopolamine produced a disruption in FI curvature which could be antagonized by physostigmine, but physostigmine by itself produced no consistent change.
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  • 103
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    Psychopharmacology 40 (1974), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Social Behaviour ; Sex ; Novelty ; Photographs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of lithium chloride on the social behaviour of male and female rats were measured in unfamiliar and familiar test situations using a photographic technique. Lithium-treated females showed an increase in body contact and a decrease in social distances in comparison with saline-treated controls in both test conditions. Males administered lithium showed increased corner occupancies in the novel test setting while in the familiar test they showed decreased body contact and increased average group social distance in comparison with the saline condition. Further tests in an exploration box confirmed that lithium decreased the general environmental responsiveness of male rats. The results are discussed with reference to the anti-aggressive effect of lithium.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRF ; Hypothalamic localization ; Rat ; Ependyma ; Glia ; Light and electron microscopic Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis of the medial basal hypothalamus of rat brains incubated for 30 and 60 minutes in tritiated luteinizing releasing factor (3H-LRF) revealed selective uptake in the form of silver grains over specialized ependyma (tanycytes) and perivascular glial cells in the palisade-contact zone of the median eminence. The functional capacity of tanycytes and glia are discussed in light of these data.
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  • 105
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 493-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Neurotransmitter ; Myenteric plexus ; Rat ; Histofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several recent studies suggested that serotonergic neuron-like elements are present in the guinea pig ileum. The present paper reports an extensive study of the digestive tract of the rat with the use of a histofluorescence technique. Administration of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan, associated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not allow histochemical demonstration of rapidly fading, yellow fluorescent, 6-hydroxydopamine-resistant neurons; conversely such neurons were readily detected in the brain. It is concluded that serotonergic neuron-like elements cannot be detected histochemically in the rat myenteric plexus area after chemical sympathectomy.
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  • 106
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Adrenalectomy ; Renin and secretory granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion des juxtaglomerulären Apparates auf Adrenalektomie wurde untersucht. Im Stadium der Nebenniereninsuffizienz, sechs Tage nach der Operation, wurde quantitativ morphometrisch eine Abnahme der Volumendichte der Sekretgranula (von 32% auf 16%) festgestellt. Golgi-Apparat und Ergastoplasma proliferieren stark, wobei insbesondere die erweiterten Cisternen des Ergastoplasmas auffallen.
    Notes: Summary The response of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus to bilateral adrenalectomy was studied in rats. After the sixth postoperative day, symptoms of severe adrenal insufficiency had developed. In the Juxtaglomerular cells, the volume density of the secretory granules decreased from 32% to 16%. The Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum underwent considerable proliferation, the latter showing strikingly enlarged cisternae.
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  • 107
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 525-536 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex differences ; Gonadal hormones ; Karyometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal glands of adult female rats are heavier than the glands of corresponding male rats. Postpubertal orchiectomy increases the adrenal weight, an effect restored by testosterone replacement. Under the same conditions ovariectomy of 8 weeks duration does not change the adrenal weight while estradiol replacement enhances the relative adrenal weight. Karyometric studies have shown that nuclei in the female zona fasciculata cells are larger (app. 18%) than those of the male. Similar but only slight differences (2%) were observed in the zona reticularis. Orchiectomy results in enlargement of cell nuclei within all zones of the adrenal cortex; testosterone replacement has the opposite effect. Ovariectomy of 8 weeks duration slightly enhances the volume of nuclei of the zona glomerulosa cells, has no effect on the nuclei of the zona fasciculata and reduces the volume of nuclei in the zona reticularis. Estradiol replacement reduces the volume of nuclei of the zona glomerulosa cells but increases nuclear volume in the zona fasciculata and in the zona reticularis. Thus testosterone has an inhibitory effect on the adrenal cortex of the rat while the physiologic effect of estradiol on the morphology of this gland, particularly on the zona fasciculata cells is rather dubious. The author wishes to thank Mrs. B. Westerska and Miss K. Siejak for excellent technical assistance.
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  • 108
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 537-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex differences ; Gonadal hormone ; Stereologic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult female rats have heavier adrenals than males. Orchiectomy increases the adrenal weight, an effect reversed by testosterone. Neither ovariectomy nor estradiol replacement has an effect on absolute adrenal weight. The stereologic analysis of the volume fractions of particular adrenocortical zones have shown that the volume fraction of the zona glomerulosa in females is smaller as compared with males. On the contrary, the volume fractions of the fasciculata and reticularis zones are higher in female than in male rats. In both sexes gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement has an effect on the volume fractions of particular adrenocortical zones, these changes being more pronounced due to orchiectomy or testosterone replacement. The adrenal cortex of all experimental groups contains a similar quantity of parenchymal cells. The cytoplasm volume of a single adrenocortical cell is higher in all zones of the female adrenals as compared with the male. Orchiectomy increases the volume of the cytoplasm in fasciculata and reticularis cells. This effect was reversed by testosterone. Neither ovariectomy nor estradiol replacement has an effect on the volume of the cytoplasm in the fasciculata and reticularis cells. These studies have shown that sex differences with regards to rat adrenal size and weight depend upon the “physiologic atrophy” of the male adrenal cortex, while neither ovariectomy (8 weeks after operation) nor estradiol replacement has a conspicuous effect on the morphologic changes of this gland.
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  • 109
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Hair ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palisade-shaped nerve endings of the small normal hairs of the rat snout were examined with the electron microscope (fixation by perfusion). The terminals are located inside the ‘glassy membrane’ in the area of the neck of the hair root. The 10–20 radially arranged terminal axons are in direct contact with the basement membrane of the epithelium of the external root sheath. The axons are surrounded on all sides by leaf-shaped processes of the Schwann cells. The surfaces of these cell processes are marked by numerous vesicle-like invaginations (approx. 1000 Å dia.). Transverse sections from several areas of the palisadeshaped nerve endings are compared with longitudinal sections. In the upper area ‘empty’ vesicles (approx. 500–600 Å in diameter) occur, along with electron-dense vesicles (approx. 800–1100 Å in diameter); in the middle area, the axons are distended and contain accumulations of mitochondria.
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  • 110
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Bowman's capsule ; Experimental hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule was examined in the rat in control animals and in animals made hypertensive by treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetatesaline and by clipping of the renal artery. At an early stage of elevation of blood pressure and, occasionally, prior to elevation of blood pressure, the epithelial cells of this layer showed basal cytoplasmic protrusion and reduplication accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the basement membrane. These changes preceded evidence of glomerular or renal arteriolar pathology. They presumably reflect either a response of this layer to increased blood pressure and modified glomerular function, or a direct effect of the factors that also induces blood pressure elevation. In either case, they imply a greater functional significance for the parietal layer than has usually been attributed to it.
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  • 111
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Cyproterone ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dorsal lobe and the coagulating gland of the rat prostate were studied after administration of the anti-androgenic compound Cyp A for varying periods (7–20 days). There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells were pale, contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi area, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of free ribosomes. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found, comprising different types of intranuclear inclusions of membranous configurations. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in castrated animals and are consistent with atrophy. The results are discussed in relation to the available biochemical and autoradiographic data on the different lobes.
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  • 112
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosal mast cells ; Rat ; Compound 48/80 ; Degranulation, Release ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mast cells in the tongue and lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa, representing two cell types with different morphological, histochemical and functional properties have been studied under the electron microscope. Both cell types were found to contain similar moderately electron dense and homogeneous granules surrounded by a tight membrane constituting the basic ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells. The mucosal mast cells, however, contained fewer granules per cell and the individual granules often exhibited considerable variation in size. In addition the mucosal mast cells, unlike those of the tongue, peritoneum and skin, had a smooth plasma membrane lacking microvilli and possessed irregularly shaped or lobulated nuclei. In the tongue mast cells, administration of Compound 48/80 caused the formation of vacuoles around the granules, expulsion of granules from the cells and disintegration of the granular matrix, but no changes that could be attributed to 48/80 could be found in the mucosal mast cells.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 443-470 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes and T-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte findet die sexuelle Differenzierung der Gonade zwischen dem 14. und 15. Tag post conceptionem (p.c.) statt. Während dieser Zeit teilen sich die Oogonien und deren Parallelpopulation—die M-prospermatogonien (multiplying prospermatogonia) oder I-Gonocyten—sehr häufig. Um den 17. Tag p.c. tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien bzw. der M-prospermatogonien in die Mitose. Die Mitosen bilden häufig “synchronisierte Gruppen”. Die postmitotischen Kerne ihrer Tochterzellen—der Oocyten und der T 1 prospermatogonien (primary transitional prospermatogonia) oder II-Gonocyten—sind klein. Ihr Chromatin ist in Form gröberer Schollen der Kernmembran angelagert. Auf diese Weise kommt das typische “krustenförmige” Aussehen bzw. die Ähnlichkeit mit den Prophasen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien zustande. Die Oocyten durchlaufen zunächst die G1-phase (etwa 10 Std Dauer) und treten dann—am Ende des Präleptotänstadiums—in die S-phase. Dann passieren sie die verschiedenen Stadien der meiotischen Prophase und treten vom 3. Tag post partum (p.p.) ab in das Dictyotänstadium. Die T1-prospermatogonien hingegen befinden sich etwa 10 Tage lang in der G1-phase, ohne wesentliche morphologische Veränderungen aufzuweisen. Vom 4. Tag p.p. an durchlaufen sie die S-Phase. Die S-Phasen-Dauer (D-S) beider Zellarten beträgt 11.5 Std und wurde durch Doppelmarkierung mit 14C- und 3H-Thymidin bestimmt. Als am besten geeignete Termine für die Bestimmung der D-S erwiesen sich bei den Oocyten der 18. Tag p.c. und bei den T1-prospermatogonien der 5. Tag p.p. Zu diesen beiden Zeitpunkten war die Anzahl der in die S-phase ein-und austretenden Oocyten bzw. T1-prospermatogonien gleich, die Zellen in S-phase befanden sich im “steady state”. Das Kernvolumen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien ist etwa doppelt so groß wie das der postmitotischen Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien. Bis zum 5. Tage p.p. nimmt das Kernvolumen der Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien um etwa das Fünffache zu. Der Degenerationsindex der Oocyten liegt wesentlich höher als der der T1-prospermatogonien; er ist postnatal besonders hoch. Aus den T1-prospermatogonien gehen am 4. und 5. Tage p.p. durch Teilung die T 2-prospermatogonien (secondary transitional prospermatogonia) hervor. Die Kerne dieses Zelltyps sind etwas kleiner also die der T1-prospermatogonien. Die T2-prospermatogonien treten am 6. Tage p.p. in die Mitose; es entstehen die ersten A-spermatogonien.
    Notes: Summary In the rat (Wistar-WU) sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs between days 14 and 15 post conception (p.c.). At this time the oogonia and their parallel population — the M-prospermatogonia (I-gonocytes)—divide rapidly. On about day 17 p.c., the last generation of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia, frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis. The postmitotic nuclei of their daughter cells—oocytes and T 1-prospermatogonia (II-gonocytes)—are small; coarse flakes of chromatin are associated with the nuclear membrane causing the typical “crustlike” appearance and the similarity with the prophases of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. After the oocytes have passed a G1-phase of approximately 10 hr, they enter the S-phase at the end of the preleptotene stage. Then they pass the different stages of the meiotic prophase until they enter the dictyate stage from 3 day post partum (p.p.) onwards. The T1-prospermatogonia, on the other hand, spend a long G1-phase of about 10 days without any conspicuous morphological change before entering the S-phase from day 4 p.p. onwards. The duration of the S-pbase (D-S) of both cell types—oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia—as determined by the double labeling method with 14C- and 3H-thymidine is found to be 11.5 hr. The most favourable time for determining the D-S was day 18 p.c. for the oocytes and day 5 p.p. for the T1-prospermatogonia. On these two days the balance was reached between the cells entering and leaving the S-phase. The nuclear volumes of the postmitotic oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia are approximately half the size of those of their precursors. Until day 5 p.p. the nuclear volumes of the oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia increase about fivefold. The degeneration index of the oocytes is considerably higher than that of the T1-prospermatogonia; postnatally it is especially high. T 2 prospermatogonia arise by mitosis of the T1-prospermatogonia on day 4 and 5 p.p. The nuclei of this cell type are smaller than those of T1-prospermatogonia. T2-prospermatogonia enter mitosis on day 6 p.p and give rise to A-spermatogonia.
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  • 114
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte-resembling cells ; Habenular region ; Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Ontogenetic development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the pineal gland, the pineal stalk, and the lamina intercalaris contain 5-HT and are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres. These peripheral nerve fibres continue rostrally from the lamina intercalaris and run into the central nervous tissue of stria medullaris and the habenular nuclei. Pharmacological treatment to increase the cellular 5-HT content revealed that the sympathetic fibres are in close relation to yellow fluorescent cells embedded in the brain tissue. These yellow fluorescent cells develop very late in the ontogenetic development (three weeks or more postnatally) and are preceded by ingrowth of sympathetic fibres into the brain tissue. The results support the hypothesis that the cells found in the habenular region are of pinealocyte rather than neuronal nature, but it is possible that they differ in certain aspects from the cells of the pineal gland proper.
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  • 115
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Somatic spines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of ultrathin serial sections of the perikarya and adjacent neuropil of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the adult male rat revealed varying forms of two types of somatic spines. One type forms synapses with axons passing the cell, the other, without synapses, appears to serve as a buttress or clasp for adjacent neuronal and glial processes. The synapse-bearing spines lack the usual spine apparatus but contain the flocculent substance often seen in spines. The other spines do not exhibit either of these structures. These somatic spines were also seen in Golgi impregnated preparations but the types could not be distinguished. Certain axons synapse either on a somatic spine of the perikarya or penetrate the glial sheath of the neuron and synapse, usually repeatedly, on the soma in an en passant manner.
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  • 116
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 371-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rat ; Electric coupling areas ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal glands of Wistar rats were fixed in glutaraldehyde and prepared by the freeze-etching technique. With regard to the form and internal structure of pineal cells this technique has revealed nothing essentially new. Synaptic ribbons are very rarely found. A regular diagonal arrangement of membrane attached particles between the Schwann cell and the axon of an autonomic nerve terminal was observed. Three types of contact areas between pineal cells are described. In the first two types, which occur more frequently, the diameter of the area varied from 1000 to 2500 Å, with irregularly aggregated membrane associated particles. The third type, larger but less frequently found, has a surface area of 0.4 μm2 and much more regularly distributed membrane associated particles (ø 88 Å). These contact areas can be considered to be electric coupling areas between pineal cells.
