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  • 2000-2004  (221)
  • 1920-1924
  • 2000  (221)
  • MRI  (121)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (100)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 396-401 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colorectal carcinoma ; Cathepsin D ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Although it has been suggested that cathepsin D, a lysosomal protease, is involved in tumor invasion and metastasis in human colorectal cancers, conflicting studies have also been reported recently. In addition, this issue has been only rarely studied in human colorectal tumors by use of immunohistochemical methods. The aim of the study presented here was to clarify not only the correlation between cathepsin D expression and tumor invasion or metastasis but also the correlation between the intracellular immunostaining pattern of cathepsin D and tumor invasion and metastasis in human colorectal tumors. METHODS: Thirty-four primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and 24 adenomas were immunostained by use of an anticathepsin D antibody. Both the incidence and the immunostaining patterns of cathepsin D were investigated in all tissue samples. RESULTS: Three different immunostaining patterns,i.e., supranuclear, basal, and diffuse, were observed in samples containing cathepsin D. Although the incidence of cathepsin D-positive carcinomas was not correlated with tumor progression, invasion, or metastasis, the immunostaining pattern was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that abnormal cathepsin D immunostaining patterns (basal or diffuse) can be used to predict a potential for lymphatic invasion in colorectal carcinoma.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: MRI ; Ischiorectal abscess ; Pelvirectal abscess
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: We evaluated the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for the preoperative diagnosis of deep anorectal abscesses. METHODS: Subjects were 21 patients with deep anorectal abscesses. Deep anorectal abscesses were classified into two types, ischiorectal and pelvirectal, according to their location. Patients were also classified into a single abscess group, which showed either an ischiorectal or pelvirectal abscess, and a double abscess group, which showed both ischiorectal and pelvirectal abscesses. The final diagnosis was made from surgical findings, and the types of deep anorectal abscesses determined by digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging were compared. RESULTS: Sensitivity of ischiorectal abscesses (20 lesions) with digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging was 75 and 95 percent, respectively, and that of pelvirectal abscesses (10 lesions) with digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging was 60 and 70 percent, respectively. Sensitivity of the magnetic resonance imaging was significantly higher than that of digital examination in ischiorectal abscesses. Diagnostic accuracy of digital examination and magnetic resonance imaging were both 83 percent in the single abscess group (12 patients), whereas in the double abscess group (9 patients) it was 22 and 78 percent, respectively. The rate of accurate diagnosis of magnetic resonance imaging compared with digital examination in the double abscess group was significantly higher than that in the single abscess group. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging was useful for diagnosing and differentiating ischiorectal and pelvirectal abscesses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 19 (2000), S. 267-278 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: MRI ; spectroscopic imaging ; sample selection ; k-space ; hexagonal sampling ; reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Certain types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and three-dimensional (3D) MRI require a great deal of time to acquire the image data. The acquisition time can be reduced if the image has a limited region of support, such as when imaging the brain or a cross section of the chest. Hexagonal sampling of the spatial frequency-domain (k-space) yields a 13.4% sampling density reduction compared to rectangular sampling of thek-space for images with a circular region of support (ROS) without incurring spatial aliasing in the reconstructed image. However, certain nonuniform sampling patterns are more efficient than hexagonal sampling for the same ROS. Sequential backward selection (SBS) has been used in previous work to optimize a nonuniform set ofk-space samples selected from a rectangular grid. To reduce the selection time, we present SBS of samples from a hexagonal grid. A Smith normal decomposition is used to transform the nonrectangular 2D discrete Fourier transform to a standard rectangular 2D fast Fourier transform so that the spatial-domain samples are represented directly on a rectangular grid without interpolation. The hexagonal grid allows the SBS algorithm to begin with a smaller set of candidate samples so that fewer samples have to be eliminated. Simulation results show that a significantly reduced selection time can be achieved with the proposed method in comparison with SBS on a rectangular grid.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Melanoma ; Sentinel node analysis ; Tyrosinase RT-PCR ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of serial sectioning is considered the gold standard for detection of melanoma activity in sentinel node (SN) biopsies. However, this is cost and labor intensive. In contrast, tyrosinase reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is simple and quick, but it is hampered by its extreme sensitivity. This study was performed to test whether a strategy that combines the two methods, using tyrosinase RT-PCR to preselect nodes for IHC, could be accurate and cost effective. Methods: In 36 patients, SNs were identified by scintigraphy and patent blue uptake. Of each SN, one cross section was analyzed first by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Next, all nodes were examined by serial sectioning and IHC of one-half and tyrosinase RT-PCR of the other. Before comparison, all results were documented in a blinded manner. Material costs and workload estimates were noted per SN. Results: Fifty-five SNs were retrieved from the 36 patients. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the first cross section revealed tumor positivity in 3 patients (6 SN). Tyrosinase RT-PCR was positive in 11 of the remaining 33 patients (19 of 49 SN). Of these same 11 patients, only 5 were shown to have tumor-positive SNs by using IHC on serial sections (7 SN). All these nodes had been positive for tyrosinase on PCR. For IHC, an average of 40 sections were prepared and examined per SN at a cost of $200(U.S.)/SN. In contrast, routine tyrosinase RT-PCR costs $37(U.S.)/SN, and takes 5% of the time necessary for IHC. A strategy including hematoxylin and eosin staining on the first cross section, followed by tyrosinase RT-PCR on half of each negative (half) node, could preselect nodes to be taken through serial sectioning. In these series, such a strategy would have prevented serial sectioning and IHC of 30 SN from 22 patients. Apart from a considerable gain in efficiency, this would have reduced material costs by a minimum of $6000 (U.S.). This iscrepancy would be even higher if work intensity of analysts and pathologists were considered. Conclusions: In routine analysis of SN biopsies in melanoma patients, tyrosinase RT-PCR can be used effectively to preselect nodes for further IHC of serial sections. This method seems both time and cost effective.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-3305
    Keywords: Key words Mucosal gastric cancer ; Micrometastasis ; Cytokeratin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Endoscopic mucosal resection is frequently used in the treatment of mucosal gastric cancer. Micrometastasis in the lymph nodes of mucosal gastric cancer remains unclear. Methods. We examined 2526 lymph nodes from 84 patients with mucosal gastric cancer. Two consecutive sections were prepared, for simultaneous staining with hematoxylin and eosin and immunostaining with CAM 5.2 monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin (CK), respectively. A clinicopathological comparison was made between patients with and without lymph node involvement. Results. Lymph node involvement was detected in 45 of 2526 (1.8%) lymph nodes. The incidence of nodal involvement was significantly increased, from 1.2% (1/84 patients) with hematoxylin and eosin staining, to 19% (16/84 patients) with CK immunostaining. Although no significant difference was found, micrometastasis to lymph nodes was more frequently detected in tumors larger than 1.0 cm (15/72 patients, 21%) than in those less than or equal to 1.0 cm (1/12 patients; 8%, P = 0.307). However, discrete CK-positive cancer cells or clusters of CK-positive cancer cells were detected only in tumors larger than 2 cm. Conclusion. Because mucosal gastric cancer of more than 1.0 cm in superficial diameter may indicate a risk of micrometastasis to lymph nodes, endoscopic mucosal resection is not recommended for these patients.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 113 (2000), S. 268-271 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Surfactant-associated protein A ; Immunohistochemistry ; Asphyxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the usefulness of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) as a practical diagnostic marker of fatal mechanical asphyxia in forensic autopsy cases. ¶A total of 27 cases of asphyxia were examined histologically and immunohistochemically and compared with a control group consisting of 16 cases of poisoning (n = 9) and peracute death (n = 7). Both groups showed histological findings of local atelectasis and local emphysema, congestion, intra-alveolar and interstitial edema in most cases and pulmonary hemorrhages in some cases. The mechanical asphyxia group showed a significantly increased intensity of SP-A staining in the intra-alveolar space accompanied by many massive aggregates in approximately 60% of cases, which was not found in the control group. These structures may be interpreted as aggregates of pulmonary surfactant released from the alveolar wall due to enhanced secretion caused by strong forced breathing or over-excitement of the autonomic nervous system by mechanical asphyxia. The results of our investigation suggest the practical usefulness of the immunohistochemical detection of SP-A in distinguishing mechanical asphyxia from other types of hypoxia.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 113 (2000), S. 288-292 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Brain injury ; Cortical contusion ; Vascular ¶reaction ; Immunohistochemistry ; Wound age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract In a total of 104 individuals who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI), the time-dependent vascular response was investigated at the injured cortical area during the first 30 weeks after the trauma. The immunohistochemical staining of the cerebral blood vessels was performed with antibodies against laminin, type IV collagen, tenascin, thrombomodulin and factor VIII associated antigen. Compared to the immunoreactivity in unaltered control tissue, a significantly increased vascular expression could be detected in cortical contusions after a postinfliction interval of at least 3 h for factor VIII, after 1.6 days for tenascin or after 6.8 days for thrombomodulin, whereas the immunostaining for laminin and type IV collagen was regularly positive even in the vascular endothelium of uninjured brain tissue.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Schultergelenk ; Basisdiagnostik ; Röntgendiagnostik ; Sonographie ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Arthrographie ; Keywords ; Shoulder joint ; Basic diagnosis ; X-rays ; Sonography ; Computed tomography ; MRI ; Arthrography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: It is its ball-and-socket anatomy that makes the shoulder joint the most flexible of all human joints. This high degree of freedom of movement means, however, on the one hand that early degenerative damage is likely to occur as a result of sports and occupational strains and on the other that it is particularly vulnerable to injuries. Diagnostic radiology from two different perspectives is the basic diagnostic procedure for unexplained shoulder pain and for shoulder injuries. Dislocating osseous injuries or luxations can be detected most precisely or assessed most reliably during follow-up by this means. Intra-articular findings and alterations to the soft tissues (degenerative, traumatic) can be delineated by sonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, albeit with differing degrees of reliability and specificity. Sonography is generally available, but not reliably standardized. Computed tomography is the method of choice for diagnosis of osseous and joint injuries. Over the last 10 years magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has improved in sensitivity and specificity with technical progress (coils, sequences, reconstruction modalities) and has therefore moved into the focus of clinical interest.
    Notes: Das Schultergelenk ist infolge seiner anatomischen Ausbildung als Kugelgelenk das beweglichste Gelenk des menschlichen Körpers. Die sich hieraus ergebenden Bewegungsmöglichkeiten bedingen einerseits bereits frühzeitig degenerative Schädigungen infolge beruflicher oder sportlicher Belastungen und andererseits eine besondere ¶Angriffsfläche für Verletzungen. Die Basisdiagnostik sowohl des unklaren Schulterschmerzes als auch verletzungsbedingter Schädigungen am Schultergelenk ist die Röntgendiagnostik in 2 Ebenen. Dislozierende ossäre Verletzungen bzw. Luxationen sind hiermit treffsicher nachzuweisen bzw. in der Verlaufskontrolle zu beurteilen. Intraartikuläre Befunde und Weichteilveränderungen (degenerativ, traumatisch) sind hingegen mit den Schnittbildverfahren der Sonographie, Computertomographie und Kernspintomographie mit unterschiedlicher Treffsicherheit und Spezifität nachzuweisen. Die klassische Gelenkarthrographie hingegen tritt gegenüber diesen Verfahren deutlich in ihrer Bedeutung zurück. Die Sonographie ist ein ubiquitär verfügbares, jedoch wenig standardisiertes Verfahren. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Befunde ist fraglich. Die Computertomographie stellt die Methode der Wahl bei der Diagnostik von okkulten ossären bzw. Gelenkverletzungen dar. Die Methode ist breit verfügbar und mit vertretbarem Aufwand durchzuführen. In den letzten 10 Jahren hat die Kernspintomographie infolge der technischen Weiterentwicklung (Spulen, Sequenzen, Rekonstruktionsmöglichkeiten usw.) an Sensitivität und Spezifität gewonnen. In der Summe aller klinischen Fragestellungen stellt sie neben der Basisdiagnostik derzeit die effektivste Untersuchungsmethode des Schultergelenks dar.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-3305
    Keywords: Key words Gastric cancer ; Beta-catenin ; E-cadherin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background. Beta-catenin plays two distinct roles, in intercellular adhesion by E-cadherin, and in transcriptional activation via TCF/LEF. Theoretically, the former role is tumor-suppressive, while the latter is oncogenic. We investigated the involvement of beta-catenin in the histogenesis and clinical outcome of gastric cancers. Methods. The expression pattern of beta-catenin was evaluated in stomach and lymph nodes from 82 patients with gastric cancer by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Its association with E-cadherin expression and clinicopathological factors, including histological type and postoperative survival, was examined. Results. Beta-catenin expression was classified into two patterns, normal (23.2%; 19 patients) and disordered (76.8%; 63 patients), the latter being subclassified as overexpressed (7.3%; 6 patients) and reduced (69.5%; 57 patients). A disordered beta-catenin expression pattern was significantly correlated with diffuse type adenocarcinoma and deep tumor infiltration (P = 0.0154), but was not associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.7877). E-cadherin was always expressed at the cell membrane, and disordered beta-catenin expression was significantly associated with reduced E-cadherin expression (P 〈 0.0001). On univariate analysis, the beta-catenin pattern, as well as depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis, was associated with postoperative prognosis; however, only lymph node metastasis was an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. Interestingly, different disordered patterns of beta-catenin expression, both overexpressed and reduced, were associated with E-cadherin reduction and poorer postoperative survival. Conclusion. Although disordered patterns of beta-catenin expression varied in gastric cancers, they were consistently associated with cancer progression.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rechtsmedizin 10 (2000), S. 90-95 
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Geschosse ; Verletzungen ; MRT ; Beurteilung ; Dokumentation ; Keywords Projectiles ; Injuries ; MRI ; Assessment ; Documentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: For the assessment of gunshot injuries, conventional X-ray examination, ultrasound and CT examinations are commonly used imaging techniques. With the exception of some authors, there is agreement that projectiles indicate a contraindication for MRI because of artificial imaging side-effects and the potential of secondary dislocation due to ferromagnetism. MRI testing was carried out on 56 projectiles for ferromagnetism and imaging quality in vitro and in pig carcasses with a 0.2 T and a 1.5T-MRI scanner. The image quality was compared to that of a CT scan. Projectiles with ferromagnetic properties can easily be distinguished from non-ferromagnetic ones by pretesting the motion of an projectile of the same type within the magnetic field of the MR scanner. When ferromagnetic projectiles were excluded, MRI yielded the more precise images compared to other imaging techniques. Projectile localization and associated soft tissue injuries were visualized without artifacts in all cases. When ferromagnetism is excluded MRI gives an excellent imaging procedure for the assessment and documentation of gunshot injuries. Therefore this imaging procedure may be also useful for medico-legal investigations.
