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  • Electronic Resource  (1,324)
  • 2000-2004  (162)
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  • MRI
  • 1
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: MRI ; Ischiorectal abscess ; Pelvirectal abscess
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: We evaluated the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for the preoperative diagnosis of deep anorectal abscesses. METHODS: Subjects were 21 patients with deep anorectal abscesses. Deep anorectal abscesses were classified into two types, ischiorectal and pelvirectal, according to their location. Patients were also classified into a single abscess group, which showed either an ischiorectal or pelvirectal abscess, and a double abscess group, which showed both ischiorectal and pelvirectal abscesses. The final diagnosis was made from surgical findings, and the types of deep anorectal abscesses determined by digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging were compared. RESULTS: Sensitivity of ischiorectal abscesses (20 lesions) with digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging was 75 and 95 percent, respectively, and that of pelvirectal abscesses (10 lesions) with digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging was 60 and 70 percent, respectively. Sensitivity of the magnetic resonance imaging was significantly higher than that of digital examination in ischiorectal abscesses. Diagnostic accuracy of digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging were both 83 percent in the single abscess group (12 patients), whereas in the double abscess group (9 patients) it was 22 and 78 percent, respectively. The rate of accurate diagnosis of magnetic resonance imaging compared with digital examination in the double abscess group was significantly higher than that in the single abscess group. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging was useful for diagnosing and differentiating ischiorectal and pelvirectal abscesses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 19 (2000), S. 267-278 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: MRI ; spectroscopic imaging ; sample selection ; k-space ; hexagonal sampling ; reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Certain types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and three-dimensional (3D) MRI require a great deal of time to acquire the image data. The acquisition time can be reduced if the image has a limited region of support, such as when imaging the brain or a cross section of the chest. Hexagonal sampling of the spatial frequency-domain (k-space) yields a 13.4% sampling density reduction compared to rectangular sampling of thek-space for images with a circular region of support (ROS) without incurring spatial aliasing in the reconstructed image. However, certain nonuniform sampling patterns are more efficient than hexagonal sampling for the same ROS. Sequential backward selection (SBS) has been used in previous work to optimize a nonuniform set ofk-space samples selected from a rectangular grid. To reduce the selection time, we present SBS of samples from a hexagonal grid. A Smith normal decomposition is used to transform the nonrectangular 2D discrete Fourier transform to a standard rectangular 2D fast Fourier transform so that the spatial-domain samples are represented directly on a rectangular grid without interpolation. The hexagonal grid allows the SBS algorithm to begin with a smaller set of candidate samples so that fewer samples have to be eliminated. Simulation results show that a significantly reduced selection time can be achieved with the proposed method in comparison with SBS on a rectangular grid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Barostat ; Colon ; Human ; Ileus ; Manometry ; Motility ; Postoperative ; Rectum ; Surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Colonic motility is crucial for the resolution of postoperative ileus. However, few data are available on postoperative colonic motility and no data on postoperative colonic tone. We aimed to characterize postoperative colonic tone and motility in patients. METHODS: Nineteen patients were investigated with combined barostat and manometry recordings after left colonic surgery. During surgery a combined recording catheter was placed in the colon with two barostat bags and four manometry channels cephalad to the anastomosis. Recordings were performed twice daily from Day 1 to Day 3 after surgery. RESULTS: Manometry showed an increasing colonic motility index, which was a mean (± standard error of the mean) of 37±5 mmHg/minute on Day 1, 87±19 mmHg/minute on Day 2, and 102±13 mmHg/minute on Day 3 (P〈0.05 for Day 1vs. Day 2 and Day 2vs. Day 3). Low barostat bag volumes indicating a high colonic tone were observed on Day 1 after surgery and increased subsequently (barostat bag I was 19±4, 32±6, and 32±6 ml; barostat bag II was 13±1, 19±3, and 22±5 ml on Days 1, 2, and 3, respectively; for both barostat bagsP〈0.05 for Day 1vs. Day 2 but not Day 2vs. Day 3). CONCLUSIONS: Colonic motility increased during the postoperative course. The low barostat bag volumes indicated a high colonic tone postoperatively which would correspond to a contracted rather than to a distended colon. High colonic tone postoperatively may be relevant for pharmacologic treatment of postoperative ileus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Schultergelenk ; Basisdiagnostik ; Röntgendiagnostik ; Sonographie ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Arthrographie ; Keywords ; Shoulder joint ; Basic diagnosis ; X-rays ; Sonography ; Computed tomography ; MRI ; Arthrography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: It is its ball-and-socket anatomy that makes the shoulder joint the most flexible of all human joints. This high degree of freedom of movement means, however, on the one hand that early degenerative damage is likely to occur as a result of sports and occupational strains and on the other that it is particularly vulnerable to injuries. Diagnostic radiology from two different perspectives is the basic diagnostic procedure for unexplained shoulder pain and for shoulder injuries. Dislocating osseous injuries or luxations can be detected most precisely or assessed most reliably during follow-up by this means. Intra-articular findings and alterations to the soft tissues (degenerative, traumatic) can be delineated by sonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, albeit with differing degrees of reliability and specificity. Sonography is generally available, but not reliably standardized. Computed tomography is the method of choice for diagnosis of osseous and joint injuries. Over the last 10 years magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has improved in sensitivity and specificity with technical progress (coils, sequences, reconstruction modalities) and has therefore moved into the focus of clinical interest.
    Notes: Das Schultergelenk ist infolge seiner anatomischen Ausbildung als Kugelgelenk das beweglichste Gelenk des menschlichen Körpers. Die sich hieraus ergebenden Bewegungsmöglichkeiten bedingen einerseits bereits frühzeitig degenerative Schädigungen infolge beruflicher oder sportlicher Belastungen und andererseits eine besondere ¶Angriffsfläche für Verletzungen. Die Basisdiagnostik sowohl des unklaren Schulterschmerzes als auch verletzungsbedingter Schädigungen am Schultergelenk ist die Röntgendiagnostik in 2 Ebenen. Dislozierende ossäre Verletzungen bzw. Luxationen sind hiermit treffsicher nachzuweisen bzw. in der Verlaufskontrolle zu beurteilen. Intraartikuläre Befunde und Weichteilveränderungen (degenerativ, traumatisch) sind hingegen mit den Schnittbildverfahren der Sonographie, Computertomographie und Kernspintomographie mit unterschiedlicher Treffsicherheit und Spezifität nachzuweisen. Die klassische Gelenkarthrographie hingegen tritt gegenüber diesen Verfahren deutlich in ihrer Bedeutung zurück. Die Sonographie ist ein ubiquitär verfügbares, jedoch wenig standardisiertes Verfahren. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Befunde ist fraglich. Die Computertomographie stellt die Methode der Wahl bei der Diagnostik von okkulten ossären bzw. Gelenkverletzungen dar. Die Methode ist breit verfügbar und mit vertretbarem Aufwand durchzuführen. In den letzten 10 Jahren hat die Kernspintomographie infolge der technischen Weiterentwicklung (Spulen, Sequenzen, Rekonstruktionsmöglichkeiten usw.) an Sensitivität und Spezifität gewonnen. In der Summe aller klinischen Fragestellungen stellt sie neben der Basisdiagnostik derzeit die effektivste Untersuchungsmethode des Schultergelenks dar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery 7 (2000), S. 575-579 
    ISSN: 1436-0691
    Keywords: Key words Precancerous conditions ; Pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma ; Hamster ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Precancerous conditions for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in hamsters and human beings are discussed. In hamsters, ductal adenocarcinomas induced by nitrosamines are of nonmucin-hypersecreting tubular or papillary tumor types, and genetic alterations resembling these types are found in their human counterparts. Ductal lesions develop step-by-step from hyperplasias to carcinomas, and atypical ductal cell hyperplasias may be precancerous. In humans, ductal lesions, hyperplasias, or dysplasias, with or without mucin hypersecretion, are possible preneoplastic conditions. Genetic or phenotypic markers to determine their likelihood of progressing to pancreatic duct adenocarcinomas are a high priority for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rechtsmedizin 10 (2000), S. 90-95 
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Geschosse ; Verletzungen ; MRT ; Beurteilung ; Dokumentation ; Keywords Projectiles ; Injuries ; MRI ; Assessment ; Documentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: For the assessment of gunshot injuries, conventional X-ray examination, ultrasound and CT examinations are commonly used imaging techniques. With the exception of some authors, there is agreement that projectiles indicate a contraindication for MRI because of artificial imaging side-effects and the potential of secondary dislocation due to ferromagnetism. MRI testing was carried out on 56 projectiles for ferromagnetism and imaging quality in vitro and in pig carcasses with a 0.2 T and a 1.5T-MRI scanner. The image quality was compared to that of a CT scan. Projectiles with ferromagnetic properties can easily be distinguished from non-ferromagnetic ones by pretesting the motion of an projectile of the same type within the magnetic field of the MR scanner. When ferromagnetic projectiles were excluded, MRI yielded the more precise images compared to other imaging techniques. Projectile localization and associated soft tissue injuries were visualized without artifacts in all cases. When ferromagnetism is excluded MRI gives an excellent imaging procedure for the assessment and documentation of gunshot injuries. Therefore this imaging procedure may be also useful for medico-legal investigations.
    Notes: Zur Beurteilung des Ausmaßes von Schußverletzungen und zur Lokalisationsdiagnostik werden allgemein konventionelle Röntgenübersichtsaufnahmen sowie die Sonographie und die Computertomographie angewendet. Mit Ausnahme weniger Autoren wird generell davon ausgegangen, daß Projektile aufgrund der Generierung von Artefakten in der Bildgebung und der Gefahr einer sekundären Fremdkörperdislokation, bedingt durch den Ferromagnetismus, nicht mit der MRT beurteilt werden dürfen. 56 verschiedene Projektile wurden nach entsprechender Vortestung bezüglich ihrer Ferromagnetizität mit je einem 0,2-T- und 1,5-T-MRT-Gerät in vitro und anschließend in Schweinekadavern untersucht. Die Bildqualität wurde mit denen von CT-Bildern verglichen. Die ferromagnetischen Eigenschaften der Projektile können leicht beurteilt werden, indem man Vergleichsgeschosse desselben Typs in das Magnetfeld des MRT-Gerätes legt. Nach Ausschluß der Ferromagnetizität übertrifft die MRT alle anderen bildgebenden Verfahren. In allen Fällen gelang eine exakte Projektillokalisation sowie eine überlegene Darstellung der Weichteilverletzungen. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ist die MRT, nach Ausschluß von ferromagnetischen Fremdkörpern, ein exzellentes Verfahren zur Beurteilung und Dokumentation von Schußverletzungen. Abhängig von den Fragestellungen kann dieses bildgebende Verfahren auch in der Rechtsmedizin eingesetzt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kiefergelenkfrakturen ; Kernspintomographie ; Achsiographie ; Diskusmobilität ; Diskusposition ; Key words TMJ fractures ; MRI ; Axiography ; Disc mobility ; Disc position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of traumatized temporomandibular joints (TMJ) usually focuses on disc position, defining regular joint function by normal, excentric or displaced disc position. So far, there are only few reports regarding disc position after open reduction of diacapitular or high condylar fractures of the TMJ with dislocation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the disc as regards postoperative functional outcome by electronic axiographic recordings of condylar movements and MRI, displacement of the disc and lesions of TMJ soft tissues being frequent in this type of mandibular fractures. A total of 30 subjects with 37 condylar fractures in whom osteosynthesis was performed using a preauricular approach were imaged postoperatively (mean 24 months) with a 1.5-Tesla MRI system to determine, (a) the position of the disc, (b) the range of mobility of the disc and (c) condylar mobility in closed and open mouth position, comparing fractured sides (FS) vs nonfractured sides (NFS). Linear movements between the two jaw positions in the sagittal plane were measured by superimposing transparencies. The results indicate: (1) more than 70% of the discs (FS) were found to be in normal position; there was no disc displacement without reduction. However, these data stood in contrast to severe limitations of the axiographic tracings as presented by almost 30% of the subjects. (2) Significant correlations were found between fixed (α = 0.05) or highly immobilized (α = 0.01) discs and axiographic limitations, suggesting disc mobility to be a valuable parameter for assessment of the postoperative functional outcome.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei diakapitulären Frakturen bzw. hohen Kollumluxationsfrakturen mit Beziehung zum Lig. laterale sind Verlagerungen des Diskus häufig und werden nach konservativer Therapie mit einer Häufigkeit zwischen 50 und 100% angegeben. Informationen über die Diskusposition nach operativer Versorgung dieser Frakturgruppen liegen bisher nicht vor. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Bedeutung von Position und Mobilität des Diskus für das postoperative funktionelle Ergebnis dieser Frakturgruppen zu klären. Die Objektivierung der operativen Ergebnisse bei 30 Patienten mit 37 über einen präaurikulären Zugang versorgten Gelenkfrakturen erfolgte mittels elektronischer Achsiographie und Kernspintomographie (1,5-T-System), im Mittel 24 Monate postoperativ. Erhoben wurden die Position und der Bewegungsumfang des Diskus bzw. des Kondylus im Seitenvergleich. Die linearen Bewegungen zwischen mundoffener und -geschlossener Position wurden durch Folienüberlagerung korrespondierender sagittaler MRT-Schichten ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zum einen, dass 〉 70% der Disci auf der Frakturseite orthotop (Position A) lagen und keine fixierten anterioren Dislokationen (C) auftraten. Die achsiographischen Befunde zeigten in Diskrepanz dazu bei immerhin 30% der versorgten Gelenke höhergradige Limitationen der Exkursionsbahnen. Zum anderen bestehen signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen fixierten (α = 0,05) bzw. hochgradig immobilisierten (α = 0,01) Disken und achsiographisch erfassten Limitationen der Translationsbewegung. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien sollten nach der operativen Versorgung von Gelenkfrakturen nicht nur die (statische) Diskusposition, sondern in erster Linie die Diskusmobilität als Parameter für das funktionelle Ergebnis berücksichtigt werden.