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  • 117
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin terminals ; 5,6- and 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Chemical degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopical evidence for the existence of an important serotonergic input to the rat median eminence is presented. This evidence is based on the demonstration of degenerating nerve terminals in the external layer of the rat median eminence following the application of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, drugs known to exert more or less selective toxic effects on central serotonin neurons. The finding of a serotonergic innervation of the median eminence in mammals has important implications for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a modulator of synthesis and/or release of hypothalamic, hypophysiotropic hormones.
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  • 118
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anococcygeal muscle ; Smooth muscle ; Rat ; Innervation, adrenergic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat anococcygeus muscle, which is known from previous functional and histochemical investigations to be a smooth muscle with a dense adrenergic innervation, was studied by electron microscopic methods. The muscle was found to be organized in small bundles of 2 to 8 muscle cells, which were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and by gap junctions. Small Schwann cell-axon complexes with 1 to 5 axons appeared to represent the functional terminal nerve pathway. Such axon complexes were located at the periphery of the small smooth muscle bundles, they never penetrated into them. A ratio of approximately 6 small axon complexes per 100 muscle cells was found. After glutaraldehyde fixation axon varicosities contained mainly small empty vesicles. After treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine and permanganate fixation mainly small vesicles with a dense core were found. The neuromuscular distances ranged from 550 to 5000 Å, with a mean of about 2600 Å. True close neuromuscular contacts at a distance below 500 Å with a fusing of basal laminae were absent. The present observations provide a morphological base for the findings of previous electrophysiological and pharmacological studies on the anococcygeal muscle.
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  • 119
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex-hormones ; Ultramorphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ultramorphometrisch wurde nach dem Verfahren von Rohr et al. (1971) die äußere Zona fasciculata von Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bei 5 Gruppen zu je 4 Tieren verglichen: Männchen, Weibchen im Diöstrus, Weibchen im Östrus, männliche und weibliche Kastraten (Kastration am 4. Lebenstag). Die Nebennierenrindenzellen der äu\eren Fasciculata sind bei Weibchen gegenüber denen normaler Männchen hypertroph: Weibchen im Diöstrus zeigen gegenüber Männchen größere Einzelzellen mit vermehrtem glattem endoplasmatischem Reticulum, erhöhten Einzel- und Gesamtvolumina der Mitochondrien sowie einem höheren Lipoidgehalt bei stärkerer Dispersion der Liposomen. Dieselben funktionsspezifischen Strukturen nehmen bei den Weibchen im Östrus noch weiter zu. Die Kastration der Weibchen am 4. Lebenstag führt zu einer Reduktion der funktionsspezifischen morphometrischen Parameter unter die Werte der Diöstrus-Tiere. Männliche Kastraten gleichen die Werte ihrer funktionsspezifischen Strukturen weitgehend denen der Weibchen im Diöstrus an. Nach Kastration am 4. Lebenstag zeigen weibliche Tiere somit etwas niedrigere morphonietrische Parameter in der äußeren Zona fasciculata als die männlichen Kastraten.
    Notes: Summary With the method of Rohr et al. (1971) the outer zona fasciculata of Sprague-Dawley-rats was compared ultramorphometrically in 5 groups of 4 animals each: males, females during diestrus, females during estrus, male and female castrates (castration on 4th day of life). Adrenal cortical cells of the outer fasciculata in females are hypertrophic in comparison with those of normal males: females during diestrus show in comparison with males larger individual cells with increased SER, increased volume of the individual mitochondrium and total volume of mitochondria as well as an increased lipoid content together with a more pronounced dispersion of liposomes. The same function-specific structures show a further increase in females during estrus. Castration of females on the 4th day of life leads to a reduction of the function-specific morphometric parameters below the values of the diestrus animals. Male castrates show adaption of the values of their function-specific structures towards those of females during diestrus. Following castration on the 4th day of life, female animals thus show somewhat lower morphometric parameters in the outer zona fasciculata than male castrates.
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  • 120
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal zona glomerulosa ; Rat ; Normal ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on an electron microscopic study of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in the normal rat, with special emphasis on the structural diversity of mitochondria in its parenchymatous cells. The mitochondria of cristae may be tubulo-vesicular, plate-like and/or straight tubular, any one mitochondrion containing one or more types of cristae. The mitochondrial features of the zona glomerulosa parenchymatous cells are attributed to the biochemical stages of aldosterone synthesis, taking place in different mitochondria of these cells.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Rat ; Granule distribution ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neurohypophyse und die neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebiete von normalen männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, von trächtigen und durstenden Tieren wurden elektronenmikroskopisch und morphometrisch mit der Fragestellung untersucht, ob sich in den Häufigkeitsverteilungen der mittleren Granula-Durchmesser, bezogen auf die Anzahl der Axone, eine zweigipflige Verteilung ergibt. Bei Kontrolltieren zeigen die Perikarya des Nucleus supraopticus zahlreichere und größere Granula als die Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis, wobei der Unterschied in den Durchmessern der Granula bei den weiblichen Tieren ausgeprägter ist als bei den männlichen. Beide Kontrollgruppen zeigen in der Neurohypophyse ein zweigipfliges Verteilungsmuster der Granula, wobei die beiden Gipfel bei den männlichen Kontrollen dichter beieinander liegen als bei den weiblichen. Bei den trächtigen Tieren weisen beide Kerngebiete Zeichen gesteigerter Aktivität auf und die Granula in den Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis sind deutlich größer als bei Kontrolltieren. Zu Beginn der Tragzeit werden relativ große, wahrscheinlich vasopressinhaltige Granula in der Neurohypophyse gespeichert, während sich im letzten Drittel der Tragezeit die beiden Populationen dort nicht mehr unterscheiden lassen. Nach 48 Std. Wasserentzug erscheinen beide hypothalamischen Kerne aktiviert. Auffallend ist, daß die Granula im Nucleus supraopticus deutlich kleiner sind als bei Kontrolltieren. Entsprechend fehlen in der Neurohypophyse große Granula, während Axone mit kleinen Granula vermehrt sind. Nach zehntägiger Durstperiode lassen sich im Nucleus supraopticus, neben sehr typischen morphologischen Veränderungen, morphometrisch ebenfalls deutlich kleinere Granula nachweisen. Im Hypophysenhinterlappen dieser Versuchsgruppe sind die granulahaltigen Axone sehr stark vermindert, und in der Häufigkeitsverteilung fehlen die Granula mit großem Durchmesser während der dem Oxytocin zugeordnete Gipfel unverändert erscheint. In Verbindung mit den elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden lassen sich also aus den Verschiebungen der Verteilungsmuster zwischen den sechs Versuchsgruppen die Granula mit kleinerem Durchmesser oxytocinhaltigen Axonen zuordnen und Granula mit größerem Durchmesser zu den Endigungen, die Vasopressin enthalten. Die morphometrischen Befunde in den neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebieten bestätigen diese Zuordnung. Die elektronenmikroskopischen und morphometrischen Befunde werden besonders im Hinblick auf die Hormonverschiebungen zwischen dem “reserve pool” und den “easily releasable pool” diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A morphometric evaluation of electron micrographs has been carried out from neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis and from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in normal male and female rats as well as in pregnant and water deprived rats. The task of this investigation was to find out whether frequency distribution diagrams of the mean diameter of the neurosecretory granules, plotted versus the number of axons, reveal a grossly bimodal distribution. In normal rats the nerve cells of the nucleus supraopticus (S.O.N.) show more numerous and larger granules than the cells of the nucleus paraventricularis (P.V.N), this difference with respect to the diameter being more pronounced in female than in male animals. In the posterior pituitary lobes the neurosecretory granules exhibit a bimodal distribution, the second peak being situated more closely to the first one in male controls. In pregnant animals both nuclei appear to be activated, and the granules of P.V.N. are distinctly larger as compared to those of female control animals. In early pregnancy larger, i.e. presumably vasopressin-containing granules are stored in the neurohypophysis, while in the last phase before delivery oxytocin-containing neurons and vasopressin-containing ones cannot be differentiated any more. After 48 hrs of thirst both hypothalamic nuclei exhibit signs of increased activation, the diameters of the granules in the S.O.N. being distinctly smaller than in normals. In the neurohypophysis granules with large diameters are lacking, while axons with small granules are more frequent. In the S.O.N. of animals, water deprived for 10 days the diameters of the granules are smaller than normal and in the neurohypophysis the number of granule-containing fibres is strongly reduced. In the frequency distribution diagram granules with larger diameters are lacking whereas the peak, attributed to oxytocin, is not essentially altered. However, from the observed alteration on the distribution patterns of the six experimental groups and in connection with the electron microscopic results the granules with smaller diameters can be attributed to oxytocin-containing axons and the larger ones to vasopressin-containing terminals. Analogous morphometric data have been obtained from the neurosecretory nuclei as well. The electron-microscopic and morphometric observations are discussed with regard to hormone-shifts between the reserve pool and the easily-releasable pool.
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  • 122
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 471-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Influence of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die quantitativ-morphologische Analyse des juxtaglomerulären Apparates nach DOC-Behandlung zeigte, daß mit der Hemmung der Reninbildung eine Hypoplasie der epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates einhergeht. Der Granulagehalt der juxtaglomerulären Zellen nahm ab; die Kern-Plasma-Relation änderte sich und die Leiomyofibrillen in den Epitheloidzellen nahmen zu. An den übrigen Anteilen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere der Macula densa, wurden keine morphologischen Veränderungen beobachtet. Die DOC-Behandlung führte darüber hinaus zu einer Bildung von Einschlüssen in den Podocyten, den Mesangiumzellen und den Zellen der Bowman-Membran. Die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, über welche Faktoren die juxtaglomerulären Zellen nach DOC-Behandlung degranuliert werden, werden diskutiert. Das ultrastrukturelle Bild der Epitheloidzellen nach DOC-Behandlung entspricht deutlich einer gehemmten Sekretion, da das Ergastoplasma und der Golgi-Apparat ganz besonders stark zurückgebildet werden.
    Notes: Summary Quantitative morphological analysis of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus of rats treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and salt revealed hypoplasia of the epithelioid cells as a concomitant of the inhibition of renin synthesis. The granular content of the Juxtaglomerular cells was significantly decreased, while the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and the volume density of leiomyofilaments in the epithelioid cells increased. No morphological alterations were observed in the remaining constituents of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus, including the macula densa. DOC-treatment also induced the appearance of inclusions in the podocytes in the cells of the mesangium, and in the cells of Bowman's capsule. The possible mechanisms of degranulation of the Juxtaglomerular cells after treatment with DOC are discussed. The ultrastructural appearance of the epithelioid cells after treatment with DOC corresponds to an inhibition of secretion, since the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus undergo marked regressive changes.
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  • 123
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 336 (1974), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Rat ; Splenectomy ; Gastric Ulceration ; Increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Ratten wurde der Einfluß von Splenektomie auf Magensaftsekretion und Ulcusentstehung untersucht. Sowohl nach “restraint-stress” als auch Pylorusligatur wiesen die splenektomierten Tiere eine ausgeprägte Steigerung der Ulcuszahl und -größe gegenüber den Kontrolltieren auf. In der Magensaftanalyse waren dagegen die Werte der splenektomierten Tiere gegenüber den scheinoperierten nur geringgradig gesteigert. — Als mögliche Ursache der vermehrten Ulcusanfälligkeit nach Splenektomie wurde eine Veränderung lokaler, nicht säuresekretorischer Faktoren der Magenwand diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In Splenectomiced rats incidence of gastric ulceration was compaired with control groups. Restraint stress and ligation of pylorus was used as model. Splenectomiced rats do show an higher incidence in both models. Both frequency and extension of gastric ulcer were accumulated significantly. Analysis of gastric secretion was only unessentially raised in comparisom to control-groups. Change of protective factors of stomach as possible reason is discussed.
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  • 124
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 133-152 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Absorption ; Tritiated Water ; Urea ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic buffered solutions containing tritiated water or 14C-labelled urea. The blood flow of the loop was maintained constant at an intermediate rate (0.8–0.9 ml min−1 g−1 wet tissue weight). The water net flux was determined by means of polyethylene glycol as nonabsorbable marker and amounted up to ±30 μl min−1 g−1 w. w. 2. A positive water net flux (directed towards the blood) increased the absorption rates (disappearance rate from the intestinal lumen, appearance rate in the intestinal venous blood) of tritiated water and urea by maximally 22 and 41%, a negative water net flux (directed towards the gut lumen) diminished it by 12 and 32%. 3. The data were analysed by means of a kinetic model with the water net flux as independent variable. The sieving coefficient ⧫=1-δ was 1.18±0.44 for tritiated water and 0.86±0.11 for urea at pH 6.2. The water net flux influenced the absorption of solutes by interaction within the membranes (solvent drag in a restricted sense) and by changing the volume of blood flowing in the capillaries near the epithelium. This last effect is large for the absorption of the rapidly absorbable tritiated water, but small for the absorption of urea which is absorbed ten-times slower. 4. The water net flux in the intestine depended linearly on the osmotic pressure difference between lumen and blood. The hydraulic permeability was 146–180 ml2 min−1 g−1 osm−1.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 277 (1973), S. 113-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; l- and d-phenylalanine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused (single pass and recirculation) with buffered solutions containing l-phenylalanine (about 30 μM and 30 mM) and d-phenylalanine (about 30 μM). The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen) and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously, the accumulation in the gut wall at the end of the experiments. 2. At a constant intermediate blood flow the absorption of l- and d-phenylalanine decreased with time. A decrease of blood flow from about 1.6 to 0.25 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished the appearance and the disappearance rate of both isomers. An increase of blood flow from 0.25 to 1.6 ml min−1g−1 caused no increase of absorption; on the contrary the appearance and disappearance rate decreased a little. The different dependence of absorption when decreasing and increasing the blood flow rate may be caused by a changed pattern of blood flow in the layers of the gut wall, i.e. the flow rate in the villi may be reduced while the flow rate in the entire wall remains unchanged. 3. In the single pass perfusion experiments the appearance rate of l-phenylalanine increased proportionally to the luminal concentration (30 μM and 30 mM), while the accumulation was relatively smaller at the high concentration. In the recirculation experiments the appearance rate and the accumulation of l-phenylalanine did not increase proportionally. 4. The increase in perfusion rate, from 0.1 (single pass perfusion) to 2–3 and 10 ml min−1 (recirculation), caused an increase of l-phenylalanine absorption and tissue accumulation. 5. At a luminal concentration of about 30 μM the appearance rates of l- and d-phenylalanine were equal, while the tissue accumulation was smaller for the d-isomer.