    Notes: Zur Beurteilung des Ausmaßes von Schußverletzungen und zur Lokalisationsdiagnostik werden allgemein konventionelle Röntgenübersichtsaufnahmen sowie die Sonographie und die Computertomographie angewendet. Mit Ausnahme weniger Autoren wird generell davon ausgegangen, daß Projektile aufgrund der Generierung von Artefakten in der Bildgebung und der Gefahr einer sekundären Fremdkörperdislokation, bedingt durch den Ferromagnetismus, nicht mit der MRT beurteilt werden dürfen. 56 verschiedene Projektile wurden nach entsprechender Vortestung bezüglich ihrer Ferromagnetizität mit je einem 0,2-T- und 1,5-T-MRT-Gerät in vitro und anschließend in Schweinekadavern untersucht. Die Bildqualität wurde mit denen von CT-Bildern verglichen. Die ferromagnetischen Eigenschaften der Projektile können leicht beurteilt werden, indem man Vergleichsgeschosse desselben Typs in das Magnetfeld des MRT-Gerätes legt. Nach Ausschluß der Ferromagnetizität übertrifft die MRT alle anderen bildgebenden Verfahren. In allen Fällen gelang eine exakte Projektillokalisation sowie eine überlegene Darstellung der Weichteilverletzungen. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ist die MRT, nach Ausschluß von ferromagnetischen Fremdkörpern, ein exzellentes Verfahren zur Beurteilung und Dokumentation von Schußverletzungen. Abhängig von den Fragestellungen kann dieses bildgebende Verfahren auch in der Rechtsmedizin eingesetzt werden.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kiefergelenkfrakturen ; Kernspintomographie ; Achsiographie ; Diskusmobilität ; Diskusposition ; Key words TMJ fractures ; MRI ; Axiography ; Disc mobility ; Disc position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of traumatized temporomandibular joints (TMJ) usually focuses on disc position, defining regular joint function by normal, excentric or displaced disc position. So far, there are only few reports regarding disc position after open reduction of diacapitular or high condylar fractures of the TMJ with dislocation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the disc as regards postoperative functional outcome by electronic axiographic recordings of condylar movements and MRI, displacement of the disc and lesions of TMJ soft tissues being frequent in this type of mandibular fractures. A total of 30 subjects with 37 condylar fractures in whom osteosynthesis was performed using a preauricular approach were imaged postoperatively (mean 24 months) with a 1.5-Tesla MRI system to determine, (a) the position of the disc, (b) the range of mobility of the disc and (c) condylar mobility in closed and open mouth position, comparing fractured sides (FS) vs nonfractured sides (NFS). Linear movements between the two jaw positions in the sagittal plane were measured by superimposing transparencies. The results indicate: (1) more than 70% of the discs (FS) were found to be in normal position; there was no disc displacement without reduction. However, these data stood in contrast to severe limitations of the axiographic tracings as presented by almost 30% of the subjects. (2) Significant correlations were found between fixed (α = 0.05) or highly immobilized (α = 0.01) discs and axiographic limitations, suggesting disc mobility to be a valuable parameter for assessment of the postoperative functional outcome.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei diakapitulären Frakturen bzw. hohen Kollumluxationsfrakturen mit Beziehung zum Lig. laterale sind Verlagerungen des Diskus häufig und werden nach konservativer Therapie mit einer Häufigkeit zwischen 50 und 100% angegeben. Informationen über die Diskusposition nach operativer Versorgung dieser Frakturgruppen liegen bisher nicht vor. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Bedeutung von Position und Mobilität des Diskus für das postoperative funktionelle Ergebnis dieser Frakturgruppen zu klären. Die Objektivierung der operativen Ergebnisse bei 30 Patienten mit 37 über einen präaurikulären Zugang versorgten Gelenkfrakturen erfolgte mittels elektronischer Achsiographie und Kernspintomographie (1,5-T-System), im Mittel 24 Monate postoperativ. Erhoben wurden die Position und der Bewegungsumfang des Diskus bzw. des Kondylus im Seitenvergleich. Die linearen Bewegungen zwischen mundoffener und -geschlossener Position wurden durch Folienüberlagerung korrespondierender sagittaler MRT-Schichten ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zum einen, dass 〉 70% der Disci auf der Frakturseite orthotop (Position A) lagen und keine fixierten anterioren Dislokationen (C) auftraten. Die achsiographischen Befunde zeigten in Diskrepanz dazu bei immerhin 30% der versorgten Gelenke höhergradige Limitationen der Exkursionsbahnen. Zum anderen bestehen signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen fixierten (α = 0,05) bzw. hochgradig immobilisierten (α = 0,01) Disken und achsiographisch erfassten Limitationen der Translationsbewegung. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien sollten nach der operativen Versorgung von Gelenkfrakturen nicht nur die (statische) Diskusposition, sondern in erster Linie die Diskusmobilität als Parameter für das funktionelle Ergebnis berücksichtigt werden.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kiefergelenk-MRT ; Diskusdislokation ; Kiefergelenkhistologie ; Keywords Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ; MRI ; Anterior disk dislocation ; TMJ histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Problem. Anterior dislocation of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) found by MRI tomography often presents a problem. It may persist in MRI despite improvement of articular symptoms and even be found in healthy persons free of any symptoms. Can this be explained by the similarity in structure of the anterior connective tissue of the disk and capsule and their pathological changes? Is a second coronal plane required for MRI investigation? Material and methods. The preauricular regions of 72 patients of the TMJ clinic were examined by oblique-sagittal and oblique-coronal MRI. A Siemens-Vision MRI was used. It was also possible to prepare 10 articular disks of the TMJ with anterior capsular tissue as well as 20 complete TMJs of adults from autopsy material. Sagittal, transversal, and horizontal serial sections were examined histologically. Results. In 49 of the 72 cases examined, an anterior dislocation without reduction found in the sagittal MRI was not confirmed in the oblique-coronal MRI. In the sagittal MRI it was possible to differentiate three, in the coronal MRI six typical forms of magnetic resonance signals, which are represented in figures. They are compared with anatomical and histological connective tissue findings adjacent to the TMJ. The structural similarity of the disk and anterior capsular tissue of the TMJ is demonstrated. The close connection of the disk and connective tissue surrounding the TMJ makes differentiation of MRI findings difficult especially following regressive and adaptive reactions. Conclusions. In MRI, anterior capsular tissue is able to simulate dislocation of the disk. Pathological tissue reactions may alter the MRI signal and lead to the wrong diagnosis of dislocation of the disk. Diagnosis of an anterior disk dislocation cannot be established solely on the basis of oblique-sagittal MRI findings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung. Der Befund anteriore Diskusdislokation im sagittalen MRT beinhaltet 2 ungeklärte Probleme. Trotz Rückbildung einer Gelenksymptomatik können anteriore Diskusdislokationen im MRT unverändert bestehen, sie wurden sogar bei gesunden Probanden beschrieben. Ist die Ursache in der feingeweblichen Ähnlichkeit der anterioren Diskus- und Kapselbindegewebe und in deren pathologischen Strukturänderungen zu suchen? Kann auf die Befundung in der 2. koronalen Ebene verzichtet werden? Material und Methode. Die präartikulären Regionen im schräg-sagittalen und im schräg-koronalen MRT von 72 Patienten aus der Kiefergelenkspezialsprechstunde wurden befundet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit dem Siemens-Vision-MRT. Bei unselektierten Sektionen konnten 10 Disci articulares mit dem anterioren Kapselgewebe sowie 20 Kiefergelenkpräparate Erwachsener präpariert werden. Sagittale, transversale und horizontale Serienschnitte wurden histologisch untersucht. Ergebnisse. Bei 49 von 72 ausgewählten Fällen gab es für eine anteriore Diskusdislokation ohne Reduktion im sagittalen MRT keine Bestätigung im schräg-koronalen MRT. Es konnten in den sagittalen MRT 3, in den koronalen MRT 6 sich wiederholende Signalformen differenziert werden. Sie sind skizziert. Ihre Zuordnung zu gelenkumgebenden Bindegeweben erfolgte mittels Vergleich dieser Signalformen mit den anatomischen und histologischen Kiefergelenkpräparaten. Die feingewebliche Ähnlichkeit des Discus articularis mit dem anterioren Kapselbindegewebe wird aufgezeigt. Seine enge Verbindung mit den gelenkumgebenden Bindegeweben erschwert die Differenzierung im MRT insbesondere beim Vorliegen regressiver und adaptiver Reaktionen. Schlussfolgerung. Das anteriore Kapselgewebe kann eine Diskusdislokation im MRT vortäuschen. Pathologische Gewebereaktionen ändern das MRT-Signal und tragen dazu bei, falsch-positive Befunde zur Diskusdislokation entstehen zu lassen. Schräg-sagittale MRT sind für die Diagnosefindung „anteriore Diskusdislokation mit und ohne Reposition“ nicht ausreichend.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Oral cancer ; pN upgrading ; Immunohistochemistry ; Micrometastasis ; Semiserial sectioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) does not define the number of sections required from each regional lymph node to record pTNM classification. This study was designed to clarify the incidence of occult metastasis and to assess the pN upgrading of patients with oral cancer. Ultimately, this study led to a proposal for appropriate semiserial sectioning guidelines. Five hundred fifty-four nonmetastatic cervical lymph nodes taken from 73 patients with oral cancer were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and keratin immunohistochemistry. Micrometastases, defined as foci ≤3 mm, were detected in 29 sites of 23 lymph nodes (4.2%) of 16 patients (21.9%). In 9 patients (12.3%) pN upgrading was needed: in 6 from pN0 to pN1, in 1 from pN0 to pN2b, and in 2 from pN1 to pN2b. The remaining 13 lymph nodes with occult metastasis were found in 5 pN2b and 2 pN2c patients, resulting in no pN upgrading. Occult metastasis was also detected in 6 small lymph nodes ≤5 mm in diameter. The average minor axis of the micrometastasis was 1.36±0.85 mm. We propose that the lymph nodes should be cut and examined at 1-mm intervals to detect micrometastatic foci and to evaluate the pN classification accurately.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Small round cell tumors ; Ewing’s sarcoma ; Translocation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Differential diagnosis ; RT-PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It is now widely accepted that the EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcript is associated with tumors of the Ewing family. To test whether it is possible to detect the fusion transcript by means of combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology and immunohistochemistry, we investigated tumors of the Ewing family using in situ reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. We were able to demonstrate the t(11;22) fusion transcript in five of six cases of Ewing’s sarcoma and four of four peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. These results were confirmed using fluorescence in situ hybridization in seven tumor samples. In situ RT-PCR-labeled fusion transcripts were found in virtually all tumor cells within a given sample, indicating that each cell possessed the t(11;22) transcript. We conclude from these results that in situ RT-PCR can be used for the rapid detection of EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcripts in biopsy material. The findings also suggest that all cells of the tumors of the Ewing family carry the EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcript.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor ; Pituitary gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Colocalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is a well-known regulator of gonadotroph function, has recently been considered to be a paracrine factor involved in the control of somatotroph, lactotroph, and corticotroph cells. GnRH action is initiated by binding to a specific cell surface receptor, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), which is expressed by follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (FSH/LH) cells. Using in situ hybridization techniques, GnRHR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) has recently been detected in normal human anterior pituitary gland and in various pituitary adenomas, including FSH/LH-cell, growth hormone (GH)-cell, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-cell, and null-cell adenomas. However, immunohistochemical studies indicating the specific cell distribution of GnRHR in normal pituitary cells have never been reported. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of GnRHR in different types of normal pituitary cells and related tumors. Using double-label immunohistochemical techniques on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues and specific antibodies directed against pituitary hormones and GnRHR, we found GnRHR immunoreactivity not only in FSH/LH cells, but also in GH- and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cells. GnRHR was detected in FSH/LH-cell, GH-cell, mixed GH- and prolactin (PRL)-cell, and α-subunit (α-SU)/null-cell adenomas. The findings of this study suggest that the interaction between GnRH and GnRHR may play a role in paracrine/autocrine regulation of different types of normal pituitary cells and pituitary adenomas.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords CD99 antigen ; Neuroendocrine tumours ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell-to-cell adhesion ; Proliferative activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although considered a specific marker for Ewing’s sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumour, the MIC2 gene product (CD99) has been immunolocalised in a variety of human tumours. The present study evaluated immunohistochemically the prevalence of CD99 expression in a series of 68 neuroendocrine tumours of different gastrointestinal and pulmonary sites. We now report on membrane and/or granular cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in 25% of these tumours, independent of their anatomical sites. In lung neuroendocrine tumours, CD99 was preferentially confined to typical carcinoids (P=0.009). A statistically significant relationship was observed between the number of CD99 positive cells but not the immunostaining patterns and the presence of local invasion and/or distant metastases (P〈0.001). Moreover, there was a tendency for CD99-reactive tumours to show a reduced proliferative activity expressed by a Ki67 index of 2% (P=0.119). The number of CD99 immunoreactive cells or patterns of immunoreactivity did not correlate with the presence of associated clinical syndrome or particular hormonal immunostaining. Although the molecular basis underlying CD99 expression in neuroendocrine tumours is still poorly understood, our data suggest that CD99 may be involved in cell-to-cell adhesion of neuroendocrine tumour cells and in downregulation of their proliferative activity.
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  • 17
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    Virchows Archiv 437 (2000), S. 445-449 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Solitary fibrous tumour ; Adrenal gland ; Pregnancy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT), first described as a pleural lesion, has been reported in several extrathoracic sites over the past 10 years. We describe a SFT of the left adrenal gland incidentally discovered in a 23-year-old, 22-week pregnant woman and characterised by a rapid growth during the third trimester of pregnancy. Elevated serum and urinary levels of cortisol and elevated blood levels of delta 4 androstendione and 17-OH progesterone were observed. After spontaneous delivery, the patient underwent laparoscopic resectioning of the mass and of the left adrenal gland from which the tumour was apparently originating. The kidney was not involved, and no other abdominal tumours were found. Histological and immunohistochemical features were typical of SFT of pleura and other locations. Only one case of adrenal SFT is on record, and the adrenal gland is to be added to the long list of extrathoracic locations of SFT. The association with pregnancy was a previously unrecognised event in SFT. The focal expression of progesterone receptors in the tumour cells may be related to pregnancy. This observation prompted an analysis of steroid hormone receptors in SFT of classical sites (pleura). Two of five cases had focal progesterone receptors too, a finding which deserves further investigations in a much larger series of SFTs.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; ALK1 ; T-cell lymphoma ; Splenic rupture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In a 22-year-old male with a 10-day history of fever, painful swelling in the left groin, and abdominal complaints, emergency surgery was performed because of spontaneous splenic rupture. At histology, a cellular infiltrate of intermediate-sized atypical lymphocytes was seen in the splenic white pulp, staining for T-cell markers. In addition, CD30 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase 1 (ALK) were diffusely positive, thus, representing a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), T-cell, ALK-positive, small cell monomorphic variant. ALK-positive ALCL patients generally bear a much better prognosis than patients with T-cell lymphomas, unspecified, or ALK-negative ALCL. Therefore, besides the very unusual clinical presentation, this case highlights the importance of immunostaining for CD30 and ALK in all T-cell lymphomas. This report is the first extensive description of ALK-positive ALCL involvement of the spleen.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Keywords: Key words Dopamine receptors ; Pial arteries ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prejunctional receptors ; Post-junctional receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of dopamine D1-D5 receptor protein was investigated in different sized dog pial arteries. This was done to further understand the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular dopaminergic system in migraine. The study was performed in sections of dog brain including the pia-arachnoid membrane, which were processed for indirect immunohistochemistry using antibodies raised against dopamine D1-D5 receptor protein. A faint dopamine D1 receptor protein immunoreactivity was observed in smooth muscle of the tunica media of different sized pial arteries. Dopamine D2 receptor protein immunoreactivity was located in the adventitia and adventitia-media border of pial arteries. In the same area tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve fibers were found. No dopamine D3 receptor immunoreactivity was detectable in dog pial arteries. A faint dopamine D4 receptor protein immunoreactivity was observed in dog pial arteries, with a localization similar to that of D2 receptor protein. A moderate dopamine D5 receptor protein immunostaining was observed in smooth muscle of the tunica media. These findings indicate that dog pial arteries express dopamine D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2 and D4) receptor subtypes and display, respectively, a muscular (post-junctional) and probably prejunctional localization. These results, the first analysis of dopamine D1-D5 receptor subtype distribution in the cerebrovascular tree, suggest that dopamine is involved in the regulation of cerebral circulation. These finding may help evaluate the role of cerebrovascular dopaminergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of migraine.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids ; Basal ganglia ; Dopamine ; Nitric oxide ; Excitatory amino acids ; Organotypic culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems of the rat have been re-constructed using the organotypic culture model, whereby neonatal brain tissue is grown in vitro for approximately one month. The nigrostriatal cultures consisted of tissue from the substantia nigra, dorsal striatum and frontoparietal cortex; while the mesolimbic cultures included the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum and cingulate cortex. The cultures were grown at 35°C in normal atmosphere, using a tube-roller device placed in a cell incubator and changing the medium every 3–4 days. The in vitro development was evaluated with an inverted microscope equipped with a variable relief contrast function. Samples were taken directly from the medium in the culture tube and analysed for several amino acids with HPLC. After a month the cultures were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. High levels of glutamate and aspartate were observed every time the medium was changed, but the levels rapidly decreased reaching a steady state after approximately 24 h. A decrease in the levels was also observed along development, reaching stable values (∼2 μM and ∼0.12 μM for glutamate and aspartate, respectively) at approximately two weeks, but only when the cultures showed an apparently healthy development. The levels were approximately 10 times higher in deteriorating or apparently damaged cultures. Glutamine levels were in the mM range and remained stable along the entire experiment. No differences were observed among nigrostriatal and mesolimbic cultures. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the impressions obtained from microscopic and biochemical analysis along the in vitro development, revealing apparently healthy neuronal systems with characteristics similar to those observed in vivo, when tyrosine hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase, markers for dopamine and nitric oxide containing neurons, respectively, were analysed. In the substantia nigra, nitric oxide synthase-positive networks surrounded tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, while in the striatum nitric oxide synthase dendrites were surrounded by tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve terminals, suggesting a reciprocal interaction among dopamine and nitric oxide containing neurons. Thus, the organotypic model appears to capture many of the neurochemical and morphological features seen in vivo, providing a valuable model for studying in detail the neurocircuitries of the brain.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids ; Spinal cord injury ; Heme oxygenase ; Heat shock protein ; Carbon monoxide ; Growth factors ; BDNF ; IGF-1 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell injury ; Spinal cord edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The influence of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on spinal cord trauma induced carbon monoxide (CO) production and cellular stress response was examined using immunostaining of the constitutive isoform of the hemeoxygenase (HO-2) enzyme and the heat shock protein (HSP 72 kD) expression in a rat model. Subjection of rats to a 5 h spinal trauma inflicted by an incision into the right dorsal horn at T10–11 segment markedly upregulated the HO-2 and HSP expression in the adjacent spinal cord segments (T9 and T12). Pretreatment with BDNF or IGF-1 significantly attenuated the trauma induced HSP expression. The upregulation of HO-2 was also considerably reduced. These results show that BDNF and IGF-1 attenuate cellular stress response and production of CO following spinal cord injury which seems to be the key factors in neurotrophins induced neuroprotection.