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kiefergelenk-MRT ; Diskusdislokation ; Kiefergelenkhistologie ; Keywords Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ; MRI ; Anterior disk dislocation ; TMJ histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Problem. Anterior dislocation of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) found by MRI tomography often presents a problem. It may persist in MRI despite improvement of articular symptoms and even be found in healthy persons free of any symptoms. Can this be explained by the similarity in structure of the anterior connective tissue of the disk and capsule and their pathological changes? Is a second coronal plane required for MRI investigation? Material and methods. The preauricular regions of 72 patients of the TMJ clinic were examined by oblique-sagittal and oblique-coronal MRI. A Siemens-Vision MRI was used. It was also possible to prepare 10 articular disks of the TMJ with anterior capsular tissue as well as 20 complete TMJs of adults from autopsy material. Sagittal, transversal, and horizontal serial sections were examined histologically. Results. In 49 of the 72 cases examined, an anterior dislocation without reduction found in the sagittal MRI was not confirmed in the oblique-coronal MRI. In the sagittal MRI it was possible to differentiate three, in the coronal MRI six typical forms of magnetic resonance signals, which are represented in figures. They are compared with anatomical and histological connective tissue findings adjacent to the TMJ. The structural similarity of the disk and anterior capsular tissue of the TMJ is demonstrated. The close connection of the disk and connective tissue surrounding the TMJ makes differentiation of MRI findings difficult especially following regressive and adaptive reactions. Conclusions. In MRI, anterior capsular tissue is able to simulate dislocation of the disk. Pathological tissue reactions may alter the MRI signal and lead to the wrong diagnosis of dislocation of the disk. Diagnosis of an anterior disk dislocation cannot be established solely on the basis of oblique-sagittal MRI findings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung. Der Befund anteriore Diskusdislokation im sagittalen MRT beinhaltet 2 ungeklärte Probleme. Trotz Rückbildung einer Gelenksymptomatik können anteriore Diskusdislokationen im MRT unverändert bestehen, sie wurden sogar bei gesunden Probanden beschrieben. Ist die Ursache in der feingeweblichen Ähnlichkeit der anterioren Diskus- und Kapselbindegewebe und in deren pathologischen Strukturänderungen zu suchen? Kann auf die Befundung in der 2. koronalen Ebene verzichtet werden? Material und Methode. Die präartikulären Regionen im schräg-sagittalen und im schräg-koronalen MRT von 72 Patienten aus der Kiefergelenkspezialsprechstunde wurden befundet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit dem Siemens-Vision-MRT. Bei unselektierten Sektionen konnten 10 Disci articulares mit dem anterioren Kapselgewebe sowie 20 Kiefergelenkpräparate Erwachsener präpariert werden. Sagittale, transversale und horizontale Serienschnitte wurden histologisch untersucht. Ergebnisse. Bei 49 von 72 ausgewählten Fällen gab es für eine anteriore Diskusdislokation ohne Reduktion im sagittalen MRT keine Bestätigung im schräg-koronalen MRT. Es konnten in den sagittalen MRT 3, in den koronalen MRT 6 sich wiederholende Signalformen differenziert werden. Sie sind skizziert. Ihre Zuordnung zu gelenkumgebenden Bindegeweben erfolgte mittels Vergleich dieser Signalformen mit den anatomischen und histologischen Kiefergelenkpräparaten. Die feingewebliche Ähnlichkeit des Discus articularis mit dem anterioren Kapselbindegewebe wird aufgezeigt. Seine enge Verbindung mit den gelenkumgebenden Bindegeweben erschwert die Differenzierung im MRT insbesondere beim Vorliegen regressiver und adaptiver Reaktionen. Schlussfolgerung. Das anteriore Kapselgewebe kann eine Diskusdislokation im MRT vortäuschen. Pathologische Gewebereaktionen ändern das MRT-Signal und tragen dazu bei, falsch-positive Befunde zur Diskusdislokation entstehen zu lassen. Schräg-sagittale MRT sind für die Diagnosefindung „anteriore Diskusdislokation mit und ohne Reposition“ nicht ausreichend.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Lung ; Ozone ; Centriacinar ; Human ; Autopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Semiquantitative measurements of chronic inflammation of the centriacinar region (proximal acinus of lung) were compared between 20 Miami and 18 Los Angeles residents (ages 11–30 years) for whom smoking histories were available. Mean extent and severity scores of four lung sites were higher for Los Angeles than Miami residents, with effect of city statistically significant for extent (P=0.02). Also, maximum scores for extent and severity by city were significantly greater for Los Angeles residents (P=0.02, each), but not by smoking history. Smokers did have higher scores for mean extent and severity (by lung site and smoking history), but neither this nor inclusion of smoking and city in the model reached significance. With respect to maximum extent and maximum severity scores, a stratified comparison of cities by smoking history showed a trend (not significant) toward higher scores for Los Angeles residents. Mean extent and severity scores for the lower lobe were higher for basilar sections than for apical sections (each P〈0.001). Cumulative data indicate that expanded pathologic studies are essential for efforts to complete a convergence of epidemiological and experimental data implicating exceedences of the Federal ozone standard as a contributor to human lung injury.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gliomatosis cerebri ; MRT-Diagnose ; Enzephalitis ; Key words Gliomatosis cerebri ; MRI ; Diagnosis ; Encephalitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The diagnosis of the rare disease Gliomatosis cerebri requires the correlation of clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. We report on two patients with intravitally diagnosed gliomatosis cerebri. Due to the unusually high malignancy of the tumor cells, diagnosis was complicated by atypical findings such as gadolinium enhancement in MRI and raised intracranial pressure. The clinical course, differential diagnosis, and literature are summarized briefly.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose der seltenen Gliomatosis cerebri kann nur in Zusammenschau von klinischen, radiologischen und histopathologischen Befunden gestellt werden. Im vorliegenden Artikel berichten wir über 2 Patienten, bei denen intra vitam nach stereotaktischer Hirnbiopsie die Diagnose Gliomatosis cerebri gesichert wurde. Da in beiden Fällen für Gliomatosis cerebri ungewöhnlich hochgradig entdifferenzierte Tumorzellen vorlagen, wurde die Diagnosefindung durch atypische Befunde wie Kontrastmittelaufnahme im MRT und klinische Zeichen der intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung erschwert. Klinischer Verlauf, Differentialdiagnosen und Literatur werden kurz dargestellt.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hallervorden-Spatz-Krankheit ; Parkinsonsyndrom ; MRT ; 123J-β-CIT ; 123J-IBZM ; Keywords Hallervorden-Spatz Disease ; Parkinson's syndrome ; MRI ; 123I-β-CIT ; 123I-IBZM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Hallervorden-Spatz disease (HSD), a rare extrapyramidal motor illness, is usually only confirmed after death. In vivo diagnosis has relied hitherto on the combination of typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (the “eye of the tiger” sign) and heterogeneous clinical symptoms of movement disorder which have been regarded as almost pathognomonic. We report on the diagnostic contribution of 123J-β-CIT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and 123J-IBZM SPECT in akinetic-rigid Parkinson's syndrome occurring in a case of HSD. In contrast to Parkinson's disease and multisystem atrophies, the results of both tests were normal. This constellation of findings shows that the degeneration lies primarily outside the nigrostriatal system, supporting arguments for the nosologic distinction of HSD from other extrapyramidal illnesses.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose der Hallervorden-Spatz-Krankheit (HSD), einer seltenen extrapyramidal-motorischen Erkrankung, konnte gewöhnlich erst postmortal gesichert werden. Bislang galt der typische MRT-Befund mit dem “Tigerauge-Zeichen” in Kombination mit der heterogen klinischen Symptomatik von Bewegungsstörungen als nahezu pathognomonisch und diente zur Diagnosestellung zu Lebzeiten. In der vorliegenden Kasuistik soll der diagnostische Beitrag von 123J-β-CIT und 123J-IBZM-SPECT bei einem akinetisch-rigiden Parkinsonsyndrom im Rahmen einer HSD dargestellt werden. Für beide Untersuchungen wurden im Gegensatz zum M. Parkinson und Multisystematrophien Normalbefunde gefunden. Diese Befundkonstellation zeigt einerseits, dass die Degeneration primär außerhalb des nigrostriatalen Systems liegt, und andererseits unterstützt sie die Diskussion der nosologischen Abgrenzung der HSD von anderen extrapyramidalen Erkrankungen.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit ; Diagnostik ; Diffussionswichtung ; MRT ; Bildgebung ; Übertragbare spongiforme Enzephalopathien ; Key words Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Diagnosis ; Diffusion-weighted image ; MRI ; Brain images ; Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Today the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is proven only postmortem or by evidence of neuropathology. During the patient's lifetime EEG recordings or cerebrospinal fluid analysis may support the diagnosis. In most cases, T2-MRI scans show hyperintensities of the basal ganglia. A new imaging technique called diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) has recently been established. The sensitivity of DWI was evaluated in five patients suspected of CJD. All five cases showed hyperintense signal changes in the basal ganglia on DWI sequences. These findings were more pronounced in DWI than in T2, FLAIR, or PD-weighted images. Thus, DWI seems to be the most sensitive sequence for detecting changes in patients with suspected CJD. Moreover, its short scanning time ensures that fewer artifacts occur, especially in the case of myoclonus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die sichere Diagnose der Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit kann nur bioptisch oder autoptisch durch Untersuchung von Hirngewebe gestellt werden. Die klinische Verdachtsdiagnose erhärten können technische und laborchemische Untersuchungen; hierzu gehört neben dem EEG die Surrogatmarkerbestimmung im Liquor. Nachdem sich bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten Veränderungen der Basalganglien gezeigt haben, gehört das MRT zu den bildgebenden Verfahren, die bei Verdacht auf CJD eingesetzt werden können. Inzwischen ist die Diffusionswichtung (DWI) in die neuroradiologische Diagnostik eingeführt worden. DWI-gewichtete MRTs bei 5 CJD-Patienten wurden von uns untersucht. Alle 5 Fälle zeigten im DWI-MRT signalintense Veränderungen der Stammganglien. Diese Veränderungen waren jeweils deutlicher als in der T2, Flair- oder Protonenwichtung. Das DWI-MRT halten wir für sensitiver zum Nachweis kortikaler und basaler Veränderungen bei CJD-Patienten im Vergleich zu Standardsequenzen. Durch die kurze Untersuchungszeit können besonders bei den häufig vorhandenen Myoklonien andere Wichtungen aufgrund von Bewegungsartefakten oftmals nicht in der gewünschten Qualität durchgeführt werden.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 103 (2000), S. 1079-1085 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Knie ; MRT ; Arthroskopie ; Meniskus ; Key words Knee ; MRI ; Arthroscopy ; Meniscus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to assure diagnostic accuracy, 172 knee joints were examined prospectively by MRI. After MRI, all knee joints were examined by arthroscopy. Tears of the medial meniscus were found in 102 patients, the lateral meniscus showed a tear in 29 cases. Assuming that arthroscopy represents the golden standard of diagnostic measure concerning the knee joint, it can be stated that false-positive MRI findings on the medial and lateral meniscus were diagnosed in three cases and false-negative MRI findings were diagnosed for two knee joints regarding the medial meniscus and four times regarding the lateral meniscus. For the medial meniscus a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 96%, an accuracy of 94%, and the positive and negative value of prediction were calculated at 97% each. Regarding the lateral meniscus, a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 98%, an accuracy of 92%, a positive predictive value of 88%, and a negative predictive value of 85% were found. Under the prerequisite that the MRI is carried out correctly and assessed by an experienced radiologist, the accuracy of the MRI for meniscus diagnosis is almost equivalent to the one by arthroscopy. Under these conditions, MRI can be recommended when no safe and sufficient clinical diagnosis can be made. The rate of unnecessary arthroscopies with a pure diagnostic purpose can be lowered significantly by means of MRI.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Überprüfung der diagnostischen Treffsicherheit wurden prospektiv 172 Kniegelenke mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) untersucht. Nach der MRT erfolgte bei allen Kniegelenken die arthroskopische Überprüfung der bildgebenden Diagnose. Rissbildungen des Innenmeniskus fanden sich bei 102 Patienten, am Außenmeniskus wurde 29-mal ein Riss befundet. Unter der Annahme, dass die Arthroskopie der “golden standard” diagnostischer Maßnahmen am Kniegelenk darstellt, ergab sich, dass falsch-positive MRT-Befunde am Innen- und Außenmeniskus in jeweils 3 Fällen und falsch-negative MRT-Befunde am Innenmenikus bei 2 Kniegelenken und am Außenmeniskus 4-mal erhoben wurden. Für den Innenmeniskus wurde eine Sensitivität von 98%, eine Spezifität von 96%, eine Genauigkeit von 94% und der positive bzw. negative Vorhersagewert mit jeweils 97% errechnet. Bezüglich des Außenmeniskus ließ sich eine Sensitivität von 85%, eine Spezifität von 98%, eine Genauigkeit von 92%, ein positiver Vorhersagewert von 88% und ein negativer Vorhersagewert von 85% ermitteln. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass die MRT korrekt durchgeführt und von einem erfahrenen Radiologen befundet wird, ergibt sich eine annähernd gleichwertige Treffsicherheit der MRT für die Meniskusdiagnostik wie mit der Arthroskopie. Die MRT kann daher unter diesen Voraussetzungen zur Anwendung empfohlen werden, wenn klinisch keine ausreichend sichere Diagnose zu stellen ist. Die Rate unnötiger rein diagnostischer Arthroskopien kann durch die MRT entscheidend gesenkt werden.
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  • 14
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    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 411-415 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kufs ; Neuronale Zeroidlipofuszinose ; Demenz ; PET ; MRT ; Key words Kufs disease ; Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Dementia ; PET ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The case of a 35-year-old man with progressive dementia from the age of 17 is presented. Clinical examination showed mild extrapyramidal and cerebellar signs and rare myoclonus. Neuropsychological evaluation disclosed severe cognitive deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed moderate generalized atrophy with abnormal iron deposition in the basal ganglia. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) demonstrated clear temporoparietal hypermetabolism. The clinical symptoms and course are typical for the rare adult type of neuronal ceroid lipofusconoses (Kufs' disease). The diagnosis is supported by the electron microscope detection of an abnormal accumulation of lipid vacuoles and lipofuscin in the eccrine sweat glands and the rectal ganglia cells.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird der Fall eines 35-jährigen Patienten mit langsam progredienter Demenz seit dem 18. Lebensjahr. Zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung fielen klinisch eine leichtgradige extrapyramidale und zerebelläre Symptomatik sowie seltene Myoklonien auf, während die neuropsychologische Testung ausgeprägte kognitive Defizite ergab. Die kraniale Magnetresonanztomographie zeigte eine mäßige globale Atrophie und eine abnorme Eisenablagerung in den Basalganglien. In der Positronenemissionstomographie mit 18-FDG war ein deutlicher temporoparietaler Hypometabolismus erkennbar. Klinik und Verlauf sind typisch für die seltene adulte Variante der neuronalen Zeroidlipofuszinosen (Kufs-Typ). Diese Diagnose wird gestützt durch den elektronenmiroskopischen Nachweis abnormer Akkumulationen von Fettvakuolen und Lipofuszinablagerungen in den ekkrinen Schweißdrüsen der Haut und in den rektalen Ganglienzellen.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Manganintoxikation ; Parkinsonismus ; MRT ; Verlaufskontrolle ; L-Dopa-Therapie ; Key words Manganese intoxication ; Parkinsonism ; MRI ; Follow-up study ; L-dopa treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Manganese intoxication is an unusual, severe form of intoxication. This report deals with a patient now 80 years old who accidentally ingested a solution of potassium permanganate for a period of at least 4 weeks 14 years ago. Since then, the patient suffers from a mild parkinsonian syndrome and distally accentuated polyneuropathies. Psychiatric disorders, especially demential or depressive symptoms, were not observed. Manganese analysis of his hair still shows a clear increase in manganese concentration. The MRI of his brain showed no pathological changes, in particular none of those often described with symmetric signal elevation in T1 in the area of the basal ganglia. In this study, we present clinical, laboratory, and neuroradiological findings. Unusual in this case with a short exposition is the long duration and clinical improvement without L-dopa treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Manganintoxikation ist eine ungewöhnliche, schwere Intoxikationsform. Wir berichten über einen jetzt 80-jährigen Patienten, der vor 14 Jahren über die Dauer von mindestens 4 Wochen versehentlich Kaliumpermanganat eingenommen hatte. Der Patient leidet weiterhin unter einem leichten Parkinsonsyndrom und einer distal betonten Polyneuropathie. Psychiatrische St¨rungen, insbesondere ein dementielles oder depressives Symptom, fanden sich nicht mehr. Die Mangananalysen der Haare zeigen auch jetzt noch deutlich erhöhte Konzentrationen. Das MRT des Gehirns erbrachte keinen pathologischen Befund, insbesondere keine häufig bei Manganintoxikationen beschriebenen Veränderungen mit symmetrischen Signalanhebungen in T1-Wichtung im Bereich der Basalganglien (Globus pallidus). In einer aktuellen Untersuchung werden klinische, laborchemische sowie neuroradiologische Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Die Besonderheit des Falles erklärt sich aus einer kurzen Expositionsdauer mit einer langen Verlaufszeit und klinischer Befundbesserung ohne L-Dopa-Behandlung.