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  • 126
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    Research in experimental medicine 161 (1973), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: D-penicillamine ; L-cysteine ; Serum proteins ; Rat ; D-Penicillamin ; L-Cystein ; Serumproteine ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vitro-Untersuchungen zeigten, daß D-Penicillamin durch Serumproteine, in erster Linie durch Albumin, gebunden wird. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ist die Bildung gemischter Disulfide hierfür verantwortlich. Cystin, L-Cystein und andere Thiole sowie N-Äthylmaleinimid hemmen die Proteinbindung von D-Penicillamin. Verabfolgt man Ratten vor Injektion des D-Penicillamins L-Cystein, resultiert eine vorübergehende Erhöhung des Gehalts an freiem D-Penicillamin in Serum und in einigen Geweben, während die Ausscheidung mit dem Urin verzögert wird. Die theoretische und praktische Bedeutung der Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Studiesin vitro show that D-penicillamine is bound by serum proteins, mainly albumin; the formation of a mixed disulfide is the most likely explanation. Cystine, L-cysteine and other thiols as well as N-ethylmaleinimide were found to inhibit the protein binding of D-penicillamine. Administration of L-cysteine to rats prior to D-penicillamine brings about a transient increase of the amount of free D-penicillamine in serum and in some tissues as well as a delay in its urinary excretion. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Self-emptying loop ; Mucosal atrophy ; Small intestine ; Luminal nutrition ; Morphology ; Glucose-absorption ; Rat ; Selbstentleerende Blindschlingen des Jejunums ; Schleimhautatrophie ; Topische Ernährung ; Morphologie ; Glucoseresorption ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Möglichkeit und Ausmaß der Reversibilität einer Dünndarmschleimhautatrophie zu prüfen, wurden operativ ausgeschaltete, atrophische Jejunalschlingen nach Rückverlegung in die Dünndarmpassage morphologisch und funktionell untersucht. Ergebnisse: 1 Monat nach Rückverlegung hatte sich die Schleimhautatrophie zurückgebildet. Morphometrisch fand sich darüber hinaus eine Hypertrophie aller Wandschichten. Der Schleimhauthypertrophie entsprach eine Steigerung der Glucoseresorption.
    Notes: Summary Self-emptying blind loops of the small intestine in the rat were restored to functioning intestine in order to investigate the reversibility of mucosal atrophy. Results: 1 month after restoration of normal anatomical conditions atrophy was no longer demonstrable. In addition, the morphometric data indicated mucosal hypertrophy and increase in thickness of all layers of the intestinal wall. These changes were associated with a significant increase of glucose-absorption.
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    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cleavage stages ; Egg-cylinder ; Mouse ; Rat ; Hydrolytic enzymes distribution ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time of appearance and the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase was investigated in cleavage and early postimplantation stages of mouse and rat embryos. Alkaline and acid phosphatase appeared for the first time in 8-cell embryos. Activity of both enzymes grew progressively stronger to blastocyst stage. Acid phosphatase activity was revealed in the form of fine and coarse granules distributed evenly in the cytoplasm. Alkaline phosphatase was predominantly localized in plasma membranes. There was no difference in intensity of reaction between trophoblastic cells and the inner cell mass. After implantation acid phosphatase was localized in coarse granules in the apical portion of entodermal cells. With the appearance of mesoderm, the cells of embryonal entoderm became flattened and devoid of acid phosphatase activity which was restricted to cells of extraembryonic entoderm. The activity of nonspecific esterase was not detected in preimplantation stages. In postimplantation embryos it roughly corresponded to the activity of acid phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase was localized in cell membranes of ectodermal cells. The mesodermal cells of mouse embryo displayed a somewhat weaker activity than ectodermal cells, while in the rat embryo the same layer remained completely nonreactive. Our findings on the distribution of the enzymes mentioned did not reveal any kind of polarity or bilateral symmetry in preimplantation stages. In postimplantation stages acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase are probably bound to lysosomes and play an important role in embryonic nutrition. The absence of alkaline phosphatase from entodermal cells is somewhat puzzling and suggests that the process of molecular transport in those cells is most probably restricted to endocytosis. Our results suggest that all blastomeres are identical with respect to enzyme distribution and that the first signs of differentiation of enzyme content appear with the formation of germ layers.
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    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Tongue ; Myogenesis ; Neurogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die Entwicklung des Bewegungsapparates der Rattenzunge im Verhältnis zu morphogenetischen Vorgängen im Gesichtsbereich, besonders zur Gaumenentwicklung, beurteilen zu können, wurde die Zungenanlage des Rattenembryos ab Tag 13 p.c. bis Tag 6 p.p. lichtmikroskopisch, histochemisch und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In einem Blastem von embryonalen Mesenchymzellen, Capillaren und Neuritenbündeln differenzieren sich ab Tag 15 p.c. Myoblasten, die miteinander zu mehrkernigen Muskelfasern verschmelzen. In deren Cytoplasma bilden sich an Ribosomenketten Myofilamente, die zu Myofibrillen mit Z-Streifen organisiert werden. Ab Tag 19 p.c. ordnet sich die Querstreifung zu Registern, das Transversolongitudinalsystem lagert sich an. Neuritenbündel legen sich quer zur Längsachse an die Muskelfasern an und ab Tag 17 p.c. finden sich myoneuronale Kontakte. Typische motorische Endplatten wurden bis Tag 6 p.p. nicht gefunden. Zum Zeitpunkt des Gaumenschlusses am Tag 17 p.c. sind geordnete Muskelfasersysteme, primitive myoneuronale Kontakte mit Acetylcholinvesikeln und ein typisches Enzymmuster der Acetylcholinesterase ausgebildet. Damit bestehen vor Schluß des harten Gaumens die strukturellen und enzymatischen Voraussetzungen für eine gerichtete Bewegung der Zunge. Die Hypothese, daß motorische Aktivität zum Gaumenschluß notwendig sei, wird mit Beschreibungen embryonaler Bewegungen, mit der Literatur klinisch-pathologischer Befunde der Gaumenspalte und teratologischen Experimenten verglichen. Danach scheint ein direkter kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen Bewegungen im Kopfbereich und Gaumenschluß nicht vorzuliegen.
    Notes: Summary In order to be able to evaluate the development of the motor system of the rat tongue with respect to the morphogenetic processes in the region of the face, especially palate development, we studied the tongue anlage of the rat embryo from day 13 p.c. to day 6 p.p. histochemically and under the light and electron microscope. From day 15 p.c. onwards myoblasts differentiated out of a blastema consisting of embryonic mesenchymal cells, capillaries and neurite bundles. The myoblasts then fused together to form multinuclear muscle fibres. On the ribosome chains in the cytoplasm myofilaments were formed, which were then organized to myofibrils with Z-lines. From day 19 p.c. onwards the cross-striations came to lie next to each other and the transversolongitudinal system was added. Neurite bundles were added at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fibres, and from day 17 p.c. myoneural contacts were found. No typical motor endplates were found up to day 6 p.p. At the time of palate closure on day 17 p.c. regular muscle-fibre systems, primitive myoneural contacts with acetylcholine vesicles and a typical acetylcholine-esterase enzyme pattern had been developed. Therefore before closure of the hard palate the structural and enzymatic preconditions existed for a coordinated movement of the tongue. The hypothesis that motor activity is necessary for palate closure is compared with descriptions of embryonic movements, with clinical-pathological results in papers on the cleft palate and with teratogenic experiments. In this respect there does not seem to be any direct causal connection between movements in the head region and palate closure.
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    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 3-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: CNS ; Cortical plate ; Neuroblasts ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the cortical plate of the late prenatal rat fetus the neuroblasts can be considered to be of three types: mature neuroblasts which are prominent in the lower levels of the cortical plate and have some of the cytoplasmic and nuclear features of neurons, immature neuroblasts that have recently completed their migrations into the cortical plate, and migrating neuroblasts that are still in the process of moving to their definitive positions. Both of these latter types have darker cytoplasm than the mature neuroblasts. All of the neuroblasts have an apical process that extends directly towards the pial surface of the cortical plate and a basal process that is directed towards the intermediate zone of the developing hemisphere. In Golgi preparations some of these basal processes, particularly those of neuroblasts situated in the lower levels of the cortical plate, seem to have formed axons that pass through the intermediate zone to enter the developing white matter, in which they turn at right angles away from, and rarely toward, the midline. Other elements traversing the cortical plate are the ascending processes of spongioblasts that branch in the molecular layer and form expansions at the surface of the hemisphere. In the molecular layer the spongioblast terminal branches intertwine with the apical tufts of the ascending neuroblast processes and with thin processes that have the features of axons, to form a loose neuropil. In the cortical plate the spongioblast processes are usually closely and preferentially surrounded by the dark migrating neuroblasts and by the immature neuroblasts. Both of these latter may partially encompass spongioblast processes. Hence it is concluded that the spongioblast processes act as guides along which the migrating neuroblasts ascend through the cortical plate.
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    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Perinatal period ; Subependymal cells ; Rat ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gehirne von 93 Ratten (letzte Embryonalwoche bis zum 30. postnatalen Tag) wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Am Ende der zweiten Embryonalwoche treten im mittleren Teil des III. Ventrikels Zellen auf, deren Cytoplasma sich mit einer Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Methode blau anfärben läßt. Die blauen Zellen werden nach der Geburt auch an anderen Abschnitten des III. Ventrikels sowie am Aquaedukt und IV. Ventrikel ausschließlich in einer lockeren subependymalen Gliazone gefunden. Zwischen dem 14. und 17. Tag nimmt ihre Zahl ab, um den 22. postnatalen Tag sind die blauen Zellen völlig verschwunden. Gleichzeitig wird die subependymale Auflockerungszone dichter. Elektronenmikroskopisch werden die blauen Zellen als fortsatzreiche Elemente identifiziert, die viele Mitochondrien und unterschiedlich große Vacuolen und Cytosomen enthalten. Die Fortsätze umschließen subependymale Räume, die ein feinflockiges Material enthalten. Die Zellen werden als mikrogliäre Elemente angesehen, ihre Funktion mit dem Verschwinden der subependymalen Auflockerungszone in Verbindung gebracht.
    Notes: Summary The brains of 93 rats (of between the last week of pregnancy up to the 30th postnatal day) were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. At the end of the second week of pregnancy, subependymal cells, the cytoplasm of which is blue after staining with a periodic-acid-bisulfit-aldehydethionine-method, begin to appear in the middle part of the IIIrd ventricle. After birth, the blue cells can also be demonstrated in other parts of the IIIrd ventricle as well as in the wall of aquaeduct and the IVth ventricle. The cells are exclusively found in a loosely textured subependymal tissue. Between the 14th and the 17th day the number of the blue cells decreases and around the 22nd postnatal day they disappear completely. Simultaneously, the texture of the subependymal tissue becomes more compact. The blue cells can be identified by electron microscopy. They are characterized by the presence of several processes and contain many mitochondria, different sized vacuoles and cytosomes. The cell processes enclose subependymal cavities containing a loose flocculose material. The cells are considered as microglia cells. Their function is considered in relation to the disappearance of the loose texture of the subependymal zone.
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    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 289-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Synapses ; Rat ; Interneuron ; Axons ; Perikarya ; Neuroglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Profiles of large neurons in the lateral nucleus range from 16 μm to 35 μm in diameter with dimpled nuclei, large Nissl bodies, and well developed Golgi apparatus. Two types of perikarya are distinguished, those that are smooth and those with irregular somatic and dendritic protuberances. About 86% of all large neuronal somata are covered with axosomatic synapses, predominantly with terminals of Purkinje axons and a few belonging to axons of the small neurons. The remaining 14% have no axosomatic synapses. The thick, fleshy dendrites of these cells are covered with terminals, the majority of which synapse directly upon the dendritic shaft. A few are present on spines. The initial segment of the large neuron is thick and robust and receives synapses upon its shaft or upon a spinous projection. The small neurons measure less than 12 μm in diameter and have very lobulated nuclei in a sparse cytoplasm characterized by small Nissl bodies and a poorly elaborated Golgi apparatus. About 52% of all small neuronal somata bear no synapses whereas the remaining 48% are covered with axosomatic synapses, mainly from the axons of Purkinje cells and a few axons of other small cells. The slender long dendrites of both large and small cells bear synapses with six classes of axons in the neuropil. Synaptic protuberances of two varieties occur on the surfaces of both perikarya and dendrites, (a) dome-shaped ones capped with a pronounced asymmetrical synaptic junction and (b) ones with thin long necks and bulbous heads having synapses on both parts. Frond-like dendritic excrescences are borne on the processes of some small and large neurons and they are postsynaptic to many axon terminals clustered around them.
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    Anatomy and embryology 142 (1973), S. 103-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Dentinal globules ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Calcification ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At the submicroscopic level, extracellular globular membrane-delimited structures have been observed in the matrix in early dentin formation in the rat. Within these “dentinal globules”, needle-like crystallites are found before apatite crystals appear in the filamentous-amorphous ground substance. In sections incubated for alkaline phosphatase, reaction products are closely associated with these globules. The possible role of the globules in initial dentin formation is discussed.