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  • 22
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    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Cell differentiation ; Cell proliferation ; Collagen ; Fetal development ; Fibronectin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratin ; Laminin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  At gestational day 16 the epithelium of the rat stomach consists of a stratified layer of undifferentiated cells, and two days later glandular structures appear. The present study was carried out to identify extracellular matrix proteins that could be involved in the epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation processes that occur in the fetal rat stomach during this period. For comparative purposes the expression of the same components in the adult gastric mucosa was examined. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine to label proliferating cells. One, 3.5, or 6 h post-injection the stomachs were excised and immediately frozen. The specimens were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or for 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine, cytokeratin no. 8, H,K-ATPase, and the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, laminin, and collagens type I and IV. A stratified layer of proliferating cells was observed in the epithelium of the fetal stomachs, while in adult stomachs proliferating cells were detected in the isthmus/neck region of the glands. Cytokeratin, an epithelial cell marker, was sparse at gestational day 16 but abundant both at gestational day 18 and in the isthmus/neck region of gastric glands of the adult stomach. The parietal cell marker H,K-ATPase could not be detected in the fetal stomachs during this period. Fibronectin was observed in the stroma of both fetal and adult stomachs. Collagen type I could only be detected in the stroma close to the oesophagus at gestational day 16. Two days later, collagen type I was abundant in the lamina propria, the submucosa and in the serosa of the fetal stomachs. In adult tissue collagen type I was detected in the surface epithelium, the submucosa and in the serosa of the stomach. Collagen type IV and laminin were expressed in the lamina propria, the basement membranes around blood vessels, muscle cells, and nerve bundles, as well as in the serosa of both 16- and 18-day-old fetal and adult rat stomachs. In conclusion, a high cell proliferation rate was observed in the epithelium at both gestational days 16 and 18. The increased expression of cytokeratin observed during this period indicates that the epithelial character of the embryonic cells becomes more distinct, while the remarkable change in the expression of collagen type I might reflect an important role of collagen type I in the development of the gastric epithelium.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Intramembranous ossification ; Immunohistochemistry ; Muscle fiber type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies using parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) null mutant mice have indicated severe abnormalities in the endochondral ossification, suggesting that PTHrP affects chondrocyte differentiation. In this study, we found in newborn PTHrP-deficient mice some deformities in the mandible that is formed via intramembranous ossification. The mandibular ramus was bent downwards and a prominent bone crest to which the deep layer of masseter muscle was tendinously attached was observed in the mandibular body. Transmission electron microscopic studies showed that active bone formation was progressing along the tendon fibers of the masseter muscle. The examination of 3-D reconstruction models indicated that the mandibular ramus was bent at the site of muscle attachment, which was shifted in the direction of the muscle fibers. Muscle fiber type analysis using myosin ATPase staining showed that the masseter muscle in the newborn PTHrP-deficient mice contained numerous type 2B fibers, demonstrating premature maturation of this muscle. Based on these findings, we speculated that premature maturation of the masseter muscle leads, probably due to increased tensile forces, to accelerated bone crest formation and subsequent bending of the mandibular ramus. These results further suggest that PTHrP is involved in the regulation of muscle development in normal animals.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Monoclonal antibody ; A33 ; Gastric cancer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tumor targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Murine monoclonal antibody A33 (mA33) was developed by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and by the New York Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. It is an immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a antibody that detects a protease- and neuraminidase-resistant, periodate-sensitive epitope. Serological analysis of the antigen showed that it is expressed in a few colorectal cancer cell lines and a pancreatic cancer cell line, but is basically not reactive with other types of cell line. Normal fibroblasts and normal kidney cell lines reacted negatively to mA33. Immunohistochemical study of normal tissues identified the large and small intestinal mucosa as the principal site of A33 expression. Tests in tumor samples demonstrated that only tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are consistently A33 positive. A33 is found in 95% of primary and metastatic colorectal cancers, with uniform expression throughout the tumors in most cases. A33 is also detected in 63% of gastric cancers, with uniform expression in 45% of cases. Eighty-three percent of intestinal-type gastric cancers were positive for A33, and about 50% of the diffuse-type and mucinous cancers were mA33 positive. A33 was expressed in 50% of the pancreatic cancers but with marked heterogeneity. Other epithelial cancers, sarcomas, neuroectodermal tumors, and lymphoid neoplasms were generally A33 negative. A33 is the first example of a constitutively expressed, organ-specific epithelial membrane antigen permitting highly specific tumor targeting in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Encouraged by the success of the biodistribution and imaging characteristic studies performed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center by the New York Branch of the Ludwig Institute in colorectal cancers, a new clinical study of humanized monoclonal antibody huA33 against A33 antigen-positive gastric cancers has been initiated in Japan.
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  • 25
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 667-670 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Chondrosarcoma ; Heat shock protein ; Differentiation ; Diagnosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chondroma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Heat shock proteins (hsp) are involved in tumor immunity, and a correlation with survival, occurrence of metastases, and drug resistance has been reported. It was the aim of this study to investigate the expression of heat shock proteins in chondrosarcomas and chondromas. Methods: Hsp expression was investigated immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded sections of 37 consecutive patients (24 male and 13 female, mean age 48 years) with chondrosarcoma and of ten patients (six male, four female, mean age 36 years) with chondroma. Results: Chondromas showed a positive staining for hsp27 in 100%, for hsp60 in 30%, for hsp72 in 80%, for hsp73 in 80%, and for hsp90 in 90%. In chondrosarcoma a decreased expression was found for hsp27 (62% positive, P 〈 0.05) and hsp72 (43% positive, P 〈 0.05), whereas no significant difference to chondromas was detected in the expression of hsp60 (49% positive), hsp73 and hsp90 (73% and 81% positive, respectively). In addition, hsp72 expression showed a correlation with differentiation of the tumors (P 〈 0.05); the lowest hsp72 expression was found in G3 chondrosarcomas (only 13% positive). No correlation with respect to differentiation was found for the expression of the other hsps. Conclusions: This study shows a different expression of hsps in chondrosarcomas and chondromas. Together with the correlation of hsp72 expression with low differentiation, this finding could lead to new experimental and diagnostic strategies.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gliomatosis cerebri ; MRT-Diagnose ; Enzephalitis ; Key words Gliomatosis cerebri ; MRI ; Diagnosis ; Encephalitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The diagnosis of the rare disease Gliomatosis cerebri requires the correlation of clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. We report on two patients with intravitally diagnosed gliomatosis cerebri. Due to the unusually high malignancy of the tumor cells, diagnosis was complicated by atypical findings such as gadolinium enhancement in MRI and raised intracranial pressure. The clinical course, differential diagnosis, and literature are summarized briefly.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose der seltenen Gliomatosis cerebri kann nur in Zusammenschau von klinischen, radiologischen und histopathologischen Befunden gestellt werden. Im vorliegenden Artikel berichten wir über 2 Patienten, bei denen intra vitam nach stereotaktischer Hirnbiopsie die Diagnose Gliomatosis cerebri gesichert wurde. Da in beiden Fällen für Gliomatosis cerebri ungewöhnlich hochgradig entdifferenzierte Tumorzellen vorlagen, wurde die Diagnosefindung durch atypische Befunde wie Kontrastmittelaufnahme im MRT und klinische Zeichen der intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung erschwert. Klinischer Verlauf, Differentialdiagnosen und Literatur werden kurz dargestellt.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Nasenrachenkarzinom ; Epstein-Barr-Virus ; Immunhistologie ; Polymerasekettenreaktion ; Keywords ; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ; Epstein-Barr virus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We report the case of a 36-year-old women who was found to have a malignant tumor extending from the side of her right nasal cavity to the nasopharynx. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were not able to define the primary site of the tumor. Histologic evaluation demonstrated an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the different treatment concepts for carcinomas of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, we tried to identify the primary site by diagnosing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, which is associated with carcinoma of the nasopharynx. By using immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction EBV could be identified in the cells of the carcinoma. This showed that the primary site of the tumor was located in the nasopharynx and resulted in the patient being treated with simultaneous radiochemotherapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine 36 Jahre alte Patientin stellte sich mit einem ausgedehnten Tumor der rechten Nasenhöhle und des rechten Nasenrachens vor. Die histologische Untersuchung ergab ein undifferenziertes Plattenepithelkarzinom. Sowohl mit Hilfe der computertomographischen, als auch der kernspintomographischen Befunde, war keine eindeutige Bestimmung der Primärtumorregion möglich. Anhand der bekannten Assoziation zwischen Karzinomen des Nasenrachens und Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) wurde versucht, die Primärlokalisation des Tumors zu klären. Immunhistologisch und durch „polymerase chain reaction” war es möglich, eine EBV-Infektion im Tumor nachzuweisen. Die Primärlokalisation des Tumors wurde damit dem Nasenrachen zugeordnet und die entsprechende Therapie für diese Lokalisation in Form einer simultanen Radiochemotherapie eingeleitet.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hallervorden-Spatz-Krankheit ; Parkinsonsyndrom ; MRT ; 123J-β-CIT ; 123J-IBZM ; Keywords Hallervorden-Spatz Disease ; Parkinson's syndrome ; MRI ; 123I-β-CIT ; 123I-IBZM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Hallervorden-Spatz disease (HSD), a rare extrapyramidal motor illness, is usually only confirmed after death. In vivo diagnosis has relied hitherto on the combination of typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (the “eye of the tiger” sign) and heterogeneous clinical symptoms of movement disorder which have been regarded as almost pathognomonic. We report on the diagnostic contribution of 123J-β-CIT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and 123J-IBZM SPECT in akinetic-rigid Parkinson's syndrome occurring in a case of HSD. In contrast to Parkinson's disease and multisystem atrophies, the results of both tests were normal. This constellation of findings shows that the degeneration lies primarily outside the nigrostriatal system, supporting arguments for the nosologic distinction of HSD from other extrapyramidal illnesses.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose der Hallervorden-Spatz-Krankheit (HSD), einer seltenen extrapyramidal-motorischen Erkrankung, konnte gewöhnlich erst postmortal gesichert werden. Bislang galt der typische MRT-Befund mit dem “Tigerauge-Zeichen” in Kombination mit der heterogen klinischen Symptomatik von Bewegungsstörungen als nahezu pathognomonisch und diente zur Diagnosestellung zu Lebzeiten. In der vorliegenden Kasuistik soll der diagnostische Beitrag von 123J-β-CIT und 123J-IBZM-SPECT bei einem akinetisch-rigiden Parkinsonsyndrom im Rahmen einer HSD dargestellt werden. Für beide Untersuchungen wurden im Gegensatz zum M. Parkinson und Multisystematrophien Normalbefunde gefunden. Diese Befundkonstellation zeigt einerseits, dass die Degeneration primär außerhalb des nigrostriatalen Systems liegt, und andererseits unterstützt sie die Diskussion der nosologischen Abgrenzung der HSD von anderen extrapyramidalen Erkrankungen.
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  • 29
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    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit ; Diagnostik ; Diffussionswichtung ; MRT ; Bildgebung ; Übertragbare spongiforme Enzephalopathien ; Key words Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Diagnosis ; Diffusion-weighted image ; MRI ; Brain images ; Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Today the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is proven only postmortem or by evidence of neuropathology. During the patient's lifetime EEG recordings or cerebrospinal fluid analysis may support the diagnosis. In most cases, T2-MRI scans show hyperintensities of the basal ganglia. A new imaging technique called diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) has recently been established. The sensitivity of DWI was evaluated in five patients suspected of CJD. All five cases showed hyperintense signal changes in the basal ganglia on DWI sequences. These findings were more pronounced in DWI than in T2, FLAIR, or PD-weighted images. Thus, DWI seems to be the most sensitive sequence for detecting changes in patients with suspected CJD. Moreover, its short scanning time ensures that fewer artifacts occur, especially in the case of myoclonus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die sichere Diagnose der Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit kann nur bioptisch oder autoptisch durch Untersuchung von Hirngewebe gestellt werden. Die klinische Verdachtsdiagnose erhärten können technische und laborchemische Untersuchungen; hierzu gehört neben dem EEG die Surrogatmarkerbestimmung im Liquor. Nachdem sich bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten Veränderungen der Basalganglien gezeigt haben, gehört das MRT zu den bildgebenden Verfahren, die bei Verdacht auf CJD eingesetzt werden können. Inzwischen ist die Diffusionswichtung (DWI) in die neuroradiologische Diagnostik eingeführt worden. DWI-gewichtete MRTs bei 5 CJD-Patienten wurden von uns untersucht. Alle 5 Fälle zeigten im DWI-MRT signalintense Veränderungen der Stammganglien. Diese Veränderungen waren jeweils deutlicher als in der T2, Flair- oder Protonenwichtung. Das DWI-MRT halten wir für sensitiver zum Nachweis kortikaler und basaler Veränderungen bei CJD-Patienten im Vergleich zu Standardsequenzen. Durch die kurze Untersuchungszeit können besonders bei den häufig vorhandenen Myoklonien andere Wichtungen aufgrund von Bewegungsartefakten oftmals nicht in der gewünschten Qualität durchgeführt werden.