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  • 16
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    International journal of clinical oncology 5 (2000), S. 200-203 
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words Small cell carcinoma of the ovary ; Pregnancy Paclitaxel ; MRI ; Facial palsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Small cell carcinoma of the ovary (SCCO) is a highly aggressive malignancy that affects young females. The disease is fatal in nearly all patients with disease categorized as higher than stage IA. A 30-year-old Japanese woman was diagnosed, while pregnant, as having bilateral small cell carcinoma, pulmonary type, a rare finding. She received three courses of JP chemotherapy (carboplatin, 525 mg; cisplatin, 120 mg) and three courses of PVP chemotherapy (peplomycin, 30 mg; vinblastin, 12 mg; cisplatin, 120 mg). Computed tomography scans were taken during and after the period in which she received chemotherapy showed growing multiple metastatic tumors and massive ascites. Third-line chemotherapy with paclitaxel (225 mg) was then initiated. Although the lymphadenopathy and massive ascites were alleviated, bone marrow suppression intervened. The patient died 18 months after being diagnosed. To our knowledge, this is third reported case of SCCO to be diagnosed during pregnancy, and the first reported case of bilateral disease diagnosed during pregnancy.
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  • 17
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    Medical electron microscopy 33 (2000), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Ciliogenesis ; Ciliated cell ; Abnormal cilia ; Basal body ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cilia are motile processes extending from the basal bodies, playing important roles in the mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract and the transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus in mammals. Ciliogenesis is divided into four stages: (1) duplication of centrioles; (2) migration of centrioles to the apical cell surface to become basal bodies; (3) elongation of cilia containing the axoneme; and (4) formation of accessory structures of basal bodies. The orderly course of ciliogenesis appears to be disturbed by various internal and external factors and, as a result, various unusual forms of the ciliary apparatus develop in the cell. Inhibition of basal body migration results in development of intracytoplasmic axonemes, cilia within periciliary sheaths, and intracellular ciliated cysts. Swollen cilia and the bulging type of compound cilia are formed during ciliary budding and elongation. This review also discusses the origin, composition, and function of the centriolar precursor structures.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words Endometrial carcinoma ; MRI ; Diagnosis ; Minimally invasive therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides precise staging of endometrial carcinoma. However, we have sometimes experienced patients with microscopic extrauterine extension in whom MRI showed the disease as being limited to the uterus. We studied indirect MRI signs for microscopic extrauterine spread of endometrial carcinoma which outwardly seemed to be limited to within the uterus. Methods. MRI studies and the clinical records of 100 patients with surgically proven endometrial carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated: (1) MRI staging, (2) tumor growing at the orifices of the fallopian tube in the uterine fundus, (3) hydrosalpinx, and (4) ascites, in each MRI study. Results. Surgical specimens showed that 12 of the 100 patients had extrauterine spread, with 1 patient showing both ovarian extension and omental metastasis; there ovarian extension in 3, extension to the fallopian tubes in 3, omental metastasis in 1, and positive peritoneal cytology in 4. Tumor growing at the orifices of the fallopian tubes with deep myometrial invasion showed higher accuracy for predicting microscopic intrauterine spread (82.0%) although it was not significantly different from the accuracy of deep myometrial invasion anywhere within the uterus (75.0%). However, tumor growing at the orifices of the fallopian tubes in a patients with stage Ia disease showed a high negative predictive value (89.7%). Hydrosalpinx had the highest specificity (98.9%) and accuracy (88.0%); however, it did not seem to be practical because it was observed in only 2 patients. Ascites in postmenopausal patients showed higher specificity (93.5%), although it was not considered to be useful in the premenopausal patients. Conclusion. Tumor extension at the orifices of the fallopian tubes in patients with stage Ia disease, and ascites in postmenopausal patients on MRI seemed to be predictive factors for microscopic extrauterine spread.
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  • 19
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Subchondral insufficiency fracture ; Femoral head ; Medial femoral condyle ; Osteonecrosis ; MRI ; X-ray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This case report documents the clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings in a 69-year-old obese man, who had subchondral insufficiency fracture both in the femoral head and medial femoral condyle. On plain radiographs, both lesions underwent subchondral collapse. Magnetic resonance images of the left hip showed a bone marrow edema pattern with associated low-intensity band on T1-weighted images, which was convex to the articular surface. The histopathologic findings in the hip and knee were characterized by the presence of a subchondral fracture with associated callus and granulation tissue along both sides of a fracture line. There was no evidence of antecedent osteonecrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to describe the multiple occurrence of collapsed subchondral insufficiency fracture.
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  • 20
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Cystic fibrous dysplasia ; Giant cell tumor ; Femur ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report the case of a 43-year-old man who presented with an osteolytic and expansive lesion in the left distal femur mimicking a giant cell tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that most of the lesion was cystic, and histological examination revealed fibrous dysplasia with marked cystic degeneration. Radiographic findings of cystic fibrous dysplasia in the end of a long bone may be similar to those of a giant cell tumor, and a biopsy is essential for the final diagnosis.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hemangiopericytoma ; Tibia ; MRI ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) appearances of primary osseous hemangiopericytoma (HPC) have been rarely described. We report on a 46-year-old Chinese man with primary osseous HPC of the right tibia. The characteristic vascular distribution of this tumor, presenting with a ”spoke-wheel” appearance on MR images and with angiographic correlation, is described. Although not pathognomonic, this MR appearance may be an important finding in suggesting the diagnosis of osseous HPC.
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  • 22
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Diffusion ; MRI ; Skeletal system ; Spine ; neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This article reviews the principles of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and recent results in DWI of the musculoskeletal system. The potential of DWI in the diagnosis of pathology of the musculoskeletal system is discussed. DWI is a relatively new MR imaging technique that has already been established in neuroradiology, especially in the early detection of brain ischemia. The random motion of water protons on a molecular basis can be measured with DWI. To date DWI of the abdomen and of the musculoskeletal system has only been employed in scientific studies, but first results indicate that it may also be beneficial in these fields. Different diffusion characteristics have been found in normal tissues such as muscle, fat and bone marrow. Also, pathologic entities such as neoplasms, post-therapeutic soft tissue changes and inflammatory processes can be differentiated. Normal muscle shows significantly higher diffusion values than subcutaneous fat and bone marrow, due to a higher mobility of water protons within muscle. Soft tissue tumors exhibit a significantly lower diffusion value compared with post-therapeutic soft tissue changes and inflammatory processes. Necrotic tumor tissue can be distinguished from viable tumor due to significantly higher diffusion of water protons within necrotic tissue.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Gaucher disease ; MRI ; Enzyme replacement therapy ; Liver ; Spleen ; Bone marrow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose. To determine whether T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images can demonstrate response in the marrow of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and to determine whether a relationship exists between liver and spleen volume reductions and visible marrow changes. Patients. Forty-two patients with type 1 Gaucher disease were evaluated on at least two occasions. Thirty-two patients received ERT. Of these patients, 15 had a baseline examination prior to the initiation of ERT. The remaining 10 patients did not receive ERT. Design. T1-weighted and gradient recalled echo (GRE) coronal images of the femurs and hips were obtained. Concurrently, liver and spleen volumes were determined using contiguous breath-hold axial gradient-echo images. T1-weighted images of the hips and femurs were evaluated to determine change or lack of change in the yellow marrow. Results. Of the 32 patients receiving ERT, 14 (44%) demonstrated increased signal on T1-weighted images suggesting an increase in the amount of yellow marrow. If only the 15 patients with a baseline examination were considered, the response rate to ERT was 67%. Using Student’s t-test a highly significant correlation (P〈0.005) was found between marrow response and reduction in liver and spleen volume. Conclusions. Marrow changes in patients receiving ERT can be detected by T1-weighted images. This response correlated with reductions in visceral volumes (P〈0.0005).
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  • 24
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 597-600 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Parosteal osteosarcoma ; Telangiectatic osteosarcoma ; Dedifferentiation ; Femur ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A unique case of parosteal osteosarcoma (POS) of the proximal femur, with areas of telangiectatic dedifferentiation, in a 28-year-old woman is reported. The patient had a 7-week history of pain and swelling in her right thigh. A biopsy diagnosis of POS was established. The patient was treated with two cycles of intra-arterial chemotherapy, followed by limb salvage surgery. Histological examination of the resected specimen showed POS with areas of dedifferentiation composed of high-grade telangiectatic osteosarcoma with associated secondary aneurysmal bone cyst change.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Ewing sarcoma ; Primitive neuroectodermal tumour ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective.To describe the clinical, radiological and MRI features of six atypical cases of histologically proven appendicular Ewing sarcoma/ primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). Design. Retrospective review of case notes and available imaging was carried out. Patients. Six patients (4 male, 2 female; mean age 27years, range 19–44 years), presenting over a 77-month period, were identified from the Bone Tumour Register. All had unusual clinical and imaging features for Ewing sarcoma/PNET. Results and conclusions. Four tumours were centred on the distal femoral metaphysis, one in the proximal tibial metaphysis and one in the distal tibial metaphysis. Plain radiographs were available in four cases and showed minor cortical changes. MRI demonstrated a relatively small, eccentrically located intraosseous component with a large, eccentric extraosseous component. Extension into the epiphysis was seen in three cases and into the adjacent joint in two cases. Intraosseous ”skip” metastases were present in three cases. The clinical and imaging features were atypical for conventional intraosseous Ewing sarcoma/PNET and the exact site of origin (intraosseous, periosteal or soft-tissue) was unclear.
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  • 26
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 656-659 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma ; Osteosarcoma ; Aggressive osteoblastoma ; Fibula ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report an osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma in the right proximal fibula in a 22-year-old woman. Radiographs showed an irregular osteolytic lesion from the metaphysis to the epiphysis in the proximal fibula with partial destruction of cortical bone. Tissue from a biopsy indicated a typical osteoblastoma. Curettage and bone graft was performed. One year after the surgery, local recurrence occurred, and a wide excision was performed. Histological examination of the en-bloc surgical specimen revealed the tumor had permeated through the host bony trabeculae, although the nuclear atypia was not marked. Immunohistochemical expression of MIB-1 was detected in 9.0% of cells.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ; Chemotherapy ; Spine ; Tunneling Schmorl’s nodes ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present a 70-year-old woman with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in whom serial imaging studies showed the development of multiple vertebral collapse, and communicating superior and inferior Schmorl’s nodes creating a longitudinal channel (”tunneling” Schmorl’s nodes) through the anterior aspect of T12 to L3 vertebral bodies of her osteoporotic thoracolumbar spine. This was observed after achieving complete remission of the disease and during maintenance therapy. The finding is felt to be secondary to iatrogenic exacerbation of osteoporosis.
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  • 28
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 664-667 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Giant cell tumor ; Multiple mid-foot bones ; Reconstructive surgery ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a patient who had giant cell tumor involving multiple bones of the mid-foot. The tumor originated from the navicular bone, but also destroyed the cuboid, and all cuneiform bones. This unusual presentation of giant cell tumor presented a therapeutic challenge for the surgeons. The patient was treated with en bloc resection and the bony defect replaced with a massive iliac crest graft which united within 9 months and has remained stable for 7 years without local recurrence, and with excellent function of the foot.
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  • 29
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 224-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intraosseous neurilemmoma (schwannoma) ; Primary bone neoplasm ; Metacarpal ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Intraosseous schwannoma (neurilemmoma) is an extremely rare, benign neoplasm, constituting less than 0.2% of primary bone tumors. It infrequently involves the bones of the hand. We present a case of intraosseous neurilemmoma of the metacarpal.
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  • 30
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hemangioma ; Ulna ; CT ; MRI ; X-ray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  An 18-year-old woman presented with left elbow joint pain. Radiographs and computed tomographic scan showed a well-defined osteolytic lesion of the left ulna associated with a honeycomb appearance on the radiographs. Magnetic resonance images showed intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and mixed intermediate and high signal intensities on T2-weighted images. Only the periphery of the lesion enhanced with intravenously injected gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. The lesion was curetted to avoid pathologic fracture, and a histologic diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of bone was made. Hemangioma involving the ulna is rare, but should be included in the differential diagnosis of a radiographic osteolytic lesion with a honeycomb appearance.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue neoplasm ; Metastasis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To describe a series of patients with no known primary malignancy who presented with a solitary unsuspected soft tissue metastasis masquerading as a soft tissue sarcoma, and secondarily to describe the imaging appearance of these lesions. Design. Records of two academic hospitals with active orthopedic oncology services were reviewed for patients meeting the above criteria. Clinical charts were examined, and the imaging appearance of the soft tissue lesions retrospectively reviewed. Patients. Of 1421 patients examined for soft tissue lesions, 11 were found who met the above criteria. Results. Of the 11 patients whose initial presentation was a solitary soft tissue metastasis, eight were found to have a primary lung cancer, two were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary, and adenocarcinoma of the colon was discovered in the remaining patient. Conclusions. The clinical presentation of a solitary soft tissue metastasis without a known primary malignancy is a rare occurrence, with an incidence of approximately 0.8%. Lung cancer is the primary neoplasm in a high percentage of these cases.