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    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 125-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Columns ; Swirls ; Interneurons ; Projection neurons ; Subdivisions ; Morphology ; Golgi ; Nissl ; Axons ; Dendrites ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral nucleus in the rat is investigated with several variants of the rapid Golgi method and in Nissl preparations. The neurons are divided into two classes according to their size and the disposition of their axons. The smaller neurons or interneurons have cross sectional areas less than 180 μm2, and short axons that ramify in the vicinity of the cell bodies. Small neurons have also been seen on rare occasions with longer axons that may leave the nucleus. The larger cells (areas greater than 180 μm2) have long axons that leave the nucleus and emit short, beaded, recurrent collaterals. In the rostral and caudal poles of the lateral nucleus, the large projection neurons as well as the small neurons are multipolar with swirled dendritic arborizations. Neurons in the dorsal rim and ventral third of the nucleus have similar dispositions of their dendrites. In the central columnar zone, the projection neurons have dendrites that are arranged in columns directed diagonally across the body of the nucleus in the 4 to 10 o'clock direction in the right lateral nucleus and the 8 to 2 o'clock direction in the left nucleus. A collection of small neurons is generally found in the medial hilus zone. In each part of the lateral nucleus, the neurons are arranged in characteristic ways.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Endothelial cell ; Ontogenesis ; Morphometry ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der postnatalen Entwicklung wurde die Capillarlänge im Einheitsvolumen (CL), die Verzweigungsdichte (N⊥) und die mittlere Länge der Capillarendothelzellen (LE) in der Lamina IV des senso-motorischen Cortex von insgesamt 64 Rattengehirnen bestimmt. Als Capillaren wurden alle Gefäße unter 8 μm Durchmesser akzeptiert. Die CL bestimmten wir in 1–2 μm dicken Epon-Schnitten nach der Methode von Saltikov. Die Verzweigungen wurden durch Tusche-Gelatine-Injektion dargestellt und in Kryostat-Schnitten visuell gezählt. Im Verlauf des postnatalen Capillarwachstums, das die Bildung von Verzweigungen durch Sprossung und die Verlängerung der bestehenden Geäße umfaßt, nimmt die CL von ca. 200 mm auf 1100 mm pro mm3 Gewebe zu. Die Verzweigungszahl im gleichen Volumen steigt von 1200 kurz nach der Geburt auf ein Maximum von 11500 am Tag 20 und fällt dann allmählich auf den adulten Wert von 9500 ab. Am Ende der ersten Woche p.n. bewirkt die intensive Capillarsprossung eine starke Erhöhung der N⊥. Darauf folgt in der zweiten Woche p.n. die schnelle Zunahme der CL. Die Veränderungen der N⊥ laufen parallel mit Veränderungen im oxidativen Metabolismus. Aus dem Verhältnis N⊥ zu CL läßt sich der Vernetzungsgrad der Capillaren, d.h. die Verzweigungszahl pro mm Capillarlänge, berechnen. Dieser erreicht zwischen Tag 10 und 20 p.n. ein Maximum und sinkt danach bis zum erwachsenen Tier wieder beträchtlich ab. 1 Monat p.n. sind das Wachstum und die Reifung der Hirnrinde bei der Ratte weitgehend abgeschlossen. Die Bildung neuer Sprosse hört auf, und das weitere Kapillarwachstum erfolgt weniger durch Zellteilung als vielmehr durch Verlängerung des Endothels. Die Phase der intensiven Capillarsprossung entspricht zeitlich der vulnerablen Periode der Hirnentwicklung (“brain-growth-spurt”, nach Dobbing). Unsere Befunde lassen die Vermutung zu, daß in dieser Periode Störungen der Capillarsprossung indirekt das weitere Hirnwachstum beeinflussen können.
    Notes: Summary The average length of the capillary endothelial cells (L E ), the capillary length (CL) and the number of vascular ramifications (N⊥) per unit volume in layer IV of the sensorymortor cortex from the brains of 64 Sprague Dawley rats were determined during postnatal development. All vessels less than 8 μm in diameter were accepted as capillaries. The CL was calculated according to the method of Saltikov, by counting capillary profiles in 1–2μm Epon sections. The number of ramifications per test volume were counted in 30 μm frozen sections of India-ink injected brains. Capillary growth involves both the formation of ramifications by sprouting, and the elongation of the existing vessels. During the postnatal period CL increases from 200 to 1100 mm per cubic mm tissue, the extent of branching per unit volume rises from 1200 at birth to a peak of 11500 per cubic mm at day 20 after birth, and then declines to 9500 in adults. Intensive capillary sprouting results in a marked increase in N⊥ at the end of the first week, followed by a rapid increase in CL in the second week. The changes in the ramification density run parallel with the changes in aerobic metabolism during postnatal development. The ratio N⊥/CL, i. e. the number of ramifications per mm capillary length, corresponds to the degree of arborization of the capillary net. This value rises to a maximum level between days 10 and 20 after birth and declines until maturity is attained. After 1 month the growth of rat brain is almost accomplished and the cortical structure has attained its adult characteristics. The formation of new ramifications ceases and further capillary growth occurs to a larger extent by elongation of endothelial cells and not by cell division. The phase of extensive capillary sprouting corresponds to the vulnerable period of brain development (called “brain-growth-spurt” by Dobbing). Our findings lead to the assumption that disturbances during the period of capillary proliferation can indirectly influence further brain development
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  • 136
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    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 281-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Central monoamine neurons ; Ontogeny ; Rat ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of all monoamine-containing neuron systems in the rat brain throughout the last seven days of gestation, i.e. from the 15th day to term, crown rump length (CRL) 16 mm to 42 mm, has been followed using the Falck-Hillarp method for fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal, horizontal and transverse sections through whole brains of fetuses from MAO-inhibited mothers have been carefully analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, and drawings of almost all sections depicting specific fluorescence have been collected from 10 of the 16 analyzed brains. Thus, all the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) neuron systems have been mapped, both regarding the cell groups, the formation of axon pathways and the development of terminal plexuses in the whole brain prenatally. Together with a previous report (Olson and Seiger, 1972a) the present data have made it possible to determine the common origin of groups A1–A3, A4–A7, A8–A10, B1–B3 and B4–B9, respectively (nomenclature according to Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964). These findings and an estimation of the number of visible fluorescent cells in all monoamine cell complexes throughout the prenatal period of development have been summarized in a flow-chart. In the full-term fetus all monoamine neurons and their axon pathways, except for the hypothalamic cell groups, are very well developed. Thus, the new neuroanatomical data presented, in all probability hold true also for the adult state. A comprehension of the innervation course of neostriatum by DA nerve terminals from the 14th day of gestation to adult hood is given.
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  • 137
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    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Stroma ; Ultrastructure ; Sex steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of progesterone and oestrogen on the central uterine stroma has been examined in order to analyze what changes occur when the uterus is hormonally prepared for implantation. Both progesterone and oestrogen, when given separately, cause nucleolar enlargement and growth of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. However, after progesterone treatment the nuclei are large and spherical whereas they are spindle-shaped after oestrogen treatment. When oestrogen is administered to the progesterone-treated rat little change occurs in the stromal morphology. There is little morphological support to the view that oestrogen acts on the stroma to increase endometrial sensitivity. Further, progesterone seems to stimulate the synthesis of RNA and of cellular protein only in the stromal cell while oestrogen has a similar effect in all cell types of the uterus.
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  • 138
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    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: S-100 Protein ; Experimental Neurogenic Tumors ; Nitrosourea ; Rat ; Complement Fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-100 protein, a soluble protein restricted to the nervous system, was measured by complement fixation in 51 neurogenic and non-neurogenic tumors produced by either methylnitrosourea or ethylnitrosourea in three different strains of rats. Nineteen of the 51 neurogenic tumors were neoplasms of the central nervous system (18 of the brain, 1 of the spinal cord). They were diagnosed morphologically as 5 mixed gliomas, 4 anaplastic gliomas, 4 glioependymomas, 1 ependymoma, 3 gliosarcomas, and 2 unclassified tumors. With the exception of one anaplastic glioma and one gliosarcoma, all other central nervous system tumors contained S-100 protein, ranging from 0.005–0.13% of the total 35000 g supernatant protein. S-100 protein was also demonstrated in 21 of the 22 tumors of the peripheral nervous system, originating from the trigeminal nerves, the spinal roots, and from peripheral nerves. The average S-100 protein content of these tumors was 0.2% (range 0.02–1.6%). A possible correlation between S-100 protein content and tumor differentiation must be evaluated. S-100 protein was detected in only one of 10 neoplasms morphologically classified as non-neurogenic (7 sarcomas, 2 carcinomas, and 1 hemangioendothelioma). On the basis of its S-100 protein content, one tumor was reclassified as a neurosarcoma. The sensitivity and the high degree of specificity of the S-100 protein assay makes it a useful biochemical tool for the identification of neurogenic tumors. The presence of S-100 protein must be considered as a definitive indication for neural cell participation in neoplastic growth.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal Inclusions ; Cerebrum ; Cholesterol Inhibitor ; Rat ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneal injections of a hypocholesterolemic drug, AY9944 produced neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the brain of Wistar strain of rats. The inclusions were numerous and larger in size in the younger age groups but gradually decreased in number and size after 30 days of age. Only a few small inclusions were seen in rats of 35 days of age or older, in spite of continuous injection of the drug. Inclusions gradually decreased in number after discontinuation of the drug in a relatively younger age group. Injection of the drug in adult rats produced only a few small neuronal inclusions. Ultrastructurally, concentrical lamellar structures were the predominant ones in younger age groups but other types of inclusions were seen in older animals and those receiving lesser amounts of the drug or those which were examined after discontinuation of the drug. This observation suggests that morphologically different inclusions can be formed by basically the same treatment if there is any difference in the metabolic activity of the target cell or the amounts of the drug. Biochemical analysis of the sterols revealed a consistently high level of 7-dehydrocholesterol up to 69 days of age, when AY9944 was administered continuously, despite the fact that there was a decrease in the number and size of the abnormal neuronal inclusions.
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  • 140
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Growth ; Epiphyses ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La largeur de la métaphyse tibiale, la zone indifférenciée, la zone sériée et les cellules en dégénerescence ont été observées chez des rats Sprague-Dawley normaux et hypophysectomisés. La production cellulaire de la métaphyse est déterminée sur la base de la croissance osseuse longitudinale déterminée par l'oxytétracycline et la taille des cellules en dégénérescence. La diminution de la croissance osseuse longitudinale, en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge et après hypophysectomie, est due partiellement, à la diminution de production cellulaire et partiellement à une décroissance de la taille des cellules en dégénérescence dans la métaphyse. L'influence de la production cellulaire et de l'activité mitotique prédomine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Breite der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia, deren undifferenzierter und säulenförmiger Zone und die Größe der nahe bei der Metaphyse auftretenden degenerativen Zellen wurden in normalen und hypophysektomierten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bestimmt. Die Zellproduktion in der Wachstumsplatte wurde aus dem longitudinalen Knochenwachstum berechnet, welches mittels Oxytetracyclin und der Größe der degenerativen Zellen bestimmt wurde. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Abnahme des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums bei zunehmendem Alter und nach Hypophysektomie zum Teil einem Rückgang in der Zellproduktion, zum Teil einer Verminderung der Größe der degenerativen Zellen in der Wachstumsplatte zuzuschreiben ist. Der Einfluß der Zellproduktion, und somit der mitotischen Aktivität, herrscht vor.
    Notes: Abstract The width of the proximal growth plate of the tibia, its undifferentiated and columnar zone and the size of the degenerative cell close to the metaphysis, were determined in normal and hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell production in the growth plate was calculated from the longitudinal bone growth determined with oxytetracycline and the degenerative cell size. It was found that the decrease in longitudinal bone growth with increasing age and after hypophysectomy, is due partly to a decrease in cell production, and partly to a decrease in degenerative cell size in the growth plate. The influence of cell production and thus the mitotic activity predominates.
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  • 141
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 466-475 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neuroglia ; Radio-autography ; Myelination ; Optic tract ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une étude, basée sur l'identification et la quantification histologique des cellules névrogliques, a été entreprise dans le tractus optique du Rat sur radio-autographies après injection de thymidine tritiée. Ce bilan a été effectué entre 2 jours et demi et 20 jours après la naissance. D'un point de vue qualitatif, trois catégories cellulaires peuvent être distinguées: les oligodendrocytes, euxmêmes subdivisés en trois classes (grands, moyens, petits), les astrocytes et d'autres varieties cellulaires parmi lesquelles la microglie. D'un point de vue quantitatif, les oligodendrocytes, en particulier les petits, sont largement majoritaires. En effet, sur toute la période examinée les oligodendrocytes représentent près de 81% de la population totale. Sur le plan radio-autographique, l'index de marquage prédomine dans la classe des moyens oligodendrocytes. Ces résultats sont discutés, notamment par rapport aux processus de myélinisation dont les phénomènes de gliose constituent le préambule direct.
    Notes: Summary A study based on the histological identification and quantifying of the neuroglia cells, was carried out in the optic tract of the Rat on radioautographs after injection of tritiated thymidine. The assessment was made two and a half days and twenty days after birth. Qualitatively speaking, three cellular categories can be distinguished: the oligodendrocytes, themselves divided into three sorts (big, medium., small) the astrocytes and other cellular varieties including the microglia. Quantitatively speaking the oligodendrocytes, in particular the small ones, are decidedly more numerous. In fact, over the whole period under consideration the oligodendrocytes represent nearly 81% of the total population. From the point of view of the radio-autography the labeling index predominates in the medium oligodendrocyte group. These results are discussed with reference in particular to the myelination process which is preceded directly by the phenomena of gliosis.
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  • 142
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    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 242-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Past and slow principal cells ; Recurrent inhibition ; Lateral geniculate body ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In urethane-anesthetized albino rats studies were made on mass potentials and/or unit activities of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) in response to single shock stimulation of optic tract (OT) and visual cortex (VC). The previous finding that LGB mass responses to stimulation of the optic nerve comprise at least two postsynaptic waves (r1 and r2) with different peak times was confirmed by OT stimulation. It was found that the r1 wave had a lower threshold and a more rapid recovery process than the r2 wave. Unit responses of principal (P) cells to maximal OT stimulation consisted of short-latency, single spikes (initial spike, IS), followed by long-latency, grouped discharges (late discharge, LD) repeated more than twice (LD1, LDr2 and so forth). Spontaneous discharges were almost completely suppressed after IS and each LD, suggesting that following these evoked discharges P cells underwent a phase of depressed excitability. The latency histogram of IS based upon 212 P cells had two peaks well-corresponding in time to the peaks of the r1 and r2 waves of the mass response, respectively. P cells were divided into the fast and slow groups according to whether their ISs occurred earlier or later than the trough separating the r1 and r2 waves. Typically, the fast cells had lower thresholds than the slow cells. The duration of the post-excitatory depression following IS and LD1 were shorter in the fast cells than in the slow cells. This same was found true with regard to the duration of depressed excitability following the antidromic firing. Examining the response patterns to OT stimulation of weak intensities, one characteristic difference between the two groups of P cells was found; the fast cells showed the IS without the succeeding LDs whereas the slow cells showed the LDs without the preceding IS. A discussion was made on functional significance of the differentiation of P cells into two types.
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  • 143
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 280 (1973), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Corticoids ; Median Eminence ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 465 female Wistar rats the influence of an i.m. injection of various natural or synthetic corticoids on the augmentation of “Gomori-positive” granules in the outer layer of the median eminence following bilateral adrenalectomy has been investigated. While the augmentation of the granules is not impaired by progesterone it is inhibited or completely blocked, depending on the dose and the manner of application, by 11-desoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 9α-fluorocortisol, prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone and fluoroformylone. The doses necessary to suppress the augmentation of the granules correspond to those shown by other authors to be required for blocking ACTH-secretion. The inhibitory effect of the investigated corticoids on the augmentation of the granules is related to their antiphlogistic potency. The findings suggest that the amount of the “Gomori-positive” granules in the outer layer of the median eminence of the rat might be used as a parameter of the activity of the corticotropin-releasing factor.