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  • 30
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    Der Unfallchirurg 103 (2000), S. 1079-1085 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Knie ; MRT ; Arthroskopie ; Meniskus ; Key words Knee ; MRI ; Arthroscopy ; Meniscus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to assure diagnostic accuracy, 172 knee joints were examined prospectively by MRI. After MRI, all knee joints were examined by arthroscopy. Tears of the medial meniscus were found in 102 patients, the lateral meniscus showed a tear in 29 cases. Assuming that arthroscopy represents the golden standard of diagnostic measure concerning the knee joint, it can be stated that false-positive MRI findings on the medial and lateral meniscus were diagnosed in three cases and false-negative MRI findings were diagnosed for two knee joints regarding the medial meniscus and four times regarding the lateral meniscus. For the medial meniscus a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 96%, an accuracy of 94%, and the positive and negative value of prediction were calculated at 97% each. Regarding the lateral meniscus, a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 98%, an accuracy of 92%, a positive predictive value of 88%, and a negative predictive value of 85% were found. Under the prerequisite that the MRI is carried out correctly and assessed by an experienced radiologist, the accuracy of the MRI for meniscus diagnosis is almost equivalent to the one by arthroscopy. Under these conditions, MRI can be recommended when no safe and sufficient clinical diagnosis can be made. The rate of unnecessary arthroscopies with a pure diagnostic purpose can be lowered significantly by means of MRI.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Überprüfung der diagnostischen Treffsicherheit wurden prospektiv 172 Kniegelenke mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) untersucht. Nach der MRT erfolgte bei allen Kniegelenken die arthroskopische Überprüfung der bildgebenden Diagnose. Rissbildungen des Innenmeniskus fanden sich bei 102 Patienten, am Außenmeniskus wurde 29-mal ein Riss befundet. Unter der Annahme, dass die Arthroskopie der “golden standard” diagnostischer Maßnahmen am Kniegelenk darstellt, ergab sich, dass falsch-positive MRT-Befunde am Innen- und Außenmeniskus in jeweils 3 Fällen und falsch-negative MRT-Befunde am Innenmenikus bei 2 Kniegelenken und am Außenmeniskus 4-mal erhoben wurden. Für den Innenmeniskus wurde eine Sensitivität von 98%, eine Spezifität von 96%, eine Genauigkeit von 94% und der positive bzw. negative Vorhersagewert mit jeweils 97% errechnet. Bezüglich des Außenmeniskus ließ sich eine Sensitivität von 85%, eine Spezifität von 98%, eine Genauigkeit von 92%, ein positiver Vorhersagewert von 88% und ein negativer Vorhersagewert von 85% ermitteln. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass die MRT korrekt durchgeführt und von einem erfahrenen Radiologen befundet wird, ergibt sich eine annähernd gleichwertige Treffsicherheit der MRT für die Meniskusdiagnostik wie mit der Arthroskopie. Die MRT kann daher unter diesen Voraussetzungen zur Anwendung empfohlen werden, wenn klinisch keine ausreichend sichere Diagnose zu stellen ist. Die Rate unnötiger rein diagnostischer Arthroskopien kann durch die MRT entscheidend gesenkt werden.
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  • 31
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    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 411-415 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kufs ; Neuronale Zeroidlipofuszinose ; Demenz ; PET ; MRT ; Key words Kufs disease ; Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Dementia ; PET ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The case of a 35-year-old man with progressive dementia from the age of 17 is presented. Clinical examination showed mild extrapyramidal and cerebellar signs and rare myoclonus. Neuropsychological evaluation disclosed severe cognitive deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed moderate generalized atrophy with abnormal iron deposition in the basal ganglia. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) demonstrated clear temporoparietal hypermetabolism. The clinical symptoms and course are typical for the rare adult type of neuronal ceroid lipofusconoses (Kufs' disease). The diagnosis is supported by the electron microscope detection of an abnormal accumulation of lipid vacuoles and lipofuscin in the eccrine sweat glands and the rectal ganglia cells.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird der Fall eines 35-jährigen Patienten mit langsam progredienter Demenz seit dem 18. Lebensjahr. Zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung fielen klinisch eine leichtgradige extrapyramidale und zerebelläre Symptomatik sowie seltene Myoklonien auf, während die neuropsychologische Testung ausgeprägte kognitive Defizite ergab. Die kraniale Magnetresonanztomographie zeigte eine mäßige globale Atrophie und eine abnorme Eisenablagerung in den Basalganglien. In der Positronenemissionstomographie mit 18-FDG war ein deutlicher temporoparietaler Hypometabolismus erkennbar. Klinik und Verlauf sind typisch für die seltene adulte Variante der neuronalen Zeroidlipofuszinosen (Kufs-Typ). Diese Diagnose wird gestützt durch den elektronenmiroskopischen Nachweis abnormer Akkumulationen von Fettvakuolen und Lipofuszinablagerungen in den ekkrinen Schweißdrüsen der Haut und in den rektalen Ganglienzellen.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Manganintoxikation ; Parkinsonismus ; MRT ; Verlaufskontrolle ; L-Dopa-Therapie ; Key words Manganese intoxication ; Parkinsonism ; MRI ; Follow-up study ; L-dopa treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Manganese intoxication is an unusual, severe form of intoxication. This report deals with a patient now 80 years old who accidentally ingested a solution of potassium permanganate for a period of at least 4 weeks 14 years ago. Since then, the patient suffers from a mild parkinsonian syndrome and distally accentuated polyneuropathies. Psychiatric disorders, especially demential or depressive symptoms, were not observed. Manganese analysis of his hair still shows a clear increase in manganese concentration. The MRI of his brain showed no pathological changes, in particular none of those often described with symmetric signal elevation in T1 in the area of the basal ganglia. In this study, we present clinical, laboratory, and neuroradiological findings. Unusual in this case with a short exposition is the long duration and clinical improvement without L-dopa treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Manganintoxikation ist eine ungewöhnliche, schwere Intoxikationsform. Wir berichten über einen jetzt 80-jährigen Patienten, der vor 14 Jahren über die Dauer von mindestens 4 Wochen versehentlich Kaliumpermanganat eingenommen hatte. Der Patient leidet weiterhin unter einem leichten Parkinsonsyndrom und einer distal betonten Polyneuropathie. Psychiatrische St¨rungen, insbesondere ein dementielles oder depressives Symptom, fanden sich nicht mehr. Die Mangananalysen der Haare zeigen auch jetzt noch deutlich erhöhte Konzentrationen. Das MRT des Gehirns erbrachte keinen pathologischen Befund, insbesondere keine häufig bei Manganintoxikationen beschriebenen Veränderungen mit symmetrischen Signalanhebungen in T1-Wichtung im Bereich der Basalganglien (Globus pallidus). In einer aktuellen Untersuchung werden klinische, laborchemische sowie neuroradiologische Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Die Besonderheit des Falles erklärt sich aus einer kurzen Expositionsdauer mit einer langen Verlaufszeit und klinischer Befundbesserung ohne L-Dopa-Behandlung.
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  • 33
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    International journal of legal medicine 113 (2000), S. 70-75 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Brain injury ; Cortical contusion ; GFAP ¶expression ; Immunohistochemistry ; Wound age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The course of GFAP expression by astrocytes has been immunohistochemically investigated during the first 30 weeks after human brain injury. In order to provide reliable data for a forensic wound age estimation, a quantitative morphometric analysis was performed considering the different topographic regions of the cortex as well as of the white matter. Compared to the GFAP immunoreactivity in unaltered control tissue, significantly increased numbers of GFAP positive astroglial cells could be detected adjacent to the cortical contusion from 1 day up to 4 weeks after brain injury.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Ganglion cells ; Hippocampus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mean optical density (MOD) ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the topography of morphine distribution in the human brain, a method has been developed to detect morphine immunohistochemically. In this study hippocampus tissue from victims of heroin overdose (blood morphine concentrations 220 ng/g–1500 ng/g; 6-MAM positive urine sample), known for its high concentration of μ-opiate receptors was used. The immunohistochemical staining was performed with an anti-morphine antiserum originally developed for radio-immuno-assays. In comparison with control specimens from cases of sudden death without morphine exposition or a history of heroin abuse, the brains from victims of heroin overdose showed selectively stained ganglion cells, axons and dendrites, suggesting a massive concentration of morphine in the neuronal structures.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ; Ischemia reperfusion injury ; Heart ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is considered to be activated by stress, but the role of the MAPK family is still unknown in cardiac pathology. In the present study, not only the localization of MAPKs such as the extracellular responsive kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK (p38), but also ultrastructural changes were investigated in the ischemia-reperfusion model of Wistar rats. At 5, 10, 30, 60, and 180 min reperfusion after 30 min ischemia by occluding the coronary artery, the expression of these MAPKs was increased in blood vessels and cardiomyocytes by Western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. In addition, after ischemia reperfusion, various ultrastructural changes such as decreased glycogen granules, mitochondrial swelling, and myolysis were observed in the blood vessels and cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that protein kinases may regulate numerous biological processes, including the regulation of contraction and ion transport.
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  • 36
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    International journal of clinical oncology 5 (2000), S. 200-203 
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words Small cell carcinoma of the ovary ; Pregnancy Paclitaxel ; MRI ; Facial palsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Small cell carcinoma of the ovary (SCCO) is a highly aggressive malignancy that affects young females. The disease is fatal in nearly all patients with disease categorized as higher than stage IA. A 30-year-old Japanese woman was diagnosed, while pregnant, as having bilateral small cell carcinoma, pulmonary type, a rare finding. She received three courses of JP chemotherapy (carboplatin, 525 mg; cisplatin, 120 mg) and three courses of PVP chemotherapy (peplomycin, 30 mg; vinblastin, 12 mg; cisplatin, 120 mg). Computed tomography scans were taken during and after the period in which she received chemotherapy showed growing multiple metastatic tumors and massive ascites. Third-line chemotherapy with paclitaxel (225 mg) was then initiated. Although the lymphadenopathy and massive ascites were alleviated, bone marrow suppression intervened. The patient died 18 months after being diagnosed. To our knowledge, this is third reported case of SCCO to be diagnosed during pregnancy, and the first reported case of bilateral disease diagnosed during pregnancy.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Gonadotroph adenoma ; FSH ; Childhood ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Female gonadotroph adenomas with endocrinological symptoms are uncommon. Six cases of such adenomas have been reported in the literature: two were girls who presented with precocious puberty and four were premenopausal women with accompanying multiple ovarian cysts. We describe here a 10-year-old Japanese girl with a gonadotroph macroadenoma and present detailed morphological findings of the tumor. The patient's chief complaints were nausea, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral multiple ovarian cysts. Endocrinological assays showed elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (33.7 mIU/ml) and estradiol (3840 pg/ml). MRI of the head showed a large pituitary tumor. Two transsphenoidal operations and subsequent radiation therapy were performed. Immunohistochemically, more than half the tumor cells were positive for anti-FSH-β monoclonal antibody. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells exhibited a fairly uniform picture of rounded cells. Their nuclei were slightly irregular and contained heterochromatin, and their cytoplasm contained many round, dense core granules, measuring 140–260 nm in diameter, together with well-developed organelles. An in vitro study showed that the tumor cells in primary culture produced FSH (1089.0 mIU/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of an FSH-secreting gonadotroph adenoma occurring in childhood.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Minimal change nephrotic syndrome ; α-Smooth muscle actin ; Vimentin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) occasionally show frequent relapses with proteinuria after cessation of steroid treatment, even though no significant pathological abnormalities are found in the glomeruli, compared with those in nonrelapsed and good-prognosis cases of MCNS. To resolve this contradiction, we immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally examined a biopsied renal tissue of a patient who showed glomerular features of MCNS and frequent clinical relapses. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and vimentin in glomerular mesangial cells despite no mesangial cell proliferation, compared with nine nonrelapsed cases of MCNS. These facts may be an important clue to the investigation of the pathogenesis of steroid-dependent MCNS with frequent relapses. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination of ASMA and vimentin may be useful to detect mesangial myofibroblastic transformation that is not demonstrated in conventional light microscopy and immunofluorescence study.
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  • 39
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 282-284 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Desmin ; Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent reports indicate that extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton plasmalemmal elements are altered in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Desmin is a cytoskeletal protein that is important for the organization and function of muscular fibers. It has been found to be increased in the smooth muscle in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and in skeletal muscle in some forms of myopathies as well as in unexplained hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of desmin in IHPS. Full-thickness muscle-biopsy specimens were obtained from 8 IHPS patients (age range 23 to 41 days) at pyloromyotomy, from 8 age-matched controls without evidence of gastrointestinal (GI) disease at autopsy, and from 2 stillborns who died at 27 and 30 weeks of gestation without evidence of GI disease. Indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with anti-desmin and visualized by development with 3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Pyloric muscle in IHPS demonstrated strong desmin immunoreactivity. The expression of desmin was also strong in the muscular layers of fetal pylorus. In the age-matched controls absent or weak desmin immunoreactivity was seen in the pyloric muscle layer. The increased amount of desmin in hypertrophied pyloric muscle in IHPS may result in inco-ordination of contraction and relaxation of the pylorus, thus causing motility dysfunction. The similar pattern of desmin expression in IHPS and fetal pylorus suggests that the organization of intermediate filaments in IHPS is in a fetal stage of development.
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  • 40
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study systematically investigated the expression and distribution of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II in the rat. About 150 native tissue probes from eight adult Lewis rats were taken, representative for most organs, tissues, and the vascular system. MHC expression was analyzed by two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated against the non-polymorphic determinants of rat MHC class I (Ox-18) and class II (Ox-6). Immunoreactivities were compared to those of different endothelial (HIS52, TLD-3A12, Ox-43, REHA-1 antigen), histiocytic (ED1, ED2), B-cell (RLN-9D3), and T-cell (MRC Ox-52) markers. A nonspecific mAb (MR12/53) served as a negative control. Pretested concentrations on various tissues and the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique allowed semiquantitative evaluation of serial cryostat tissue sections. MHC class I expression was detected on most immunocompetent cells. Endothelial cells were stained heterogeneously along the vascular system and the organ-specific microcirculation. Furthermore, some organs showed staining of parenchymal cells. MHC class II was found on all immunocompetent cells positive for the B-cell marker and about 15% of cells positive for the histiocytic markers. Besides the well-known expression of MHC class II in the outer zone of the renal proximal tubule, further organ-specific cell forms were found positive. In conclusion, the present study outlines tissue-specific distribution of MHC I/II and implies that each organ carries a variable immunologic burden that needs to be considered for any transplantation model.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key wordsα-Smooth muscle actin ; Transforming growth factor-β1 ; Bile ductule ; Bile duct ligation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the early in vivo response of hepatic stellate cells in biliary fibrosis, we examined rat livers during the first 7 days after bile duct ligation using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy. At day 1 after bile duct ligation, α-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts appeared and then increased in number around the proliferating bile ductules. With time, the destruction of the external limiting plate became accentuated because of the invasion of the proliferating bile ductules and periductural fibrosis. At day 7, stromal cells containing fat droplets appeared in the fibrous tissue adjacent to the periportal parenchyma; these are termed denuded hepatic stellate cells. In the fibrous tissue disconnected from the liver parenchyma, the denuded hepatic stellate cells were replaced by myofibroblast-like cells. Meanwhile, the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 on biliary epithelial cells increased. These results indicate the dual origin of myofibroblasts in experimental biliary fibrosis, the periductural and periductal fibroblasts in the initial stage, and the denuded hepatic stellate cells in the subsequent stage. These two types of stromal cells may undergo myofibroblastic transformation by the transforming growth factor-β1 secreted by the proliferating biliary epithelial cells.