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  • 32
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Angiomyolipoma (AML) ; Soft tissue ; Thigh ; MRI ; CT ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 41-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic mass in the right medial thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-demarcated, 10-cm mass in the right adductor muscles. The margins of the mass exhibited high signal intensity and the rest showed low or iso signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images. However, the high signal intensity was decreased on T2-weighted images with fat suppression. The central part of the tumor was of inhomogeneous high signal intensity on T2-weighted images; after Gd-DTPA injection it enhanced inhomogeneously on T1-weighted images with fat suppression. On dynamic computed tomography (CT) in the arterial phase, there were strongly enhancing spotty areas in the tumor. At surgery, a yellow-whitish tumor was resected and a pathological diagnosis of angiomyolipoma (AML) in the thigh was made.
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  • 33
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 346-348 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid tumor ; Tibia ; Periosteum ; Bilateral ; MRI ; Bilateral metachronous periosteal tibial amyloid tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Localized primary periosteal amyloid tumors are extremely rare. A case of bilateral tibial amyloid tumor is presented. A 62-year-old woman initially presented with a painful mass in the anterior aspect of the right leg. There was no evidence of underlying systemic disease, including chronic infection or malignancy. Based on the results of resistance with Congo red staining to treatment with potassium permanganate and positivity for kappa light chain, we classified this particular case as AL-type amyloidosis. The patient noticed a swelling in the opposite leg 2 years later. The second tumor was also an AL-type amyloidoma. Amyloid tumors are generally solitary. This is the first case of bilateral periosteal amyloid tumors of the AL-type occurring in the tibiae.
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  • 34
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Trauma ; Hand ; Sonography ; Ultrasound ; Annular pulleys ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To evaluate the sonographic (US) appearance of digital annular pulley (DAP) tears in high-level rock climbers. Design and patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of the US examinations of 16 high-level rock climbers with clinical signs of DAP lesions. MRI and surgical evaluation were performed in five and three patients respectively. The normal US and MRI appearances of DAP were evaluated in 40 and three normal fingers respectively. Results. Nine of 16 patients presented a DAP tear. In eight subjects (seven with complete tears involving the fourth finger and one the fifth finger), US diagnosis was based on the indirect sign of volar bowstringing of the flexor tendons. Injured pulleys were not appreciated by US. Tears concerned the A2 and A3 in six patients and the A3 and A4 in two patients. A2 pulley thickening and hypoechogenicity compatible with a partial tear was demonstrated in one patient. MRI and surgical data correlated well with the US findings. Four patients had tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons but no evidence of pulley disruption. US examinations of three patients were normal. In the healthy subjects US demonstrated DAP in 16 of 40 digits. Conclusion. US can diagnose DAP tears and correlates with the MRI and surgical data. Because of its low cost and non-invasiveness we suggest US as the first imaging modality in the evaluation of injuries of the digital pulley.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bones ; infection ; Bones ; radionuclide studies ; MRI ; comparative studies ; Bones ; MRI studies ; MRI ; extremities ; Bones ; immunoscintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. A retrospective study of the validity of combined bone scintigraphy (BS) and immunoscintigraphy (IS) using 99mTc-labelled murine antigranulocyte antibodies (MAB) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in chronic post- traumatic osteomyelitis. Design and patients. The results of MRI and combined BS/IS of 19 lesions in 18 patients (13 men, 5 women; mean age 45 years, range 27–65 years) were independently evaluated by two radiologists and one nuclear medicine physician with regard to bone infection activity and extent. The patient group was a highly selective collection of clinical cases: the average number of operations conducted because of relapsing infection was eight (range 2–27), the average time interval between the last surgical intervention and the present study was 6.5 years (range 3 months to 39 years), and from the first operation was 14 years (range 1.5–42 years). Interobserver agreement on MRI was measured by kappa statistics. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for MRI and the nuclear medicine studies. Results. For MRI/nuclear medicine, a sensitivity of 100%/77%, a specificity of 60%/50%, an accuracy of 79%/61%, a PPV of 69%/58% and a NPV of 100%/71% were calculated. Four MR examinations were false positives because of postsurgical granulation tissue. A high degree of interobserver agreement was found on MRI (κ=0.88). A low-grade infection was missed on two scintigrams, while four were false positive because of ectopic haematopoietic bone marrow, and in one examination the anatomical distortion resulted in an inaccurate assignment of the uptake leading to false positive findings. Image analysis was frequently hindered by susceptibility artefacts due to residual abrasions of metallic implants after removal of orthopaedic devices (15/18 patients); this led to limited assessment in 17% (3/18 patients). Conclusion. Acute activity in a chronic osteomyelitis can be excluded with high probability if the MRI findings are negative. In the first postoperative year fibrovascular scar cannot be distinguished accurately from reactivated infection on MRI and scintigraphy may improve the accuracy of diagnosis. MRI is more sensitive in low-grade infection during the later course than combined BS/IS. Scintigraphic errors due to ectopic, peripheral, haematopoietic bone marrow can be corrected by MRI.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Tuberculosis ; Sternum ; Clavicle ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To describe the imaging findings in sterno-clavicular tubercular involvement. Design and patients. Fifteen patients with pathologically proven tuberculosis of the sternum and clavicle were retrospectively evaluated. Routine radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used in some or all of the patients. Clinical information and imaging features were evaluated in each case. Results. Eight patients had sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ) involvement, five had isolated sternal involvement and two had isolated clavicular involvement. Seven patients were evaluated with only CT, six with only MRI and two with both. There were eight male and seven female patients, varying in age between 16 and 78 years. Fever, swelling and pain were common presenting symptoms. Two patients were HIV positive. Radiographs were positive in only eight patients. Destruction and signal intensity (SI) changes of the sternum and clavicle, destruction of the cartilage, soft tissue changes representing granulation tissue/abscess, displacement of the adjacent structures (vessels, trachea, etc.) and inflammatory changes in the adjacent structures in the form of cellulitis and myositis were common imaging features. Conclusions. All imaging methods can provide complementary information regarding sterno-clavicular tubercular involvement that is helpful for determination of the therapy. MRI is useful in determining the extent of the lesion, particularly marrow involvement and soft tissue extent.
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  • 37
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 477-480 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Diabetes mellitus ; Muscle, infarction ; Short T1 ; Hemorrhage ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a case of diabetic muscle infarction which had atypical features of hyperintensity of the affected muscle on T1-weighted images. Biopsy was performed which revealed diffuse extensive hemorrhage within the infarcted muscle. We believe increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images should suggest hemorrhage within the infarcted muscle.
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  • 38
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 481-484 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Meniscal ossicles ; Ultrasound ; CT-arthrography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of meniscal ossicles occurring in the left knee of a 23-year-old woman is presented. Radiographs showed two calcified lesions at the posteromedial aspect of the knee which were interpreted as loose bodies. Sonography, computed tomography arthrography and magnetic resonance imaging showed the fragments within the posterior horn of the medial meniscus permitting a diagnosis of meniscal ossicles. These techniques can detect meniscal ossicles and exclude intra-articular loose bodies.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Clear cell sarcoma ; Malignant melanoma of soft parts ; MRI ; Magnetic resonance ; Neoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To evaluate MR imaging and pathology findings in order to define the characteristic features of clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissues (malignant melanoma of the soft parts). Design and patients. MR examinations of 21 patients with histologically proven clear cell sarcoma of the musculoskeletal system were retrospectively reviewed and assessed for shape, homogeneity, delineation, signal intensities on T1- and T2-weighted images, contrast enhancement, relationship with adjacent fascia or tendon, secondary bone involvement, and intratumoral necrosis. In 19 cases the pathology findings were available for review and for a comparative MR-pathology study. Results. On T1-weighted images, lesions were isointense (n=3), hypointense (n=7) or slightly hyperintense to muscle (n=11). Immunohistochemical examination was performed in 17 patients. All 17 specimens showed positivity for HMB-45 antibody. In nine of 11 lesions with slightly increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images, a correlative MR imaging-pathology study was possible. All nine were positive to HMB-45 antibody. Conclusions. Clear cell sarcoma of the musculoskeletal system often has a benign-looking appearance on MR images. In up to 52% of patients, this lesion with melanocytic differentiation has slightly increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images compared with muscle. As the presence of this relative higher signal intensity on T1-weighted images is rather specific for tumors displaying melanocytic differentiation, radiologists should familiarize themselves with this rare entity and include it in their differential diagnosis when confronted with a well-defined, homogeneous, strongly enhancing mass with slightly higher signal intensity compared with muscle on native T1-weighted images.
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  • 40
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Erdheim-Chester Disease ; Lipogranuloma ; MRI ; Muscle ; Rectus femoris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a rare manifestation of Erdheim-Chester disease with intramuscular lipogranuloma. The patient was a 66-year-old man who noted a soft tissue mass in the right quadriceps femoris muscle. Radiographs revealed symmetrical osteosclerosis in the diametaphysis of both femora and tibiae. An open biopsy revealed a proliferation of lipid-laden histiocytes in the femoral bone marrow and the quadriceps femoris muscle. To our knowledge, this is the second case of Erdheim-Chester disease involving muscle.
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  • 41
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Femur echinococcosis ; MRI ; echinococcosis ; Hydatid cyst surgery ; Hydatid cyst ; anticestodal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Magnetic resonance (MR) findings of a rare case of osseous echinococcosis with involvement of the femur are described. Attention is drawn to the typical MR appearances and therapeutic management.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Tibial deficiency ; Fibular deficiency ; Congenital hip dislocation ; Transverse limb deficiency ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report two similar, but unrelated, patients with congenital bilateral partial deficiencies of the tibia and fibula associated with intact feet. In both patients, the tibia and fibula were absent on initial radiographs, while the femur and the tarsal bones were well developed and there was bilateral teratologic dislocation of the hips. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggested the presence of cartilaginous remnants of the tibia and fibula. There were multidirectional instabilities in the knees and ankles. The clinical and radiological features of these cases are distinct from those of congenital longitudinal deficiency of the tibia, in which the fibula is always preserved, and from longitudinal deficiency of the fibula, in which the tibia is present and the foot is usually involved. We suggest that the bilateral partial deficiencies of the tibia and fibula associated with the intact foot and teratologic dislocation of the hips is a single-entity disorder, possibly categorized as an intercalary transverse deficiency of the lower limb.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Metastatic bone tumor ; Knee ; Spontaneous osteonecrosis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of a metastatic bone tumor that mimicked spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial condyle of the femur on magnetic resonance imaging.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chronic leg ulcers ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Malignancy ; Snake bite ; X-rays ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chronic ulcers of the leg are common in Brazil, perhaps more common than in the developed world. We report a case of a chronic ulcer of the leg following extensive scarring due to a bite by a venomous snake, which eventually led to a squamous cell carcinoma.
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  • 45
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Arm ; Collagenous fibroma ; Desmoplastic fibroblastoma ; Short T2 ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A recently proposed addition to fibrous tumors in soft tissue was first described as desmoplastic fibroblastoma and later renamed collagenous fibroma. This tumor is clinically and morphologically distinct and benign. However, only a few series have been reported, and the clinicopathologic features are not widely recognized. We present two cases of collagenous fibroma of the arm. Both patients presented with an enlarging, well-circumscribed and mobile soft tissue mass. Magnetic resonance imaging showed areas of low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences. Needle aspiration cytology revealed nondiagnostic samples because of the low cellularity of the tumors. Each of the resected tumors was composed of low-cellular spindle- to stellate-shaped cells in a fibrous matrix with clear margination. After the marginal excisions, no recurrences were observed. Clinicians should be aware of this entity to prevent overtreatment, because imaging findings and cytologic features are similar to those of desmoid tumor.
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  • 46
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 425-438 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Muscles ; MRI ; Myositis ; Muscles ; Abscess ; Dermatomyositis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Inflammatory myopathies encompass a group of acquired muscle disorders caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasitic agents) or autoimmune processes (polymyositis, dermatomyositis and other types). In suspected infection sonography, CT and MRI are all able to show edema and fluid collections in soft tissues and muscles; sonography and CT may help guidance of a needle aspiration to establish a correct diagnosis. By offering better tissue differentiation, MRI appears to be more efficient than sonography and CT in diagnosing and managing autoimmune myopathies. MRI is indeed very sensitive to the presence of water and edema, and appears to be a very good indicator for an early diagnosis of diseases. MRI may also help to evaluate the extent and number of lesions, to guide a biopsy in an area of active disease and finally to follow the evolution under therapy.
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  • 47
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 354-357 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intraosseous meningioma ; Microcystic meningioma ; Parietal bone ; X ray ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Extradural ectopic meningioma is a rare tumor. We report on an example of microcystic meningioma arising in the skull of an elderly woman. Radiological examination revealed a localized osteolytic lesion in the left parietal bone. At surgery, it was discovered that the tumor was located within the skull without any evidence of extraosseous extension. The light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features were consistent with a microcystic variant of meningioma. To our knowledge, this is the first case of an intraosseous microcystic meningioma, and we believe that this type of meningioma should be considered in the differential diagnoses of myxoid bone tumors of the calvarium.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chondrolipoma ; Liposarcoma ; Mesenchymoma ; Cartilage ; Metaplasia ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chondro-osseous differentiation of three benign or malignant fat tissue tumors – two chondrolipomas and a liposarcoma with cartilaginous metaplasia – was studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and compared with their pathological findings. The results suggest that demarcation of cartilage tisssue can be clearly defined on MR imaging when the size of the cartilaginous area is large. Myxoid matrix, degenerative fat tissue and lipodystrophic change may decrease the delineation of the cartilage tissue.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Shoulder ; Calcifying tendinitis ; Shock wave ; MRI ; Prediction parameters ; Clinical outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This prospective study examined 62 patients (65 shoulders) with chronic courses of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder before and after low-energy extracorporeal shockwave application (ESWA) in order to identify variables associated with the outcome of this treatment. Before ESWA, radiographs and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the affected shoulders were obtained in order to document the size and morphology of the calcifications and the contrast media reactions in areas of interest (deposit, synovia, bursae), respectively. In addition, a clinical evaluation was performed. After ESWA (mean follow-up 18.2 months), clinical evaluations of all 65 shoulders revealed an increase in the Constant score from 44% to 78% (p 〈 0.0001). While size (p = 0.61) and morphology (p = 0.7) of the deposits before ESWA were not associated with the clinical outcome, negative contrast reactions around the deposits (p = 0.0001), synovia (p = 0.0049) and bursae (p 〈 0.01) were associated with improved clinical outcomes. After the total study group was divided into two groups, one with Constant scores ≥ 75% (n = 43) and the other with scores 〈 75% (n = 22), the positive predictive value (ppv), specificity (sp) and sensitivity (se) were determined for the negative reaction around the deposit (ppv: 0.94; sp: 0.95; se: 0.38), synovia (ppv: 0.84; sp: 0.82; se: 0.49) and bursae (ppv: 0.86; sp: 0.86; se: 0.44). In 5 cases (7.7%), surgery of the affected shoulder during the follow-up period was performed. No major side-effects were seen in the study group. In conclusion, our results suggest that in patients with chronic calcifying tendinitis, the absence of contrast enhancement, especially around the deposit, is a strong predictive parameter of a positive clinical outcome of ESWA.