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  • 144
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    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Intragastric ; Self-Administration ; Benzodiazepines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A technique for intragastric self-administration in rats is presented. Intravenous self-administration of morphine was compared with intragstric self-administration during 6 consecutive days. There was no difference between the two routes in the total rate of injections. Medazepam was given for intragastric self-administration at three different doses (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/injection respectively) and compared with saline. There was an increased response rate at the dose 10 mg/kg/injection. Medazepam placebo solution (solvent alone) was also compared with medazepam 10 mg/kg/injection. Among the seven experimental rats, six responded higher on medazepam than on the solvent.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ 9-THC and Δ 8-THC ; Water Intake ; Food Intake ; Body Weight ; Vocalization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Water intake was studied in water deprived albino rats at various time intervals after injections of two tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ 9-THC and Δ 8-THC) and solvents. The dose levels used were: 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg of Δ 9-THC and 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg of Δ 8-THC. The results show a clear, dose dependent inhibitory effect on water intake as compared to the controls. Reduced intake of food was seen at 1 day post injection. This effect was, however, significant only for the groups treated with 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of Δ 8-THC. A decreased body weight was also recorded after the drug treatment, especially with Δ 8-THC. With respect to cannabis-induced vocalization the data suggest an increased possibility of its appearance with increasing dosages of THC.
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  • 146
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    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 375-384 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schedule-Controlled Behavior ; Adjunctive Behavior ; Licking ; Drinking ; Methamphetamine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of methamphetamine (0.03–1.7 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (3.0–30.0 mg/kg) were studied in a situation in which the same motor response, licking a water-filled tube, served as a schedule-controlled and as an adjunctive behavior. Rats responded under a 3-min fixed-interval (FI) schedule of food presentation in which the required response was a lick on the tube (schedule-controlled); licking also occurred following every food presentation (adjunctive). Adjunctive licking occurred at a high, steady rate, but schedule-controlled licking was emitted at a changing rate over time, characteristic of FI schedules. Both drugs had little effect on overall adjunctive licking, except for decreases at the highest doses, but there were changes in the pattern of adjunctive licking. Methamphetamine produced only decreases in schedule-controlled licking, but chlordiazepoxide produced dose-dependent increases. In general, the magnitude of drug effect on local rates of responding within the FI was related to control rates of responding within the same periods, but there were instances in which the magnitude of effect depended also on whether licking was adjunctive or schedule-controlled.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rearing ; Locomotion ; Exploratory Behaviour ; Psychotropic Drugs ; Anxiolytics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The “staircase” is a simple and rapid test and was used to study two components of exploratory behaviour in the rat. The scores of rearing and the number of steps climbed during three minutes were recorded. Various psychotropic drugs were tested, which modified these two parameters. Neuroleptic induced a parallel decrease of both, while benzodiazepines, meprobamate, amobarbitone and ethanol decreased the rearing at doses which left the steps climbed unchanged. At high doses, there was a parallel decrease of both parameters. Amphetamine, at lower doses, increased the rearing score alone. The comparison of the studied psychotropic drug effects with those of two muscle relaxants (by a comparison of the slopes of regression lines) suggests that either the observed benzodiazepine effects were only partly due to their myorelaxant action, or, that both myorelaxants have some anxiolytic action. The effect of amphetamine at low doses can be viewed as a demonstration of increased anxiety.
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  • 148
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    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ; Predatory Aggression ; Rat ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits predatory aggression in rats. Increases in the degree of inhibition are obtained with increasing dosages of the drug. Although sex and strain of the subjects varied nonsystematically, inhibition of predatory aggression uniformly was found to be dose related. Readministration of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol did not effect motor activity measures at dose levels which inhibit aggression. Administration of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases whole brain serotonin, while norepinepherine is largely unaffected, indicating that the anti-aggressive effect may be mediated, in part, by serotonergic mechanisms.
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  • 149
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    Psychopharmacology 33 (1973), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Yohimbine ; Intraventricular Administration ; Rat ; Locomotor Activity ; Temperature ; Narcosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of yohimbine injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle on the behaviour of white Wistar rats was investigated. Yohimbine in low doses (1–5 Μg) produced excitatory effects but in high doses (20–100 Μg) it induced central depression.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Neuroleptics ; Dopamine ; Drinking Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hypodipsia produced by injection of d-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.8 mg/kg) in rats, was partially antagonized by two DA-specific neuroleptic drugs, Pimozide and Spiramide, respectively. Pimozide revealed a maximal amphetamine-antagonistic effect at dose levels between 0.1–0.4 mg/kg. Hypodipsia could also be produced by Pimozide alone in doses greater than 1.0 mg/kg. Pretreatment of the apomorphine-induced hypodipsia with 0.05 mg/kg Spiramide also reliably counteracted drinking deficits. The interaction of water deprivation combined with the presence or absence of food in the test situation was also examined, but no effect was found. The possibility that perseverative rearing on the hind legs under d-amphetamine might interfere with drinking was tested with high vs. low drinking-tubes in the Pimozide-amphetamine experiments. There was evidence for a slight initial effect of drinking position, but the general form of the dose-response curve was not greatly altered. It was concluded that dopamine effects cannot easily be excluded from a role in the control of drinking, and that the primary role often accorded norepinephrine in relation to amphetamine effects should be re-examined with respect to the specific behavioural functions which are altered.
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    Pflügers Archiv 345 (1973), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Gastrosecretagogue ; Gastrin ; Rat ; Bile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of GSP, a gastrosecretagogue fraction extracted from hog pancreas, on bile secretion has been studied in rats provided with a bile duct canula and compared with the effect of antral gastrin. GSP showed no effect on bile secretion, concentration and output of bilirubin and electrolytes in the bile. On the other hand gastrin is significantly increasing bile output, bilirubin concentration and output in the bile. No effect of gastrin on the excretion rate of sodium and potassium in the bile has been observed.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity for CO ; Cardiac Output ; Oxygen Dissociation Curve ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats born in the low pressure chamber from sea level parents a higher hypoxic steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO was found as compared with controls of similar body weight. This difference could be explained by a difference in age or by an increase of blood O2 capacity. There was no difference in alveolar ventilation and alveolar-arterial O2 pressure differences, a lower cardiac output, no difference in arterial O2 tension, no difference in arterial O2 content but a decreased mixed-venous O2 content as compared with control rats measured at hypoxia. A shift of the standard blood O2 dissociation curve to the right was found in the simulated high altitude exposed rats. Calculated mixed-venous O2 pressure was not altered in these rats; since arterial O2 pressure was the same no difference in mean tissue capillary O2 pressure may be presumed as compared with control animals. The results suggest that the first generation of rats exposed to simulated high altitude for their whole life is not only less adapted than animals exposed in their youth (as described in previous work) but that the ability to promote the O2 transport in time of need in rats born in the low pressure chamber is probably even inferior to that of the controls.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Myoglobin ; Heart ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reynafarje's (1963) spectrophotometric method was modified for the study of myoglobin concentration in rat hearts. The influence of age and body weight was evaluated and the age was found to be better correlated with myoglobin concentration than the weight. The influence of simulated altitude of 3500 m was studied in animals exposed to hypoxia at the age of about 34 days and in animals born in the low pressure chamber. In the first group a higher myoglobin concentration was found but only in the right ventricle, together with unilateral hypertrophy, as compared with control animals. In the group of animals born at simulated altitude a severe cardiomegaly developed which was most pronounced in the right ventricle. The myoglobin concentration in the hearts from this group was unchanged in the right ventricle and was lower in the left ventricle and septum.
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    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nigro-neostriatal tract ; Rat ; Survival time ; Fink-Heimer method ; Terminal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the morphological demonstration of the nigro-neostriatal tract, there might be some discrepancies between the results by the histofluorescence method and by the degeneration silver method. The present investigation was undertaken to fill the gap by using the modified Nauta Method (Fink-Heimer) to rats surviving for varying periods after unilateral destruction of the substantia nigra. With survival time of 2–3 days, the Fink-Heimer method could demonstrate evenly and densely distributed argyrophilic spheroidal granules in the ipsilateral caudate putamen. These degenerating granules might represent the terminal degeneration of the nigro-neostriatal tract and probably correspond to the result by the histofluorescence method. From 4 days on the terminal degeneration rapidly decreased in amounts or disappeared, leaving a moderate number of beaded coarse fibers, which remained till 2 weeks. The result indicates the possibilities that the degeneration silver method could also be applicable to the demonstration of amine fibers by choosing staining condition and survival time optimal to each animal species and fiber tract.
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 255-275 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Lateral vestibular nucleus ; Giant cells ; Gap junctions ; Electrotonic coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Correlation of morphological and electrophysiological data strongly suggest that in rat, the giant cells of the lateral vestibular nucleus (L.V.N.) are electrotonically coupled. 1. in addition to “active zones” large terminals synapsing on the perikaryon and/or the main dendritic trunk of the cells bear “gap” junctions which are interpreted as low electrical resistance pathways between neurons. 2. electrical activity of the giant cells was recorded intracellularly as the vestibulo-spinal tract was stimulated. Graded antidromic stimulation produced graded antidromic depolarizations (G.A.Ds) in 69% of cells with high threshold axons. 3. the latency of the G.A.Ds was too short to allow for chemical transmission through afferents or recurrent collaterals. 4. collision experiments demonstrated that directly evoked spikes blocked the antidromic spikes but did not block the G.A.Ds which thus were accounted for by activation of cells others than the impaled ones. 5. lesion experiments indicated that afferent fibers from the spinal cord terminate exclusively in the dorsal part of the L.V.N. Since G.A.Ds were recorded all throughout the nucleus, they were not excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) from spinal afferents. 6. when the strength of the spinal cord stimulation was increased EPSPs were also generated but they were distinct from the G.A.Ds by their latencies, time course and maximum amplitude. 7. since no direct contact is observed between neurons it is inferred that, as in other documented cases, coupling between giant cells is mediated by way of presynaptic fibers.
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  • 156
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    Experimental brain research 18 (1973), S. 374-382 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Growth retardation ; Hypothalamus ; Dorsomedial lesions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions destroying the areas of the ventromedial (VMN) and dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic nuclei, respectively. Trunk blood was collected at sacrifice (Experiment 1 and 2∶ 31 days, Experiment 3∶ 14 days) for the determination of plasma growth hormone (GH) by radioimmunoassay. Rats with DMN lesions showed consistently normal to slightly elevated plasma GH levels while animals with VMN lesions showed significantly reduced plasma GH levels. Linear growth was reduced by both types of hypothalamic lesions but body weight gains and food intake were reduced only in the DMN lesioned rats. Carcass fat was greatly elevated in VMN lesioned rats, moderately elevated in one experiment in the DMN animals and normal in another experiment. These data confirm a previous hypothesis that growth retardation in DMN rats is not due to low circulating GH level but rather represents a hypocaloric-type dwarfism.
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    Archives of toxicology 30 (1973), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Plasma Iron Level ; Side Effect of Drugs ; Rat ; Amphetamine ; Chlorpromazin ; Haloperidolum ; Guanethidin ; Reserpine ; α-Methyltyrosine. ; Plasmaeisenspiegel ; Arzneimittelnebenwirkungen ; Ratte ; Amphetamin ; Chlorpromazin ; Raloperidol ; Guanethidin ; Reserpin ; α-Methyltyrosin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 4 Std nach einmaliger Gabe von 24 mg/kg d,l-Amphetamin i.p. kommt es bei Ratten zu einem Abfall des Eisens im Plasma um 40 bis 60 %. Die Reaktion ist nicht mit dem amphetaminbedingten Anstieg von Körpertemperatur und Skeletmuskelarbeit zu erklären, da sie durch Vorbehandlung mit α-Methyltyrosin, Chlorpromazin, Haloperidol, Guanethidin und Reserpin nicht unterdrückt werden kann. Jedes der zur Vorbehandlung verwandten Medikamente löst selbst bei entsprechend hoher Dosierung eine Hyposiderämie aus. 4 Std nach einmaliger Gabe von 200 mg/kg α-Methyltyrosin vermindert sich der Eisenspiegel im Plasma um 55 %, nach 10 mg/kg Chlorpromazin um 11 %, nach 5 mg/kg Haloperidol um 28 % und nach 20 mg/kg Guanethidin um 50 %. Dieser Effekt ist am ausgeprägtesten mit einer Plasmaeisenverminderung um 69 % 20 Std nach Gabe von 20 mg/kg Reserpin. Als möglicher Pathomechanismus der arzneimittelbedingten Hyposiderämie wird die Wirkung der untersuchten sämtlich zentralnervös aktiven Medikamente als “non-specific stressfull agents” sowie der durch ihre toxische Konzentration in Gang gesetzte Entgiftungsmechanismus im RES diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Four hours following a single dose of 25 mg/kg of d, 1-Amphetamine in rats, a 40 to 60 % drop of plasma iron level occurred. This reaction cannot be explained by the Amphetamine-induced rise in body temperature and motor activity, since when pretreated with α-Methyltyrosine, Chlorpromazin, Haloperidolum, Guanethidin and Reserpin this was not observable. All the drugs applied for pretreatment in adequately high doses also induced hyposideremia. Four hours following a single dose of 200 mg/kg of α-Methyltyrosine, plasma iron level was reduced by 55 %, after 10 mg/kg of Chlorpromazin by 11 %, after 5 mg/kg of Haloperidolum by 28 % and after 20 mg/kg of Guanethidin by 50 %. The most pronounced effect (69 % fall) was obtained by 20 hour pretreatment with 20 mg/kg of Reserpin. As possible pathomechanism of the drug induced hyposideremia the applied drugs may be regarded as “non-specific stressfull agents”, or as another possibility, the detoxifying mechanism in RES induced by toxic concentrations of the applied drugs can be considered as responsible for this phenomena.
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    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 351-358 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; FR Responding ; Behavioural Tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments on the effects of fenfluramine on FR responding are reported. In Experiment 1 two rats were trained on an FR 10 schedule of reinforcement. After more than 30 h training, intraperitoneal injection of saline, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg fenfluramine were given. Disruption of the initial stages of responding was noted after 2 and 4 mg/kg, with complete disruption of responding in 1 animal after 8 mg/kg administration. In Experiment 2, 2 rats trained on an FR 30 schedule of reinforcement received chronic 15 days administration of 4 mg/kg fenfluramine. Disruption of responding was noted after the first administration. The degree of disruption lessened by the fifteenth day of administration.