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  • 42
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    International journal of clinical oncology 5 (2000), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words P-glycoprotein ; Osteosarcoma ; Soft-tissue sarcoma ; Prognosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; RT-PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between P-glycoprotein status and outcome in adult patients with high-grade osteosarcomas and soft-tissue sarcomas. Methods. P-glycoprotein status was determined im-munohistochemically in specimens from 28 patients with osteosarcoma and 34 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. The polyclonal antibody mdr(Ab-1) was used for either decalcified or undecalcified tissue samples which were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. The expression of P-glycoprotein mRNA was also determined by the polymerase chain reaction in 23 fresh sarcoma specimens. P-glycoprotein status was analyzed in relation to the duration of event-free survival. Results. Positivity for P-glycoprotein was found in 29% of the osteosarcomas and 34% of the soft-tissue sarcomas. Consistent results were obtained at both the immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) levels in 19 of 23 sarcomas (83%). In patients with osteosarcoma, the presence of increased levels of P-glycoprotein was significantly associated with a decreased probability of event-free survival after diagnosis (P = 0.022). In contrast, in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma there was no correlation between the level of P-glycoprotein and prognosis. Conclusions. In patients with high-grade osteosarcomas, the presence of increased levels of P-glycoprotein detected by polyclonal antibody mdr(Ab-1) was associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse events. This association was not found in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1437-7772
    Keywords: Key words Endometrial carcinoma ; MRI ; Diagnosis ; Minimally invasive therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides precise staging of endometrial carcinoma. However, we have sometimes experienced patients with microscopic extrauterine extension in whom MRI showed the disease as being limited to the uterus. We studied indirect MRI signs for microscopic extrauterine spread of endometrial carcinoma which outwardly seemed to be limited to within the uterus. Methods. MRI studies and the clinical records of 100 patients with surgically proven endometrial carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated: (1) MRI staging, (2) tumor growing at the orifices of the fallopian tube in the uterine fundus, (3) hydrosalpinx, and (4) ascites, in each MRI study. Results. Surgical specimens showed that 12 of the 100 patients had extrauterine spread, with 1 patient showing both ovarian extension and omental metastasis; there ovarian extension in 3, extension to the fallopian tubes in 3, omental metastasis in 1, and positive peritoneal cytology in 4. Tumor growing at the orifices of the fallopian tubes with deep myometrial invasion showed higher accuracy for predicting microscopic intrauterine spread (82.0%) although it was not significantly different from the accuracy of deep myometrial invasion anywhere within the uterus (75.0%). However, tumor growing at the orifices of the fallopian tubes in a patients with stage Ia disease showed a high negative predictive value (89.7%). Hydrosalpinx had the highest specificity (98.9%) and accuracy (88.0%); however, it did not seem to be practical because it was observed in only 2 patients. Ascites in postmenopausal patients showed higher specificity (93.5%), although it was not considered to be useful in the premenopausal patients. Conclusion. Tumor extension at the orifices of the fallopian tubes in patients with stage Ia disease, and ascites in postmenopausal patients on MRI seemed to be predictive factors for microscopic extrauterine spread.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Short-bowel syndrome ; Intestinal adaptation ; Sugar absorption test ; Gut hormones ; Electrophysiology ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Short bowel syndrome is the malabsorptive state that often follows extensive resection of the small intestine. Long-term survival without parenteral nutrition depends on the process of intestinal adaptation, through which the remaining small bowel gradually increases its absorptive capacity. The process of intestinal adaptation is almost exclusively luminal nutrient dependent. To date the clinical management of short bowel patients is mostly based on a “trial and error” regimen because human data and randomised trials using trophic substances are lacking due to the small number of patients annually present in pediatric surgical centres. We evaluate here the currently available as well as some more recently developed methods of measuring intestinal absorption and adaptation in short bowel patients. New techniques such as measurements of (1) intestinal permeability and carbohydrate absorption using the sugar absorption test, (2) gastrointestinal hormone production of gastrin, cholecystokinin and peptide YY, (3) transmural potential difference of the gastrointestinal tract using electrophysiology and (4) mucosal enzyme expression of lactase and sucrase-isomaltase using immunohistochemistry were evaluated. These new techniques are promising in monitoring the process of adaptation of the remaining intestine and evaluating the effect of therapeutic interventions in patients with short bowel syndrome.
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  • 45
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Subchondral insufficiency fracture ; Femoral head ; Medial femoral condyle ; Osteonecrosis ; MRI ; X-ray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This case report documents the clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings in a 69-year-old obese man, who had subchondral insufficiency fracture both in the femoral head and medial femoral condyle. On plain radiographs, both lesions underwent subchondral collapse. Magnetic resonance images of the left hip showed a bone marrow edema pattern with associated low-intensity band on T1-weighted images, which was convex to the articular surface. The histopathologic findings in the hip and knee were characterized by the presence of a subchondral fracture with associated callus and granulation tissue along both sides of a fracture line. There was no evidence of antecedent osteonecrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to describe the multiple occurrence of collapsed subchondral insufficiency fracture.
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  • 46
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Cystic fibrous dysplasia ; Giant cell tumor ; Femur ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report the case of a 43-year-old man who presented with an osteolytic and expansive lesion in the left distal femur mimicking a giant cell tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that most of the lesion was cystic, and histological examination revealed fibrous dysplasia with marked cystic degeneration. Radiographic findings of cystic fibrous dysplasia in the end of a long bone may be similar to those of a giant cell tumor, and a biopsy is essential for the final diagnosis.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hemangiopericytoma ; Tibia ; MRI ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) appearances of primary osseous hemangiopericytoma (HPC) have been rarely described. We report on a 46-year-old Chinese man with primary osseous HPC of the right tibia. The characteristic vascular distribution of this tumor, presenting with a ”spoke-wheel” appearance on MR images and with angiographic correlation, is described. Although not pathognomonic, this MR appearance may be an important finding in suggesting the diagnosis of osseous HPC.
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  • 48
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Diffusion ; MRI ; Skeletal system ; Spine ; neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This article reviews the principles of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and recent results in DWI of the musculoskeletal system. The potential of DWI in the diagnosis of pathology of the musculoskeletal system is discussed. DWI is a relatively new MR imaging technique that has already been established in neuroradiology, especially in the early detection of brain ischemia. The random motion of water protons on a molecular basis can be measured with DWI. To date DWI of the abdomen and of the musculoskeletal system has only been employed in scientific studies, but first results indicate that it may also be beneficial in these fields. Different diffusion characteristics have been found in normal tissues such as muscle, fat and bone marrow. Also, pathologic entities such as neoplasms, post-therapeutic soft tissue changes and inflammatory processes can be differentiated. Normal muscle shows significantly higher diffusion values than subcutaneous fat and bone marrow, due to a higher mobility of water protons within muscle. Soft tissue tumors exhibit a significantly lower diffusion value compared with post-therapeutic soft tissue changes and inflammatory processes. Necrotic tumor tissue can be distinguished from viable tumor due to significantly higher diffusion of water protons within necrotic tissue.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Gaucher disease ; MRI ; Enzyme replacement therapy ; Liver ; Spleen ; Bone marrow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose. To determine whether T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images can demonstrate response in the marrow of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and to determine whether a relationship exists between liver and spleen volume reductions and visible marrow changes. Patients. Forty-two patients with type 1 Gaucher disease were evaluated on at least two occasions. Thirty-two patients received ERT. Of these patients, 15 had a baseline examination prior to the initiation of ERT. The remaining 10 patients did not receive ERT. Design. T1-weighted and gradient recalled echo (GRE) coronal images of the femurs and hips were obtained. Concurrently, liver and spleen volumes were determined using contiguous breath-hold axial gradient-echo images. T1-weighted images of the hips and femurs were evaluated to determine change or lack of change in the yellow marrow. Results. Of the 32 patients receiving ERT, 14 (44%) demonstrated increased signal on T1-weighted images suggesting an increase in the amount of yellow marrow. If only the 15 patients with a baseline examination were considered, the response rate to ERT was 67%. Using Student’s t-test a highly significant correlation (P〈0.005) was found between marrow response and reduction in liver and spleen volume. Conclusions. Marrow changes in patients receiving ERT can be detected by T1-weighted images. This response correlated with reductions in visceral volumes (P〈0.0005).
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  • 50
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 597-600 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Parosteal osteosarcoma ; Telangiectatic osteosarcoma ; Dedifferentiation ; Femur ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A unique case of parosteal osteosarcoma (POS) of the proximal femur, with areas of telangiectatic dedifferentiation, in a 28-year-old woman is reported. The patient had a 7-week history of pain and swelling in her right thigh. A biopsy diagnosis of POS was established. The patient was treated with two cycles of intra-arterial chemotherapy, followed by limb salvage surgery. Histological examination of the resected specimen showed POS with areas of dedifferentiation composed of high-grade telangiectatic osteosarcoma with associated secondary aneurysmal bone cyst change.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Ewing sarcoma ; Primitive neuroectodermal tumour ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective.To describe the clinical, radiological and MRI features of six atypical cases of histologically proven appendicular Ewing sarcoma/ primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). Design. Retrospective review of case notes and available imaging was carried out. Patients. Six patients (4 male, 2 female; mean age 27years, range 19–44 years), presenting over a 77-month period, were identified from the Bone Tumour Register. All had unusual clinical and imaging features for Ewing sarcoma/PNET. Results and conclusions. Four tumours were centred on the distal femoral metaphysis, one in the proximal tibial metaphysis and one in the distal tibial metaphysis. Plain radiographs were available in four cases and showed minor cortical changes. MRI demonstrated a relatively small, eccentrically located intraosseous component with a large, eccentric extraosseous component. Extension into the epiphysis was seen in three cases and into the adjacent joint in two cases. Intraosseous ”skip” metastases were present in three cases. The clinical and imaging features were atypical for conventional intraosseous Ewing sarcoma/PNET and the exact site of origin (intraosseous, periosteal or soft-tissue) was unclear.
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  • 52
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 656-659 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma ; Osteosarcoma ; Aggressive osteoblastoma ; Fibula ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report an osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma in the right proximal fibula in a 22-year-old woman. Radiographs showed an irregular osteolytic lesion from the metaphysis to the epiphysis in the proximal fibula with partial destruction of cortical bone. Tissue from a biopsy indicated a typical osteoblastoma. Curettage and bone graft was performed. One year after the surgery, local recurrence occurred, and a wide excision was performed. Histological examination of the en-bloc surgical specimen revealed the tumor had permeated through the host bony trabeculae, although the nuclear atypia was not marked. Immunohistochemical expression of MIB-1 was detected in 9.0% of cells.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ; Chemotherapy ; Spine ; Tunneling Schmorl’s nodes ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present a 70-year-old woman with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in whom serial imaging studies showed the development of multiple vertebral collapse, and communicating superior and inferior Schmorl’s nodes creating a longitudinal channel (”tunneling” Schmorl’s nodes) through the anterior aspect of T12 to L3 vertebral bodies of her osteoporotic thoracolumbar spine. This was observed after achieving complete remission of the disease and during maintenance therapy. The finding is felt to be secondary to iatrogenic exacerbation of osteoporosis.
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  • 54
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 664-667 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Giant cell tumor ; Multiple mid-foot bones ; Reconstructive surgery ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a patient who had giant cell tumor involving multiple bones of the mid-foot. The tumor originated from the navicular bone, but also destroyed the cuboid, and all cuneiform bones. This unusual presentation of giant cell tumor presented a therapeutic challenge for the surgeons. The patient was treated with en bloc resection and the bony defect replaced with a massive iliac crest graft which united within 9 months and has remained stable for 7 years without local recurrence, and with excellent function of the foot.
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  • 55
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 224-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intraosseous neurilemmoma (schwannoma) ; Primary bone neoplasm ; Metacarpal ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Intraosseous schwannoma (neurilemmoma) is an extremely rare, benign neoplasm, constituting less than 0.2% of primary bone tumors. It infrequently involves the bones of the hand. We present a case of intraosseous neurilemmoma of the metacarpal.
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  • 56
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hemangioma ; Ulna ; CT ; MRI ; X-ray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  An 18-year-old woman presented with left elbow joint pain. Radiographs and computed tomographic scan showed a well-defined osteolytic lesion of the left ulna associated with a honeycomb appearance on the radiographs. Magnetic resonance images showed intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and mixed intermediate and high signal intensities on T2-weighted images. Only the periphery of the lesion enhanced with intravenously injected gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. The lesion was curetted to avoid pathologic fracture, and a histologic diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of bone was made. Hemangioma involving the ulna is rare, but should be included in the differential diagnosis of a radiographic osteolytic lesion with a honeycomb appearance.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue neoplasm ; Metastasis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To describe a series of patients with no known primary malignancy who presented with a solitary unsuspected soft tissue metastasis masquerading as a soft tissue sarcoma, and secondarily to describe the imaging appearance of these lesions. Design. Records of two academic hospitals with active orthopedic oncology services were reviewed for patients meeting the above criteria. Clinical charts were examined, and the imaging appearance of the soft tissue lesions retrospectively reviewed. Patients. Of 1421 patients examined for soft tissue lesions, 11 were found who met the above criteria. Results. Of the 11 patients whose initial presentation was a solitary soft tissue metastasis, eight were found to have a primary lung cancer, two were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary, and adenocarcinoma of the colon was discovered in the remaining patient. Conclusions. The clinical presentation of a solitary soft tissue metastasis without a known primary malignancy is a rare occurrence, with an incidence of approximately 0.8%. Lung cancer is the primary neoplasm in a high percentage of these cases.
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  • 58
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Angiomyolipoma (AML) ; Soft tissue ; Thigh ; MRI ; CT ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 41-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic mass in the right medial thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-demarcated, 10-cm mass in the right adductor muscles. The margins of the mass exhibited high signal intensity and the rest showed low or iso signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images. However, the high signal intensity was decreased on T2-weighted images with fat suppression. The central part of the tumor was of inhomogeneous high signal intensity on T2-weighted images; after Gd-DTPA injection it enhanced inhomogeneously on T1-weighted images with fat suppression. On dynamic computed tomography (CT) in the arterial phase, there were strongly enhancing spotty areas in the tumor. At surgery, a yellow-whitish tumor was resected and a pathological diagnosis of angiomyolipoma (AML) in the thigh was made.
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  • 59
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 346-348 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid tumor ; Tibia ; Periosteum ; Bilateral ; MRI ; Bilateral metachronous periosteal tibial amyloid tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Localized primary periosteal amyloid tumors are extremely rare. A case of bilateral tibial amyloid tumor is presented. A 62-year-old woman initially presented with a painful mass in the anterior aspect of the right leg. There was no evidence of underlying systemic disease, including chronic infection or malignancy. Based on the results of resistance with Congo red staining to treatment with potassium permanganate and positivity for kappa light chain, we classified this particular case as AL-type amyloidosis. The patient noticed a swelling in the opposite leg 2 years later. The second tumor was also an AL-type amyloidoma. Amyloid tumors are generally solitary. This is the first case of bilateral periosteal amyloid tumors of the AL-type occurring in the tibiae.