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  • 50
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S504 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter CAD/CAM ; Knochenersatzmaterial ; MRT ; Qualitätskontrolle ; Titan ; Key words Bone substitute material ; CAD/¶CAM ; MRI ; Quality control ; Titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Computer-assisted prefabricated skull implants of pure titanium as a bone replacement material have been used in 22 departments since 1994. Our experience with 104 implants includes clinical aspects (indication; tissue quality; surgical technique; patient guidance), but also geometric and material-specific parameters (acquisition, transfer, and evaluation of CT data; construction; manufacturing; cleaning; postoperative use of radiologic techniques). While the clinical aspects are responsibly defined by the respective surgeon, the geometric and material-specific parameters of individual implants have to comply with the laws on medical products. Therefore, the prospective documentation for each implant includes: helical CT acquisition parameters; geometric data of the computer-based skull model and implant; the cleaning procedure; and the individual marking. Medically specified pure titanium is processed by milling only so that neither purity nor structure is impaired. A specially developed milling technique guarantees the fabrication of all constructed elements down to fine details of 50 μm. Considering the necessary radiologic follow-up of defects after tumor surgery, all patients in our hospital undergo postoperative MRI examination, partly with preoperative documentation as an intraindividual control. Such comprehensive documentation and quality assurance is essential for techniques of prefabricated bone substitution. Hand in hand with scientific research and clinical application, these formal criteria have to be elaborated and fulfilled for the respective techniques. The successful determination of specifically adapted MRI sequences goes even one step further: spin-echo sequences minimize inhomogeneities of the magnetic field induced by the titanium implants and enable accurate postoperative documentation and diagnostics especially in the follow-up after tumor surgery.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Computergestützt vorgefertigte Schädelimplantate aus Reintitan als Knochenersatzmaterial werden seit 1994 in 22 Kliniken eingesetzt. Die Erfahrungen mit 104 Implantaten umfassen klinische (Indikationsstellung; Implantatlager; Operationstechnik; Patientenführung), aber auch geometrische und materialspezifische Aspekte (CT-Datenakquisition, -transfer und -auswertung; Konstruktion; Fertigung; Reinigung; postoperative Einsatzmöglichkeit bildgebender Verfahren). Während die klinischen Aspekte im Verantwortungsbereich ärztlichen Handelns definiert werden, gilt für die geometrischen und materialspezifischen Aspekte bei individuellen Implantaten das Medizinproduktegesetz. Prospektiv werden entsprechend für jedes Implantat die Spiral-CT-Akquisitionsparameter, die Geometriedaten des rechnerinternen Schädelmodells und des Implantats, das Reinigungsverfahren und die individuelle Kennzeichnung dokumentiert. Medizinisch spezifiziertes Reintitan wird ausschließlich durch Fräsung bearbeitet, sodass weder Reinheit noch Gefüge Änderungen erfahren. Eine eigens entwickelte Frästechnik garantiert die Umsetzung aller konstruierter Elemente bis zu einer Feinheit von 50 μm. Im Hinblick auf die bei tumorbedingten Defekten notwendige bildgebende Verlaufskontrolle werden sämtliche Patienten der eigenen Klinik postoperativ mit MRT untersucht, z. T. mit einer präoperativen Darstellung als intraindividuelle Kontrolle. Eine umfassende Dokumentation und Qualitätssicherung ist für Techniken des vorgefertigten Knochenersatzes unabdingbar. Parallel zur forscherischen Entwicklung und ärztlichen Anwendung müssen diese formalen Kriterien für das jeweilige Verfahren bearbeitet und erfüllt werden. Die erfolgreiche Erarbeitung von eigens adaptierten MRT-Sequenzen geht darüber noch hinaus: Spinechosequenzen minimieren die durch die Titanimplantate erzeugten Feldinhomogenitäten und erlauben eine aussagekräftige postoperative Dokumentation und Diagnostik insbesondere nach Tumoroperationen in der Verlaufsbeobachtung.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter CT ; MRT ; Mundhöhlen- und Oropharynxtumoren ; Diagnose ; Tumorstaging ; Keywords CT ; MRI ; Head and neck tumors ; Diagnosis ; Staging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Problem: There is a lack of clear criteria for the use of MR and CT in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer – some of it is even contradictory. The results of this study should lead to the establishment of more clear criteria. Patients: 165 patients suffering from head and neck tumors were subjected to a total of 463 CT and 197 MRI examinations. Results: The CT and MRI staging corresponded in 67% and 60% of the oropharynx tumors, respectively, with the clinical findings. In the case of oral cavity tumors, the clinical TNM stages were identical with CT and MRI results in 50% and 43% of cases, respectively. In the case of lymphatic node staging, the frequency of error was slightly higher using MRI, at 27%, compared with the CT rate of 22%. In the evaluation of cervical lymphatic nodes, CT proved to be more sensitive attaining 78% compared to the MRI rate of 69%. Conclusion: The results provide clear indications as to the MRI and CT examinations. Primary preoperative screening and post-therapeutic aftercare should be assessed using CT, as should lymphatic node diagnosis in the neck area. In the case of special problems such as, for example, the relevant bone and periostium infiltration, MR should be considered as a supplementary examination at a second stage.
    Notes: Fragestellung: Die Differenzialindikation von MRT und CT bei der Diagnostik von Malignomen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich wird in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Mit der vorliegenden Studie soll versucht werden, eine eindeutige Auswahl des Verfahrens zu begründen. Patientengut: Bei 165 Patienten mit Tumoren des Oropharynx und der Mundhöhle wurden insgesamt 463 CT- und 197 MRT-Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Bei 67% bzw. 60% der Oropharynxtumoren stimmten das CT- bzw. MRT-TNM-Tumorstaging mit der Klinik überein. Bei den Mundhöhlentumoren waren die klinischen TNM-Stadien in 50% bzw. 43% mit den CT- bzw. MRT-Befunden identisch. Beim Lymphknotenstaging war die Fehlerhäufigkeit bei der MRT mit 27% etwas höher als bei der Computertomographie mit 22%. Bei der Beurteilung der zervikalen Lymphknoten war die CT der MRT bezüglich der Sensitivität mit 78% gegenüber 69% überlegen. Schlussfolgerung: Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ergeben sich eindeutige Indikationen zur MRT- und CT-Untersuchung. Das primäre präoperative Screening und die posttherapeutische Nachsorge sollten durch CT beurteilt werden ebenso wie die Lymphknotendiagnostik im Halsbereich. Bei speziellen Fragestellungen, wie z. B. bezüglich der Periost- und Knocheninfiltration, ist die MRT eine ergänzende Untersuchung des 2. Schritts.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Skeletal muscle ; Human ; Differentiation ; Protein kinase C ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo can be well modeled in vitro by culturing skeletal muscle cells. In these cultures mononuclear satellite cells fuse to form polynuclear myotubes by proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine how the different protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes were expressed during differentiation of human skeletal muscle in vitro. The expressions of desmin, used as a muscle-specific intermediate filament protein marker of differentiation, and of different PKC isozymes were detected by single and double immunohistochemical labeling, and by Western blot analysis. In skeletal muscle cells we could identify five PKC isozymes (PKCα, -γ, -η, -θ and -ζ). The expressions of PKCα and -ζ did not change significantly during differentiation; their levels of expression were high in the early immature cells and remained unchanged in later phases. In contrast, the expression levels of PKCγ and -η increased with differentiation. Furthermore, the cellular localization of PKCγ markedly altered during differentiation, with a perinuclear-nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation. The change in the level of expression of PKCθ during differentiation showed different pattern; its expression was high during the early phases, but a decreased immunostaining was detected in the matured, well-differentiated myotubes. We conclude, therefore, that cultured human skeletal muscle cells possess a characteristic PKC isozyme pattern, and that the different phases of differentiation are accompanied by different expression patterns of the various isozymes. These data suggest the possible functional and differential roles of PKC isozymes in human skeletal muscle differentiation.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Keywords Granulosa cells ; Ontogeny ; Ovary ; Rete ovarii ; Cytokeratin ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Cells from the inner and outer granulosa cell layers of the ovarian follicles differ in function, probably because of their different origins from the surface epithelium and from the rete. This suggestion has not so far been thoroughly investigated in the human ovary. We examined fetal ovaries from the early, middle and late gestational periods, ovaries from fertile women, and preovulatory follicular cells obtained from patients under in vitro fertilization therapy (IVF). Indirect immunohistology and immunocytology were used to detect the presence of cytokeratin (CK)-positive epithelial cells. In fetal ovaries from the early gestational period, prominent rete tubules (sometimes with oocytes) appeared to be fused with the sex cords and primordial follicles. Both showed CK-positively, detected with the pan-CK antibody Lu-5. Cytokeratin 19 was clearly expressed in the fusion area. In the fetal and adult ovaries, CK-positive follicular or granulosa cells were noted in the primordial and primary follicles as well as the preovulatory follicles. Cytokeratin was not detected in the granulosa cells of growing follicles, CK-positive and -negative luteal cells were identified in the developing corpus luteum. We conclude for the human ovary: (1) the heterogeneous morphology of granulosa cells may be explained by their twofold origin from the surface epithelium and the rete, (2) the rete tubules appear to be involved in folliculogenesis, (3) the transient absence of CK expression in growing follicles compared to resting and mature follicles or to the developing corpus luteum indicates a particular role of CK-positive cells at the periovulatory period.
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  • 54
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    Archives of dermatological research 292 (2000), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Epidermal T cells ; Function ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The function of human epidermal T cells (ETC) is unknown. In the present study, dermal T cells (DTC), ETC and keratinocytes were cultured from normal human skin. DTC and ETC lines were expanded in medium containing interleukin 2. The autologous keratinocytes were transfected with a human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 plasmid to produce an immortal keratinocyte line “HEK001”. Lymphocyte migration and adhesion to HEK001 was assessed in calcein fluorimetric assays. ETC migrated towards HEK001 three to four times more than DTC. ETC adhered to HEK001 two to four times more than DTC. The proportion of ETC expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen was greater than that of DTC (26% and 1%, respectively). The keratinocyte line HEK001 expressed ICAM-1 following stimulation with TNF-α or IFN-γ and following coculture with autologous cutaneous T cells. A blocking anti-ICAM-1 antibody reduced DTC and ETC adhesion to HEK001 by 30% and 50%, respectively. Therefore, cutaneous T cells may upregulate keratinocyte ICAM-1 expression which mediates adhesion to autologous keratinocytes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ETC and DTC populations are distinct. Both directed migration (epidermotropism) and selective retention may be involved in the development and maintenance of the ETC population in normal human skin.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Erythropoietin ; Endogenous ; Blood volume ; Human ; Intraoperative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There is accumulating evidence of a relationship between changes in intravascular blood volume and endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) levels. In this study, eight healthy adult American Society of Anesthesiologists class-I patients due for prolonged elective surgery were randomised either to preoperative hypervolaemic haemodilution using hydroxyethyl starch, followed by intraoperative crystalloid infusion, or to standard intraoperative normovolaemic fluid balance management using crystalloids (control group). Electrolytes, creatinine, urea, osmolality, urine output and blood gases were monitored pre- and intraoperatively for 6 h, Comparable cardiopulmonary and renal homeostasis were maintained in both groups. We found that central venous pressure increased and EPO levels decreased, both significantly, in the hypervolaemic haemodilution group relative to controls. There were no significant intergroup changes in any other parameters. By controlling for other known determinants of EPO levels, our data indicate a relationship between EPO levels and changes in intravascular blood volume in humans, supporting the notion of EPO as a volume-regulated, and possibly volume-regulating, hormone.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament ; Kinematics ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study is to suggest an anatomic study of the modifications of the length of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its bundles during flexion with the aid of a 3D computerized model of the knee in a living subject. The method of evaluation suggested is a 3D computerized reconstruction based on MRI sections, reproducing the movement of flexion of the knee from 0 to 75°. Twenty-one sections were made for each of the 13 positions of flexion. The reconstruction of Delaunay and the realignment of each position provided a 3D model which allowed monitoring of a bony point during the movement. By knowing the relative displacement of the ligamentous attachments it was possible to define the biometry of the ligament by calculating the length of the bundles of the ACL in each position and to demonstrate the variations in length during the movement. The mean length of the ligament was 3.4 mm. The anteromedial bundle was longer by 30% compared with the other two bundles. During flexion the anteromedial bundle was not much modified (this feature seems to provide a reference position for a ligamentoplasty), the posterolateral bundle became taut after 30°, and the intermediate bundle relaxed from the beginning of movement. Based on the data from the literature, this method allows an anatomic approach to the ACL, bundle by bundle, during flexion movement.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Larynx ; MRI ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The larynx is an organ with a complex anatomic structure. MRI allows the performance of sections in the three planes of space, so that this study of the soft parts of the larynx yields results superior to those of other imaging techniques. Together with laryngoscopy, MRI is most often used in assessing the extension of malignant laryngeal tumors. This assessment is fundamental in choosing the indications for surgery, but the published reports of MRI of the larynx are sometimes discordant. The visualization of certain important anatomic structures such as the conus elasticus is uncertain. Our aim was to study the MRI radio-anatomy of the larynx based on correlations between MRI and histologic sections. Eight anatomic specimens were studied four in the transverse plane, two in the sagittal plane, and two in the frontal plane. The MRI and histologic sections made at the same levels were compared. These comparisons allowed a description of the sectional radio-anatomy of the larynx and an assessment of the reliability and limitations of MRI. All the major anatomic structures could be identified. It was possible to demonstrate the conus elasticus. We were able to visualize the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, which has not to our knowledge been previously described in the literature.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Allograft-inflammatory factor-1 ; Microglia response factor-1 ; Macrophage-inhibiting factor ; related-protein-8/S100A8 ; Traumatic brain injury ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) has been shown to function as second messenger and to be associated with activation of different cell types including microglia. Previously, in human focal cerebral infarctions an early expression of macrophage-related protein-8 (MRP8/ S100A8), a member of the Ca2+-binding S100-protein family, in microglia has been reported. On the other hand, a delayed activation of microglia was observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We therefore examined immunohistochemically microglial expression of MRP8 and allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), identical to microglial response factor-1 (mrf-1) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (iba1) in human brains after TBI and in control brains. Both, MRP8 and AIF-1 are Ca2+-binding peptides which have been associated with microglial activation in experimental models and in human cerebral infarctions. Detection of AIF-1 in controls confirmed constitutive expression of this peptide in a subset of microglial cells. After TBI, the density of AIF-1+ microglia did not increase significantly. Lesional expression of AIF-1 did not significantly differ from other brain regions. Furthermore, following TBI, we found no significant differences in the density of AIF-1+ microglia as compared to controls. Microglial MRP8 expression was not detectable in controls and within the first 3 days post TBI, but increased rapidly after 3 days post TBI, suggesting a subpopulation of microglial cells to be AIF-1–/MRP8+. We conclude that the delayed expression of MRP8 and the lack of AIF-1 up-regulation in microglia after TBI is in contrast to ischemic brain lesions and might reflect different activation cascades of microglia.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Keywords Melanoma ; Antigens ; Cytotoxic ; T lymphocytes ; Human ; Immunotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Melanoma-reactive HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines generated in vitro lyse autologous and HLA-matched allogeneic melanoma cells and recognize multiple shared peptide antigens from tyrosinase, MART-1, and Pmel17/gp100. However, a subset of melanomas fail to be lysed by these T cells. In the present report, four different HLA-A*0201+ melanoma cell lines not lysed by melanoma-reactive allogeneic CTL have been evaluated in detail. All four are deficient in expression of the melanocytic differentiation proteins (MDP) tyrosinase, Pmel17/gp100, gp75/trp-1, and MART-1/Melan-A. This concordant loss of multiple MDP explains their resistance to lysis by melanoma-reactive allogeneic CTL and confirms that a subset of melanomas may be resistant to tumor vaccines directed against multiple MDP-derived epitopes. All four melanoma lines expressed normal levels of HLA-A*0201, and all were susceptible to lysis by xenoreactive-peptide-dependent HLA-A*0201-specific CTL clones, indicating that none had identifiable defects in antigen-processing pathways. Despite the lack of shared MDP-derived antigens, one of these MDP-negative melanomas, DM331, stimulated an effective autologous CTL response in vitro, which was restricted to autologous tumor reactivity. MHC-associated peptides isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography from HLA-A1 and HLA-A2 molecules of DM331 tumor cells included at least three peptide epitopes recognized by DM331 CTL and restricted by HLA-A1 or by HLA-A*0201. Recognition of these CTL epitopes cannot be explained by defined, shared melanoma antigens; instead, unique or undefined antigens must be responsible for the autologous-cell-specific anti-melanoma response. These findings suggest that immunotherapy directed against shared melanoma antigens should be supplemented with immunotherapy directed against unique antigens or other undefined antigens, especially in patients whose tumors do not express MDP.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC class III region ; Mouse ; Human ; G7c ; Lung tumor susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 61
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    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 487-488 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Immunoglobulin ; J segments ; IGKJ genes ; Alleles ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 62
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 479-487 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological monitoring ; Formate ; Formic acid ; Human ; Methanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A toxicokinetic (TK) model was developed to describe the inhalation exposure in humans to methyl formate (MF), a catalyst used in foundries, and to discuss biological monitoring. The TK model consisted of four compartments: MF, the metabolites – methanol (MeOH) and formic acid (FA) – and, in addition, a urinary compartment describing the saturable reabsorption of FA. Levels of MeOH and FA in urine, from an experimental study (100 ppm MF, 8 h at rest), validated the present model. The TK model describes well the general behaviour of MeOH and FA in urine after MF exposure. A nonlinear and a linear relationship respectively, was predicted between MF exposure and FA or MeOH excretion in urine, and this has previously been seen after occupational MF exposure. The present model has been modified to simulate MeOH exposure as well. Generally low exposures (concentration or exercise) produce only marginal increases in FA urinary excretions, but when exposure is elevated, urinary FA excretion increases because of saturation in the mechanism of reabsorption. Using FA urinary excretion as the critical indicator, because of its link to health effects, an occupational exposure limit value for MF of no greater than 50 ppm should be selected (based on predictions with the TK model). MeOH in urine can be considered as a biomarker for MF at low exposure, because of lower background values and of a linear relationship with exposure. At higher exposures, however, FA could be used as a biomarker as it becomes progressively more sensitive. But the use of biological monitoring for MF is difficult because of individual variations in background values. Under the present state of knowledge both FA and MeOH should be used to estimate only group exposures, rather than individual exposures.