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    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Social Isolation ; Spontaneous Activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Group-housed rats, injected with an acute dosage of 3 meq/kg lithium chloride, were tested on an activity platform either alone or in pairs 20 min or 3 h after drug administration. Contrary to previous findings, rats administered lithium were less active than those treated with saline after both post-injection periods. However the activity of the saline control animals tested alone after 3 h was considerably less than that exhibited by the same group after 20 min. This activity difference, which could be interpreted as a lithium-social or lithium-time interaction, is more simply explained in terms of the effects of the social isolation occuring between drug administration and testing.
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    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Rat ; Conditioned Aversion ; Saccharin Solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Holtzman (Sprague-Dawley) rats which were injected in amounts ranging from 0.50–3.0 mg/kg i.p. of methamphetamine avoided a 0.1% saccharin solution which had been paired temporally with the injection, and drank water in a subsequent two-bottle choice situation under non-drug conditions. The aversion persisted for the duration of the experiment, which lasted and obtained whether the animals were fluid-deprived or fluid-satiated. Saline-injected controls, on the other hand, exhibited a 90% saccharin solution preference. Rats which received 0.25 mg/kg contiguous with the drug, or animals given 3.0 mg/kg paired with water, exhibited as extreme a preference for the saccharin solution as did the saline controls. It was concluded that neither a drugmediated taste quality change nor physiological cues associated with thirst were adequate axplanations for the avoidance behavior exhibited, but that the drug was perceived as a noxious stimulus at levels above 0.50 mg/kg under the conditions described above.
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    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor Activity ; α-Methyl-Para-Tyrosine ; Reserpine ; l-Dopa ; Ontogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effect of catecholamine depletion on normal hyperactivity in the neonatal rat was examined. Both α-methyl-para-tyrosine and reserpine significantly depressed behavioral arousal at 15 days postpartum, the age of greatest excitability. Heightened activity could be restored in drug-treated animals by administration of l-Dopa. These results indicate that the ontogenetic hyperactivity effect is a result of accelerated catecholamine function.
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    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Catecholamine Hypothesis of Depression ; Animal Model ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two levels of permanent central norepinephrine depletion were obtained in rats by lesioning these neurons with small quantities of intraventricularly-applied 6-hydroxydopamine, and the effects of these lesions on a variety of standard tests of activity and emotional reactivity were studied. Both lesioned groups showed altered emotional reactivity; however, only the animals with less extensive lesions were hyperactive in running wheels, showed heightened shock-elicited aggression, were hyper-responsive to handling, and had a potentiated amphetamine-activation effect. It is suggested that these exaggerated behaviors reflected the sensitization and regeneration of partially lesioned noradrenergic circuits. These data are discussed in terms of the catecholamine hypothesis of depression.
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    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 243-246 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: δ 1-THC ; Copulation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mating behavior of 15 male rats was measured after treatment with δ 1(2)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and propylene glycol (vehicle). Administration of either 2 mg per kg or 3 mg per kg body weight of THC was followed by significant increases in latency to the first mount, latency to ejaculation, and latency to the first mount following ejaculation. No significant changes were found in the number of intromissions or mounts. The deterioration in sexual performance is interpreted as reflecting a decreased motivation to copulate under the influence of the drug.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 153-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; 3-O-Methylglucose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused (single pass perfusion and recirculation) with buffered solutions containing 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG) in two concentrations: below (about 30 μM) and above (about 30 mM) blood glucose concentration. The blood flow, the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) and the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen) were determined simultaneously, the accumulation in the gut wall at the end of the experiments. 2. At constant intermediate blood flow the appearance rate and disappearance rate decreased with time. A decrease of the blood flow rate from about 1.8 to about 0.3 ml min−1g−1 diminished the appearance and disappearance rate. An increase of blood flow from about 0.3 to about 1.9 ml min−1g−1 caused no increase of absorption; even a slight decrease was observed. 3. A kinetic analysis of the data showed that the different blood flow dependence of 3-OMG absorption in the experiments with increasing and decreasing blood flow can be explained sufficiently by a decrease of transport capacity with time, presumably due to an altered regional blood flow (decreased villous blood flow rate, unchanged total rate). A postischemic inhibition of 3-OMG absorption was of less importance. 4. The increase in perfusion rate from 0.1 (single pass perfusion) to 10 ml min−1 (recirculation) caused an increase of 3-OMG absorption and tissue accumulation.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 278 (1973), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Brocresine ; Diamine Oxidase ; Rat ; Plasma ; Liver ; Stomach ; Small Intestine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In male rats DAO was found to be absent in plasma and liver, very low in gastric and high in the upper small intestinal mucosa. 2. Gastric mucosal DAO was completely abolished by 10−8 M Brocresine. In the small intestine inhibition of DAO by Brocresine was dose-dependent, with a concentration of 6.2×10−6 M producing a 50% inhibition of the enzyme. 3. Pretreatment of rats with 100 mg/kg Brocresine i.p. produced a 43% inhibition of DAO after 1 h and an insignificant inhibition by 20% after 4 h. 4. The results suggest that the histidine decarboxylase inhibitor Brocresine is not a very suitable tool for studying the physiological role of histamine by inhibiting its biosynthesis since it also interferes with the histamine catabolism.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
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  • 168
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    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Gonadotrophic cells ; Cycle, influence of testosterone ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4-day cyclic adult female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate on diestrus 1 at 16:00 and on diestrus 2 at 10:00 respectively. Non-injected females served as controls. Autopsy was performed on diestrus 2 at 23:00, and on proestrus at 14:00 and 17:00 respectively. The blue Alcian-PAS staining was used to evidence FSH (β) and LH (γ) pituitary cells. In control animals and in diestrus 2 injected females only a small number of FSH cells could be detected on diestrus 2 at 23:00. This number increased markedly on proestrus at 14:00 and decreased on proestrus at 17:00. A similar evolution was observed in diestrus 1 testosterone injected females, but the number of FSH cells appeared higher at any stage of autopsy in these females than in diestrus 2 injected females and in control rats. In control females, numerous LH cells were observed on diestrus 2 at 23:00. The number of these cells was diminished on proestrus at 14:00 and still more at 17:00. On the contrary few LH cells were detected in testosterone injected females on the evening of diestrus 2. An increase of these cells occurred on proestrus at 14:00, followed at 17:00 by only a weak diminution as established by comparison with control animals. An inhibition of FSH release and a suppression of the proestrus surge of LH were therefore supposed to cause, on one hand, the slowing up of follicular growth observed in diestrus 1 injected females and, on the other hand, the blockage of ovulation noted in both diestrus 1 and diestrus 2 treated animals.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Pituicytes ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of adult rats have been explanted and organ-cultured for 5–10 days. While perivascular cells and neurosecretory fibers undergo a progressive degeneration, scattered pituicyte-like cells are observed mostly associated with each other in number of two or three cells for group. Cultured pituicytes are quite similar to in vivo pituicytes except for some particular features as the shape of the nucleus and the number of dense bodies. Furthermore they share with the in vivo pituicytes the phagocytic capacity which appears even increased as far as neurosecretory fibers are concerned. Finally, degenerating pituicytes and free lipid droplets are observed in the intercellular spaces: the significance of these facts is discussed and tentatively interpreted. The organotypic culture of the neural lobe seems to represent an experimental model useful to obtain a relatively pure population of pituicytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Paracervical ganglion (Rat) ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two new types of structure of the cytoplasm of an autonomic neuron were described: (1) Inclusions of the rough ergastoplasmic reticulum, which were named “ergastosomes”, contain finely granular material with moderately electron opaque staining with both glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and KMnO4 fixations. A short comment was made on the nature of the contents of the ergastosomes. (2) Tubular formations of endoplasmic reticulum were found in the axons and/or dendrites of the paracervical ganglion.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 453-461 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Primordium ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To see whether adenohypophysial tissue has the capacity of self-differentiation, Rathke's pouch together with part of the neurohypophysial primordium was isolated from 12-(Group A), 14- (Group B) and 15-day-old (Group C) rat fetuses and cultivated for 9, 6 and 5 days, respectively. Electron microscopic examination of these explants showed many adenohypophysial cells containing electron dense granules, indicative of cytodifferentiation in all groups. Three cell types were distinguishable on the basis of the size of their granules. Variable amounts of neurohypophysial tissue were seen in some explants of Groups B and C, but not A. This “pars nervosa” contained pituicytes with lipid-like inclusions in their cytoplasm but no neurosecretory axons. The adenohypophysial cells abutting on the pars nervosa were arranged rather regularly like cells of the pars intermedia which contained a few granules of about 200 mμ diameter. From these data it is concluded that in rats granule formation in the adenohypophysial primordial cells starts in the absence of hypothalamic neurosecretory substances. It is uncertain from this study whether these cells actually contain hypophysial hormones.
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 453-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lacrimal gland ; Rat ; Duct system ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duct system of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland consists of intercalated ducts, interlobular ducts and excretory ducts. The morphological changes from one type of duct to the next are gradual. At the light microscopical level this consists of a change from a bilaminar epithelium in the intercalated ducts to an epithelium, consisting of approximately three layers — which may be pseudostratified — in the excretory ducts. The basal layer of the intercalated ducts consists of myoepithelial cells, whereas the inner epithelial cells may have both a secretory and an electrolyte transporting function. The interlobular duct epithelium contains many cells with deep infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes and associated mitochondria, suggesting a similar function to the striated duct epithelium in salivary glands. Numerous basal cells in this epithelium have tentatively been interpreted as unusual myoepithelial cells. Nerve terminals have been observed in the ductal epithelium.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Granular vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to characterize different sub-zones in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence, quantitative ultrastructural parameters were applied to brains fixed in aldehyde-osmium tetroxide. The palisade zone has been subdivided in 4 successive sub-zones. Increasing numbers of granular vesicles (GV), especially those smaller than 110 nm, are observed from dorsal to ventral sub-zones. There also are more GV per unit area of nervous tissue in the perivascular than in the more dorsal sub-zones. The individual nerve profiles exhibit a larger size in the perivascular layer than in the more dorsal areas, whereas the number and size of nerve profiles devoid of vesicles diminish from dorsal to ventral. As a consequence more GV occur in the perivascular nerve profiles. In the GV containing nerve profiles the concentration of GV is, however, constant in the different sub-zones. A fluctuating size of the preterminal and terminal parts of the nerve fibres is suggested.
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  • 174
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Epididymis ; Effect of vasectomy ; Spermatozoa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epididymal biopsies from rats that had undergone unilateral or bilateral vasectomies from one to eight months previously were compared with biopsies from their contralateral side or from normal controls to ascertain what ultrastructural changes had occurred. After vasectomy, spermatozoa appeared to dissolve in the lumen of the caput epididymidis and to be absorbed by the principal cells. About 5 weeks after vasectomy, numerous lamellar accumulations became apparent in the supernuclear region. Their resemblance to lysosomes or residual bodies was confirmed by an acid phosphatase reaction. After 10 weeks, similar lamellar and polymorphic accumulations on the contralateral side of animals with unilateral vasectomies indicated that resorption had also increased on the unligated side.
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  • 175
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 223-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aorta, endothelium ; Rat ; Transport of serum lipoproteins ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transport of 125I-labeled serum lipoproteins through the aortic endothelium was studied by radioautography. Rat aorta and heart was perfused in vitro with a medium containing human very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), delipidated HDL apolipoprotein or rat HDL. In all lipoproteins more than 95% of the radioactivity was TCA precipitable and lipid radioactivity was from 2–4% in HDL, 4–6% in LDL, 7–15% in VLDL. After 18–60 min of perfusion and wash with unlabeled medium, most of the aortic radioactivity was TCA precipitable and the percent of lipid counts was similar to that in the original lipoprotein. Following perfusion with VLDL, LDL, or HDL the radioautographic reaction was seen over the endothelium, the subendothelial space and the inner media, and was separated by an unlabeled zone from the reaction present over the adventitia. Uniform labeling of the entire wall was found after perfusion with HDL apolipoprotein. The presence of silver grains over endothelial cells in regions rich in plasmalemmal vesicles suggested that these organelles participate in the transport of the labeled lipoprotein, as was shown for lactoperoxidase (Stein and Stein, 1972). The present data indicate that cholesterol may enter the aortic wall as a constituent of lipoprotein particles. Since an HDL particle carries less than 1/20 of the cholesterol present in a LDL particle, it seems that the lower susceptibility of the female to atheromatosis might be related to the higher ratio of HDL to LDL particles in the female serum.
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  • 176
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular cells ; Rat ; Granulation index ; Diurnal rhythm ; Statistical evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Granulations-Index der juxtaglomerulären epitheloiden Zellen der Rattenniere unterliegt tagesrhythmischen Schwankungen, wobei die berechneten Werte in den Nachtstunden significant höher sind als in den Tagesstunden.
    Notes: Summary Marked diurnal changes occur in the granulation index of the juxtaglomerular cells in the rat kidney. According to the results the night values are significantly higher than those obtained in daytime.
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  • 177
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary Gland ; Rat ; Somatotropin ; Cellular Response ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of somatotrophs to large doses of purified bovine growth hormone was examined in uninephrectomized rats drinking 1% sodium chloride in an attempt to prolong the action of the hormone. Growth hormone produced a triphasic response in the ultrastructure of somatotrophs. Uninephrectomy and salt alone induced no changes in somatotrophs as compared to unoperated animals consuming tap water. In the first phase (3 days) the cross sectional area of the cell increased, the size of the largest granule per cell as well as the number of granules per cell increased significantly. All these parameters then reached control level after 7 days of injections during a second phase. Suppression of somatotrophs by exogenous growth hormone was evident by 16 days (third phase) when the area of the cell, the size of the largest secretory granule as well as the number of granules per cell all decreased significantly. Somatotrophs apparently did not react to suppression by a lysosomal mechanism inasmuch as no increase in the number of lysosome-derived structures was seen even at 16 days.