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  • 60
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Trauma ; Hand ; Sonography ; Ultrasound ; Annular pulleys ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To evaluate the sonographic (US) appearance of digital annular pulley (DAP) tears in high-level rock climbers. Design and patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of the US examinations of 16 high-level rock climbers with clinical signs of DAP lesions. MRI and surgical evaluation were performed in five and three patients respectively. The normal US and MRI appearances of DAP were evaluated in 40 and three normal fingers respectively. Results. Nine of 16 patients presented a DAP tear. In eight subjects (seven with complete tears involving the fourth finger and one the fifth finger), US diagnosis was based on the indirect sign of volar bowstringing of the flexor tendons. Injured pulleys were not appreciated by US. Tears concerned the A2 and A3 in six patients and the A3 and A4 in two patients. A2 pulley thickening and hypoechogenicity compatible with a partial tear was demonstrated in one patient. MRI and surgical data correlated well with the US findings. Four patients had tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons but no evidence of pulley disruption. US examinations of three patients were normal. In the healthy subjects US demonstrated DAP in 16 of 40 digits. Conclusion. US can diagnose DAP tears and correlates with the MRI and surgical data. Because of its low cost and non-invasiveness we suggest US as the first imaging modality in the evaluation of injuries of the digital pulley.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bones ; infection ; Bones ; radionuclide studies ; MRI ; comparative studies ; Bones ; MRI studies ; MRI ; extremities ; Bones ; immunoscintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. A retrospective study of the validity of combined bone scintigraphy (BS) and immunoscintigraphy (IS) using 99mTc-labelled murine antigranulocyte antibodies (MAB) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in chronic post- traumatic osteomyelitis. Design and patients. The results of MRI and combined BS/IS of 19 lesions in 18 patients (13 men, 5 women; mean age 45 years, range 27–65 years) were independently evaluated by two radiologists and one nuclear medicine physician with regard to bone infection activity and extent. The patient group was a highly selective collection of clinical cases: the average number of operations conducted because of relapsing infection was eight (range 2–27), the average time interval between the last surgical intervention and the present study was 6.5 years (range 3 months to 39 years), and from the first operation was 14 years (range 1.5–42 years). Interobserver agreement on MRI was measured by kappa statistics. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for MRI and the nuclear medicine studies. Results. For MRI/nuclear medicine, a sensitivity of 100%/77%, a specificity of 60%/50%, an accuracy of 79%/61%, a PPV of 69%/58% and a NPV of 100%/71% were calculated. Four MR examinations were false positives because of postsurgical granulation tissue. A high degree of interobserver agreement was found on MRI (κ=0.88). A low-grade infection was missed on two scintigrams, while four were false positive because of ectopic haematopoietic bone marrow, and in one examination the anatomical distortion resulted in an inaccurate assignment of the uptake leading to false positive findings. Image analysis was frequently hindered by susceptibility artefacts due to residual abrasions of metallic implants after removal of orthopaedic devices (15/18 patients); this led to limited assessment in 17% (3/18 patients). Conclusion. Acute activity in a chronic osteomyelitis can be excluded with high probability if the MRI findings are negative. In the first postoperative year fibrovascular scar cannot be distinguished accurately from reactivated infection on MRI and scintigraphy may improve the accuracy of diagnosis. MRI is more sensitive in low-grade infection during the later course than combined BS/IS. Scintigraphic errors due to ectopic, peripheral, haematopoietic bone marrow can be corrected by MRI.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Tuberculosis ; Sternum ; Clavicle ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To describe the imaging findings in sterno-clavicular tubercular involvement. Design and patients. Fifteen patients with pathologically proven tuberculosis of the sternum and clavicle were retrospectively evaluated. Routine radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used in some or all of the patients. Clinical information and imaging features were evaluated in each case. Results. Eight patients had sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ) involvement, five had isolated sternal involvement and two had isolated clavicular involvement. Seven patients were evaluated with only CT, six with only MRI and two with both. There were eight male and seven female patients, varying in age between 16 and 78 years. Fever, swelling and pain were common presenting symptoms. Two patients were HIV positive. Radiographs were positive in only eight patients. Destruction and signal intensity (SI) changes of the sternum and clavicle, destruction of the cartilage, soft tissue changes representing granulation tissue/abscess, displacement of the adjacent structures (vessels, trachea, etc.) and inflammatory changes in the adjacent structures in the form of cellulitis and myositis were common imaging features. Conclusions. All imaging methods can provide complementary information regarding sterno-clavicular tubercular involvement that is helpful for determination of the therapy. MRI is useful in determining the extent of the lesion, particularly marrow involvement and soft tissue extent.
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  • 63
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 477-480 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Diabetes mellitus ; Muscle, infarction ; Short T1 ; Hemorrhage ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a case of diabetic muscle infarction which had atypical features of hyperintensity of the affected muscle on T1-weighted images. Biopsy was performed which revealed diffuse extensive hemorrhage within the infarcted muscle. We believe increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images should suggest hemorrhage within the infarcted muscle.
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  • 64
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 481-484 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Meniscal ossicles ; Ultrasound ; CT-arthrography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of meniscal ossicles occurring in the left knee of a 23-year-old woman is presented. Radiographs showed two calcified lesions at the posteromedial aspect of the knee which were interpreted as loose bodies. Sonography, computed tomography arthrography and magnetic resonance imaging showed the fragments within the posterior horn of the medial meniscus permitting a diagnosis of meniscal ossicles. These techniques can detect meniscal ossicles and exclude intra-articular loose bodies.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Giant rice body ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: To report four cases of rice bodies (RBs) showing remarkable size variations and discuss their pathogenesis. Design and patients: Based on analysis of the clinical data, we speculate on the pathogenesis of RBs using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. The patients comprised three men and one woman, three with RBs in the subacromial bursae and one in the wrist synovial sheath, aged 28 (woman), 44, 50 and 81 (wrist) years, respectively. Results: There were no particular differences in clinical data among the patients. T2-weighted MR imaging was very useful for diagnosis of the RBs, allowing their clear delineation from the bursal fluid. The RBs consisted of a layered protein- aceous substance with vague targetoid cut surfaces. Much fibrin and a lesser amount of collagen fibers were recognized together with various mononuclear cells, which were few in number and predominantly T cells. The bursae and synovial sheath had multiple fibrinoid spheroids at the luminal surface. Conclusion: Fibrinoid nodular deposits probably became detached, forming the nuclei of RBs and growing to a giant RB 65 mm in diameter.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Clear cell sarcoma ; Malignant melanoma of soft parts ; MRI ; Magnetic resonance ; Neoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To evaluate MR imaging and pathology findings in order to define the characteristic features of clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissues (malignant melanoma of the soft parts). Design and patients. MR examinations of 21 patients with histologically proven clear cell sarcoma of the musculoskeletal system were retrospectively reviewed and assessed for shape, homogeneity, delineation, signal intensities on T1- and T2-weighted images, contrast enhancement, relationship with adjacent fascia or tendon, secondary bone involvement, and intratumoral necrosis. In 19 cases the pathology findings were available for review and for a comparative MR-pathology study. Results. On T1-weighted images, lesions were isointense (n=3), hypointense (n=7) or slightly hyperintense to muscle (n=11). Immunohistochemical examination was performed in 17 patients. All 17 specimens showed positivity for HMB-45 antibody. In nine of 11 lesions with slightly increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images, a correlative MR imaging-pathology study was possible. All nine were positive to HMB-45 antibody. Conclusions. Clear cell sarcoma of the musculoskeletal system often has a benign-looking appearance on MR images. In up to 52% of patients, this lesion with melanocytic differentiation has slightly increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images compared with muscle. As the presence of this relative higher signal intensity on T1-weighted images is rather specific for tumors displaying melanocytic differentiation, radiologists should familiarize themselves with this rare entity and include it in their differential diagnosis when confronted with a well-defined, homogeneous, strongly enhancing mass with slightly higher signal intensity compared with muscle on native T1-weighted images.
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  • 67
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Erdheim-Chester Disease ; Lipogranuloma ; MRI ; Muscle ; Rectus femoris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a rare manifestation of Erdheim-Chester disease with intramuscular lipogranuloma. The patient was a 66-year-old man who noted a soft tissue mass in the right quadriceps femoris muscle. Radiographs revealed symmetrical osteosclerosis in the diametaphysis of both femora and tibiae. An open biopsy revealed a proliferation of lipid-laden histiocytes in the femoral bone marrow and the quadriceps femoris muscle. To our knowledge, this is the second case of Erdheim-Chester disease involving muscle.
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  • 68
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Femur echinococcosis ; MRI ; echinococcosis ; Hydatid cyst surgery ; Hydatid cyst ; anticestodal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Magnetic resonance (MR) findings of a rare case of osseous echinococcosis with involvement of the femur are described. Attention is drawn to the typical MR appearances and therapeutic management.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Key words Tibial deficiency ; Fibular deficiency ; Congenital hip dislocation ; Transverse limb deficiency ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report two similar, but unrelated, patients with congenital bilateral partial deficiencies of the tibia and fibula associated with intact feet. In both patients, the tibia and fibula were absent on initial radiographs, while the femur and the tarsal bones were well developed and there was bilateral teratologic dislocation of the hips. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggested the presence of cartilaginous remnants of the tibia and fibula. There were multidirectional instabilities in the knees and ankles. The clinical and radiological features of these cases are distinct from those of congenital longitudinal deficiency of the tibia, in which the fibula is always preserved, and from longitudinal deficiency of the fibula, in which the tibia is present and the foot is usually involved. We suggest that the bilateral partial deficiencies of the tibia and fibula associated with the intact foot and teratologic dislocation of the hips is a single-entity disorder, possibly categorized as an intercalary transverse deficiency of the lower limb.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Metastatic bone tumor ; Knee ; Spontaneous osteonecrosis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of a metastatic bone tumor that mimicked spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial condyle of the femur on magnetic resonance imaging.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Key words Chronic leg ulcers ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Malignancy ; Snake bite ; X-rays ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chronic ulcers of the leg are common in Brazil, perhaps more common than in the developed world. We report a case of a chronic ulcer of the leg following extensive scarring due to a bite by a venomous snake, which eventually led to a squamous cell carcinoma.
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  • 72
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Arm ; Collagenous fibroma ; Desmoplastic fibroblastoma ; Short T2 ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A recently proposed addition to fibrous tumors in soft tissue was first described as desmoplastic fibroblastoma and later renamed collagenous fibroma. This tumor is clinically and morphologically distinct and benign. However, only a few series have been reported, and the clinicopathologic features are not widely recognized. We present two cases of collagenous fibroma of the arm. Both patients presented with an enlarging, well-circumscribed and mobile soft tissue mass. Magnetic resonance imaging showed areas of low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences. Needle aspiration cytology revealed nondiagnostic samples because of the low cellularity of the tumors. Each of the resected tumors was composed of low-cellular spindle- to stellate-shaped cells in a fibrous matrix with clear margination. After the marginal excisions, no recurrences were observed. Clinicians should be aware of this entity to prevent overtreatment, because imaging findings and cytologic features are similar to those of desmoid tumor.
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  • 73
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 425-438 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Muscles ; MRI ; Myositis ; Muscles ; Abscess ; Dermatomyositis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Inflammatory myopathies encompass a group of acquired muscle disorders caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasitic agents) or autoimmune processes (polymyositis, dermatomyositis and other types). In suspected infection sonography, CT and MRI are all able to show edema and fluid collections in soft tissues and muscles; sonography and CT may help guidance of a needle aspiration to establish a correct diagnosis. By offering better tissue differentiation, MRI appears to be more efficient than sonography and CT in diagnosing and managing autoimmune myopathies. MRI is indeed very sensitive to the presence of water and edema, and appears to be a very good indicator for an early diagnosis of diseases. MRI may also help to evaluate the extent and number of lesions, to guide a biopsy in an area of active disease and finally to follow the evolution under therapy.
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  • 74
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 354-357 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intraosseous meningioma ; Microcystic meningioma ; Parietal bone ; X ray ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Extradural ectopic meningioma is a rare tumor. We report on an example of microcystic meningioma arising in the skull of an elderly woman. Radiological examination revealed a localized osteolytic lesion in the left parietal bone. At surgery, it was discovered that the tumor was located within the skull without any evidence of extraosseous extension. The light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features were consistent with a microcystic variant of meningioma. To our knowledge, this is the first case of an intraosseous microcystic meningioma, and we believe that this type of meningioma should be considered in the differential diagnoses of myxoid bone tumors of the calvarium.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Key words Chondrolipoma ; Liposarcoma ; Mesenchymoma ; Cartilage ; Metaplasia ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chondro-osseous differentiation of three benign or malignant fat tissue tumors – two chondrolipomas and a liposarcoma with cartilaginous metaplasia – was studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and compared with their pathological findings. The results suggest that demarcation of cartilage tisssue can be clearly defined on MR imaging when the size of the cartilaginous area is large. Myxoid matrix, degenerative fat tissue and lipodystrophic change may decrease the delineation of the cartilage tissue.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Unusual lung tumors ; Papillary adenoma ; Surfactant proteins ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Peripheral papillary adenomas of the lung are uncommon neoplasms (only ten cases have been described so far in the English literature) composed predominantly of type-II pneumocytes and generally considered benign. We describe here two additional cases of this lung tumor. In both cases histological examination revealed an encapsulated papillary neoplasm with invasion of the capsule and, in one case, invasion of the adjacent alveoli and visceral pleura too. The proliferative index (Ki67) was less than 2% and the epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratins, surfactant apoproteins (SP), and nuclear thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells showed the characteristic surface microvilli and cytoplasmic lamellar inclusions of type-II cells. Review of the literature has revealed two other cases of peripheral papillary adenoma of type-II pneumocytes with infiltrative features. Thus, we propose replacing the term peripheral papillary adenoma with peripheral papillary tumor of undetermined malignant potential.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Adenocarcinoma cell ; Mesothelial cells ; Effusions ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The detection of malignant cells in serous effusions obtained from patients diagnosed with cancer marks the presence of metastatic disease and is associated with a poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of CD44s and CD44v isoforms in the distinction between mesothelial cells and malignant epithelial cells in effusions. Fifty-nine fresh pleural and peritoneal effusions were studied. These consisted of 41 specimens from patients with known gynecological neoplasms, 9 from patients diagnosed with breast adenocarcinoma, and 9 effusions from patients with various nongynecological malignancies or tumors of unknown origin. Forty-three effusions contained malignant/atypical epithelial cells, and 16 effusions were diagnosed as reactive. Three effusions contained exclusively malignant cells. Specimens were stained with anti-CD44s, v3, v5, v6, v7 and v3-10. The presence of staining in cancer cells, benign mesothelial cells and lymphocytes was evaluated. CD44s immunoreactivity was seen in 10 of 43 (23%) cases in malignant/atypical epithelial cells and in 53 of 56 (94%) cases in benign cells. In contrast, CD44v3-10 was seen in 23 of 43 (55%) cases in malignant/atypical epithelial cells and in 3 of 56 (6%) cases in benign cells. We advocate the use of CD44s and CD44v3-10 immunostaining in diagnostic evaluation of difficult serous effusions.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words PE-35 ; CD1a ; Immunohistochemistry ; Catalyzed signal amplification (CSA) ; Thymoma ; Thymic carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  PE-35 monoclonal antibody, detecting a cell-surface antigen of various types of carcinoma and normal epithelium, reacts exclusively with the medullary epithelium in the thymus; therefore, the antigen has been considered as a marker of medullary differentiation in thymomas. Using the catalyzed signal amplification method, which made it possible to apply PE-35 to routinely processed, archival tissues, we examined expression of this antigen, together with CD1a reactivity of lymphocytes, in 40 thymic epithelial tumors subclassified using the Mü1ler-Hermelink system. Medullary thymomas infiltrated with a small number of CD1a-negative lymphocytes were PE-35 positive, although many of the long spindle tumor cells were PE-35 negative. Mixed thymomas and predominantly cortical thymomas, both with prominent CD1a-positive lymphocytes, were also PE-35 positive, although some areas of the latter type were PE-35 negative. Cortical thymomas with decreased numbers of CD1a-positive lymphocytes were largely PE-35 negative. In well-differentiated thymic carcinomas with a few CD1a-positive lymphocytes, two cases were negative, but four cases were at least focally positive with PE-35. All high-grade thymic carcinomas infiltrated with some CD1a-negative lymphocytes were PE-35 positive. These results suggested that medullary thymoma generally possesses the medullary nature, although the latter tends to be lost in the long spindle tumor cells. Mixed and predominantly cortical thymomas may have mixed medullary phenotype and cortical function. Cortical thymoma and many well-differentiated thymic carcinomas may possess the cortical nature, while the large polygonal tumor cells tend to lose immature T-lymphocyte-retaining function.