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  • 63
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1691-1696 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Herniography ; MRI ; Hernia ; Groin pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aims of the present study were to assess if MRI gives the same diagnostic information as herniography concerning the presence of hernias and reveals other causes of groin pain. The prospective study enrolled 20 patients referred for herniography, 6 women and 14 men, mean age 48 years. After herniography the patients underwent MRI using T1-weighted, fat-suppressed inversion recovery (STIR), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) pulse sequences. No contrast medium was administered at MRI. Herniography revealed 11 hernias and MRI depicted 8 of these. Magnetic resonance imaging depicted well the anatomy in the groins. In 3 patients where hernias were not revealed, MRI revealed inflammatory changes in the symphysis region as a possible cause of groin pain. The primary diagnostic tool for diagnosing hernias is herniography. If the herniogram is normal, MRI may reveal other causes of groin pain and may also better visualize related structures in the groin.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Ovarian cancer ; Lesion characterization ; Recurrence ; PET ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare prospectively the accuracy of whole-body positron emission tomography (PET), CT and MRI in diagnosing primary and recurrent ovarian cancer. Nineteen patients (age range 23–76 years) were recruited with suspicious ovarian lesions at presentation (n = 8) or follow-up for recurrence (n = 11). All patients were scheduled for laparotomy and histological confirmation. Whole-body PET with FDG, contrast-enhanced spiral CT of the abdomen, including the pelvis, and MRI of the entire abdomen were performed. Each imaging study was evaluated separately. Imaging findings were correlated with histopathological diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for lesion characterization in patients with suspicious ovarian lesions (n = 7) were, respectively: 100, 67 and 86 % for PET; 100, 67 and 86 % for CT; and 100, 100 and 100 % for MRI. For the diagnosis of recurrent disease (n = 10), PET had a sensitivity of 100 %, specificity of 50 % and accuracy of 90 %. The PET technique was the only technique which correctly identified a single transverse colon metastasis. Results for CT were 40, 50 and 43 %, and for MRI 86, 100 and 89 %, respectively. No statistically significant difference was seen. Neither FDG PET nor CT nor MRI can replace surgery in the detection of microscopic peritoneal disease. No statistically significant difference was observed for the investigated imaging modalities with regard to lesion characterization or detection of recurrent disease; thus, the methods are permissible alternatives. The PET technique, however, has the drawback of less accurate spatial assignment of small lesions compared with CT and MRI.
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  • 65
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 780-782 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Uterus ; Endometrial stromal sarcoma ; Uterine myometrium ; Uterine leiomyoma ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Two cases of uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma whose main mass was located in uterine myometrium are reported. They mimicked uterine leiomyoma with cystic degeneration or uterine leiomyosarcoma. Endometrial stromal sarcoma should be suggested in the differential diagnosis of mass lesion in uterine myometrium.
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  • 66
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 832-840 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Osteochondroma ; Complications ; Chondrosarcoma ; Bone tumors ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Osteochondromas can be complicated by mechanical irritation, compression or injury of adjacent structures, fracture, malignant transformation, and postoperative recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging represents the most valuable imaging modality in symptomatic cases, because it can demonstrate typical features of associated soft tissue pathology, which can be differentiated from malignant transformation. Reactive bursae formation presents as an overlying fluid collection with peripheral contrast enhancement. Dislocation, deformation, and signal alterations of adjacent soft tissue structures can be observed in different impingement syndromes caused by osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent demonstration of arterial and venous compromise and represents the method of choice in cases with compression of spinal cord, nerve roots, or peripheral nerves, depicting changes in size, position, and signal intensity of the affected neural structures. Malignant transformation as the most worrisome complication occurs in approximately 1 % of solitary and 5–25 % of multiple osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most accurate method in measuring cartilage cap thickness, which represents an important criterion for differentiation of osteochondromas and exostotic (low-grade) chondrosarcomas. Cartilage cap thickness exceeding 2 cm in adults and 3 cm in children should raise the suspicion for malignant transformation. Finally, MR imaging can detect postoperative recurrence by depiction of a recurrent mass presenting typical morphological features of a cartilage-forming lesion.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words:18FDG-PET ; Osteomyelitis ; Antigranulocyte antibody scintigraphy ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this report is to discuss FDG-PET as a potentially new imaging tool in the diagnosis of infections of osteosynthetic material. We present a patient with a poly-trauma who developed a chronic osteomyelitis and ostitis after repeated osteosynthesis in a fibular transplant to the left femur. Work up included MRI, antigranulocyte antibody scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET) with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Infection of the fibular transplant was demonstrated clearly by PET but not by the other methods. Positron emission tomography may become an important indication in the diagnosis and follow-up of bone infection.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lumbar spine ; Ganglion cyst ; Posterior longitudinal ligament ; Radiculopathy ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A 35-year-old man with a long history of left L5 radicular pain was found to have an intraspinal cystic lesion causing radicular compression. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a round lesion situated in the anterior epidural space, with uniform high signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences characteristic of a cystic lesion. During surgery a liquid-containing cyst originating from the posterior longitudinal ligament was punctured and resected. The histologic aspect was that of a ganglion cyst without synovial layers. The radiologic differential diagnoses are discussed.
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  • 69
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 786-801 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: CT ; MRI ; Colon ; Colonography ; Virtual colonoscopy ; Colorectal polyp ; Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. With the introduction of multidetector technology in CT and the moveable table with integrated coil modules in MRI, the concept of multiorgan screening has become realistic. CT colonography and MR colonography are new radiologic techniques that promise to be highly sensitive colorectal screening examinations. This article reviews the current status and research directions in CT colonography and MR colonography, and compares these methods.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Eye injuries ; CT ; MRI ; Eye foreign body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Detection and characterization of intraorbital foreign bodies (IFB) is fundamental in acute trauma setting, preventing inflammatory sequelae or complications related to IFB movements when a MRI study is planned. Papers concerning plain film and CT sensibility in IFB detection show controversial results. For this reason we investigated plain film, CT and MRI sensibility in the evaluation of IFB. For an in vitro model, specimens of dry and fresh wood, glass, iron, plastic and graphite were immersed in animal lard and in a 0.9 % sodium chloride plus 3.5 g/dl human serum albumin solution. Specimens of different size and nature where also implanted into enucleated pig eyes. Air bubbles were introduced also. Plain film, CT and MRI investigation were performed. Plain films underestimated intraocular IFB as plastic, fresh or dry wooden IFB were not demonstrated. The CT study was always able to depict and differentiate IFB according to the attenuation values. Severe artefacts prevented demonstration of iron, glass and graphite IFB on MRI, whereas plastic or wooden IFB were always detected. Despite radiographs have been suggested as a prerequisite for MR imaging, because our results showed plain film to underestimate radiolucent IFB, we suggest CT as the modality of choice when IFB has to be ruled out.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Brain ; MRI ; Neoplasms ; Diffusion image ; Echo-planar MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We assess diffusion-weighted MR images in the differential diagnosis of intracranial brain tumors and tumor-like conditions. Heavily diffusion-weighted (b = 1100 or 1200 s/mm2) axial images were obtained with single-shot echo-planar technique in 93 patients with pathologically confirmed various intracranial tumors and tumor-like conditions with diffusion gradient perpendicular to the images. We compared signal intensity of the lesions with those of gray and white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In 29 cases (31.1 %) the lesions were isointense to gray and/or white matter. However, 5 cases (5.4 %) showed extremely increased signal intensity: two epidermoid cysts; two chordomas; and one brain abscess. The entire portion of a tumor was markedly hyperintense in 10 cases (10.8 %): four malignant lymphomas; four medulloblastomas; one germinoma; and one pineoblastoma. A CSF-like hypointense signal was seen in many cystic tumors, and cystic or necrotic portions of tumors. A neurosarcoid granulation was the only solid lesion showing characteristically a hypointense signal like CSF. The combination of markedly hyperintense and hypointense signals was seen generally in hemorrhagic tumors. Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging is useful in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors and tumor-like conditions, and suggests specific histological diagnosis in some cases.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 290-295 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Blake's pouch cyst ; Dandy-Walker complex ; Dandy-Walker malformation ; Posterior fossa malformation ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collections within the posterior fossa are defined by the Dandy-Walker complex (DWC) and by arachnoid cysts (AC). The DWC includes the Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), the Dandy-Walker variant (DWV) and the mega-cisterna magna (MCM). In addition, Tortori-Donati et al. added persistent Blake's pouch cyst (BPC) as an independent entity within the DWC. BPC represents a posterior ballooning of the superior medullary velum into the cisterna magna. All of these malformations are overlapping developmental anomalies characterized by varying degrees of malformation of the medullary vela, the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres, the fourth ventricle choroid plexus, the posterior fossa subarachnoid cisterns and the enveloping meningeal structures. We present two cases of persistent BPC detected in two adult women without history of gestational or subsequent growth problems. They underwent neuroradiological investigation because of headache and because of recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness, respectively. The MRI findings included tetraventricular hydrocephalus, wide communication of the fourth ventricle and the cystic posterior fossa (i. e. BPC), inferior posterior fossa mass effect with or without hypoplasia of both the cerebellar vermis and the medial aspects of the cerebellar hemispheres, and absence of communication between fourth ventricle and the basal subarachnoid space in the midline posteriorly. Persistent BPC is defined by a failure of embryonic assimilation of the area membranacea anterior within the tela choroidea associated with imperforation of the foramen of Magendie. Typically this condition becomes symptomatic early in life. In the current cases the normal function of the laterally positioned foramina of Luschka probably helped to maintain some CSF flow between intraventricular and subarachnoid spaces, with the establishment of a precarious equilibrium characterized by a compensatory enlargement of the cerebral ventricular system (i. e. hydrocephalus).
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 998-1010 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Virale Enzephalitis ; MRT ; Herpes-simplex-Virus ; HIV ; Keywords Virus encephalitis ; MRI ; Herpes simplex virus ; HIV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The diagnostic procedure in viral encephalitis is based on the synopsis of clinical signs and symptoms, serological data, CSF analysis and diagnostic imaging findings. This article summarizes the findings of those viral encephalitides most frequently encountered in Western Europe. MRI is more sensitive than CT for the detection of inflammatory brain lesions due to the higher contrast resolution. The pattern of parenchymal damage is highly specific in only some viral encephalitides (e. g., the frequently hemorrhagic lesions of structures of the limbic system in herpes simplex virus type I encephalitis; the symmetric and confluent lesions of the frontal white matter of progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy in AIDS). In the majority of viral encephalitides MRI demonstrates the location and extension of parenchymal damage. The specific diagnosis in terms of the causative agent is based on serological studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnostik viraler Enzephalitiden basiert auf der synoptischen Auswertung klinischer, serologischer, liquoranalytischer und bildgebend erhobener Befunde. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die entsprechenden Befunde der häufigsten in Westeuropa viral verursachten Enzephalitiden dargestellt. Generell ist bei entzündlichen Läsionen des Hirnparenchyms die Kernspintomographie (MRT) aufgrund ihrer hohen Weichteilkontrastauflösung der Computertomographie (CT) hinsichtlich der Nachweissensitivität überlegen. Bei einigen viralen Enzephalitiden ist das kernspintomographisch erfassbare Schädigungsmuster hochspezifisch. Die gilt z. B. für die häufig hämorrhagischen Läsionen der Strukturen des limbischen Systems bei der Herpes-simplex-Virus-Typ-1-Enzephalitis und für die flächenhaft symmetrischen Marklagerläsionen bei der progressiven diffusen Leukenzephalopathie bei AIDS-Patienten. Bei der Mehrzahl der viralen Enzephalitiden weist die MRT zwar die Lokalisation und Ausdehnung der Parenchymschädigung nach, erlaubt jedoch keine sichere Zuordnung zu einem Erreger.