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  • 178
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Blinding ; Retinohypothalamic connections ; Karyometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Radioaktiv markierte Aminosäuren werden bei Säugetieren nach intraokulärer Injektion nicht nur zu den primären optischen Kerngebieten, sondern auch in den Nucleus suprachiasmaticus des Hypothalamus transportiert (Moore und Lenn, 1972; Hendrickson, Wagoner und Cowan, 1972; Moore, 1973). Dieser Befund macht eine direkte Verknüpfung zwischen der Netzhaut und dem sekretorisch aktiven Nucleus suprachiasmaticus wahrscheinlich, obwohl mit Silbertechniken eine solche Verbindung nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden konnte. Karyometrische Studien am Nucleus suprachiasmaticus männlicher Wistar-Ratten zeigen 6 Tage nach beidseitiger Blendung eine signifikante Abnahme der Zellkerndurchmesser. Dieses Ergebnis spricht für eine Aktivitätsänderung der Neurone im Nucleus suprachiasmaticus geblendeter Ratten.
    Notes: Summary Intraocular injection of labeled amino acids results, in different mammals, in an accumulation of radioactive material not only in the primary optic centers but also within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (Moore et al., 1972; Hendrickson et al., 1972; Moore, 1973). This finding argues in favour of a direct connection between the retina and the secretory suprachiasmatic nucleus although silver techniques do not show such a pathway. In male Wistar rats the nuclear diameter of the suprachiasmatic neurons decreases significantly 6 days after bilateral experimental ablation of the retina. These results indicate an alteration in activity of the suprachiasmatic neurons in blinded rats.
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  • 179
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 535-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Mitoses, topographic distribution ; Influence of fixation ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mitoses de l'adénohypophyse du rat mâle ont été examinées comparativement après fixation par perfusion et après fixation par immersion. Après fixation par perfusion la répartition topographique des mitoses dans le parenchyme est homogène, et l'index mitotique est de 1,85 pour 1 000 cellules. Après fixation par immersion, la densité des mitoses décroit de la périphérie vers le centre, et l'index mitotique n'est que de 0,80 mitoses pour 1 000 cellules. La lenteur de pénétration du fixateur pendant l'immersion est tenue pour principal responsable des différences observées. Elle entraîne une modification de l'aspect des mitoses, telle que plus de la moitié d'entre elles ne sont pas identifiables et échappent aux comptages.
    Notes: Summary The mitoses of the adenohypophysis in male rats have been observed comparatively after fixation by perfusion and fixation by immersion. After fixation by perfusion, the topographic distribution of mitoses throughout the parenchyma is homogenous and the mitotic index is 1.85 for 1 000 cells. After fixation by immersion, the density of the mitoses is decreasing from the periphery towards the center and the mitotic index is only 0.80 for 1 000 cells. The slow penetration of the fixative during fixation by immersion is considered to be the main cause in the differences observed. This slow action causes a modification in the aspect of the mitoses, and more than fifty percent of them cannot be identified and escape to the counts.
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  • 180
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Castration ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral, lateral and dorsal lobes of the rat prostate were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The major changes were a general reduction of the Golgi area and the RER. The cells became pale and contained less organelles compared with the normals. One of the most conspicuous changes were enormous autophagic vacuoles which were present already after 2 days, seemed to reach a numerical peak 3 days after castration and were seldom encountered after 7 days. Increased number of dense bodies were found within the same period. Lipid droplets were observed in the basal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, especially in the ventral lobe. The basal cells showed the same involution as in the ordinary epithelium. In addition, macrophages were relatively numerous, and between the epithelial cells also lymphocytes were found. The results are discussed in relation to biochemical data on the different lobes.
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  • 181
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicles ; Coagulating Gland ; Rat ; Castration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The seminal vesicles and the coagulating gland of the rat were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The major changes within the seminal vesicles were primarily formation of whorls of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), followed by a general atrophy with a numerical reduction of the RER-profiles, and with general simplification of the cytoplasm due to loss of the organelles. It was a gradually reduction of secretion granules, diminution of the Golgi apparatus, formation of pigment bodies and autophagic vacuoles. Lipid droplets were observed in the basal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. In the coagulating gland, similar changes occurred within the Golgi area and the lysosome complex. On the other hand, cisternae of the basal endoplasmic reticulum tended to persist in many cells. The similarity in response strongly suggests that the pathogenetic mechanisms are similar in both organs, i.e. atrophy due to deprivation of the androgenic stimulus. The deprivation of androgen gave rise to an inflammatory-like process with infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. The increased number of macrophages may indicate that they contribute in some way to the involution of the prostate by removing the material in the autophagic vacuoles.
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  • 182
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 473-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testicular feminization ; Rat ; Leydig cells ; Sterility ; Androgens, Steroids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells of the pseudohermaphrodite rat testis are both hypertrophic and hyperplastic. The cytoplasm is characterized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is abundant and variable in form. Mitochondria are numerous and large with tubular cristae and occasional inclusions. Structural features of the Leydig cells indicate potential for increased steroid synthesis. The presence of large numbers of mast cells in the intertubular area is confirmed. Small seminiferous tubules lack advanced germinal elements. Additional connective tissue and myoepithelial layers produce a thickening of the limiting membrane. Some myoepithelial cells are atypical with an electron translucent cytoplasm and nuclei with dense peripheral chromatin. No spermatogenic cells beyond the cap phase of the spermatid are observed. The cytoplasm of Sertoli cells contains large lipid droplets and degenerating germ cells.
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  • 183
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory granule ; Pars nervosa ; Rat ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the diameters of the neurosecretory granules in the rat pars nervosa (measured from electron micrographs taken at 40 000 × ) was compared among axons by nonparametric statistical methods and the axons were classified into five groups with median granule diameters of 143, 155, 167, 180 and 193 nm. We suggested that these five axon types carried different secretory substances contained in the pars nervosa.
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  • 184
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 361-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Saline-treatment ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes from rats which had been allowed to drink hypertonic saline for five days were examined electron microscopically and by bioassay of oxytocin levels. The profound changes in the ultrastructure were examined and the reversal of these changes in morphology was followed until the hormone levels returned to normal. The recovery of the gland as measured by the two parameters of structure and hormone content indicated that the morphological recovery apparently preceded the hormone level recovery, a factor which might be explained by continued release of hormone during the period of recovery.
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  • 185
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 511-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Sensory ending ; Rat ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fine structural study of sternothyroid muscle spindles of young adult rat demonstrates the rare occurrence of unique nerve endings. These endings are situated in the juxta-equatorial region of nuclear-bag fibers, adjacent to the annulo-spiral sensory endings. They consist of a bundle of terminal axons less than 0.3 μ in diameter and appear to be disposed nearly longitudinally to the axis of the intrafusal fibers. Whereas, the annulo-spiral endings consist of a single axon, coiling around the intrafusal fibers. Transverse sections of these muscle spindles reveal these unique endings scattered around the muscle fibers, fitting into depressions on their surface. The innermost axons directly face the muscle surface and are separated by a narrow gap less than 200 Å in width. No Schwann cell process appears to be associated with these endings. From their unique multi-axonal composition, these endings are termed “bundled endings”. Investigations of developing muscle spindles show the occasional presence of a similar multi-axonal composition of sensory endings in perinatal rats. It is suggested that “bundled endings” are sensory in nature, carrying an immature feature over to adult life.
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  • 186
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental enamel ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Crystallography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thin sections of rat incisor enamel were studied with the electron microscope. Fringe patterns having repeat periods in the range 3.1–8.2 Å were seen in individual enamel crystals. These images were interpreted as representing the resolution of corresponding planes in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice. The lattice spacings and interplanar angles were identified by comparing the observations with available data derived from X-ray diffraction analysis.
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  • 187
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    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Rat ; Development ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the pars tuberalis was studied in the rat fetus from 13 days of gestation to 6 weeks after birth. After the closure of Rathke's pouch, the pars tuberalis anlage is clearly distinguishable from the anlagen of the partes intermedia and distalis. It comprises the entire basal portion of the adenohypophysial anlage; the limit between the anlagen of the pars tuberalis and the pars distalis is defined by Atwell's recess, i.e. the pathway taken by the hypophysial vessels coming from the vascular plexus of the median eminence. At 14 days the pars tuberalis cells are characterized by the presence of glycogen which persists in the adult. Their secretory differentiation (elaboration of granules with a diameter of 100–120 nm) is obvious at 15 days of gestation. It therefore, clearly precedes that of the other hypophysial cell types. Its functional differentiation takes place well before its adhesion to the primary vascular plexus of the portal system. Cystic formations appear just before birth in the pars tuberalis, much later than those of the pars distalis. These observations on the development of the pars tuberalis, together with previous observations on the adult PT in various species, showing that the specific glandular cells of the pars tuberalis are cytologically different from all known adenohypophysial cell types, seem to indicate a specific endocrine function of this lobe.
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  • 188
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 207-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Six bouton types ; Strio-nigral projection ; Bouton degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The normal ultrastructure of rat substantia nigra was investigated. Special attention was paid to the different types of boutons, and the mode of termination of the striatonigral connection was examined. Two different types of nigra neurons with deep nuclear membrane indentations were observed. The synaptic organization of rat substantia nigra is very complex. Six types of boutons, with many characteristics, could be differentiated: pleomorphicvesicle boutons (40%), elongated-vesicle boutons (10%), small-round-vesicle boutons (10%), large-round-vesicle boutons (20%), “clear-terminal” (15%) and dense-core-vesicle boutons (about 5%). Vesicle-containing dendrites were observed entering dendro-dendritic synapses. One to four days after large unilateral striatal lesions were made, a great number of degenerating boutons were seen in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, while the contra-lateral substantia nigra was entirely free of degeneration. The newly defined pleomorphic-vesicle boutons were found almost exclusively in the process of degeneration. The neuronal origin of the other bouton types is discussed.
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  • 189
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 333 (1973), S. 211-236 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Anastomosis ; Experimental Carcinoma ; Gastric Stump ; Nitrosoguanidine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das für die Magenkrebsforsehung bedeutsame Ergebnis unserer an insgesamt 100 Wistarratten durchgeführten Untersuchungen ist die Feststellung, daß im resezierten Magen der Versuchstiere nach oraler Gabe des unterschwellig dosierten Carcinogens Nitrosoguanidin in hoher Ausbeute (65,1%) Carcinome (Adenocarcinome) und Präcancerosen entstehen. Die malignen Veränderungen weisen im Hinblick auf Lokalisation und Wachstumsrichtung formale Ähnlichkeiten mit dem Magenstumpfcarcinom des Menschen auf: sie sind nahezu ausschließlich auf den Bereich der gastroenteralen Anastomose beschränkt und verschonen beim infiltrierend-destruierenden Wachstum den Dünndarm. Dieses experimentelle Carcinom im operierten Magen wird als Anastomosencarcinom bezeichnet; es erscheint als Versuchsmodell zum Studium des Magenstumpfcarcinom geeignet. Der Vergleich der cancerösen und präcancerösen Veränderungen der magenresezierten Tiere mit den nicht operierten Kontrolltieren zeigt einen hochsignifikanten Unterschied: Bei nicht operierten, jedoch mit einem Carcinogen behandelten Kontrolltieren trat ebenso wie bei operierten, nicht mit einem Carcinogen exponierten Tieren in keinem Fall ein Anastomosencarcinom und nur in einem Fall eine Präcancerose auf. Die Befunde beweisen, daß weder die Exposition durch das unterschwellig dosierte Carcinogen noch die Disposition durch Anlage einer gastroenteralen Anastomose als Einzelfaktoren für sich betrachtet ausreichend sind, um innerhalb der gewählten Versuchszeit ein Anastomosencarcinom zu erzeugen. Treffen beide Faktoren jedoch zusammen, so wird das Krebswachstum im Sinne einer Syncarcinogenese induziert. Die Art der gewählten gastroenteralen Anastomose (Billroth I oder Billroth II) ist ohne Bedeutung für die Häufigkeit des Anastomosencarcinoms. Im Hinblick auf die Pathogenese des Magenstumpfcarcinoms ergeben sich aus unseren Befunden, unter Respektierung der Prämissen des Analogieschlußverfahrens, folgende Feststellungen: 1. Der resezierte Magen ist im Bereich der Anastomose zur Carcinomentstehung disponiert. 2. Wenn zur Disposition die Exposition durch äußere Carcinogene tritt, so wird an dieser Stelle das Krebswachstum induziert.
    Notes: Summary 66 male Wistar rats, subjected to gastric resection according to Billroth I or Billroth II and subsequently exposed to Nitrosoguanidine as oral carcinogen, developed carcinomas and precancerous lesions at a rate of 65,1%. The tumours were characterized histologically as adenocarcinomas; they were almost exclusively localized in the region of the gastroduodenal or gastrojejunal anastomosis. The process of cancer development was completed within 17 to 31 weeks on continous administration of 120 mg/l of Nitrosoguanidine in the drinking water. 34 control animals either with intact stomachs subjected to the carcinogen or operated and kept under normal drinking water showed no cancer formation. Only one precancerous lesion (adenomatous hyperplasia) could be observed in the control group with intact stomachs. Trying to relate the present findings to the occurrence of gastric stump carcinoma in man the following conclusions can be made: 1. The operated stomach is predilected for cancer development. 2. Exposure of the operated stomach to an oral carcinogen induces carcinogenesis prevalent in the anastomosic region.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 357-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Blood-to-Lumen Flux ; Tritiated Water ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Anaesthetized rats were loaded with tritiated water and a jejunal loop was perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered saline solutions. The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the blood), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal lumen) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished both the appearance rate and the disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results; however, at high blood flow the appearance and disappearance rate did not reach the value measured in the experiments with decreasing blood flow. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood retarded and towards the intestinal lumen accelerated the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the blood-to-lumen flux of tritiated water by solvent drag during the penetration through the epithelium and by changing the luminal concentration (e.g. dilution) as well as the blood flow rate in the capillaries near the epithelium.