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  • 79
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    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 439-448 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid ; Classification ; Congo red fluorescence ; Early diagnosis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In order to find how best to diagnose amyloid deposits as early as possible, the sensitivity of three different methods that can be applied to the diagnosis of amyloid in tissue sections have been compared: the Congo red staining method (CR), the combination of CR and immunocytochemistry (CRIC) and Congo red fluorescence (CRF). Tissue blocks were available from 25 patients, including 11 with immunohistochemically distinct and 3 with chemically undefined amyloid diseases. The results revealed (a) that CRF is more sensitive than either CR or CRIC, as shown qualitatively and quantitatively, (b) that CRF can therefore be utilized to track down even minute amyloid deposits, which can be missed by the other two methods; (c) that the specificity of CRF and CRIC is secured on double-stained sections by the demonstration of green birefringence (GB) of the CRF-marked and IC-marked areas; (d) that CRF can be performed on the spot by just changing the light source; and (e) that CRF is not hampered by the congruent IC chromogen overlay, which ensures the specific classification of the amyloid deposits as applied to different amyloid classes. In conclusion, CRF was demonstrated to be the most sensitive method for direct diagnosis of amyloid in tissue sections. This method can, therefore, allow the earliest diagnosis and classification of amyloid, which is a good basis for an amyloid class-specific therapy while organ damage is still minimal.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Breast development ; Human breast ; Fetal breast ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Bio-morphological understanding of the developing human mammary glands may clarify some aspects of breast pathology, including cancer. In particular, some epidemiological data suggests that during fetal growth an altered intrauterine hormonal status, especially a change in estrogen status, could predispose to carcinogenesis. In an attempt to achieve new information on early breast growth, a series of developing human breasts have been analyzed, namely: 4 fetal breasts (28–32 weeks of gestational age), 7 infant breasts (7 h to 2 years) and 1 puberal breast (12 years). In addition to the morphological features, we studied the immunohistochemical expression of some markers involved in morphogenesis, such as MIB-1 for cell proliferation, bcl-2 for apoptosis control, CD34 for vasculogenesis, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors for hormonal profile, and smooth-muscle actin for myoepithelial differentiation. The results were as follows: (a) lobules, absent between 28 weeks and 2 days, were well evident at 2 years of age and at puberty; (b) myoepithelial cells appeared from 28 weeks onward and persisted later with no modification in quantity and distribution; (c) epithelial cell proliferation was constantly low; (d) in all breasts inner epithelial cells showed diffuse bcl-2 positivity, while basal myoepithelial-like cells were generally negative; (e) all breasts were well vascularized with two different patterns: periductal vascularization (PDV) and interductal vascularization (IDV), IDV being always present, whereas PDV was found only in infant breasts; (f) ER and PR were almost absent in fetal and infant breasts, while their expression was high in the epithelial cells of the puberal breast; (g) stromal cells had no hormonal receptors and were heterogeneous for proliferation and bcl-2 expression. Interestingly, two fetal breasts showed high proliferation and high ER expression, respectively, in their epithelial compartment. This could be the expression of an altered hormonal environment in utero, representing a basis for possible subsequent cancer initiation.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: Key words Methionine adenosyltransferase ; Colorectal adenocarcinoma ; Colon ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) from ATP and L-methionine. AdoMet is the major methyl donor in most transmethylation reactions in vivo, and it is also the propylamino donor in the biosynthesis of polyamines. In the present study, we assessed MAT activity in human colons with colorectal carcinoma and the values were compared with those of morphologically normal adjacent mucosa. Higher levels of MAT activity were observed in the colorectal carcinoma than in the normal colon. The ratio of MAT activity in tumor tissue versus normal tissue seemed to be correlated well will the stage of the colorectal tumor. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis showed that the high levels of MAT activity observed in colorectal carcinoma were due to the increased amounts of MAT protein. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MAT was most abundant in goblet cells, particularly in granules in the supranuclear area of these cells. In the colorectal carcinoma tissues, MAT was strongly stained in the cancerous cells and localized in granules in the supranuclear region. The results of this preliminary study suggest that determination of the relative ratio of MAT activity in both normal and tumor regions in human colorectal carcinoma could be a clinically useful tool for determining the stage of malignancy of colorectal carcinomas.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin-8 ; Aseptic loosening ; Total hip replacement ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aseptic loosening is an increasing problem in total hip replacement (THR). Chronic inflammatory reaction against implant wear particle results in collageno- and osteolysis, leading to loosening of the implant. Cytokines are known to play a major role in this particular inflammatory process [10]. The aim of the present study was to examine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the synovial-like interface membrane (SLIM) and pseudocapsular tissue of THRs and to compare it to normal knee synovial membrane. Eleven patients suffering from aseptically loosened THRs were included. All the SLIM and pseudocapsular tissue samples were obtained during revision operations. Ten control samples of normal synovium were collected per arthroscopy from the superior recessus of the knee. For immunohistochemical IL-8 detection, polyclonal mouse anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 IL-8-primary antibody was used with the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method. Results were quantitated using the Vidas image analysis system. The highest count levels (mean ± SEM) were detected in SLIM tissue (386 ± 82 cells/mm2). The difference was statistically significant compared with pseudocapsular tissue (193 ± 36 cells/mm2) and control samples (18 ± 5 cells/mm2). Count levels in control tissue were on average 5% of the SLIM tissues values. The present study determines for the first time the cellular origin of IL-8 in aseptically loosened THRs and also quantitates the IL-8-producing cells in the periprosthetic tissue. The results reveal a high rise in IL-8 concentration in SLIM and in synovial tissues. This finding moves us one step forward in solving the complex network of multiple factors affecting loosening of hip implants.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Shoulder ; Calcifying tendinitis ; Shock wave ; MRI ; Prediction parameters ; Clinical outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This prospective study examined 62 patients (65 shoulders) with chronic courses of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder before and after low-energy extracorporeal shockwave application (ESWA) in order to identify variables associated with the outcome of this treatment. Before ESWA, radiographs and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the affected shoulders were obtained in order to document the size and morphology of the calcifications and the contrast media reactions in areas of interest (deposit, synovia, bursae), respectively. In addition, a clinical evaluation was performed. After ESWA (mean follow-up 18.2 months), clinical evaluations of all 65 shoulders revealed an increase in the Constant score from 44% to 78% (p 〈 0.0001). While size (p = 0.61) and morphology (p = 0.7) of the deposits before ESWA were not associated with the clinical outcome, negative contrast reactions around the deposits (p = 0.0001), synovia (p = 0.0049) and bursae (p 〈 0.01) were associated with improved clinical outcomes. After the total study group was divided into two groups, one with Constant scores ≥ 75% (n = 43) and the other with scores 〈 75% (n = 22), the positive predictive value (ppv), specificity (sp) and sensitivity (se) were determined for the negative reaction around the deposit (ppv: 0.94; sp: 0.95; se: 0.38), synovia (ppv: 0.84; sp: 0.82; se: 0.49) and bursae (ppv: 0.86; sp: 0.86; se: 0.44). In 5 cases (7.7%), surgery of the affected shoulder during the follow-up period was performed. No major side-effects were seen in the study group. In conclusion, our results suggest that in patients with chronic calcifying tendinitis, the absence of contrast enhancement, especially around the deposit, is a strong predictive parameter of a positive clinical outcome of ESWA.
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  • 84
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S504 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter CAD/CAM ; Knochenersatzmaterial ; MRT ; Qualitätskontrolle ; Titan ; Key words Bone substitute material ; CAD/¶CAM ; MRI ; Quality control ; Titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Computer-assisted prefabricated skull implants of pure titanium as a bone replacement material have been used in 22 departments since 1994. Our experience with 104 implants includes clinical aspects (indication; tissue quality; surgical technique; patient guidance), but also geometric and material-specific parameters (acquisition, transfer, and evaluation of CT data; construction; manufacturing; cleaning; postoperative use of radiologic techniques). While the clinical aspects are responsibly defined by the respective surgeon, the geometric and material-specific parameters of individual implants have to comply with the laws on medical products. Therefore, the prospective documentation for each implant includes: helical CT acquisition parameters; geometric data of the computer-based skull model and implant; the cleaning procedure; and the individual marking. Medically specified pure titanium is processed by milling only so that neither purity nor structure is impaired. A specially developed milling technique guarantees the fabrication of all constructed elements down to fine details of 50 μm. Considering the necessary radiologic follow-up of defects after tumor surgery, all patients in our hospital undergo postoperative MRI examination, partly with preoperative documentation as an intraindividual control. Such comprehensive documentation and quality assurance is essential for techniques of prefabricated bone substitution. Hand in hand with scientific research and clinical application, these formal criteria have to be elaborated and fulfilled for the respective techniques. The successful determination of specifically adapted MRI sequences goes even one step further: spin-echo sequences minimize inhomogeneities of the magnetic field induced by the titanium implants and enable accurate postoperative documentation and diagnostics especially in the follow-up after tumor surgery.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Computergestützt vorgefertigte Schädelimplantate aus Reintitan als Knochenersatzmaterial werden seit 1994 in 22 Kliniken eingesetzt. Die Erfahrungen mit 104 Implantaten umfassen klinische (Indikationsstellung; Implantatlager; Operationstechnik; Patientenführung), aber auch geometrische und materialspezifische Aspekte (CT-Datenakquisition, -transfer und -auswertung; Konstruktion; Fertigung; Reinigung; postoperative Einsatzmöglichkeit bildgebender Verfahren). Während die klinischen Aspekte im Verantwortungsbereich ärztlichen Handelns definiert werden, gilt für die geometrischen und materialspezifischen Aspekte bei individuellen Implantaten das Medizinproduktegesetz. Prospektiv werden entsprechend für jedes Implantat die Spiral-CT-Akquisitionsparameter, die Geometriedaten des rechnerinternen Schädelmodells und des Implantats, das Reinigungsverfahren und die individuelle Kennzeichnung dokumentiert. Medizinisch spezifiziertes Reintitan wird ausschließlich durch Fräsung bearbeitet, sodass weder Reinheit noch Gefüge Änderungen erfahren. Eine eigens entwickelte Frästechnik garantiert die Umsetzung aller konstruierter Elemente bis zu einer Feinheit von 50 μm. Im Hinblick auf die bei tumorbedingten Defekten notwendige bildgebende Verlaufskontrolle werden sämtliche Patienten der eigenen Klinik postoperativ mit MRT untersucht, z. T. mit einer präoperativen Darstellung als intraindividuelle Kontrolle. Eine umfassende Dokumentation und Qualitätssicherung ist für Techniken des vorgefertigten Knochenersatzes unabdingbar. Parallel zur forscherischen Entwicklung und ärztlichen Anwendung müssen diese formalen Kriterien für das jeweilige Verfahren bearbeitet und erfüllt werden. Die erfolgreiche Erarbeitung von eigens adaptierten MRT-Sequenzen geht darüber noch hinaus: Spinechosequenzen minimieren die durch die Titanimplantate erzeugten Feldinhomogenitäten und erlauben eine aussagekräftige postoperative Dokumentation und Diagnostik insbesondere nach Tumoroperationen in der Verlaufsbeobachtung.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter CT ; MRT ; Mundhöhlen- und Oropharynxtumoren ; Diagnose ; Tumorstaging ; Keywords CT ; MRI ; Head and neck tumors ; Diagnosis ; Staging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Problem: There is a lack of clear criteria for the use of MR and CT in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer – some of it is even contradictory. The results of this study should lead to the establishment of more clear criteria. Patients: 165 patients suffering from head and neck tumors were subjected to a total of 463 CT and 197 MRI examinations. Results: The CT and MRI staging corresponded in 67% and 60% of the oropharynx tumors, respectively, with the clinical findings. In the case of oral cavity tumors, the clinical TNM stages were identical with CT and MRI results in 50% and 43% of cases, respectively. In the case of lymphatic node staging, the frequency of error was slightly higher using MRI, at 27%, compared with the CT rate of 22%. In the evaluation of cervical lymphatic nodes, CT proved to be more sensitive attaining 78% compared to the MRI rate of 69%. Conclusion: The results provide clear indications as to the MRI and CT examinations. Primary preoperative screening and post-therapeutic aftercare should be assessed using CT, as should lymphatic node diagnosis in the neck area. In the case of special problems such as, for example, the relevant bone and periostium infiltration, MR should be considered as a supplementary examination at a second stage.
    Notes: Fragestellung: Die Differenzialindikation von MRT und CT bei der Diagnostik von Malignomen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich wird in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Mit der vorliegenden Studie soll versucht werden, eine eindeutige Auswahl des Verfahrens zu begründen. Patientengut: Bei 165 Patienten mit Tumoren des Oropharynx und der Mundhöhle wurden insgesamt 463 CT- und 197 MRT-Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Bei 67% bzw. 60% der Oropharynxtumoren stimmten das CT- bzw. MRT-TNM-Tumorstaging mit der Klinik überein. Bei den Mundhöhlentumoren waren die klinischen TNM-Stadien in 50% bzw. 43% mit den CT- bzw. MRT-Befunden identisch. Beim Lymphknotenstaging war die Fehlerhäufigkeit bei der MRT mit 27% etwas höher als bei der Computertomographie mit 22%. Bei der Beurteilung der zervikalen Lymphknoten war die CT der MRT bezüglich der Sensitivität mit 78% gegenüber 69% überlegen. Schlussfolgerung: Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ergeben sich eindeutige Indikationen zur MRT- und CT-Untersuchung. Das primäre präoperative Screening und die posttherapeutische Nachsorge sollten durch CT beurteilt werden ebenso wie die Lymphknotendiagnostik im Halsbereich. Bei speziellen Fragestellungen, wie z. B. bezüglich der Periost- und Knocheninfiltration, ist die MRT eine ergänzende Untersuchung des 2. Schritts.