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 18-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; MRT ; Neugeborene ; Cerebrum ; Fetus ; Key words ; MRI ; Neonatal ; Brain ; Fetal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) has become the most important method in the workup of infantile cerebral complications after primary sonography. Cerebral MR examination and image interpretation during the infantile period require extensive knowledge of morphological manifestations, their pathophysiological background, and frequency. The choice of imaging parameters and image interpretation is demonstrated in infarctions and hemorrhages of the mature and immature brain. A review of the main differential diagnoses is also given. The relevance of MR spectroscopy and fetal MRI is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Abklärung zerebraler Veränderungen bei Neugeborenen hat sich die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) als wichtigste weiterführende Methode nach der Sonographie entwickelt. Die Durchführung und Auswertung der MR-Untersuchungen erfordern jedoch eine genaue Kenntnis der morphologischen Manifestationen, des pathophysiologischen Hintergrunds und der Häufigkeit bestimmter zerebraler Komplikationen in diesem Lebensalter. Resümee: Ausgehend von zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen werden diese Fragen behandelt, wobei sowohl auf die Auswahl der adäquaten Untersuchungsparameter als auch auf die Bildinterpretation und die wichtigsten Differentialdiagnosen eingegangen wird. Die Bedeutung von MR-Spektroskopie und fetaler MRT wird diskutiert.
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 469-472 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Nutritialgefäßkanäle ; Os lunatum ; Lunatummalazie ; Ganglion ; Ulnaimpaktionssyndrom ; Key words Nutrient vessel canals ; Lunate bone ; MRI ; Kienböcks disease ; Ulna impaction syndrome ; Carpal ganglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To find and describe potential MRI criteria of nutrient vessel canals of carpal bones. Methods and Material: 16 wrists of 13 patients with pain and radiographic depiction of cystic changes within the lunate were examined. The MRI protocol included coronal and sagittal T1- and T2-weighted SE sequences (4 mm slices, 120 FOV, 256×256 matrix) as well as coronal STIR images. Final diagnosis was confirmed by surgery (n=5) and follow up. 10 cadaveric ossa lunata were studied to describe size, number, location and shape of nutrient vessel canals. Results: Ganglion cysts (n=6) showed characteristic signs. In ulnar impaction syndrome (n=1) small cystic lesions in the lunate were surrounded by a sclerotic rim and located near the proximal ulnar surface. In Kienböck’s disease (n=3) cystic components were irregular and surrounded by bone marrow edema. Nutrient vessel canals (n=7) imaged as 1 to 3 small cystic lesions within the palmar or dorsal subchondral region. Conclusion: MRI can aid in differential diagnosis of cystic carpal lesions. Nutrient vessel canals may not be mistaken for pathologic cystic lesions. Carpal ganglion cysts show distinct diagnostic pattern.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Sind karpale Nutritialgefäßkanäle auf MRI Bildern sichtbar und welche differentialdiagnostischen Kriterien lassen sich finden. Material und Methode: In 16 Fällen lagen bei 13 Patienten röntgenologisch wenige mm bis 2 cm große zystische Läsionen im Os lunatum vor. Das MRT-Protokoll umfaßte koronare und sagittale T1- und T2-gewichtete SE-Sequenzen mit 4 mm Schichtdicke, 120 mm Meßfeld und 2562 Matrix sowie koronare STIR-Sequenzen. Die Diagnosesicherung erfolgte durch Operation in 5 Fällen sowie Verlaufskontrollen. 10 mazerierte Ossa lunata wurden auf Form, Lokalisation, Anzahl und Größe der Nutritialgefäßkanäle untersucht. Ergebnisse: Ganglien (n=6) wiesen typische Zeichen auf. Im Falle eines Ulnaimpaktionssyndroms bei Ulna-Nullvariante wurden mehrere kleine zystische Läsionen im Os lunatum gefunden, umgeben von einem Sklerosesaum. Bei 3 Fällen einer frühen Lunatummalazie waren unregelmäßige zystische Komponenten von einem diffusen Ödem umgeben. In 7 Fällen mit sehr kleinen zystischen Defekten waren diese subchondral, palmar und dorsal gelegen und entsprachen aufgrund des klinischen Verlaufs und der Lokalisation Nutritialgefäßkanälen. Schlußfolgerung: Nutritialgefäßkanäle dürfen nicht mit pathologischen zystischen Prozessen des Os lunatums verwechselt werden. Mittels MRT können zystische Läsionen im und am Os lunatum weiter spezifiziert werden. Handgelenksganglien weisen typische MR-Zeichen auf.
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 557-560 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Plasmazell-Osteomyelitis ; Magnetresonanztomografie ; Wirbelsäule ; Key words Plasmacellular osteomyelitis ; MRI ; Spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The authors report the case of a young patient suffering from plasmacellular osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine, a unusual localisation of this type of chronic osteomyelitis. They discuss the role of imaging diagnostic modalities in this disease, focussing on MRI.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über den Fall einer jungen Patientin mit Plasmazell-Osteomyelitis an der Brustwirbelsäule als ungewöhnliche Lokalisation dieser chronischen Osteomyelitis-Form. Dabei wird die Rolle der bildgebenden Diagnostik, insbesondere der Magnetresonanztomografie diskutiert.
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    Psychopharmacology 147 (2000), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Sibutramine ; d-Amphetamine ; Abuse potential ; Subjective effect ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Sibutramine (Meridia) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor marketed for weight control. Previous studies demonstrated low abuse potential for 20 and 30 mg sibutramine (doses near the therapeutic range); however, no data existed on supratherapeutic doses. This study, therefore, examined 25 and 75 mg sibutramine in humans compared to d-amphetamine (20 mg) as a positive control and placebo as a negative control. Objectives: The study examined the acute subjective, reinforcing, and physiological effects of sibutramine to assess its abuse liability. Methods: Twelve polydrug abusers with no history of drug dependence participated in this double-blind, inpatient/outpatient study. Volunteers participated in four drug sessions, in which they completed subjective effects scales including the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Visual Analog Scales (VAS), and the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). The Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP) was used to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. Results: Sibutramine 25 mg produced subjective effects that were indistinguishable from placebo. Sibutramine 75 mg produced significant unpleasant effects, such as Anxiety, Confusion, and decreased Vigor. On the MCP, volunteers chose to give up an average of $4.04 from their study pay rather than receive the higher dose of sibutramine again. In contrast, d-amphetamine 20 mg produced positive mood changes and was well liked. Conclusions: These data indicate sibutramine lacks amphetamine-type abuse liability when administered acutely.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Haloperidol ; Dopamine ; Receptor occupancy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly being used to study dopamine receptor occupancy and the clinical effects of antipsychotic medication. Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy has been shown to predict several clinical effects of antipsychotic medication including therapeutic response, motor and endocrine side-effects. Plasma levels may be used as a surrogate marker for central occupancy if the relationship between these two measures may be accurately described. This study was designed to test the capacity of a previously derived relationship equation (%D2 occupancy=plasma level/ED50+plasma level, where ED50= 0.40 ng/ml) to predict striatal D2 occupancy from plasma level. Twenty-one patients receiving treatment with low dose haloperidol underwent a 11C-raclopride PET scan to measure D2 occupancy. The D2 occupancy levels were accurately predicted by use of the previously generated equation with only a small degree of error (3.89% CI 0.45–7.33). Predicted and measured D2 occupancy values correlated closely (Pearson’s r=0.864, P=0.003). The study indicates that reliable prediction of D2 occupancy from plasma levels is possible. This provides a potentially useful surrogate measure of D2 occupancy for research and possibly clinical practice, as the routine use of PET to measure occupancy levels is not feasible.
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  • 79
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    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 24-33 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cocaine ; Conditioning ; Cardiovascular effect ; Subjective effect ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Clinical data suggest that stimuli paired with cocaine use acquire emergent stimulus effects, such as the ability to elicit cocaine craving. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the conditioned effects of neutral stimuli paired with cocaine smoking. Methods: Eight experienced adult cocaine smokers participated in 22 experimental sessions while residing on a Clinical Research Center. One set of cues (CS–) was paired with placebo smoked cocaine and one set of cues (CS+) was paired with 25 mg smoked cocaine. Results: After 18 training trials, the effects of cocaine on heart rate and ratings of ”anxious” were greater, and skin temperature and ratings of ”tired” were smaller when compared to the effects of cocaine after the first training trial. When instructed to select a cue to experience after training, seven of eight participants selected the CS+, while only three of the participants selected the CS+ prior to training, i.e., the CS+ functioned as a conditioned reinforcer. Presentation of the CS+ alone without cocaine during extinction trials increased HR, SP, and ratings of ”anxious””tired”, and ”I want cocaine” and decreased skin temperature. These changes elicited by presentation of the CS+ decreased over the course of the extinction sessions. Conclusions: The present results indicate that classical conditioning is one mechanism by which stimuli paired with cocaine acquire emergent stimulus effects.
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  • 80
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1832-1835 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Platyspondyly ; MRI ; Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia ; Bone ; Osteochondrodysplasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A rare case of progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) in a 9-year-old girl is presented. Clinically, chronic painless swollen joints, accompanied by progressive motion restriction and progressive walking difficulties, were found. Radiologically, there was enlargement of the epimetaphyseal portions of the large joints, metacarpal heads, and phalanges, and generalized platyspondyly with irregular delineation of the endplates of the vertebral bodies. The radioclinical features at the peripheral joints were originally misdiagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and the structural spinal abnormalities were neglected and interpreted as Scheuermann's disease. However, the absence of active inflammatory parameters argues against JRA, whereas the low age of onset of the irregularities at the vertebral endplates is an argument against the diagnosis of Scheuermann's disease. The combination of the dysplastic abnormalities of the spine, with platyspondyly and Scheuermann-like lesions at an unusually low age of onset, and radiological features mimicking JRA of the peripheral joints, is the clue to the diagnosis of this rare autosomal-recessive disease. This case is the first to document the MRI features of PPD of the spine.
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  • 81
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1242-1244 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Muscle anomalies ; Median nerve compression ; Wrist ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Muscle anomalies around the wrist, in particular the palmaris longus muscle, may cause effort-related median nerve compression. A search of the medical records at our university hospital between 1994 and 1999 revealed four patients with an effort-related median nerve compression due to a reversed palmaris longus muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in the patient work-up and showed an anomalous muscle in each case that had been missed initially. All four patients were free of pain after simple excision of the anomalous muscle. Awareness of muscle anomalies at the wrist on MR imaging is essential in evaluating patients with nerve compressions at the wrist. The purpose of this article is to heighten this awareness in radiologists.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Thorax ; Mediastinum ; Lymphangioma ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Adult mediastinal lymphangiomas are rare lesions the diagnosis of which is difficult based on imaging studies. A retrospective study of CT, MR, and pathologic findings of mediastinal lymphangioma was performed in order to correlate pathological and imaging findings. Nine cases of adult lymphangiomas were identified in the records of our institution over a 12-year period. The CT, MR, and pathologic findings were reviewed. Lesions were classified pathologically as unilocular, cavernous, and intermediate types. Pathologic examination identified six cases of unilocular lesion, two cases of cavernous type, and one intermediate type. The CT features (n = 9) included a smoothly marginated non-enhancing mass of water attenuation (n = 7), a non-enhancing mass of soft tissue attenuation (n = 1), and an enhancing multiseptated mass (n = 1). Lesions were located in the anterior mediastinum (n = 2), right paratracheal (n = 4), subcarinal (n = 1), aortopulmonic window (n = 1) areas, and below the left hilum extending into the posterior mediastinum (n = 1). The MR features (n = 3) were characterized by an enhancing multicystic and multiseptated appearance, evocative of a cavernous type in two cases. The CT appearance of mediastinal thoracic lymphangioma is variable depending on the pathologic type. The most common unilocular type is a non-enhancing thin-walled mass on CT. A less frequent cavernous type can be suggested based on a multiseptated and loculated mass on CT and/or MR examination.
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  • 83
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 10 (2000), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy ; Syringomyelia ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of syringomyelia associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy is presented. A decompressive cervical laminectomy was performed. The patient improved gradually after operation. It is concluded that the choice of surgical treatment in cases with syringomyelia associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy requires a careful neurological and radiological examination based on the findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cine-MRI.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Visual perception ; Object recognition ; Functional magnetic resonance imaging ; Neuroimaging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Electrophysiologic and functional imaging studies have shown that the visual cortex produces differential responses to the presence or absence of structure within visual textures. To further define and characterize regions involved in the analysis of form, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to detect changes in activation during the viewing of four levels of isodipole textures. The texture levels systematically differed in the density of visual features such as extended contours and blocks of solid color present within the images. A linear relationship between activation level and density of structure was observed in the striate cortex of human subjects. This finding suggests that a special subpopulation of striate cortical neurons participates in the ability to extract and process structural continuity within visual stimuli.