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    Journal of neurology 202 (1972), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Experimental ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Experimental Hydrocephalus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 25 mg/kg Äthylnitrosoharnstoff wurden am 9 1/2. Tag der Schwangerschaft SD-JCL-Ratten injiziert. Die Feten wurden am Termin excidiert und mit dem Stereomikroskop untersucht. 78% der Feten zeigten einen Hydrocephalus. Die histologische Untersuchung in Stufenschnitten des Gehirns zeigte eine Stenose des Aquädukts ohne subependymale Gliose, ödematöse Plexus chorioidei mit prallgefüllten Gefäßen, spärlichem Bindegewebe und geschwollenen Epithelzellen, Verdünnung der telencephalen Wandungen mit schwach entwickelter granulärer Schicht und in der ependymalen Zone verbleibenden Neuroblasten. Die Entwicklung der jungen Ratten wurde studiert. 75% der neugeborenen Ratten zeigten klinisch gewisse Hinweise auf den Hydrocephalus. Stark betroffene Tiere wurden zunehmend somnolent und/oder gelähmt und starben meist vor Ende der 4. Woche. Der Eiweißgehalt des Liquors war nennenswert vermehrt. Es wurden subdurale, subarachnoidale und intraventrikuläre Blutungen beobachtet und als wahrscheinliche Todesursache angesehen. Die histologische Untersuchung der hydrocephalen Jungtiere ergab eine Abflachung der Ependymzellschicht und pralle Füllung corticaler Gefäße von der 2. Woche an. In späteren Stadien wurde eine Dickenabnahme der periventrikulären weißen Substanz, im besonderen im Bereiche des Occipitalhornes nachgewiesen. Im verdünnten Pallium waren Vacuolenbildungen des perineuralen Gewebes zu sehen, Verbreiterung der Virchow-Robinschen Räume und eine dem Status spongiosus ähnliche Degeneration. Verschiedene Formen ependymaler Wucherung wurden gesehen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die erste postnatale Beobachtung von transplacentar verursachtem kongenitalem Hydrocephalus in der Ratte dar. Die hier beschriebene Technik erwies sich als einfaches und reproduzierbares Mittel, um einen kongenitalen Hydrocephalus in der Ratte zu erzeugen.
    Notes: Summary SD-JCL rats were injected with 25 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea on day 9 1/2 of gestation. Fetuses were excised near term and examined under dissecting microscope. 78% of viable fetuses were found to be hydrocephalic. On the histologic study of the serial sections of the brain, a stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct without subependymal gliosis, edematous choroid plexus with engorged vessels, scanty connective tissue and swollen epithelium, thinning of the telencephalic wall with poorly developed granular layers and the neuroblasts remaining in the ependymal zone, were the characteristic findings in the hydrocephalic fetuses. The natural course of the treated young rats was studied. 75% of the newborn rats showed some clinical evidence of hydrocephalus. Severely affected rats became progressively lethargic and/or paralytic, and died usually before the end of 4th week. Protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly increased. Subdural, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhages were observed and suspected to be the cause of death. On the histological examination of hydrocephalic youngs, flattening of the ependymal cells and engorgement of the cortical vessels were observed as early as in 2-week-old youngs. In more advanced stages, there was noted the thinning of the periventricular white matter, especially around the occipital horn. The thin pallium showed vacuolization of the perineural tissue, enlargement of the Virchow-Robin space and the status spongiosus-like degeneration. Various types of ependymal proliferation was seen. The present study represents the first postnatal observation of the transplacentally induced congenital hydrocephalus in the rat. The present technique proved to be a simple and reproducible model of producing a congenital hydrocephalus in the rat.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 238-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Bone ; Rat ; Tetracycline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de croissance normale en longueur de la métaphyse proximale du tibia est déterminée chez le rat Sprague-Dawley entre les âges de 20 et 100 jours, en utilisant la méthode à la tétracycline. Le taux de croissance ne varie que légèrement dans les groupes d'âges différents. Il est plus élevé chez les animaux jeunes et décroit considérablement en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge. Les rats mâles présentent une croissance plus élevée que les femelles. Cette étude a pour but de mettre au point une méthode permettant de déterminer les facteurs expérimentaux, liés à la croissance en longueur du rat.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die normale Längenwachstums-Geschwindigkeit der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia wurde bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in einem Alter zwischen 20 und 100 Tagen mittels der Tetracyclinmethode gemessen. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit variierte nur wenig innerhalb der einzelnen Altersgruppen. Die Geschwindigkeit war bei jungen Tieren am höchsten und nahm mit zunehmendem Alter beträchtlich ab. Männliche Ratten wuchsen schneller als weibliche. Diese Arbeit dient als Grundlage, um die experimentelle Beeinflussung des Längenwachstums der Ratte abschätzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of normal growth in length from the proximal growth plate of the tibia in the Sprague-Dawley rat was measured between 20 and 100 days of age using the tetracycline method. The growth rate varied only slightly within different age groups. The rate was highest in young animals and decreased considerably with increasing age. Male rats grew faster than female. This study is intended to provide a base for an evaluation of experimental influence on the growth in length of the rat.
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  • 193
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    Research in experimental medicine 159 (1972), S. 114-123 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Scalds ; Local cooling ; Rat ; Quantity of leucocytes ; Verbrühung ; Lokale Kühlung ; Ratte ; Verhalten der Leukocyten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen an Ratten ergaben folgende Befunde: 1. Sofortige lokale Kühlung nach der Verbrühung beeinflußt bei der Ratte im untersuchten Zeitraum von 15 Tagen den Verlauf der Erkrankung gemessen am Parameter der Leukocytenzahl. 2. Die Kühlungszeit muß ausreichend lang sein. 3. Die Kühlung muß früh genug einsetzen, beim Versuchstier Ratte innerhalb 5 min nach Verbrühung. 4. Bei verspätetem Kühlungsbeginn läßt sich auch durch Verlängerung der Kühlungsdauer das Verhalten der Leukocytenzahl im Ablauf des Krankheitsgeschehens nach Verbrühung nicht beeinflussen.
    Notes: Summary Following results are obtained in experiments with rats: Immediate local cooling after scald had a significant influence on progress of “burn-disease”. Time for local cooling must be long enough, onset of local cooling early enough. It is not possible to restore the consequences of a late onset by prolongation of cooling.
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  • 194
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 301-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Brain ; Ontogeny ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early ontogeny of the monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain has been analysed using Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal sections of embryos with a crown rump length between 7 and 13 mm, approximately corresponding to gestational days 12 to 15 were obtained from mothers treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor given in order to increase the monoamine levels of the embryos. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-neurons made their first appearance in the 8 mm embryo, dopamine (DA)-neurons in the 9 mm embryo, and noradrenaline (NA)-neurons in the 11 mm embryo. Small, rounded, weakly fluorescent cell bodies forming sparse aggregations appeared first. Fluorescent processes of two types soon appeared. Short processes from the cell bodies were running perpendicular to the long axis of the brain stem within the cell groups, while long slender axon bundles could be traced ascending through the met- and mesencephalon and into the prosencephalon as well as descending in the myelencephalon andspinal cord. In the 12 mm embryo the primordial DA cell formation of the substantia nigra with its striatal projections, the 5-HT neuron formations of the caudal mesencephalon, met- and myelencephalon as well as the NA neurons of the met- and myelencephalon are relatively well developed. It is concluded that the monoamine-neurons develop mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines at a very early stage during ontogeny, thus recapitulating the phylogeny of these old systems. Likewise, monoamine oxidase is present early. The presence of neurotransmitters specifying the different developing neurons long before development of their nerve terminal areas and therefore before the establishment of normal synaptic function may indicate a role of these substances during ontogeny other than transmission of nerve impulses.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Cold ; Pineal gland ; Synaptic vesicles ; Zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den synaptischen Bläschen der Nervenendigungen der Epiphyse von Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage einer Temperatur von −6° bis −8°C ausgesetzt worden waren, hat man eine signifikante Vermehrung des Zinkjodid-Osmiumtetroxyd (ZIO) reaktiven Materials festgestellt. Der durchschnittliche Durchmesser der ZIO-positiven synaptischen Vesiculae betrug bei den Kontrollratten 234 Å und bei den Ratten, welche 2 und 4 Tage unter der Kälte gelebt hatten, 380 Å, bzw. 379 Å. Die ZIO-Reaktion war bei den Kontrollratten in 49,3% der synaptischen Vesiculae positiv, nach zweitägiger Kälteeinwirkung waren 58,7% und nach viertägiger Kälteeinwirkung 72,1% der synaptischen Vesiculae ZIO-positiv. Auf Grund der vorliegenden Arbeit war es jedoch nicht möglich zu entscheiden, ob die Vermehrung des ZIO-reaktiven Materials mit einer gleichzeitigen Zunahme der biogenen Amine verbunden ist.
    Notes: Summary In the synaptic vesicles of pineal nerve endings of Wistar rats exposed for 2 and 4 days to a temperature of −6° to −8° C, a significant increase of the zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reactive material was observed. The mean diameter of ZIO reactive synaptic vesicles of control rats was 234 Å; in rats exposed to cold for 2 and 4 days it was 380 Å, respectively 379 Å. In control rats the ZIO reaction was positive in 49,3% of the synaptic vesicles. The reactivity increased to 58,7% in rats exposed to cold for 2 days, and to 72,1% in rats exposed to cold for 4 days. However, the results of the present study do not permit to conclude if an increase of ZIO reactive material is accompanied by a simultaneuos increase of biogenic amines.
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  • 196
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    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Median eminence ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Zona externa infundibuli der normalen Ratte kommen geringe Mengen „Gomori-positiver” Granula vor. Nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie erfolgt eine Vermehrung der Granula, die sich durch Gabe von Hydrocortison einschränken oder verhindern läßt. Dieser Befund hat zu der Annahme geführt, daß die Granula das morphologische Äquivalent des Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) darstellen. Morphometrische Untersuchungen an 160 weiblichen Wistarratten zeigen, daß die Menge der nach bilateraler Adrenalektomie in der Zona externa infundibuli nachweisbaren „Gomori-positive” Granula von der postoperative Überlebensdauer abhängt. Die Granulamenge nimmt zunächst bis zum 14. Tag p.o. zu und fällt dann wieder ab. Substitution bilateral adrenalektomierter Ratten mit Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension bewirkt eine dosisabhängige Verminderung der Granulamenge, wenn die Behandlung am Operationstag begonnen wird. Applikation von Hydrocortisonacetat-Kristallsuspension vom 14.–21. Tag p.o. führt dagegen zu einer gesteigerten Granulavermehrung. Auch bei stärkster Vermehrung sind die Granula stets nur im Infundibulum und nicht in anderen Bereichen des Hypothalamus nachweisbar. Sie besitzen bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Tieren ein charakteristisches Verteilungsmuster mit besonders hohen Konzentrationen in den paramedianen Abschnitten des rostralen Infundibulumdrittels. Aus der Art und Weise ihrer Verteilung ist zu vermuten, daß die Granula 2 Nervenfaserzügen angehören und ein Neurosekret darstellen. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen besteht zwischen dem Verhalten der „Gomori-positiven” Granula in der Zona externa infundibuli und dem aus pharmakologischen Untersuchungen bekannten Verhalten des Corticotropin-releasing factor eine weitgehende Parallelität. Sie legt nahe, die Menge der Granula als Parameter der CRF-Aktivität zu verwenden.
    Notes: Summary In the zona externa infundibuli (outer layer of the median eminence) of the normal rat a minute number of “Gomori-positive” granules can be detected. Following bilateral adrenalectomy their number increases. This augmentation can be restricted or inhibited by administration of hydrocortisone, a finding, which has led to the assumption that the granules are the morphological equivalent of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Morphometrical studies on 160 female Wistar rats show that following bilateral adrenalectomy the quantity of “Gomori-positive” granules is dependent on the length of the post-operative survival period. Up to the 14th day p.o. the quantity of granules increases; from then on it diminishes. Substitution of bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension results in a dose-dependent decrease in the quantity of granules if treatment is begun on the day of operation. In contrast, administration of hydrocortisone acetate crystal suspension from the 14th to the 21st day p.o. results in increased augmentation of the granules. Even when maximum augmentation of the granules is reached, they are invariably found only in the infundibulum and not in other regions of the hypothalamus. In animals that have been subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy, the granules show a characteristic pattern of distribution, with particularly high concentrations in the paramedian parts of the rostral third of the infundibulum. The manner in which the granules are distributed suggests that they are a neurosecretory substance localized in two fibre tracts. The present study points to a close parallelism between the behaviour of the “Gomori-positive” granules in the zona externa infundibuli and that of the corticotropin-releasing factor as revealed by pharmacological investigations. It would seem that the quantity of granules can be used as a parameter of CRF activity.
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  • 197
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    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neurogenesis ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Time of origin of various neuronal elements in the cerebellum of rat was established with the aid of tritiated-thymidine-autoradiography. The earliest nerve cells to form were the Purkinje cells, and they came into existence on days 15 and 16 of gestation. Interstitial nerve cells had their genesis on days 15, 16, 17 and 18, and the marginal cells on day 16 of the embryonic development. The Golgi cells were found to come into existence on days 17, 18 and 19 of gestation. On day 21 of gestation a number of small-medium-sized nerve cells, which were smaller than the Golgi cells but larger than the granule cells, were seen to come into existence. Finally, the earliest stock of granule, basket and stellate cells, primarily in the nodulus, flocculus and para-flocculus, were observed to have been formed on the day 21 of embryogenesis.
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  • 198
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    Acta neuropathologica 22 (1972), S. 269-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: l-DOPA ; Neoplasm, Striatal ; Motor Behavior ; Rat ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After administration ofl-DOPA to a rat with a unilateral striatal neoplasm of the nucleus caudatus-putamen, postural asymmetries and rotating behavior were observed. These observations are discussed in relation to the activity of catecholamines within the central nervous system.
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  • 199
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    Acta neuropathologica 20 (1972), S. 248-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS Tumours ; N-Nitrosomethylurea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Cell Culture ; Clonal Growth ; Aggregation Pattern ; Transplantation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two sarcomas, one neurosarcoma and one polymorphous tumour of uncertain classification of the central nervous system of the rat induced by N-nitrosomethylurea or ethylnitrosourea were the source of 14 clones. The cytomorphology and the aggregation pattern of the clonesin vitro are described. The malignancy and histology were checked by homologous transplantation. All the clones formed sarcoma-like structuresin vivo, but it was difficult to decide whether these neoplasias were real sarcomas or very dedifferentiated glial tumours. The differences in cytology observedin vitro were greater than the histological differencesin vivo.
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  • 200
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 417-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Instestinal Absorption ; Tritiated Water-Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic buffered solutions containing tritiated water. The blood flow, the disapperance rate (from the intestinal lumen), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.7 to 0.2 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished the appearance and disappearance rate of tritiated water. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results. The appearance rate was almost completely determined by the blood flow indicating that the intestinal absorption of tritiated water is blood flow limited. Therefore the absorption rate of tritiated water characterizes badly the diffusive water permeability of the intestinal epithelium. 3. A water net flux directed towards the blood accelerated and towards the intestinal lumen retarded the intestinal absorption of tritiated water at low, intermediate, and high blood flow values. 4. The data were analysed by a modified four-compartment-model considering the variation of blood flow and water net flux. The water net flux influences the absorption of tritiated water during the penetration through the epithelium by solvent drag (sieving coefficient 1-σ=1.54±0.19) as well as by changing the blood flow rate through capillaries near the epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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