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  • 86
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    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 310-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ganglioglioma ; Ependymoma (tanycytic variant) ; Neurofibrillary tangle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied a cystic ganglioglioma (GG) located in the right frontal lobe of the brain. Interestingly, the fibrillary spindle glial cells were often arranged in a fascicular pattern, and the generally uniform, round-to-oval delicate nuclei appeared to resemble those of ependymoma; and the neoplastic neurons often contained neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The glial component was positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and occasionally contained granular or microvesicular structures positive for epithelial membrane antigen. Ultrastructural investigation revealed that the glial cells were ependymal in nature; intracytoplasmic lumina and intercellular microrosettes lined with cilia and microvilli, as well as long zonulae adherentes, were evident. In addition, chromogranin A-positive granular staining, neurosecretory-granule-like structures, and parallel arrays of microtubules were sometimes associated with the blood vessels. We considered the present case to be an unusual example of GG with an ependymoma, more precisely a tanycytic ependymoma, as the glial component; to our knowledge, the existence of ependymoma as the main glial component of this particular tumor has not been described before. The occurrence of NFTs, which has been reported in several cases of GG, was an additional, unusual feature.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key wordsα-Synuclein ; Brain tumors ; Neuronal ¶differentiation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuronal marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract α-Synuclein is presynaptic nerve terminal protein and its immunoreactivity has been observed in such neurodegenerative structures as senile plaques of Alzheimer’s disease or Lewy bodies of Parkinson’s disease. The physiological role of α-synuclein is still unknown. It is speculated that α-synuclein may be expressed in brain tumors, especially in those showing neuronal differentiation. We examined the immunohistochemical localization of α-synuclein in 77 human brain tumors. α-Synuclein was widely distributed in the brain tumors showing neuronal differentiation. As a result, positive immunostaining for α-synuclein was observed in ganglioglioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, pineocytoma/pineoblastoma, and central neurocytoma. Compared with other neuronal markers, the positive ratio of α-synuclein was not as high as synaptophysin, microtubule-associacted protein 2, neuron-specific enolase and tau, but it was higher than neurofilament and chromogranin A. The expression of synaptophysin was diffusely observed in the cytoplasm, cellular processes and nucleus in tumors showing neuronal differentiation; however, the expression of α-synuclein was predominantly observed in the cytoplasm of the tumors as well as in the cellular processes. On the other hand, non-neuronal brain tumors such as astrocytic tumors or meningiomas were totally negative for α-synuclein. In conclusion, the appearance of an α-synuclein-positive structure was not limited to neurodegenerative diseases, but could also be detected in neoplastic cells showing neuronal differentiation.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Neuronal intranuclear inclusion ; Neurodegenerative diseases ; Polyglutamine ; Ubiquitin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease (NIHID) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the presence of intranuclear inclusions in neurons (NIs). We report here clinicopathological findings of a 25-year-old female patient who died after 13 years of a clinical course characterized by progressive gait disturbance and movement disorders. Histological examination revealed widespread NIs with neuronal loss in restricted regions; neuronal loss was severe in the subthalamic nucleus, internal pallidum, substantia nigra, Edinger-Westphal nucleus and Purkinje cell layer. Quantification of the NIs combined with a graded evaluation of neuronal loss revealed an overall tendency for more severe neuronal loss to be accompanied by a lower frequency of NIs. A morphological similarity to the nuclear inclusions recently identified in several CAG repeat diseases prompted us to examine the immunolocalization of ubiquitin and expanded polyglutamine stretches, which demonstrated the presence of ubiquitin at the periphery of most NIs. An expanded polyglutamine stretch was seen in the center of limited number of NIs. These findings indicate that abnormal fragments such as expanded polyglutamine regions are incorporated into the inclusion, aggregated in its center, and thereby metabolized by a ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway. Although it remains to be elucidated how the formation of NIs is related to neuronal degeneration, our findings suggest that NIs are formed in the process of sequestering or degrading abnormal protein fragments and formation of NIs may not be immediately toxic to neurons.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy ; Cerebellar dentate nucleus neuron ; Skein-like inclusion ; Polyglutamine ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have recently reported that, in addition to the widespread occurrence of ubiquitinated neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), the restricted occurrence of ubiquitinated intracytoplasmic filamentous inclusions in the neurons of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (CDN) is a characteristic feature of dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). Interestingly, these neuronal intracytoplasmic filamentous inclusions (NIFIs) were morphologically indistinguishable from the skein-like inclusions (SLIs) described previously in the spinal anterior horn cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the present study, we examined immunohistochemically the CDN in ten patients with clinicopathologically and genetically confirmed DRPLA and the spinal anterior horns in five patients with sporadic ALS, using a monoclonal antibody (1C2) directed against long polyglutamine stretches. In all of the patients with DRPLA, both the NIFIs and the NIIs were visualized clearly with 1C2. Conversely, in the patients with ALS all structures, including the SLIs, were completely negative. These findings indicate that in DRPLA, the NIFIs in the CDN are an alteration that is directly related to the causative gene abnormality (an expanded CAG repeat encoding polyglutamine) and that, from the molecular point of view, they are distinct from the SLIs in ALS.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Bergmann glia ; Cell migration ; Cerebellar ¶dysplasia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mutant rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cerebellar vermis defect (CVD) rat is a new neurological mutant characterized by a cerebellar vermis defect and dysplasia in the cerebellum, especially at the cerebellopontine junctions. In this study, the cytokinetics of glia in terms of the development of cerebellar dysplasia in the CVD rat was investigated using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin immunohistochemistry. In the cerebellar hemispheres, dislocation of the Bergmann glia was observed from postnatal day 5 (P5) in lesions with abnormally aggregated external granule cells (EGCs). Rearranging Bergmann glia were often seen around the EGCs penetrating into the white matter. In the cerebellopontine junctional areas, Bergmann glia were induced after penetration of the Purkinje cells, identified with calbindin immunohistochemistry, and EGCs into the pons from P10. Bergmann fibers were frequently arranged perivascularly. In the clusters of Purkinje cells without EGC settlement in the pons, a small number of Bergmann fibers were observed and their alignment was completely disturbed. These findings suggest that morphological changes in the Bergmann glia depend on their contact with Purkinje cells, but that the orientation of their processes may be influenced by EGC settlement. These glial fibers in the CVD rat may play an important role in the aberrant migration of EGCs, resulting in the development of cerebellar dysplasia.
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  • 91
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    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 503-510 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hamartin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tuberin ; Tuberous sclerosis ; Western blotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is caused by a mutation in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. The clinical manifestations of mutations of the two genes are hardly distinguishable, for reasons as yet unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of the products of these genes, hamartin and tuberin, in control and TSC tissues. Western blotting disclosed that hamartin and tuberin are both abundant in the cerebral gray matter and that they have similar subcellular distributions and developmental patterns of expression. Immunohistochemical localizations of hamartin and tuberin were also similar, with high levels of expression being localized to the cerebral neurons and glial cells, renal uriniferous and collecting tubules, and cardiac muscles. In the cerebrum with TSC, both hamartin and tuberin were simultaneously reduced in the cortical tubers and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, and from the normal-appearing cortex. The renal angiomyolipomas and cardiac rhabdomyomas also showed a loss of both the proteins. These results provide evidence for the co-localization and interaction of hamartin and tuberin in vivo, and suggest that a mutation in one TSC gene may secondarily affect the expression of the other in some TSC lesions.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words α-Smooth muscle actin ; Chronological changes ; Smooth musculature ; Chick ; Ileum ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The genesis of intestinal smooth muscle layers was immunohistochemically investigated by use of an antibody to α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the developing chick ileum. Myoblast cells positive for α-SMA were already found in the presumptive circular muscle layer on E 8.5. On E 11.5 radially oriented muscle fibers were protruded from the outermost layer of the developing circular musculature and then formed a tuft-like aggregates. These radial muscle bundles were bent into an L-shape. The long distal extension of muscle bundles run parallel to the long axis of the ileal loop and developed into the longitudinal muscle layer. The obliquely oriented muscle fibers, locating at the intermuscular space of the muscularis propria, probably are to be considered a remnant of the short extension of radial muscle bundles. The muscularis mucosae was formed by the processes equivalent to the genesis of longitudinal muscle layer. On E 14.5 centripetally oriented muscle fibers emerged from the innermost layer of circular musculature. The long distal extension of centripetal fibers lay along the inner surface of developing circular musculature. On E 19.5 the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis mucosae was newly formed by separating from the circular musculature. The villous myoblast cells initially developed from the innermost layer of the muscularis mucosae on E 18.5, and were widely distributed in the lamina propria mucosae on E 20.5. Temporal and chronological pattern in expression of α-SMA was observed during the development of the chick intestinal smooth muscle. By E 14.5 the entire layer of the muscularis propria was intensely immunostained for α-SMA, but from E 15.5 onward the staining intensity gradually began to decrease from the outer half of the circular musculature. Finally, the immunoreactivity was localized in the inner layer of circular muscle and the longitudinal muscle layer. A possible functional role of this inner layer of circular muscle is discussed.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Bone ; Calcification ; Type I collagen ; Noncollagenous proteins ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It is not known how bone proteins appear in the matrix before and after calcification during embryonic osteogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate expressions of the five major bone extracellular matrix proteins – i.e. type I collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin – during osteogenesis in rat embryonic mandibles immunohistochemically, and their involvement in calcification demonstrated by von Kossa staining. Wistar rat embryos 14 to 18 days post coitum were used. Osteogenesis was not seen in 14-day rat embryonic mandibles. Type I collagen was localized in the uncalcifed bone matrix in 15-day mandibles, where no other bone proteins showed immunoreactivity. Osteonectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin appeared almost simultaneously in the calcified bone matrix of 16-day mandibles and accumulated continuously in 18-day mandibles. The present study suggested that type I collagen constitutes the basic framework of the bone matrix upon which the noncollagenous proteins are oriented to lead to calcification, whereas the noncollagenous proteins are deposited simultaneously by osteoblasts and are involved in calcification cooperatively.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Keywords Melanoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; SM5-1 ; HMB-45 ; S100
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies such as HMB-45 and anti-S100 protein have been widely used as markers of malignant melanoma despite evidence that HMB-45 has a sensitivity of only 67–93% and S100 is nonspecific for melanoma. Using a subtractive immunization protocol in a mouse model of human melanoma, we have generated several monoclonal antibodies with putative specificity for melanoma. After initial screenings, the antibody SM5-1 was chosen because of its intriguing reactivity with melanocytic tumors in both frozen and paraffin sections. The immunohistochemical staining of SM5-1 was studied in paraffin-embedded specimens of 401 melanomas (n = 401; 250 primary melanomas, 151 metastases), melanocytic nevi of the skin (n = 16), nonmelanocytic neoplasms (n = 84). The results were compared with HMB-45 and anti-S100 staining. All antibodies reacted with nevi and 97–99% with primary melanomas. Whereas both SM5-1 and anti-S100 stained 96% (146/151) of melanoma metastases, HMB-45 correctly identified only 83% (126/151). All HMB-45-negative metastases were positive for SM5-1. Whereas neither SM5-1 nor HMB-45 stained any of 84 specimens from 40 different nonmelanocytic neoplasms, anti-S100 was positive in 21/84 (25%). While the staining pattern of SM5-1 was mostly homogeneous, small tumor areas in some metastases remained unstained. Staining with SM5-1 was also observed in perivascular dendritic cells, in plasma cells, some myofibroblasts and the secretion of eccrine sweat glands. Nonactivated epidermal melanocytes, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and peripheral nerves were all negative for SM5-1. These results suggest that SM5-1 is highly specific, as well as sensitive, for melanocytic lesions and is useful in the immunohistochemical evaluation of melanoma.
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  • 95
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    Annals of hematology 79 (2000), S. 158-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Splenic rupture ; T-cell lymphoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pathological or spontaneous rupture of the spleen has been described in a variety of diseases affecting the spleen, with infections being cited as the cause in most cases. In hematological malignancies it is a rare event, despite the frequent involvement of the spleen in these diseases. It has, however, been described in patients with acute and chronic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of B-cell origin, mycosis fungoides, and so-called histiocytic lymphoma. Here, we present a fatal case of splenic rupture caused by infiltration of a peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified according to the REAL classification. The importance of a correct diagnosis and fast surgery is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament ; Kinematics ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study is to suggest an anatomic study of the modifications of the length of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its bundles during flexion with the aid of a 3D computerized model of the knee in a living subject. The method of evaluation suggested is a 3D computerized reconstruction based on MRI sections, reproducing the movement of flexion of the knee from 0 to 75°. Twenty-one sections were made for each of the 13 positions of flexion. The reconstruction of Delaunay and the realignment of each position provided a 3D model which allowed monitoring of a bony point during the movement. By knowing the relative displacement of the ligamentous attachments it was possible to define the biometry of the ligament by calculating the length of the bundles of the ACL in each position and to demonstrate the variations in length during the movement. The mean length of the ligament was 3.4 mm. The anteromedial bundle was longer by 30% compared with the other two bundles. During flexion the anteromedial bundle was not much modified (this feature seems to provide a reference position for a ligamentoplasty), the posterolateral bundle became taut after 30°, and the intermediate bundle relaxed from the beginning of movement. Based on the data from the literature, this method allows an anatomic approach to the ACL, bundle by bundle, during flexion movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Larynx ; MRI ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The larynx is an organ with a complex anatomic structure. MRI allows the performance of sections in the three planes of space, so that this study of the soft parts of the larynx yields results superior to those of other imaging techniques. Together with laryngoscopy, MRI is most often used in assessing the extension of malignant laryngeal tumors. This assessment is fundamental in choosing the indications for surgery, but the published reports of MRI of the larynx are sometimes discordant. The visualization of certain important anatomic structures such as the conus elasticus is uncertain. Our aim was to study the MRI radio-anatomy of the larynx based on correlations between MRI and histologic sections. Eight anatomic specimens were studied four in the transverse plane, two in the sagittal plane, and two in the frontal plane. The MRI and histologic sections made at the same levels were compared. These comparisons allowed a description of the sectional radio-anatomy of the larynx and an assessment of the reliability and limitations of MRI. All the major anatomic structures could be identified. It was possible to demonstrate the conus elasticus. We were able to visualize the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, which has not to our knowledge been previously described in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words HSV ; Immunohistochemistry ; Apoptosis ; p53 ; Transcription factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanism of neuronal apoptosis induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in vivo, the distribution of viral antigen, the appearance of apoptotic bodies, and the expressions of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and several transcription factors such as c-fos, c-jun and NF-κB were examined immunohistochemically and histopathologically after corneal infection of mice with HSV type 2 strain 186. Five days after HSV infection, viral antigen was diffusely detected in the corneal epithelium, the trigeminal ganglion and the pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Neuronal apoptosis was observed in the brain stem ipsilateral to the HSV-infected side with the immunoreactivities of c-fos, c-jun, NF-κB and p53. Dual-labeling immunohistochemical studies revealed that almost all of the viral antigen-positive neurons and glia in the brain stem also showed p53 immunoreactivity. On the other hand, no neuronal apoptosis but only with the expression of c-jun was found in the trigeminal ganglion. Our results suggest that the different expression of transcription factors between the brain stem and the trigeminal ganglion may influence the neuronal apoptosis induced by HSV infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ; Human cerebellum ; Immunohistochemistry ; Multiple system atrophy ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has a trophic effect on various types of neurons, including cerebellar Purkinje cells. To investigate the role of GDNF in the human cerebellum, we examined the cerebella of eight control cases and eight patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) immunohistochemically using a polyclonal anti-GDNF antibody. The antibody recognized a single band of approximately 34 kDa on Western blot analysis of human cerebellar homogenates. In the cerebella from normal subjects, the neuronal somata and dendrites of the Purkinje cells were immunostained intensely, as were some axons, including torpedoes, immunolabeled in the granular layer. Many axons and a few oligodendrocytes were also immunopositive in the white matter, and weak immunoreactivity was detected in the granule cells and neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. In the cerebella from patients with MSA, the general immunostaining pattern was similar to that observed in the normal subjects. Most of the remaining Purkinje cells showed strong immunoreactivity, and abundant GDNF-positive granular structures or dense arborizations of GDNF-positive dendrites were found in some areas of the molecular layer. These data suggest that GDNF may be mainly produced and localized in the Purkinje cells of the human cerebellum, even in patients with MSA, and that the functional impairment of the Purkinje cells of MSA patients might cause a focal accumulation of GDNF in the dendrites of some of the surviving Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ependymoma ; Ganglioglioma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intranuclear inclusions ; Tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have observed intranuclear inclusion bodies immunoreactive for the cytoskeletal protein class III β tubulin (C3βT) in neurons and ependymal cells of post-mortem human brain. The relationship of these inclusions, detected by light microscopy, to the intranuclear rodlets described by the classical microscopists is unknown. The present study was conducted to determine whether these proteinaceous inclusions (C3βT-NIIs) exist in the neoplastic counterparts of these cell types. Immunohistochemical staining for C3βT revealed intensely stained, predominantly rod-shaped intranuclear inclusions in a variable proportion of tumor cells in five of ten ependymomas. In addition, C3βT-NIIs were encountered in less than 1% of neuronal cells in two of five gangliogliomas. This study represents the first report of tubulin-containing intranuclear inclusions in brain tumors. The functional significance of these inclusions in normal human brain and in cerebral neuroepithelial neoplasms remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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