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  • 85
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    European spine journal 9 (2000), S. 426-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Osteoid osteoma ; MRI ; Inflammatory reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of 14-year-old male patient with osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large dumbbell-shaped paravertebral tumor in the region of the exiting left C6 nerve. A computed tomographic (CT) scan after myelography showed a much smaller bony defect in the medial aspect of the left C6 pedicle with central calcification and extensive bone sclerosis around the defect, typical of osteoid osteoma. The diagnosis was confirmed postoperatively. The resected specimen exhibited extensive vascularization of the osteoid tissue. The case is presented because MRI did not allow a specific diagnosis of osteoid osteoma, and suggested the tumor was larger than in reality it was, by also depicting the reactive inflammation around the tumor as if it were part of the tumor.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Chronic low back pain ; Erector spinae muscle ; MRI ; Muscle biopsy ; Fibre type ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have documented an association between chronic low back pain (LBP) and deficits in back muscle strength and endurance. The sub-optimal performance is believed to be the result of alterations in the size and structure of the muscle, although the long-standing issue of whether the observed changes precede or are a consequence of the pain remains unresolved. If consequent to the problem, and predominantly related to disuse of the muscles, then it may be expected that a relationship between muscle structure and symptom duration would exist. Lumbar paraspinal muscle samples were obtained from 59 chronic LBP patients using the percutaneous biopsy technique. The samples were subject to routine histochemical analysis for the examination of muscle fibre type characteristics and cytochemical architectural changes. In 55 of the patients, the gross cross-sectional areas of magnetic resonance images of the trunk muscles were also measured. Multivariate analysis showed that symptom duration was the strongest predictor of the individual proportions of the fast-fatigable type IIX fibres; with age and gender included in the model, nearly 30% of the variance in fibre type distribution could be accounted for. Duration of pain had no influence on fibre size. Gross muscle cross-sectional area correlated directly with lean body mass and inversely with age, but showed no relationship with symptom duration. Pathological changes in the internal fibre structure were more frequently encountered in older patients, and were independent of symptom duration. The results suggest that, over the long term, fibre type transformations rather than alterations in fibre size are the predominant changes to be found in the muscles of chronic LBP patients. The direction of change supports the results of many previous studies that have demonstrated corresponding differences in the fatigability of the muscles. There is a strong case for the early implementation of active measures to attempt to offset the development of these changes in back pain patients.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Diethylhexylphthalate ; Peroxisome proliferation ; Hepatocarcinogenesis ; Species differences ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) is a phthalate plasticizer that belongs to the peroxisome proliferator (PP) class of rodent nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Previously, we have shown that MEHP (a principal metabolite of DEHP and the proximal PP) induced DNA synthesis and suppressed apoptosis in rat but not in human hepatocytes in vitro. Here, we present further studies of species differences in response to DEHP. In rats, 4 days of exposure to DEHP (950 mg/kg per day by gavage) induced peroxisomal β-oxidation, DNA synthesis and suppressed apoptosis. In contrast, there was no response of guinea pig liver to DEHP. In rat hepatocytes in vitro, MEHP (250, 500 and 750 μM) induced peroxisomal β-oxidation, DNA synthesis and suppressed apoptosis. In contrast to the pleiotropic response noted in rat hepatocytes, there was no response of human hepatocytes to 250, 500 or 750 μM MEHP. PPs activate the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) that binds to DNA at peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) within the promoters of PP-responsive genes such as rat acyl CoA oxidase (ACO). However, the human ACO gene promoter differs at three bases within the PPRE from the rat ACO promoter and appears refractory to PPs. To address species differences in response to DEHP at the molecular level, we used promoter-reporter gene assays to compare the ability of MEHP to induce gene expression from the rat or the human ACO promoter. MEHP gave a concentration-dependent increase in reporter gene expression from the rat ACO gene promoter with either mouse or human PPARα. In contrast, the human ACO promoter was unable to drive MEHP-induced gene transcription irrespective of the species origin of PPARα. These data provide further weight of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels for a lack of risk to human health from the phthalate DEHP.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Organophosphate ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Oximes ; Human ; Reactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by oximes inevitably results in the formation of highly reactive phosphoryloximes (POX), which are able to re-inhibit the enzyme. In this study, the dependence of POX formation on AChE concentration was investigated with sarin-inhibited human erythrocyte AChE (EryAChE). A marked dependence was found with obidoxime but not with the experimental oxime HI 6, suggesting great differences in the decomposition rates of the respective POXs. At a physiological erythrocyte content the reactivation of EryAChE was markedly affected by POX with obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM) but not with the newer oximes HI 6 and HLö 7. Addition of extensively dialysed, sarin-treated human plasma reduced the reactivation by obidoxime and 2-PAM even more. Obidoxime and 2-PAM were superior to HI 6 and HLö 7 in reactivating butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). This effect was pronounced in diluted plasma, but was obscured in concentrated plasma, probably because of re-inhibition by the generated POX. Addition of native erythrocytes to sarin-treated plasma resulted in marked inhibition of EryAChE in the presence of obidoxime, suggesting a higher affinity of the POX for EryAChE. The results indicate that obidoxime and 2-PAM may reactivate sarin-inhibited AChE insufficiently due to re-inhibition by the POX formed. In addition, the re-inhibition of EryAChE may be aggravated by the POX that is produced during BChE reactivation. These reactions must be regarded as therapeutically detrimental and disqualify those oximes which are capable of forming stable POX by reactivation of BChE.
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  • 89
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. II11 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key Words Diagnosis ; MRI ; MRS ; Parkinson’s disease ; SPECT ; PET
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the relative abilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to detect Parkinson’s disease and monitor its progression. Currently, the main role of MRI lies in its ability to discriminate atypical syndromes from Parkinson’s disease; however, new volumetric approaches may soon allow progression of nigral degeneration to be followed. Proton MRS can also detect reduced levels of putamen N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in many patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes. PET and SPECT are both sensitive means of detecting the presence of impaired dopamine terminal function in the striatum and following its progression. PET currently has the greater spatial resolution and provides the added advantages that it also allows extra-striatal dopaminergic function to be monitored.
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  • 90
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. I28 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Motor neurone ; Astrocyte ; Human ; Tissue culture ; ALS ; Glutamate ; Calcium ; SOD-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Defining the basis of the selective cell vulnerability of motor neurones (MN) represents the key issue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and tissue culture models are the ideal system for the identification of the MN specific features at the single cell level. Neurone-astrocyte metabolic interactions, which have a critical role in MN through glutamatergic toxicity, have been mostly defined in vitro. Ca++ metabolism, which appears to play a critical role in inducing MN loss in ALS, has been successfully studied using in vitro cell models. Furthermore, primary cultures demonstrated that apoptotic or necrotic death of neurones after injury depends upon the cell energetic status. Superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) mutations were successfully expressed in cultured rodent MNs, providing a critical assay to sequence the molecular processes responsible for MN degeneration due to the identified genetic defect. The recent identification of genes that separate humans from apes further increases the value of the human in vitro models to better understand specific human cellular properties. Purified human MNs and astrocytes can today be obtained from the human embryonic spinal cord anterior horns. Interactions at the single cell level can be dissected using the cDNA amplification techniques. The effects of molecules affecting MN survival, neurite extension, and metabolism can easily be defined in vitro, gaining a critical mass of information of immediate clinical application in the treatment of patients affected by ALS. Understanding the properties of human MNs in vitro represents today a significant and critical tool that can easily be reached after extension of the available knowledge from non-primate to human research. Human MN culture studies can greatly contribute to identifying the primitive critical cellular events responsible for the MN degeneration observed in ALS and to gaining crucial information ¶on new therapeutical agents.
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  • 91
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 264 (2000), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Key words Thecoma ; Ascites ; CA125 ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a 34-year-old woman with an ovarian thecoma and ascites who exhibited high serum levels of CA125. Measuring serum tumor markers and imaging are two important diagnostic tools for malignant ovarian tumors. In the present case, a preoperative diagnosis of benign ovarian tumor could not be made due to the elevation of CA125 (895 U/ml) and nonspecific MRI findings.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Keywords Fecal incontinence ; Constipation ; MRI ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study assessed the value of common surface coil mag-netic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with evacuatory disorders including fecal incontinence and constipation. These findings were then compared with those from other standard physiological examinations and/or surgical findings. From July 1996 to June 1997, 14 consecutive patients underwent surface coil MRI for evaluation of either fecal incontinence (n=5) or constipation (n=9). In patients with incontinence we compared the findings from endoanal ultrasound (EAUS), anal MRI, and surgery regarding morphopathological findings of the internal and external anal sphincter components. In constipated patients the findings of videoprography and dynamic pelvic MRI were compared regarding the presence of rectocele, rectoanal intussusception, and sigmoidocele as well as the measurements of anorectal angle and perineal descent. The five incontinent patients were all women, with a median age of 67 years (range 43–77). EAUS revealed an anterior sphincter defect in two patients, a posterior defect in one, and normal anal sphincter images in two. Surgical findings confirmed an anterior external anal sphincter scar in two patients, an internal anal sphincter defect in one, and an anatomically normal anal sphincter in two. In one patient, although anal MRI showed posterior external anal sphincter defect, EAUS and surgery revealed normal external anal sphincter appearance. The accuracy rate between EAUS and anal MRI was only 20%, that between surgery and anal MRI 40%, and that between surgery and EAUS 80%. Thus EAUS was more accurate than anal MRI in incontinent patients. The nine constipated patients were all women, with a mean age of 59 years (range 40–78). Videoproctography revealed an anterior rectocele in six patients, rectoanal intussusception in three, and sigmoidocele in five; no abnormalities were identified in two patients. On dynamic pelvic MRI anterior rectocele was seen in three patients and sigmoidocele in two, and five studies were interpreted as normal. One of the patients underwent sigmoidectomy for sigmoidocele, and five patients were treated by biofeedback. Thus the accuracy rate of dynamic pelvic MRI against videoproctography was 60% for anterior rectocele, 40% for sigmoidocele, and zero for rectoanal intussusception. In conclusion, neither MRI for the evaluation of patients with fecal incontinence nor for the evaluation of patients with constipation added any significant information that would warrant its continued use in these patient groups. Perhaps the more widespread availability of an endoanal coil will alter this conclusion; however, at the present time we cannot routinely endorse the expense, time, or inconvenience of these MRI investigations in patients with these diagnoses. Larger prospective comparative studies are required prior to endorsing the technique.
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  • 93
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 200-202 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Scoliosis ; Syringomyelia ; Chiari malformation ; MRI ; Gardner ; Obex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The clinical notes of 35 children presenting with scoliosis were reviewed; all 35 had been investigated with MRI. Seven were found to have syringomyelia, and six of these had Chiari malformation. Correction of the syrinx resulted in improvement or stabilisation of the spinal curvature. We recommend that all cases presenting with primary scoliosis should have MRI and should be treated if a syrinx is found.
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  • 94
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue masses ; Hemorrhage ; MRI ; Iron ; Contrast enhancement, MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hematomas in the extremities can present clinically as a soft tissue mass. Hematomas can usually be distinguished from neoplasia on MR by the signal patterns of hemoglobin breakdown products, which are dependent on the chemical bonding and oxidation state of hemoglobin iron. Beginning with a discussion of relevant atomic electronic structure, this review will examine how oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and hemosiderin, the principal iron compounds occurring in the various stages of a hematoma, affect its appearance on MRI.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Wrist ; MR arthrography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose.In the wrist, to determine whether passive motion or active exercise yields a better indirect MR arthrographic effect following intravenous gadolinium administration. Design and patients. Twenty-six consecutive patients were studied by indirect wrist MR arthrography. In half active exercise and in half passive motion was performed. Four regions of interest were studied including the distal radioulnar joint, the radiocarpal joint, the midcarpal joint, and the triangular fibrocartilage. Ranges and means of signal intensity were calculated. Surgical follow-up was performed in 22 patients. Results. The joint fluid intensity was greatest in the distal radioulnar joint. Fluid signal intensity was greater and more consistent in the passive motion group although the results did not achieve statistical significance. Imaging accuracy appeared similar in the two groups and was excellent for the triangular fibrocartilage (100%) and scapholunate ligaments (96%). Conclusion. Active exercise and passive motion yield similar degrees of wrist arthrographic effect, but the effect of passive motion is somewhat more consistent. Preliminary data show good accuracy for internal derangements.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Gaucher disease ; Bone disease ; Extraosseous Gaucher disease ; Bone marrow imaging ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To investigate the frequency and morphology of extraosseous extension in patients with Gaucher disease type I. Design and patients. MRI examinations of the lower extremities were analyzed in 70 patients with Gaucher disease type I. Additionally, the thoracic spine and the midface were investigated on MRI in two patients. Results. Four cases are presented in which patients with Gaucher disease type I and severe skeletal involvement developed destruction or protrusion of the cortex with extraosseous extension into soft tissues. In one patient, Gaucher cell deposits destroyed the cortex of the mandible and extended into the masseter muscle. In the second patient, multiple paravertebral masses with localized destruction of the cortex were apparent in the thoracic spine. In the third and fourth patient, cortical destruction with extraosseous tissue extending into soft tissues was seen in the lower limbs. Conclusions. Extraosseous extension is a rare manifestation of Gaucher bone disease. While an increased risk of cancer, especially hematopoietic in origin, is known in patients with Gaucher disease, these extraosseous benign manifestations that may mimic malignant processes should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extraosseous extension into soft tissues. A narrow neck of tissue was apparent in all cases connecting bone and extraosseous extensions.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Amyloidoma ; Bilateral ; Knee ; Popliteal fossa ; Claudication ; MRI ; MR angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors report a case of bilateral popliteal amyloidoma causing stenosis of the popliteal artery and vein. This patient had been treated with hemodialysis for 26 years. The diagnosis was made with MR angiography. A popliteal tumor of the right knee was resected surgically and the histologic examination showed deposition of amyloid. After resecting the popliteal tumor, the severe leg pain and intermittent claudication improved. This report suggests that popliteal amyloid tumors should be considered in a patient undergoing long-term hemodialysis who complains of leg pain and intermittent claudication.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chordoma ; Sarcomatoid chordoma ; Transitional feature ; Sacrum ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of chordoma containing a spindle cell sarcomatoid component with a gradual transition from conventional chordoma. Immunohistochemically, many tumor cells in both conventional chordoma and sarcomatoid components were positive for cytokeratins (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2) and epithelial membrane antigen as well as vimentin. This report provides a rare example of sarcomatoid chordoma. Familiarity with this type of bone tumor should help to avoid confusion with dedifferentiated chordoma and other spindle cell sarcomas or carcinomas.
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  • 99
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Arthrography ; MRI ; Fluoroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose. To describe a technique for intra-articular injection in the MR suite after conventional fluoroscopic landmarking in order to streamline MR arthrography. Design and patients. This technique was performed on 33 consecutive patients referred for MR arthrography of the shoulder to evaluate the glenoid labrum and on 15 consecutive patients referred for MR arthrography of the hip to evaluate the acetabular labrum. The patients were landmarked in the fluoroscopy suite, followed by a conventional MR examination. The intra-articular injection was then performed on the MR table and the MR arthrographic sequences obtained. Results. One of the 48 injections was extra-articular, requiring a second injection. The other injections were performed without incident, and the average total procedure time for all injections was 10 min. Conclusions. This technique is a reliable method of streamlining intra-articular injections when performing conventional MR imaging prior to the MR arthrographic portion of the examination. It shortens the total MR examination time by eliminating a visit to the fluoroscopy suite in the middle of the MR study, and its use of a straight anterior approach for both the shoulder and hip joints should be familiar to most people who perform conventional arthrography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Transient osteoporosis ; Transient bone marrow edema ; Intra-articular regional migratory osteoporosis ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of lntra-articular regional migratory osteoporosis of the knee in a 53-year-old man. The case demonstrates an unusual pattern of migration of the marrow edema within the knee joint. This phenomenon has received scant attention in the radiological literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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